跨文化交际case参考
跨文化交际案例和解析（英文）5篇
跨文化交际案例和解析（英文）5篇第一篇：跨文化交际案例和解析(英文)Case: In July of this year, the American CNN announced that, the preserved egg is the most lousy food.That made the Chinese people very angry, because the preserved egg is good food for most of Chinese people.Then Chinese people made a survey and declared that cheese is the most lousy food.Chinese people can't accept that the preserved egg is regarded as the most lousy food, on the other hand, the cheese is the food which is favoured by most of American people.But Chinese people think that cheese is too irritative.Both side cannot accept the food they selected.At the end of this case, the CNN reporters said sorry to Chinese people, but he said he would not eat the preserved egg.Analyses: This is a typical case reflects that different culture influences different people, and when they have to communicate, they have conflict.As we all know, different food depends on different place,different habits, different climate, and some other factors.For western people, eating is a kind of rational concept, they should get enough nutrition from the food they eat every day.They don't care the taste too much.From Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak has only one kind of taste.But for perceptual Chinese people, eating is not only a process to get nutrition, but also is a kind of art to get satisfaction.They would make the food not only beautiful, but also very delicious.For Chinese people, maybe they can accept the taste of the cheese, but they can't like it, because they don't like this kind of food in their deep heart.Also, they can't accept that foreign people said the preserved egg is the most lousy food.In their mind, the preserved egg, like other foods they like, has nutrition and beautiful imagetogether.For western people, the cheese, is also this kind of good food for them.So, this case happened in their communications.This conflict showed that, different countries have different culture.We should try to accept these differences, do our favours.By susan第二篇：跨文化交际英文Analysis of Deferent Views on “Filial Piety” Betwee n China and American from Movie GuashaAbstract: “While one’s parents are alive, one should not travel to distant places.” “The gentleman works hard on the basic principles, thereafter comes morality;filial piety is the basic principle of a human being.” T hese are our Chinese traditional filial piety.But are these standards or rules suitable for every nation? The movie Guasha shows us many about the differences of filial piety between China and American.There are many misunderstanding and coincidence in this movie and those are the cause of the circuitous of the characters’ fate.All of these are rooted in the cultural differences between China and American.In this assay, I made the differences of filial piety as the point of entry to analyze the reason why the differences come and their similarity.Key words: Guasha, the culture in china and America, piety, filial piety, object The movie Guasha tells a story that a Chinese couple who lived in American for 8 years took the hero’s father in American after they t hink they had realized their American dream.But a few days later, their son got ill;the old father used Guasha to treat the little boy for he didn’t know how to read English.The bruises were noticed by the child welfare bureau, and all the rough broke out after that.Finally, they had a universal satisfactory ending.The end of the story is to the satisfaction of all, but a variety of cultural conflict is theapparent.What we see is the initial irreconcilable to accept, understand.Many people will think that Chinese and Western have cultural differences, I think so, but I also think that behind these differences, there are many similarities.The following, I will be on the film to talk something about filial piety plot makes concrete analysis, and explore how cultural differences reflected in the filial piety? Why is it? What are the similarities?But before that, we will first do a general understanding of filial piety.In the ancient clan and tribal society, meaning of “filial piety” is very wide.It refers to t he family of the elder respect, love, support and sacrifice.With the family as the basic unit of society and social development in a long time, “filial piety” changes from the family elder respect to parental care, and become an important ethical rule to do with family relations.Today, “filial piety” to living gets more attention.We often say that the parents contribute to our upbringing, so we will repay the parents.While in the west, has no concept of “filial piety”.The Western belief in God, that God has given human life.So in the western culture, the concept of “filial piety” is corresponding to “piety”.” Filial piety “ is also derived from “piety”.Piety in the ancient Greek dictionary definition is: 1, sacred, permitted by the laws of God, to God;2, non God prohibited by law, human beings can enjoy.In the two concepts, actually we can see, in the West or in China, for the one who supposed to give us life, raising us people have a kind of “filial piety”, just for different objects.Situation one: acquiesce and even publicly agree the old father smoking in the house There are two such scenes: 1, at the table, the old father smoking, Denis sat next to Grandpa.Janine saw father smoking, showed her disgust on her face, and then to open the window.XuDatong saw this scene, said: “Janine, why?” Full of condemnation, for fear that his father felt reject by his families.2, the house was dark.The old father who was smoking at home saw the couple suddenly returned home looked panic, hiding the cigarette behind.He knew the daughter-in-law doesn't like him smoking in the house.In order to avoid his son and the daughter-in-law’s quarrel, he decided to put out the cigarette.At this time, Janine became clever.In order to make obedient husband don’t feel disgusted, she said: “Dad, go ahead, I don't mind.”In the two acts, both husband and wife knew smoking is harmful to health, but they did not prevent him from it.The reason is the filial piety.Since ancient times, Chinese are taught to obey.We cannot be a disobedient child.Even if the parents are wrong, we are not allowed to contradict them.That case in America, however, children will stop their parents since smoking is harmful to health.this is ”filial piety“ in the eyes of Americans.What lead the United States look the same thing quite different from Chinese? Personally I think that we should go back to the objects both sides to do ”filial piety“.As we said earlier, Chinese parents act as life giver and caregivers, while Americans believe God give them life whereas their parents are just pull them out.Therefore, Chinese parents and children are hierarchical, that is the so-called ”respect for seniority“.And in America, almost people are Christian.Parents and children are in the same class.They tend to be friends, just pointed out the fault and regardless of other things such as against.Scene two: taking old father in America to live togetherIn china, Datong is absolutely a dutiful son because it’s admirable to make parents live with their son and daughters.I guess no one in China would deny that.But in America, suchbehavior just can't be understood.Why the old father did not to live in his home, but in his son’s? Americans are puzzled, because in American, parents and children do not live together.Even when parents visit children, they have to make an appointment few weeks or even a few months before.This behavior in Chinese eyes seems incredible.They think that the relationship between American parents and children is too distant.In a word, both sides look at each other and feel nothing is right.Why? They have different ideas.Chinese like four generations under one roof, family happiness;while the Americans pay attention to individual personality, advocate individualism and independence of thought.And why the concept is different? We start from the filial piety and piety as well.Earlier we said that both China and the US have ”filial piety“, while the object is different.Chinese is more willing to live with parents, to do filial piety.The US is not with their parents who pull them into this world, because in their eyes, the role of parents is actually more like China brothers and sisters and it’s God who give their lives and souls.In Chinese, even if one large ancient family which people live together, in fact, can be divided into several small courtyards, deal with family affairs separately except some important issues.These partitional rules are more clear the modern life.Have you ever seen brothers and sisters live together? Perhaps no.Therefore, the Americans and their parents(like brothers and sisters)living in different roof is not surprising.Scene three: the understanding of “hitting you is for your own good”When Xu Datong hit Denis, Quinlan appeared shocked and uneasy.Denis did not want to sit by the side of his father at table for his father beat him.Grandpa told him that his father hit himfor his own good.People in China and America hold different positions to the same thing.In Chinese, to spare the rod was, traditionally, to spoil the child.The father to beat his son is good for son, son should not hold grudges, and they should obey the discipline, or it’s impiety;Americans think this behavior is abuse.It’s the appearance of not respecting the human rights.First, their laws don't allow this behavior.All are equal before the law.It’s illegal for the fathers to hit sons.It is a violation of human rights and a violation of the law.Second I think it is more important that Americans, from the bottom of their heart, think their parents and themselves are equal.Deep in their hea rts, the one who give them souls and lives isn’t parents, but the God.Though China has the law that everyone is equal, but the parents’ hit on children is called they are educating the children, and no one would charge their parents.Because Chinese parents are as holy American’s God, play as the life and soul giver.So there are grades between parents and children in China.They never think that they themselves and their parents are equal.All of this is according to the different object of ”filial piety“.Conc lusionIn cross-cultural communication, collision and conflict of culture can be seen everywhere.What the movie ”Guasha“ shows is only the tip of the iceberg.All differences originate in the differences in history, conception, belief, value.But the ”filial piety“ differences in Guasha are root in the different philosophical thinking about the sources of human.China as an atheist state(at least most people do), both the body and soul are given by parents.So parents have the sacred place in the hearts of their children and the place is inviolable.So in these situations above, Chinese will havedifferent attitudes and practices with foreigners.And USA, as a Christian country, affected by the Bible story of Adam and Eve, people in this country believe that man is created by God, they believe God gave the soul to the flesh, and God is their Lord who makes them able to survive and multiply.The loftiness of his position is no less than Chinese parents.That is the reason why the relationships in Americans and their parents are not as tight as Chinese do.As for the “filial piety”, China and the US have something in common.Although their concepts are different, the meaning is the same.God is to American what parents are to Chinese.all have the same emotional ties and treatment.That is to say, both have ”filial piety“, but American ”filial piety“ is for God, as we know, the “piety”.It is because of the different objects that there are so many cultural conflicts about ”filial piety” in Guasha, and then the perplexing “filial piety” cultural conflict in the whole society.第三篇：跨文化交际案例分析跨文化交际案例分析案例背景：在泰国，和泰国朋友在网上聊天时，他们有时候会发来“555”，本来是说到开心的时候，为什么要用这几个数字呢？在中国聊天时555表示哭的声音。
大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案
