微观经济学术语

Absolute advantage Accounting costActual returnActuarially fairAdverse selection Advertising elasticity of demand Advertising-to-sales ratio ArbitrageArc elasticity of demandAsset betaAsymmetric information Auction marketsAverage expenditureAverage fixed costAverage productAverage total costAverage variable costBandwagon effectBarrier to entryBertrand modelBilateral monopolyBlock pricingBudget constraintsBudget lineBundlingCapital asset pricing model Cardinal utility functionChain-weighted price index Coase theoremCommon property resource Common-value auction Company cost of capital Comparative advantage ComplementsCompletely inelastic demand Constant returns to scale Constant-cost industry Consumer price index Consumer surplusCntract curveCooperative gameCorner solutionCost functionCost-of-living indexCournot modelCross-price elasticity of demand Cyclical industriesDeadweight lossDecreasing-cost industry Decreasing returns to scaleDegree of economies of scope Derived demandDeviationDiminishing marginal utility Discount rateDiseconomies of scaleDis economies of scope Diversifiable riskDominant firmDominant strategyDualityDuopolyEconomic costEconomic efficiencyEconomic rentEconomies of scaleEconomies of scopeEdgeworth boxEffective yield (or rate of return) Efficiency wagePareto efficient allocationEngel curveEqual marginal principle Equilibrium in dominant strategies Equilibrium (or market-clearing) price Excess demandExcess supplyExchange economyExpansion pathExpected returnExpected utilityExpected valueExtensive form of a gameExtent of a marketExternalityFactors of productionFirst-degree price discrimination First-price auctionFixed costFixed inputFixed-proportions production function Fixed-weight indexFree entry (exit)Free riderGameGeneral equilibrium analysisGiffen goodHicksian substitution effect Horizontal integrationHuman capitalIdeal cost-of-living indexImport quotaIncome-consumption curveIncome effectIncome elasticity of demand Increasing-cost industry Increasing returns to scale Indifference curveIndividual demand curveInfinitely elastic demand Intertemporal price discrimination Isocost lineIsoelastic demand curveIsoquantKinked demand curve modelLabor productivityLaw of diminishing marginal returns Learning curveLeast-squares criterionLerner index of monopoly power Linear demand curveLinear regressionLong runLong-run average cost curveLong-run competitive equilibrium Long-run marginal cost curveMarginal benefitMarginal costMarginal expenditureMarginal external costMarginal rate of substitution Marginal rate of technical substitution Marginal rate of transformation Marginal revenue productMarginal social benefitMarginal social costMarginal utilityMarket basket (or bundle)Market definitionMarket demand curveMarket failureMarket mechanismMarket powerMarket signalingMaximin strategy Method of Lagrange multipliers Mixed bundling Monopolistic competition MonopolyMonopsonyMoral hazardMutual fundNash equilibriumNatural monopoly Negatively correlated variables Net present value criterion Network externalityNominal price Noncooperative game Nondiversifiable risk Nonexclusive goodsNonrival goodNormative analysisOligopolyOligopsonyOpportunity costOptimal strategeOrdinal utility functionParallel conductPartial equilibrium analysis Payoff matrixPeak-load pricingPerfect complementsPerfect substitutesPerfectly competitive markets Point elasticity of demand Positively correlated variables Predatory pricingPresent discounted valuePrice discriminationPrice leadershipPrice of riskPrice rigidityPrice signalingPrice supportPrice takerPrincipal-agent problem Prisoners’ dilemmaProducer surplusProduct transformation curve Production contract curve Production possibilities frontier Public goodPure bundlingRate-of-return regulation Reaction curveReference pointRent seekingRental rateRepeated gameReservation priceReturns of scaleRisk averseRisk lovingRisk neutralRisk premiumRiskless (or risk-free) assetRisky assetSecond-degree price discrimination Sequential gameShirking modelShort-run average cost curve Snob effectSocial welfare functionSpecific taxStock of capitalSubstitution effectSunk costTheory of consumer behavior Third-degree price discrimination Tit-for-tat strategyTransfer pricesTransferable emissions permits Two-part tariffUser cost of capitalUser cost of productionUtility possibilities frontierValue of complete informationWelfare economicsWelfare effectsWinner’s curseZero economic profit。