大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案！！！是WORD格式不是PDF格式的！！！Case 1:An Interview in IndiaCase analysis: The case is about an interview between an American program host and anIndian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years. The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language, family pattern, marriage, wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food, etc. From this case, guide the students in culture study and culture comparison. The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture. Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive. Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Case 3:The French in North AmericaCase analysis: The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system, where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey. Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable.Case 4:Coconut-skatingCase analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Case 5:A Black Girl’s IdentityCase analysis: Although we may say that identities are constituted by our communication, itis obvious from the case that we cannot simply choose at any moment what our identity will be regardless of the context. First, we often do not share the recipe for certain identities with others even if we belong to the same ethnicity, gender, or nationality. Understanding this can help us avoid some of the broad assumptions made about groups of people based on the reflective way of thinking. Second, as we learned in the very first chapter, all meaning in communication is to some extent situational. Thus, the context mediates what identities we can choose. Sometimes things one may have no control over, such as age or skin color, are seen as essential parts of how one communicates an identity.Case 6HippiesCase analysis: Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary. In modern American society, hippies culture could also find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.Case 7Clean up the Bathroom!Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate indifferent ways. The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.Case 8:She Has Three HandsThis case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them.Case 9:A Piece of CakeThis case wants us to recognize some components of communication. Sender/source refers tothe person who transmits a message. Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication takes place. In this case, Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers. And their room, where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed, is just the context.Case 10:The Place to Have LunchThis case reflects that communication is contextual, which means that communication doesnot happen in isolation and it must happen within a setting or context. Whether this context is quiet or noisy is important to the smoothness of communication. When the communication event is disturbed by noise, the communication can not go smoothly. In this case,Case 11:Making an AppointmentThis case can reflect how culture affects its communication style. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols,but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. In this case, knowing the communication style of the Americans which is characterized by direct, exacting and instrumental, the exporter manager fulfills his job successfully.Case 12:Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people areMuslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and cannot be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American studentputs himself in an embarrassing situation.Case 13:We and They?This case reflects that in intercultural communication, people always regard themselves as thebest group in the world. This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided.Case 14:Perception of WarThis case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception.People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because they have different cultures and are living in the different social realities. In this case, Jim and Olgahave very different attitudes and perceptions towards historical events because their nations’different experiences and histories.Case 15:Observations on a SoldierThis case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sensethe outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certainmodel—after being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception. They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses,organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.Case 16:Different Responses to NoiseThis case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise producedby the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.Case 17:What Is Black?This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication. We have the ability to perceive the outside world, but we cannot always get the accurate perceptions, especially when we do the perception on other cultures, we often give the inaccurate and negative perceptions. In this case, on discussing the impersonal color “black”, wegive so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptionsand associations about the color. The barriers can include ignoring details, over-generalizing,holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency, preconnecting causes and effects, preferring simple explanations, ignoring circumstances, crediting irrelevant information and focusing on the negative.Case 18:Are Perceptions Always Right?This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right, especially whenwe do perceptions on other cultures. We usually perceive others according to our own culture.This can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. In this case Pat and Chris gaveinaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of theirIrresponsible judgment and they also gave completely positive perceptions on Marie just becauseof their simple expectations. In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions, we need some skills, including increase your understanding of the perceptual process; increase your observational acuity; recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning; check your perceptions; increase your Awareness of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them ;increase your awareness of others’ perceptionsof you; and develop social decentering, empathy, and other-orientation.Case 20:Chinese Hospitality — OverdoneThis case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from anotherculture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs. The Chinese usually attach a lot of importance to taking care of their guests. When it comes to a foreign visitor, Chinese hospitality is usually more than what can be understood by a Westerner, who is uncomfortable when he isalways surrounded by people attempting to be kind. Concerning this case, Hong tried to respecther traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe's visit, havingno idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated.Case 21:A Danish Woman in New YorkThis case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating withpeople from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is alsoindisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.Case 22:Ambiguous TimeThis case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories oftheir own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. Theywill believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role modelfor the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way theytell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there's usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.Case 23:Girl-nessThis case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence,which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case,we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, "girl" means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound moredesirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, "woman" means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, itis customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women's liberation movement in the 1960s". The term "'girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.Case 24:An Unfair DecisionThis case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitudetowards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.Case 25:Success StoryOne of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.Case 26:Slogans and the Importance of LanguageThe intercultural encounters we experience are not only influenced by language and perceptual differences, and language choice based on restricted and elaborated social situations, but also on language and how it is translated for members of a culture. For many reasons linguistic interpretation and semantics provide the source of numerous misunderstandings. For instance, an insurance company discovered that fires inadvertently occurred because warehouse employees acted carelessly around "empty" barrels of gasoline, although they previously had exercised great caution around "full" drums of gasoline. The terms full and empty seem to mask the real danger in working with gasoline drums. Empty drums are extremely combustible, while full drums pose far less threat. The linguistic perception of the word empty in the general culture signified null or void, but in the work culture of volatile products like gasoline the semantic "interpretation" was disastrous. A story is told of a Christian Scientist who refused to take vitamins, since the recommender described them as "medicine." However, the same person gladly took the vitamins when he was told they were "food."Case 28:Two Different Communication StylesThe dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication.In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim's very specific and direct questionsabout her feelings toward the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say something critical about the United States because she would lose face, as would Jim, as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers.Case 29:MisunderstandingIdioms are simply statements that are not strictly true, but their meaning is understood by a group of people. If you ask what happened to Martha and people say, "She kicked the bucket," it does not mean that she literally did this; it means she died. Just like in the case my student's friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment. Idioms are common in all cultures, but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion. One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom. For example, I would not use the "kick the bucket" idiom just any setting or with just any person. If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died, I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has "passed away." Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge.Case 31:Going Out to EatIn the interaction, Jim is a student at a local university. He was born and raised in the United States. Akira is an exchange student from Japan. Jim and Akira are eating dinner together in a local restaurant. They have known each other for only a short time. Not only is Jim's style of communication overtly personal, but he's also quite direct.Jim is trying to involve Akira in the conversation by relating to him his personal experiencesand preferences. Jim uses the first person "I" no fewer than eleven times and even refers to Akira as "Buddy." Akira never refers to himself in the first person; Akira generally defers to Jim and says little, even addressing Jim as "Mr. Jim." As a foreigner, Akira probably sees Jim as socially superior and uses a formal title. Moreover, rather than talking about his personal preferences, Akira mentions that Japanese people enjoy restaurants.Case 32:What Is Wrong with the Interaction?This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actualintercultural communication. Nonverbal communication differs according to different cultures. People might have different opinions about the proper space, time, body language and paralanguage. If we don’t pay attention to intercultural nonverbal communication, we will have some misunderstanding and conflict. In this case, Jim (an American), Mitsuko and Akira (two Japanese) belong to totally different cultures; they have very different opinions about the space and body languages. Therefore, Mitsuko and Akira felt uncomfortable when Jim gave some exaggerated body language and kept close space distance in communication.Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent?This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actualintercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese. Case 34:What Is Sue’ s Problem？This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to thedifferent context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relational hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s deferential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike.Case 35:A QuarrelThis case can reflect the different use and understanding of silence can influence the actual intercultural communication. Different culture might have different interpretations to the silence. The Eastern culture usually attaches more meanings to silence, while the most western cultures consider silence to be absence of communication and most rude communicative behavior. In this case, Li Hua wanted to provide the opportunity for them to calm down and think about the matters carefully and so she kept silence, while this silence was misunderstood by Smith as the absence of communication and he might think Li Hua looked down upon him and became angrier.Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My ArmThis case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual. In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.Case 37:What’s wrong?This case can reflect different gestures can represent different meanings in different culturesand misuse of some gestures can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. For example, the common “OK” gesture means being good and friendly in some western countries such as USA, while in Latin America it represent something dirty and obscene. Therefore, in this case, the gesture of the American politician is really a disaster and it hurt the people in this Latin American country and also made himself to be unwelcome person.Case 38:An American Librarian’s PuzzleThis case can reflect the meanings shown by facial expressions and gestures differ accordingto different cultures in intercultural communication. For example, the smile in China can convey lots of meaning, such as being friendly and attentive and nodding one’s head in China is not always to say “yes”, sometimes it is just to say “I’m listening.” While in USA, nodding one’s head and smiling is usually to say “yes” and show agreement. Therefore, in this case, the American Librarian misunderstood the Chinese student Zhu Xiaohua’s facial expression and gesture–nodding and smiling and felt quite puzzled.Case 39:Marriage and Social StatusShaheed was disappointed, but he understood the problem and accepted the situation. However, in part because of different worldviews, this story really bothers .many Americans.How many differences in worldviews did you recognize in this experience? I count at leastfive. For example, an American would have felt that the hierarchical nature of the situation that helped to establish the concern in the first place was inherently wrong. Shaheed and thewoman would be seen as equals. In addition, if there were to be any differences betweenthe two, they should have been determined by achievement, not ascribed to the individualsby birth. Third, the decision to go with what is wanted by the families or groups involved is inline with a collectivistic approach rather than an individualistic approach, which would have encouraged each person to do what was best for him- or her-self. Fourth, Shaheed'smother's understanding of the meaning of being served bananas at tea depended entirely onlhe context rather than the verbal message. Many Americans who hear this story worry,about whether Shaheed's mother got the right message. Finally, Americans would tend towant to discuss the issue more, asking, "Why won't this work?" and trying to convincethe young woman's mother that it is okay. This orientation is grounded in using communication primarily as an information source rather than as a social lubricant, which Shaheed's mother did by not threatening the face of the other person or the status quo of the current relationship.Case 40:How Can We Lend Money to Her?It is not unusual for married couples to come into conflict over money or how they relate toin-laws, but in this case it is complicated because there are cultural differences in what is good and bad and what is morally appropriate in this situation. In Germany there are strong norms against borrowing unless you absolutely have to, and then you borrow from a bank and pay it back as quickly as you can. Except for very rare occasions in which a child must borrow from a parent, you would never borrow from family members, because they have enough problems of their own. In contrast, Lao borrowing norms indicate that borrowing is a natural and ongoing part of life. No one has everything they need, so everyone will need to borrow at some time. Buddha has said, "Do good and good will be done to you," so loaning is an honor. Finally, borrowing from an institution is frowned upon because you will not get a good deal and it will look like your family does not care about you.Case 41:Getting FrustratedJay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply inSaudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating. However, they are also concerned with hygiene. They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.Case 42:Wrong Signal?Ning Tong was not observing the house rules for watching TV, which was probably why he eventually stopped saying anything in the argument. Usually, when a Chinese chooses not to say any more things in an argument, it would mean one or both of the following: the person feels that he/she is wrong; the person wants to stop the argument by not talking any more. The latter would often mean tolerance as one has to resist the impulse of reasoning with the other, especially when one feels he/she is right. When Ning Tong became quite, he was hoping that his silence could stop Tom since Tom would not have anything to respond to.Tom was clearly frustrated at not being able to relax and enjoy some programs connectedwith what is happening back home. Tom probably thought Ning Tong’s decision to stop arguing was “passive aggression”--- making the other person look bad by pretending to be mild-mannered or even not interested---yet not yielding in an argument.Case 43:The Improvement Does Not WorkFollowing their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups. However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures. But cultures are notpure. Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs. Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian. At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner?Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below,。
跨文化交际案例case study 2
Chapter 2 Staying with a FamilyCase 1Erica: Hello! Thank for coming. Here, let me take your coat.Lin: Hello. Thanks. Here’s some wine for you.Erica: That’s lovely. You really shouldn’t have, Lin. Thank you. Let’s go in and meet the others.分析：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。
无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。
有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。
呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。
上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。
Case 2Erica: Lin, do have some more dessert.Lin: Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve had enough. It’s wonderful.分析：同世界上其他国家的人一样，西方人也很好客。
他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。
所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。
Case 3After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?Helen: Nothing. It’s fine. I’ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It’ll only take a minute.Liu: Does the family usually help?Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he’s really tired tonight.Liu: Let me do it for you.Helen: No truly, it’s okay.Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You’re really kind, Huang.分析：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。
跨文化CASE
大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.案例2：白连衣裙案例分析：印度妇女可能会认为，如果他们看到了西方白色礼服的新娘在婚礼仪式的葬礼。
情况反映了明喻和隐喻在文本中。
文化就像一座冰山：我们可以找出不同文化背景的女性在穿着的礼服的颜色，但我们不知道下面的值。
文化就像是一条鱼游在水：人们穿的礼服不同的颜色，不同的背景，但他们通常把它视为理所当然，从来不问为什么。
Case 4:Coconut-skatingCase analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.案例4：椰子-滑冰（用椰油保养地板的方法）案例分析：情况反映了文化的特点。
新编跨文化交际英语教程cases参考答案 中英文版
新编跨文化交际英语教程Intercultural Communication in EnglishCase study 参考答案Case 1 【page 23】In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.在这种情况下，尽管人们努力去理解，但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。
We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.我们应该知道，在埃及，就像在许多文化中一样，人际关系被看得如此重要，以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。
虽然美国人的确重视人际关系，但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。
In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.在这种情况下，理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上，因为食物只是设置或借口。
跨文化交际英文案例
Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female s tudent asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?”“Because they are girls. That‟s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the in tent of the question. “ I don‟t quite understand your question, I‟m afraid.”“In the States, we call ourselves … women‟ if we‟re old enough to go to the university. Calling us …girls‟ is insulting.”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referredto them as girls. Why?”“Because they are girls. That‟s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don‟t quite understand your question, I‟m afraid.”“In the States, we call ourselves … women‟ if we‟re old enough to go to the university. Calling us …girls‟ is insulting.”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 3 “I Just Wanted to Talk”.Wu tong was a graduate student in a Chinese university. Like many students these days, he was very keen on learning English. He would talk with English speakers as often as he could.One day, he saw a new foreigner on campus, Leonard Ramsay, and overheard him speaking English. When Mr. Ramsay finished speaking with the other person, he turned to go, but Wu Tong stopped him. He went up and said, “ You speak English, is that right?”“Yes, why?”“I‟d like to practise my English with you, if you don‟t mind.”Mr. Ramsay looked a little annoyed. “ I prefer not to, if you don‟t mind.”Case 4 An Unwanted Food ServiceDuring a lunch buffet at a conference in China, Wu Fa, the interpreter of the conference, sat with four foreign participants. They were having a good time talking. When Wu Fa stood up for more food, she asked whether she could bring anything back for them.Everyone thanked her and said “no”. A while later, Wu Fa came back with a plate full of food, and asked whether the others would like to have something from her plate.Again, the four others said , “No”.“ Oh, please take something, I can‟t eat this much food myself.”The foreigners shrugged and one or two of them even frowned a little.Case 5 Simple Can Be SpecialWen Hong had an American professor in her economics class in China. She had given the professor a lot of help during the course. At the end of the semester，the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner. They said they were going to cook her an American meal.Wen Hong felt very flattered and excited，since McDonald，KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to Western cooking.They had salad to start with，then steak with potatoes，followed by ice cream. Wen Hong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end. She knew the professor and his wife were being kind to her，but somehow she was a little disappointed. She wondered whether Americans do eat like that at home.Case 6 Chinese Coffee CustomsWhile studying in the United States, Lin Jun made a few American friends. One day he invited two of them to his apartment and cooked them a meal. When his friends said they would like some coffee, he started boiling some water. Without asking them any questions, he made three cups of 3-in-1 coffee, the way he usually took it.Both friends tasted the coffee and frowned. One said she always took coffee black，the other said he preferred to have less sugar in his coffee. They also told him that the spoon is for stirring the coffee，not to drink from like he did. LinJun was embarrassed. He had thought that everyone drank coffee the same way as he did.Case 7 Noise from NoodlesJane and Peter were Chen Dong‟s landlord and landlady when he was in the States. They had become good friends by the end of his one-year stay. They kept in touch with each other after Chen Dong returned to China. Jane and Peter decided to visit China soon after Chen Dong left the States.They made a special stop in Guangzhou where Chen Dong lives. Chen Dong had promised to show them around the city and let them try some authentic Cantonese food. One thing，in particular，he wanted them to try was noodles. He knew several restaurants that served good noodles and took the couple to one of them for lunch one day.Noodles typically come in soup in Cantonese cooking. Chen Dong started eating the noodles with chopsticks，while Jane and Peter exchanged a look at the noise that came with his eating. After a little hesitation，they asked for forks. A waitress told them that they did not have forks，and Chen Dong explained that noodle restaurants do not usually keep forks because no one would think of using forks for noodles.In the next half an hour，Jane and Peter had a hard time trying to roll the long noodles onto their chopsticks. Chen Dong said，“that‟s not the way we eat noodles. You put the noodles directly to y our mouth with your chopsticks.”“But that‟s not the way we eat noodles，” Jane and Peter said, frowning. Case 8 Dinner in a Chinese HomeBesides taking Peter and Jane to restaurants, Dong Chen also invited them to his home for dinner once. Dong C hen …s mother is a nice wife, and made eight courses for four of them.“I'm sorry there isn‟t much for dinner, she said.”“God this is much more than enough food,” Jane said. Peter was too overwhelmed to even respond to Dong Chen… motherDong Chen was a li ttle embarrassed. “This is what we usually say to guests，even though there‟s plenty of food” he explained．What bewildered Jane and Peter most was that though Dong Chen‟s mother kept saying that the food was not good，she constantly served helpings to Jane and Peter．Peter did not like two of the courses very much，and felt bad that his plate was full with whatever he would not be able to eat. At seeing Dong Chen's mother‟s next move to serve him food，he said in a begging voice，“Please don‟t give me any more food．Let me do it myself．Case 9A Not-sociable DrinkMartin was sent by an American company to work in a special economic development zone in China for a year. He became very friendly with a few Chinese colleagues. Soon, he started to go out with them. He noticed that Chinese like to have something , such as peanuts, when they have beer, instead of just drinking beer without anything to eat as many North Americans do.One day he was invited to a dinner party to celebrate a colleague‟s birthday. They ordered alcoholic beverages and toasted the guest of honor frequently. Soon Martin realized that the plan was to get their friend drunk. Each colleague would offer a toast, concluding with a cheery “ gan bei!” and tried to get Martin to join in, even though he was unwilling to do it. Martin didn‟t think it a good idea, and tried to talk them out of the game. However, he was accused of not being a good friend for not co-operating.Martin remained an outsider during the rest of the dinner. He was getting increasingly worried as he watched the poor guest become increasingly inebriated.Case 10 A Misunderstanding at a Dinner TableRoger was a student majoring in East Asia Studies in an American university. He started an e-mail correspondence with Zhang Li, a sociology major in China, who was introduced to him through a mutual friend.Upon graduation, Roger got a big gift from his grandfather. Grandpa would pay for a round-trip ticket to China. He told Zhang Li the good news, and the two decided to meet.Zhang Li decided to give Roger a very special welcome: she and the three women students in her dormitory would cook him an authentic Chinese meal, as Roger had told her that he loved Chinese food.However, when Roger was presented the dinner, he was almost terrified by some of the food: pork stomach soup, pig liver with ginger and spring onion, chicken with mushrooms in which the chicken had been cut to pieces with bones attached to the meal.Fortunately , there were courses like tofu, stirred fried beef, steamed fish and vegetables that Roger loved. He tried to stick to them but Zhang Li kept putting food he did not like on his plate. When she asked how he liked the liver, Roger said, “ It‟s very unusual…and interesting. “ This seemed to make Zhang Li happy. And she gave him more liver. Roger tried to stop her, but she would not be stopped. Roger was so frustrated that he told her that he did not really like it that much. “ But you said it was unusual and interesting!”Zhang Li said. “ Well,they both mean something less than positive,” Roger said carefully, trying not to hurt their feelings.Zhang Li and her friends became concerned at this.”“So you don‟t like the food?” I‟m not used to eating liver, that‟s all. But I do like the chicken, the beef, the tofu, and the vegetables. I have had more than enough to eat. I never make this much food at home,” Roger was eager to let them know how much he appreciated their effort. “Trust me, I‟m enjoying the food. I know what I like.”Having said that, he found a piece of chicken that was less bony, held it in his hand to eat it, and then licked his fingers. Zhang Li and her friends looked at each other in shock.It was not a perfect first meeting for either Zhang Li or Roger.Case 11 Over-dressed TouristsAs a van stopped in front of Niagara Falls, a group of Chinese officials streamed out. They were dressed in suits and ties, wearing leather shoes. Many of the men also had left the manufacture‟s tag on the sleeve of their suit jacket. As they wandered around Niagara Falls, some of them started to smoke. Their attire drew the stares of North American tourists, some of whom quietly laughed with their friends and pointed at the Chinese visitors. Others frowned at seeing the smoking and shook their heads in disapproval.Case 12 Tie CultureJane was a tourist and spent some time staying with a Chinese friend at her home. They watched a children‟s porgram while having breakfast one morning.A young man, the host of the program, gave instructions of a game to a few children, and then joined them running in a circle.“My, he‟s wearing a tie and running crazy with the children!” Jane exclaimed.The Chinese friend shrugged,”Is this very unusual?”Case 13 An American in ChinaProfessor Smith and his assistant，Chen Ming，were doing fieldwork in a small city in China. It was hot and humid, and both were casually dressed. One evening as they were leaving for dinner，a local administrator told them that the mayor of the city, who was interested in the type of research they were doing, would like to say hello to Professor Smith. As luck would have it，the Mayor was dining in the same restaurant as Smith and Chen Ming.Professor Smith said he had to go back to his room to change.“You look fine，Come on，the mayor is waiting，”the administrator said.“No, I can‟t meet the mayor in my shorts”Case 14 The Generosity of a Chinese StudentMatt was invited to a Chinese university to give a few lectures. During his short stay there, a graduate student volunteered to show him around the city. Matt accepted the offer gratefully. It was summer and soon both Matt and the graduate student began to get quite hot. While Matt took some pictures, the graduate student went to buy some drinks.“Thank you. How much do I owe you?” Matt asked.“Nothing.” The student smiled.“ Are you sure?”“Yes.”At lunchtime, Matt suggested they have a quick meal. They stopped by a McDonald. Again, the graduate student tried to pay for Matt.“No, this is my treat. You‟re a student, I‟m a professor. You‟ve given me the time to show me around. You already paid for my drink. I can‟t let you pay for my lunch again.”Case 15 A Gift from a Chinese StudentXie Dong did his graduate study in an American university. He came back to China for summer vacation. When he went back to his program, he paid his supervisor a visit and presented him a gift.The professor opened the gift. It was a ginseng with its many tiny roots spreading out in a very artistic pattern. It clearly was an expensive gift.The professor‟s eyes shone at the ginseng, but he then began to feel uneasy. “Xie Dong, I appreciate your kindness, but I can‟t take this as a gift.”“ Why? Don‟t you like it?” It was Xie Dong‟s turn to be uneasy now.“ Oh, sure, I love it. But I can‟t accept it.”“Why?”“ Because I didn‟t do anything to deserve such a gift.”Case 16 Telephone CourtesyKathy and David, a couple from the US, signed a one-year contract to work in China. Both were extroverted and soon made some Chinese friends.Before long, people started calling them at home. David was sometimes away on business trips for a few days, and if someone looked for him, Kathy often would find the conversation awkward.“ Where did he go?” The caller typically would ask.“Can I pass on any message?” Kathy asked politely, trying to avoid the question.“Is he out of town?” The caller was usually very persistent.“Yes, can I help you in any way?” Kathy tried to be polite, but she could not help feeling uncomfortable.Case 17 “Not So Close, Please”He Jia had lived in the United States for 7 years before she came back to work in China. She found that she had become accustomed to social habits in North America and that some Chinese behaviours now caused her some discomfort. For example, one day, back in China, she was in a queue to use an ATM. She had noticed that people were standing very close to each other. In fact, the person behind her could, if she or he wanted, to see her enter the PIN of her ATM card. He Jia wanted to make people aware of the discomfort of the user by keeping her distance from the person in front of her. However, the people behind her pushed her to move forward.Case 18 The Privacy of the PageSimon and Cheng Feng often studied together to prepare for exams. One day, in the middle of a study session, Simon said he wanted to get a coffee. He asked Cheng Feng if he wanted any, but he said, “No”. When he came back, he found Cheng Feng reading his notes. He was upset and, although he didn‟t say anything at the time, he never studied with Cheng Feng again. Cheng Feng noticed the change and wondered what had happened.Case19 The Privacy of PhotographsRose invited Lili to her home one day. While they were having coffee, Rose showed Lili a few pictures of her boyfriend in a photo album. Lili casually turned to other pages after that.Rose stopped her, “I‟d rather you not look at other pictures.”Lili was embarrassed, and apologized, “I‟m sorry.”Case 20 The Privacy of PriceAfter living in the States for some time, Ping Li observed that Americans like to comment on each other‟s looks and clothes. So whe n she saw a fellow graduate student wearing a nice dress at a party, she complimented her by saying. “This is a very beautiful dress.” “Oh thank you , I bought it last year before Christmas ,” the student very pleased. “How much was it?” Ping Li asked.“Well I don‟t quite remember,” the student seemed unprepared for thequestion, and answered a little hesitatingly.Case 21 The Privacy of the PersonZou Qing and Nancy became friends after they met in a course they both took．Nancy had had gray hair much earlier than people of the same age，and had been dyeing her hair for several years.While they were having a break one day in between two classes, and Zou Qing noticed that Nancy had some invisible gray hair on her. She told her so, but Nancy changed the topic right away.When everyone else left，Nancy said to Zou Qing，“Please don‟t mention my gray hair while there were men around.”Case 22 Unacceptable CuriosityMr and Mrs Peterson came to China with a tour group. One evening, they decided to take a walk outside their hotel. They soon noticed that quite a few people stared at them. One man even quickly walked past them and then turned back to look at them several times. Both Mr and Mrs Peterson feltuncomfortable about the staring and went back to the hotel sooner than they had planned.Case 23 Confusion in Communicating LoveLe, a Chinese woman, and Bill, an American man, were very much in love. Their relationship started with their shared interest in photography. As time went on, however, Le became dependent on Bill whenever she wanted to take a picture, because she felt that Bill was a much better photographer than she was. Whenever she noticed a scene that would make a good image, she would ask Bill to take the picture for her.Bill was not very pleased but did not say anything for a while. However, Le soon got to a point where she began to ask Bill to load and unload the film. Bill decided that it was too much for him to bear. He exploded, “What‟s the matter with you? Don‟t you know how to load and unload a film? Can‟t you take a picture any more?”Le was so shocked that she burst into tears. “I ask you to do things only because you do it better than me. What‟s wrong with that?”Case24 Unwanted AttentionTeresa is a Chinese American teaching English temporarily at a Chinese university. She is very easy going, and soon the students got to know her well enough to invite her out regularly.Crossing the very busy and wide streets in the city was a scary experience for Teresa, and she complained of it repeatedly. As a result, the female students began to try to help her by taking her hand or grasping her arm while the male students seemed to be shy about protecting her.Teresa was uncomfortable with her female students touching her, and told the women they did not need to do it. Her female students thought she was beingpolite and continued to take care of her the same way. Teresa became so uncomfortable that she tried to move away from her female students whenever they had to cross the road.Case 25 Holding HandsChris was a visiting professor in China. On one day, one of his students, Sun Hui, showed him around the city. Sun Hui soon noticed that Chris was interested in taking pictures of men that were walking arm-in-arm or touching each other when they talked.“ I don‟t see anything special about those men,” Sun Hui said curiously.“ Well, we don‟t see much of that in men in the States,” Chris said, “ They‟re gay, aren‟t they?”Case 26 Friendship MisunderstoodYan Hong was a Chinese painter who immigrated to the United States. She met Jenny, an American physician in a club one day. They soon became friends, and sometimes went out for coffee and lunch together.One day, Jenny gave Yan Hong a very beautiful vase. Yan Hong loved the vase very much, and felt she should give Jenny something in return. So she gave Jenny a painting she brought from China. Jenny was very pleased.A few days later, Jenny invited Yan Hong to her home for the first time. They made dinner together and enjoyed the meal a lot. Then they sat down to watch TV. When Jenny tentatively held Yan Hong‟s hand, Yan Hong was not aware of anything unusual. However, when Jenny sat closer to her and kissed her, Yan Hong was terrified. She pushed Jenny away and cried, “ I‟m not alesb ian!”Jenny was in shock, and asked accusingly, “ Then why didn‟t you tell me earlier?”Case 27 Learning about FlirtingChen Qing was a visiting scholar in an American university. He had made some friends with professors and students there. One day he went to a party where the atmosphere became less and less inhibited. Chen Qing noticed that men and women touched each other a lot more than he was used to. At the end of the party, most people hugged each other good-bye. One woman came to hug Chen Qing, but he stiffened as she attempted to give him a hug. He had never hugged any women except his wife in his life. Other women noticed this, and no one else tried to hug him.However, Chen Qing felt left out when people hugged each other but not him. He foun d himself in a very awkward situation: he didn‟t want to be hugged, neither did he want to be left out. He did not know what he wanted or how to resolve his conflicting emotions.Case28 Lost in LoveLi Ying fell in love with an American man in her second year in the United States. They spent a lot of time together. After they had been to all the places of interest in the city, they had to decide where to go or what to do for the next date. John typically would ask Li Ying, “ What do you want to do today?” , or“ Where shall we go?” Li Ying would sometimes tell what she wanted, but more often than not, she would say “It‟s up to you”, or “ Whatever you want to do”, or “ Wherever you want to go.”John frowned at such responses several times until one day when Li Ying said “ up to you” again. “For God‟s sake, tell me what you want to do!” He cried out loud.Li Ying was shocked at his reaction. “ Isn‟t it clear to you? I‟ll do what you want to do.”“ No, it isn‟t clear at all. I want to know what you want to do!” John was almost angry. “ Don‟t you realize that sometimes I want to do what you want to do, too?”Case 29 Lovers Become StrangersXiao Xin and Peter are newly-weds. Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together. Not surprisingly, their marriage was followed by a series of minor problems while they tried to adjust to each other‟s ways of life. One difficult issue came up about two months after their new life, when Peter came home from work looking unhappy.“ What happened?” Xiao Xin asked.“Nothing much, I‟m just very tired,” Peter said.“I can tell that it‟s more than that.”Peter gave Xiao Xin a quiet look, went into the bedroom, and threw himself to bed.Xiao Xin followed him in. “Don‟t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don‟t.”“Perhaps I can help?” Xiao Xin suggested.“ Xiao Xin, sometimes you just have to give me some space. All I need now is some privacy!” Peter yelled.Xiao Xin was in shock. “Don‟t you trust me?”“Geez, it‟s not a matter of trust! Can‟t you accept the fact that talking to youisn‟t the solution to every one of my problems?” Peter was becoming frustrated and impatient.Xiao Xin was in tears. Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her.Case 30 A Gift of SelfZhang Ge and Simon were head over heels in love with each other. They decided to go away to spend a major holiday somewhere. It was winter time, so they flew south in search of sunshine and warm water.However, Simon developed diarrhea soon after they settled in a hotel. He felt weak and had to lie down for a rest. Zhang Ge was worried and stayed him in the room. Outside the window, the sun was shining, and they could hear the surf. The sun and beach is what they had dreamed about for months during the winter back home.“Go and have some fun,” Simon said to Zhang Ge.“ How can I go and have fun while you‟re sick in bed?”“Why not, it‟s not your fault that I‟m sick. Besides, there‟s nothing you can do here.”“Nonsense! I can keep your company, and you‟ll feel better with me around you.”“Are you sure you want to do this instead of going out?”“Yes, I‟m sure. I won‟t go without you.”“Oh, you‟re so special. I love you so much!” Simon drew Zhang Ge near and kissed her.Case 31 A Close GirlfriendLiu Hong and Wu Xin have been good friends since they were young girls. Both eventually had the opportunity to study in the United States, although they ended up in two different cities. After their first year of hard work, they decided to do some traveling together. Liu Hong went to stay with Wu Xin for two days before they set off. Then they visited three cities over the next 10 days.Liu Hong came back from the trip and told her American friends about the trip. She casually mentioned that they had to share one bed in one particular motel.“ Oh, did you?” , said one of the friends in a tone that made Liu Hong feel uncomfortable.Case 32 Interpreting a Smile. Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Chen Jun, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused some difficulties that required a lot of effort to fix. Chen Jun was very upset about what had happened, and came to Peter‟s office to make a formal apology.Chen Jun went into Peter‟s office after being told to, smiling before he spoke. “ Peter, I‟ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I‟ve caused for the company. I‟m here to apologize for the mistake. I‟m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it w ill never happen again.” Chen Jun said, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office.Peter found it hard to accept the apology. He looked at Chen Jun, and asked, “ are you sure?”“ Yes, I‟m very sorry and I promise this won‟t happen again,” Chen Jun said, with a smile even broader than before.“I‟m sorry I just can‟t take your apology. You don‟t look sorry at all!” Peter said angrily.Chen Jun‟s face turned very red. He did not in the least expect Peter to take it ne gatively. He was desperate to make himself understood. “ Peter, ” he managed to smile again, “ trust me, no one can feel any more sorry than I do about it.”Peter was almost furious by now, “ if you‟re that sorry, how can you still smile?”Case33 Interpreting a LaughHuihua, a Chinese student, and Mary , an American student studying Chinese in China, were on their way to a bookstore. As they got to the bookstore, they saw a young man walking down a flight of stairs. In his hurry, he missed the last two steps, and fell on the ground. He struggled to get back to his feet while people around him laughed. Fortunately, he seemed to be O.K.Mary was worried. She found Huihua smiling a little and was not comfortable about it. Tell me, Huihua, how could people laugh when someone fell like that? Do they care at all? Shouldn‟t they go up and ask the young man whether he was hurt?”Huihua said, “ they knew he wasn‟t hurt too much.”“ But I still don‟t understand. A fall is a fall. In my culture, people would do anything but laugh!”Case 34 Different Lunch BoxesPeter was one of the American technicians who came to China to help set up a coffee plant. He was in China for six months．Before leaving for home，one of his Chinese colleagues took him out to dinner. Peter decided to ask him a question that had puzzled him for as long as he worked in the plant．。
完整版跨文化交际案例分析共7个
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章五、宴社会交往请招待 p132Case One: Setting Rules for a Gues-American Hospitality 案例：When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?分析：1)In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest ，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease.2)In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully.3)Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him.4)Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner.Case Two:案例：Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn ' t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing.Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.分析：1)0n the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress on warmth and demonstrating friendship. They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality. And the Chinese are used to having a big meal. Themore dishes they put out，the greater the warmth and friendship they show.2)In western countries, people stress on freedom. They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods. And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or desser，t which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese.3)Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the new world (lifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike om'es. hCase Three: Equality or Hospitality for Table Manners 案例：Lin Hua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part，and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.Question: Why did Linhua find them inhospitable? 分析：1)In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if they cannot do this, they at least will struggle to pay for the guest.2)In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and independence.3)Linhua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little inhospitable.Case Four: 案例：I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 p m. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendara, woman'sscarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours ' chaIt,found there was no hint of a meal and said good-bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I found the box already been opened. I was very surprised, Question: What surprised me?分析：1)In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest always brings a relatively expensive present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched.2)In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily including a meal. And the present is treated not as importantly as it is in China.3)I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the American way was very interesting (unusual).Case Five: Way of Entertaining Guests in China ------- Drink more and more案例：Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ? until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question: Why was Tom totally confused?分析：1)Traditional Chinese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the gues'st glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest' s plate or bowl without asking whether it ' s wanted.2)Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn ' t know this.3)He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it 's not good manners to leave food in one's own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situation.Case SixAs a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara (Japanese)was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the dormitory. Wanting to live in the community rather than in the dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a friend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offered to round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable household appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that was in hergarage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed,but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The following week they were each presented with a gift from Keiko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanesevase, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her. They all protested that she could not afford to give such elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificing to give them.Questions:1.What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2.Why did Keiko ' s friends feel very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return?分析：Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don't have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn't offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn't know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case SevenSelma, who is from the US, is in a student exchange program in Indonesia. One day, she was asked to attend a birthday party and she was delighted, for she was curious to know what an Indonesian birthday party was like. To her surprise, she was the only one that dressed in typically Western clothes. Although she had no strong reason to become uneasy, her uneasy feeling prevailed as the party was going on. To make herself feel better, she went to the food table and began to help herself. But, upon leaving the table, she tripped on the leg of a chair and spilled her drink on the floor. One of the girls stooped down to mop up the spill and everyone else laughed out loud. Selma, uncertain what to do next, quietly moved out of her way with her head lowered in shame.Questions:3.What functions does laughing serve in similar situations in China?4.What should we do to help ourselves or other people out of embarrassment caused by culturaldifferences in laughing?分析：Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you atease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don ‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it things‘ s nothing; such can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.。
跨文化交际案例case study 1
Chapter 1 Social Interaction: Joining in Parties and DinnersCase1Erica goes to a small dinner party to which she and a friend have been invited. Her host, Mrs. Penny meets them at the door of her home.Penny: Hello, Erica. Welcome. Please come in.Erica: Thank you. John, I’d like to introduce Mrs. Penny Roberts. Penny, this is my friend John Pernot.Penny: Hello, John. Welcome.John: Hello, Mrs. Roberts.Penny: Plesse call me Penny. Now do come inside and sit down.分析：在介绍时，先介绍谁是有些规矩的，弄不好会产生误会。
但学起来并不难。
一般的规矩是：首先介绍女性，男女主人，来宾或不太熟的人。
Case2Erica: Professor Honda, may I introduce my classmate Steven Jacobs.Steven, this is my professor of literature.Prof: Nice to meet you, Steven.Steven: Thank you. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Professor Honda. Etica has talked a lot about you.Porf: All good, I hope.分析：在西方，将较年轻的人介绍给年纪较大的人以表示对后者的尊重。
跨文化交际英文案例
Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students、He talked about university students in China、During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua、“When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls、Why?”“Because they are girls、That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question、“ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid、”“In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university、Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting、”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors、Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful、” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 1 Girl-nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students、He talked about university students in China、During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua、“When you talked about female students, you referredto them as girls、Why?”“Because they are girls、That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question、“ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid、”“In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university、Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting、”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women?Case 2Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors、Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful、” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”?Case 3 “I Just Wanted to Talk”、Wu tong was a graduate student in a Chinese university、Like many students these days, he was very keen on learning English、He would talk with English speakers as often as he could、One day, he saw a new foreigner on campus, Leonard Ramsay, and overheard him speaking English、When Mr、Ramsay finished speaking with the other person, he turned to go, but Wu Tong stopped him、He went up and said, “ You speak English, is that right?”“Yes, why?”“I’d like to practise my English with you, if you don’t mind、”Mr、Ramsay looked a little annoyed、“ I prefer not to, if you don’t mind、”Case 4 An Unwanted Food ServiceDuring a lunch buffet at a conference in China, Wu Fa, the interpreter of the conference, sat with four foreign participants、They were having a good time talking、When Wu Fa stood up for more food, she asked whether she could bring anything back for them、Everyone thanked her and said “no”、A while later, Wu Fa came back with a plate full of food, and asked whether the others would like to have something from her plate、Again, the four others said , “No”、“ Oh, please take something, I can’t eat this much food myself、”The foreigners shrugged and one or two of them even frowned a little、Case 5 Simple Can Be SpecialWen Hong had an American professor in her economics class in China、She had given the professor a lot of help during the course、At the end of the semester,the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner、They said they were going to cook her an American meal、Wen Hong felt very flattered and excited,since McDonald,KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to Western cooking、They had salad to start with,then steak with potatoes,followed by ice cream、Wen Hong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end、She knew the professor and his wife were being kind to her,but somehow she was a little disappointed、She wondered whether Americans do eat like that at home、Case 6 Chinese Coffee CustomsWhile studying in the United States, Lin Jun made a few American friends、One day he invited two of them to his apartment and cooked them a meal、When his friends said they would like some coffee, he started boiling some water、Without asking them any questions, he made three cups of 3-in-1 coffee, the way he usually took it、Both friends tasted the coffee and frowned、One said she always took coffee black,the other said he preferred to have less sugar in his coffee、They also told him that the spoon is for stirring the coffee,not to drink from like he did、LinJun was embarrassed、He had thought that everyone drank coffee the same way as he did、Case 7 Noise from NoodlesJane and Peter were Chen Dong’s landlord and landlady when he was in the States、They had become good friends by the end of his one-year stay、They kept in touch with each other after Chen Dong returned to China、Jane and Peter decided to visit China soon after Chen Dong left the States、They made a special stop in Guangzhou where Chen Dong lives、Chen Dong had promised to show them around the city and let them try some authentic Cantonese food、One thing,in particular,he wanted them to try was noodles、He knew several restaurants that served good noodles and took the couple to one of them for lunch one day、Noodles typically come in soup in Cantonese cooking、Chen Dong started eating the noodles with chopsticks,while Jane and Peter exchanged a look at the noise that came with his eating、After a little hesitation,they asked for forks、A waitress told them that they did not have forks,and Chen Dong explained that noodle restaurants do not usually keep forks because no one would think of using forks for noodles、In the next half an hour,Jane and Peter had a hard time trying to roll the long noodles onto their chopsticks、Chen Dong said,“that’s not the way we eat noodles、You put the noodles directly to your mouth with your chopsticks、”“But that’s not the way we eat noodles,” Jane and Peter said, frowning、Case 8 Dinner in a Chinese HomeBesides taking Peter and Jane to restaurants, Dong Chen also invited them to his home for dinner once、Dong Chen ‘s mother is a nice wife, and made eight courses for four of them、“I'm sorry there isn’t much for dinner, she said、”“God this is much more than enough food,” Jane sai d、Peter was too overwhelmed to even respond to Dong Chen‘ motherDong Chen was a little embarrassed、“This is what we usually say to guests,even though there’s plenty of food” he explained.What bewildered Jane and Peter most was that though Dong Chen’s m other kept saying that the food was not good,she constantly served helpings to Jane and Peter.Peter did not like two of the courses very much,and felt bad that his plate was full with whatever he would not be able to eat、At seeing Dong Chen's mother’s nex t move to serve him food,he said in a begging voice,“Please don’t give me any more food.Let me do it myself.Case 9A Not-sociable DrinkMartin was sent by an American company to work in a special economic development zone in China for a year、He became very friendly with a few Chinese colleagues、Soon, he started to go out with them、He noticed that Chinese like to have something , such as peanuts, when they have beer, instead of just drinking beer without anything to eat as many North Americans do、One day he was invited to a dinner party to celebrate a colleague’s birthday、They ordered alcoholic beverages and toasted the guest of honor frequently、Soon Martin realized that the plan was to get their friend drunk、Each colleague would offer a toast, conc luding with a cheery “ gan bei!” and tried to get Martin to join in, even though he was unwilling to do it、Martin didn’t think it a good idea, and tried to talk them out of the game、However, he was accused of not being a good friend for not co-operating、Martin remained an outsider during the rest of the dinner、He was getting increasingly worried as he watched the poor guest become increasingly inebriated、Case 10 A Misunderstanding at a Dinner TableRoger was a student majoring in East Asia Studies in an American university、He started an e-mail correspondence with Zhang Li, a sociology major in China, who was introduced to him through a mutual friend、Upon graduation, Roger got a big gift from his grandfather、Grandpa would pay for a round-trip ticket to China、He told Zhang Li the good news, and the two decided to meet、Zhang Li decided to give Roger a very special welcome: she and the three women students in her dormitory would cook him an authentic Chinese meal, as Roger had told her that he loved Chinese food、However, when Roger was presented the dinner, he was almost terrified by some of the food: pork stomach soup, pig liver with ginger and spring onion, chicken with mushrooms in which the chicken had been cut to pieces with bones attached to the meal、Fortunately , there were courses like tofu, stirred fried beef, steamed fish and vegetables that Roger loved、He tried to stick to them but Zhang Li kept putting food he did not like on his plate、When she asked how he liked the liver, Roger said, “ It’s very unusual…and interesting、“ This seemed to make Zhang Li happy、And she gave him more liver、Roger tried to stop her, but she would not be stopped、Roger was so frustrated that he told her that he did not really like it that much、“ But you said it was unusual and interesting!”Zhang Li said、“ Well, they both mean something less than positive,” Roger said carefully, trying not to hurt their feelings、Zhang Li and her friends became concerned at this、”“So you don’t like the food?” I’m not used to eating liver, that’s all、But I do like the chicken, the beef, the tofu, and the vegetables、I have had more than enough to eat、I never make this much food at home,” Roger was eager to let them know how much he appreciated their effort、“Trust me, I’m en joying the food、I know what I like、”Having said that, he found a piece of chicken that was less bony, held it in his hand to eat it, and then licked his fingers、Zhang Li and her friends looked at each other in shock、It was not a perfect first meeting for either Zhang Li or Roger、Case 11 Over-dressed TouristsAs a van stopped in front of Niagara Falls, a group of Chinese officials streamed out、They were dressed in suits and ties, wearing leather shoes、Many of the men also had left the manufacture’s tag on the sleeve of their suit jacket、As they wandered around Niagara Falls, some of them started to smoke、Their attire drew the stares of North American tourists, some of whom quietly laughed with their friends and pointed at the Chinese visitors、Others frowned at seeing the smoking and shook their heads in disapproval、Case 12 Tie CultureJane was a tourist and spent some time staying with a Chinese friend at her home、They watched a children’s porgram while having breakfast one morning、A young man, the host of the program, gave instructions of a game to a few children, and then joined them running in a circle、“My, he’s wearing a tie and running crazy with the children!” Jane exclaimed、The Chinese friend shrugged,”Is this very unusual?”Case 13 An American in ChinaProfessor Smith and his assistant,Chen Ming,were doing fieldwork in a small city in China、It was hot and humid, and both were casually dressed、One evening as they were leaving for dinner,a local administrator told them that the mayor of the city, who was interested in the type of research they were doing, would like to say hello to Professor Smith、As luck would have it,the Mayor was dining in the same restaurant as Smith and Chen Ming、Professor Smith said he had to go back to his room to change、“You look fine,Come on,the mayor is waiting,”the administrator said、“No, I can’t meet the mayor in my shorts”Case 14 The Generosity of a Chinese StudentMatt was invited to a Chinese university to give a few lectures、During his short stay there, a graduate student volunteered to show him around the city、Matt accepted the offer gratefully、It was summer and soon both Matt and the graduate student began to get quite hot、While Matt took some pictures, the graduate student went to buy some drinks、“Thank you、How much do I owe you?” Matt asked、“Nothing、” The student smiled、“ Are you sure?”“Yes、”At lunchtime, Matt suggested they have a quick meal、They stopped by a McDonald、Again, the graduate student tried to pay for Matt、“No, this is my treat、You’re a student, I’m a professor、You’ve given me the time to show me around、You already paid for my drink、I can’t let you pay for my lunch again、”Case 15 A Gift from a Chinese StudentXie Dong did his graduate study in an American university、He came back to China for summer vacation、When he went back to his program, he paid his supervisor a visit and presented him a gift、The professor opened the gift、It was a ginseng with its many tiny roots spreading out in a very artistic pattern、It clearly was an expensive gift、The professor’s eyes shone at the ginseng, but he then began to feel uneasy、“Xie Dong, I appreciate your kindness, but I can’t take this as a gift、”“ Why? Don’t you like it?” It was Xie Dong’s tur n to be uneasy now、“ Oh, sure, I love it、But I can’t accept it、”“Why?”“ Because I didn’t do anything to deserve such a gift、”Case 16 Telephone CourtesyKathy and David, a couple from the US, signed a one-year contract to work in China、Both were extroverted and soon made some Chinese friends、Before long, people started calling them at home、David was sometimes away on business trips for a few days, and if someone looked for him, Kathy often would find the conversation awkward、“ Where did he go?” The caller typically would ask、“Can I pass on any message?” Kathy asked politely, trying to avoid the question、“Is he out of town?” The caller was usually very persistent、“Yes, can I help you in any way?” Kathy tried to be polite, but she could not he lp feeling uncomfortable、Case 17 “Not So Close, Please”He Jia had lived in the United States for 7 years before she came back to work in China、She found that she had become accustomed to social habits in North America and that some Chinese behaviours now caused her some discomfort、For example, one day, back in China, she was in a queue to use an ATM、She had noticed that people were standing very close to each other、In fact, the person behind her could, if she or he wanted, to see her enter the PIN of her ATM card、He Jia wanted to make people aware of the discomfort of the user by keeping her distance from the person in front of her、However, the people behind her pushed her to move forward、Case 18 The Privacy of the PageSimon and Cheng Feng often studied together to prepare for exams、One day, in the middle of a study session, Simon said he wanted to get a coffee、He asked Cheng Feng if he wanted any, but he said, “No”、When he came back, he found Cheng Feng reading his notes、He was upset and, altho ugh he didn’t say anything at the time, he never studied with Cheng Feng again、Cheng Feng noticed the change and wondered what had happened、Case19 The Privacy of PhotographsRose invited Lili to her home one day、While they were having coffee, Rose showed Lili a few pictures of her boyfriend in a photo album、Lili casually turned to other pages after that、Rose stopped her, “I’d rather you not look at other pictures、”Lili was embarrassed, and apologized, “I’m sorry、”Case 20 The Privacy of PriceAfter living in the States for some time, Ping Li observed that Americans like to comment on each other’s looks and clothes、So when she saw a fellow graduate student wearing a nice dress at a party, she complimented her by saying、“This is a very beautiful dress、” “Oh thank you , I bought it last year before Christmas ,” the student very pleased、“How much was it?”Ping Li asked、“Well I don’t quite remember,” the student seemed unprepared for thequestion, and answered a little hesitatingly、Case 21 The Privacy of the PersonZou Qing and Nancy became friends after they met in a course they both took.Nancy had had gray hair much earlier than people of the same age,and had been dyeing her hair for several years、While they were having a break one day in between two classes, and Zou Qing noticed that Nancy had some invisible gray hair on her、She told her so, but Nancy changed the topic right away、When everyone else left,Nancy said to Zou Qing,“Please don’t mention my gray hair while there were men around、”Case 22 Unacceptable CuriosityMr and Mrs Peterson came to China with a tour group、One evening, they decided to take a walk outside their hotel、They soon noticed that quite a few people stared at them、One man even quickly walked past them and then turned back to look at them several times、Both Mr and Mrs Peterson feltuncomfortable about the staring and went back to the hotel sooner than they had planned、Case 23 Confusion in Communicating LoveLe, a Chinese woman, and Bill, an American man, were very much in love、Their relationship started with their shared interest in photography、As time went on, however, Le became dependent on Bill whenever she wanted to take a picture, because she felt that Bill was a much better photographer than she was、Whenever she noticed a scene that would make a good image, she would ask Bill to take the picture for her、Bill was not very pleased but did not say anything for a while、However, Le soon got to a point where she began to ask Bill to load and unload the film、Bill decided that it was too much for him to bear、He exploded, “What’s the matter with you? Don’t you know how to load and unload a film? Can’t you take a picture any more?”Le was so shocked that she burst into tears、“I ask you to do things only b ecause you do it better than me、What’s wrong with that?”Case24 Unwanted AttentionTeresa is a Chinese American teaching English temporarily at a Chinese university、She is very easy going, and soon the students got to know her well enough to invite her out regularly、Crossing the very busy and wide streets in the city was a scary experience for Teresa, and she complained of it repeatedly、As a result, the female students began to try to help her by taking her hand or grasping her arm while the male students seemed to be shy about protecting her、Teresa was uncomfortable with her female students touching her, and told the women they did not need to do it、Her female students thought she wasbeing polite and continued to take care of her the same way、Teresa became so uncomfortable that she tried to move away from her female students whenever they had to cross the road、Case 25 Holding HandsChris was a visiting professor in China、On one day, one of his students, Sun Hui, showed him around the city、Sun Hui soon noticed that Chris was interested in taking pictures of men that were walking arm-in-arm or touching each other when they talked、“ I don’t see anything special about those men,” Sun Hui said curiously、“ Well, we don’t see much of that in men in the States,” Chris said, “ They’re gay, aren’t they?”Case 26 Friendship MisunderstoodYan Hong was a Chinese painter who immigrated to the United States、She met Jenny, an American physician in a club one day、They soon became friends, and sometimes went out for coffee and lunch together、One day, Jenny gave Yan Hong a very beautiful vase、Yan Hong loved the vase very much, and felt she should give Jenny something in return、So she gave Jenny a painting she brought from China、Jenny was very pleased、A few days later, Jenny invited Yan Hong to her home for the first time、They made dinner together and enjoyed the meal a lot、Then they sat down to watch TV、When Jenny tentatively held Yan Hong’s hand, Yan Hong was not aware of anything unusual、However, when Jenny sat closer to her and kissed her, Yan Hong was terrified、She pushed Jenny away and cried, “ I’m not a lesbian!”Jenny was in shock, and asked accusingly, “ Then why didn’t you tell me earlier?”Case 27 Learning about FlirtingChen Qing was a visiting scholar in an American university、He had made some friends with professors and students there、One day he went to a party where the atmosphere became less and less inhibited、Chen Qing noticed that men and women touched each other a lot more than he was used to、At the end of the party, most people hugged each other good-bye、One woman came to hug Chen Qing, but he stiffened as she attempted to give him a hug、He had never hugged any women except his wife in his life、Other women noticed this, and no one else tried to hug him、However, Chen Qing felt left out when people hugged each other but not him、He found himself in a very awkward situation: he didn’t want to be hugged, neither did he want to be left out、He did not know what he wanted or how to resolve his conflicting emotions、Case28 Lost in LoveLi Ying fell in love with an American man in her second year in the United States、They spent a lot of time together、After they had been to all the places of interest in the city, they had to decide where to go or what to do for the next date、John typically would ask Li Ying, “ What do you want to do today?” , or “ Where shall we go?” Li Ying would sometimes tell what she wanted, but more often than not, she would say “It’s up to you”, or “ Whatever you want to do”, or “ Wherever you want to go、”John frowned at such responses several times until one day when Li Ying said “ up to you” again、“For God’s sake, tell me what you want to do!” He cried out loud、Li Ying was shocked at his reaction、“ Isn’t it clear to you? I’ll do what you want to do、”“ No, it isn’t clear at all、I want to know what you want to do!” John was almost angry、“ Don’t you realize that sometimes I want to do what you want to do, too?”Case 29 Lovers Become StrangersXiao Xin and Peter are newly-weds、Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together、Not surprisingly, their marriage was followed by a series of minor problems while they tried t o adjust to each other’s ways of life、One difficult issue came up about two months after their new life, when Peter came home from work looking unhappy、“ What happened?” Xiao Xin asked、“Nothing much, I’m just very tired,” Peter said、“I can tell that it’s more than that、”Peter gave Xiao Xin a quiet look, went into the bedroom, and threw himself to bed、Xiao Xin followed him in、“Don’t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don’t、”“Perhaps I can help?” Xiao Xin suggested、“ Xiao Xin, sometimes you just ha ve to give me some space、All I need now is some privacy!” Peter yelled、Xiao Xin was in shock、“Don’t you trust me?”“Geez, it’s not a matter of trust! Can’t you accept the fact that talking to you isn’t the solution to every one of my problems?” Peter wa s becoming frustrated and impatient、Xiao Xin was in tears、Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her、Case 30 A Gift of SelfZhang Ge and Simon were head over heels in love with each other、They decided to go away to spend a major holiday somewhere、It was winter time, so they flew south in search of sunshine and warm water、However, Simon developed diarrhea soon after they settled in a hotel、He felt weak and had to lie down for a rest、Zhang Ge was worried and stayed him in the room、Outside the window, the sun was shining, and they could hear the surf、The sun and beach is what they had dreamed about for months during the winter back home、“Go and have some fun,” Simon said to Zhang Ge、“ How can I go and have fun while you’re sick in bed?”“Why not, it’s not your fault that I’m sick、Besides, there’s nothing you can do here、”“Nonsense! I can keep your company, and you’ll feel better with me around you、”“Are you sure you want to do this instead of going out?”“Yes, I’m sure、I won’t go with out you、”“Oh, you’re so special、I love you so much!” Simon drew Zhang Ge near and kissed her、Case 31 A Close GirlfriendLiu Hong and Wu Xin have been good friends since they were young girls、Both eventually had the opportunity to study in the United States, although they ended up in two different cities、After their first year of hard work, they decided to do some traveling together、Liu Hong went to stay with Wu Xin for two days before they set off、Then they visited three cities over the next 10 days、Liu Hong came back from the trip and told her American friends about the trip、She casually mentioned that they had to share one bed in one particular motel、“ Oh, did you?” , said one of the friends in a tone that made Liu Hong feel uncomfortable、Case 32 Interpreting a Smile、Peter is the general manager of an American company in China、Recently, Chen Jun, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused some difficulties that required a lot of effort to fix、Chen Jun was very upseta bout what had happened, and came to Peter’s office to make a formal apology、Chen Jun went into Peter’s office after being told to, smiling before he spoke、“ Peter, I’ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I’ve caused for the company、I’m here to apologize for the mistake、I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again、” Chen Jun said, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office、Peter found it hard to accept the apology、He looked at Chen Jun, and asked, “ are you sure?”“ Yes, I’m very sorry and I promise this won’t happen again,” Chen Jun said, with a smile even broader than before、“I’m sorry I just can’t take your apology、You don’t look sorry at all!” Peter said angrily、Chen Jun’s face turned very red、He did not in the least expect Peter to take it negatively、He was desperate to make himself understood、“ Peter, ” he managed to smile again, “ trust me, no one can feel any more sorry than I do about it、”Peter was a lmost furious by now, “ if you’re that sorry, how can you still smile?”Case33 Interpreting a LaughHuihua, a Chinese student, and Mary , an American student studying Chinese in China, were on their way to a bookstore、As they got to the bookstore, they saw a young man walking down a flight of stairs、In his hurry, he missed the last two steps, and fell on the ground、He struggled to get back to his feet while people around him laughed、Fortunately, he seemed to be O、K、Mary was worried、She found Huihua smiling a little and was not comfortable about it、Tell me, Huihua, how could people laugh when someone fell like that? Do they care at all? Shouldn’t they go up and ask the young man whether he was hurt?”Huihua said, “ they knew he wasn’t hurt too much、”“ But I still don’t understand、A fall is a fall、In my culture, people would do anything but laugh!”Case 34 Different Lunch BoxesPeter was one of the American technicians who came to China to help set up a coffee plant、He was in China for six months.Before leaving for home,one of his Chinese colleagues took him out to dinner、Peter decided to ask him a question that had puzzled him for as long as he worked in the plant.Why is it that the Chinese workers have stainless boxes for their lunch,while us foreigners have lunch put in the disposable plastic boxes?”The Chinese colleague smiled,“It’s because the plastic boxes are more convenient;they are disposable.With the stainless boxes, you have to wash them after every meal、”But Peter was not convinced.“I don’t think so.Stainless boxes are much better than plastic boxes.They look more professional, they are more durable, and they protect your lunch better、。
跨文化交际英文案例
Case 1 Girl—nessAs a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students。
He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture，one female s tudent asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why？”“Because they are girls。
That’s what they are called," Zhang Hua tried to answer，but he knew he did not really understand the in tent of the question. “ I don't quite understand your question，I’m afraid。
”“In the States，we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we're old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting。
”Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women？Case 2Many years ago，a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy，they all said，” She is very beautiful。
跨文化交际-情景case-study
Case 1 (Page 23) This case took place in 3 cultures. There seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts to achieve understnading.1) In Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he choseto praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host or hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in!”2) In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and that the group is valued more than any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richard’s mistake was making great efforts to defend himself even if the error is notintentiona. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate 3)When it comes to England, w expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the valuess expressed in thi s gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”; for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.”American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained, but they differ in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is obe who “makeshimself at home”. For the English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case4 (Page 25)It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendship are warm, but casual and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. Y ou see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner------not because you don’t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but becau se you have seen her that morning.Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reserve this------see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and invite the first one more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends rapidly, and they don’t feel like it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances, peop le from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Case 5 (Page 60)Analysis: The Chinese guide should refuse the first offer because he is obeying the Chinese rules for communication. We Chinese are modest, polite and well-behaved. Maybe the guide is waiting for a second or third offer of beer, but he doesn’t know the reasons behind the rule in American culture that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So they politely never made a second offer of beer to the guide.Case 8 (Page 62)When the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Chritmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby”Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her pare nts had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner.She thought the menu for the Chritmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the food chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one ’ s culture is different from others ’ . As Amy’ s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.Unit 3她们的小孩子在公园一起玩Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’ t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “ Let ’ s get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they ’ d l ike to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer.Case 9 (Page 96)Traditional Japanese respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. The elders in traditional Japanese families are typically overpowered. So the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture challenging or disagreeing with elder’ s opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful. That is why the young chairman said nothing but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. And it results in the Japanese company’s withdrawal from the negotiations concerning a relationship with Phil’ s company a week later.Case 10 (Page 97)In Japan, a company is very much like a big family, in which the manager will take care of the employees and the employees are expected to cevote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary , to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. But to the French, a company is just a loosely-knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. And the family is the number one priority, which is unlike the Japanese model “not involving females and the right to decide by dominant male” . Case 11 (Page 97)In most cultures, an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. Too many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, the attitude of the Australian student’s parents is shocking the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.。
跨文化交际CASS
Case 1(P16)：The shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture.To the Canadian,howerver,this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be—particularly from her point of view—if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment.In Canada,businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day.They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have complented each task or the day is over.In other works,Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time,while the South Americans,including Venezuelans,tend to do a few things simultaneously. Case 2：As a Westerner,the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments.What makes her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people.In the U.S,it is generally assumed that personal matters are private.Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other’s grades.In business,it is the same.Evaluation is confidential.Case 3：As a matter of fact,the American woman was not being disrespectful.However,it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors,which is still widely observed,esspecially when royalty is involved.Paul Keating,the Austrialian Prime Minister,may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Austrilia would no longer accept the Queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests.Obviously,the British would not like it at all.Sometimes,such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries.That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions.Case 7(P63)：When the Canadian young man siad ,”who took my peanut butter?”what he really meant was “where is my peanut butter?I can’t find it.”The Chinese doctor felt accused and upset because in Chinese culture,questions like this ,espically expressed in the way the young Canadian did ,often imply that someone is to blame.Chinese culture prohibits direct accusation unless a person has been targeted for shame.However ,true to her learned cultrual behavior of never showing anger in public,the Chinese doctor didn’t say anything ,though she was deeply distressed.Later,the physiotherapist was making a joke when she said the Chinese doctor had “three hands”.She wasn’t serious,of course,and expected the patient to be amused by her fanciful explanation for his pain:that the doctor on the other side of the room could have reached an im aginary third hand out to touch him.She didn’t konw in Chinese a“three-hand person”is slang for a thief.Case 8：In American culture,people’s personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer.The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak;they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits them,switching churches,for example,or leaving one employer for another.And they are not likely to be emotionally dependent on orignizations and institutions.In Japanese society ,the relationship between an employee and the firm is much more interdependent,somewhat similar to a child-mother relationship where the mother (firm) is obliged to take care of her children(employees) and children(emplyees) have to obey and follow the commands of their mother(firm).It is not surprising for an American to try to find another job before he or her leaves his or her present employer if he or she considers it necessary for him or herself.However ,this action was regarded by the Japanese firm as disloyal,undermining the trust between the two parties.In spite of this,the manager of the firm did not like the parting to be understood as Brent being fired,bacause the apperance of harmony and agreement with the group(the firm in this case) is important in Japanese society.Case 9：When they were being scolded by the trainers for being repeatedly late for afternoon sessions,the Chinese trainees felt bewildered because they thought it inappropriate for the Canadian trainers to become so angry about it.In their opinion,one should let him or herself as emotionally like this.The appropriate way to deal with such a person would be become cooler toward and more distant from the person who behaved so irresponsibly.It was understandable that one would feel angry in this situation but it was not appropriate to show anger,for the other person would certainly lose face if anger were directed toward him or her and the angry person would look foolish and childish and therefore would also lose face.Canadians see such situation in a very different way.They tend to explicitly express how the feel and openly criticize the person who they think has been wrong and irresponsible.It seems to them this has little to do with fece.Case 16(P141)：What went wrong in this case?Contrary to general American perception ,it is considered proper behavior for Japanese to be silent.It is a discreet way to show respect if he listens to others speak rather than speaking out .So the Japanese delegates did what they considered proper,i.e.,listen quietly to what the Americans had to say.Silence often means that they are seriously thinking about the subject at issue.But many Americans will interpret silent in a conversation to mean disapproval,disagreement,or even arrogance.This is an example thatillustrates the problem of the so-called “perception gap”.Participants in communication perceive each other’s behavior in very different ways,which often results in misunderstanding or conflict.Case 17：It is customary in China and many other Asian countries for hosts to ask guests again and again to take more .Tom didn’t have to eat extra food if he didn’t want any more.In the US,a host will offer more food usually only once.And the Americans will take a “no” to mean “no”,whether it’s the first ,second,or third time.However,in many other parts of the world it is considered for guests not to accept an offer at first.Sometimes one mustn’t accept food the second time it is offered.Therefore ,hosts will try to repeat an offer until they are sure that their guests really want to decline.Case 18：Ted Washington ,the marketing manager ,rejected the sale proposals of both the American ,Dale Peters,and the Japanese ,Hideo Takahashi,without considering who made the proposal .While the direct and outright rejection is O.K. with peters,for he and the manager are from the same culture,to Hideo,it means something beyond the rejection of a proposal itself.Therefore,the two people responded to the rejection in quite different ways.In this case,the American believes the root of the conflict lay in different goals and objectives,therefore,Peters entered into a heated discussion with Ted ,trying to get his proposal accepted by producing facts,figures,and graphs to illustrate his case.But the Japanese believes the conflict was not in the rejection of the proposal but rather in the way it was communicated,so he thinks of it as a personal attack or a sign of mistrust.In short ,Americans tend to be more task-oriented while the Japanese are likely to focus on interpersonal relationships.Case 22(P191)：People from different cultures may consider their own communication style to be natural and normal,and therefore tend to evaluate other styles negatively.In this case,both people are unware of the American preference for a direct and explicit style in contrast to the more contextual African style.Both these communicators are likely to leave the situation less inclined to ask or answer questions of each other again.Case 23：In France it is required that all calls begin with an apology for disturbing the answer.They are also expected to begin the call by checking that they have reached the right number ,identifying themselves,and then chatting with whoever has answered the phone,if the person is known to them.Only after some conversation may callers indicate their wish to speak with the person they have actually called to speak to.In contrast,callers in the U.S.A apologize only when they feel they have called at an inappropriate time;they often ask for the person theywant without identifying themselves or conversing with the answer ,even when that person is known to them ;and they behave ,in general,as though the person who has answered the phone is just an extension of the instrument itself.Case 24：The Japanese have a strong dislike of entering direct confrontations and placing others in an embarrassing position.It is very difficult for a Japanese to respond to any suggestion or request with a definite “no”.What the Japanes e will often do instead is resort to a vague sort of reply to the effect that the matter needs further study and consideration.They do this to save face for the person who has made the suggestion or request ,but Americans may not properly understand it and may completely misinterpret the vagueness as compliance and the proposition has been accepted but this was apparently never made clear to Nixon.That is why he concluded that he had been double-crossed.This misunderstanding had serious adverse consequences for Japanese-U.S. relations.Case 25(P213)：Nonverbal behaviors such as smiles seem to cut across cultural lines.But in reality,they are often found to be not universal.To most Americans ,a smile is the most common nonverbal behavior to bridge gaps between strangers (including foreigners) and themselves.It is natural for them to be smiling and friendly when they came across strangers.But in eastern Asian countries like Japan,smiles are used differently.Japanese do not readily show emotions ,especially to strangers.They are conditioned to use the face to conceal rather than reveal their feelings.In Japan,people do not usually smile at a stranger. Case 26：Chinese people seldom hug each other ,particularly in public places.If they do,a romantic message is usually conveyed.Go to any airport or train station in China,and you will see senses of greeting and good-bye with all the feelings expressed in the eyes and the face,but it is unlikely people will hug,with only younger ones as an exception.In contrast,people of Latin American cultures touch each other in communication much more than people of some other cultures,especially Eastern Asian cultures.At a time of meeting a friend or upon departing,hugging each other is very natural for Latin American people.On such tend to hug each other than men hug women,but both are common.One’s discomfort at hugging in such situations may be interpreted by Latin American as unfriendliness.Case 27：As with smiling ,laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly,for us Chinese,laughing often has a special function during tense social occasions.People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment,to express their concern for you,their intention to put you at ease or to help you shrug offembarrassment. In this case,the people there actually wished to laugh with the American rather than at him.Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages:-don’t take it so seriously;1.-laugh it off;2.-it’s nothing;such things can happen to any of us,ect.Unfortunately,the American was unware of this.He thought they were laughing at him,which made him feel more embarrassed and angry,for in his culture laughing on such an occassion would be interpreted as an insulting response,humiliating and negative.Case 37(P310)：The US salesman in this case was acting according to ideas about dress that seemed appropriate to him in his culture.He may have considered the informality of his dress as signaling a willingness to put aside rigid rules of behavior and be friendly.He may have been cold and enjoyed the warmth of a large sweater.He may have spent the previous 20 hours on plane and,without a chance to change his clothes,may have gone straight to the trade show,because,to him,being there was more important than being a certain way.But in the Japanese culture,this kind of dress is considered very inappropriate for such a formal business occasion.Case 38：In a country where there are very strict cultural taboos on nudity,such packaging would be considered a form of obscenity.The US firm had to pay a high price for not understanding the culture of their customers.Religion usually plays an important role in influencing customs,people’s attitudes toward life ,what and how to buy and so on.More seriously,people may even refuse to buy certain products or services for religious reasons.S o it’s no wonder that a common and well-received product in one culture may meet its waterloo in another culture.According to the Hofstede’s analysis of Saudi Arabia,the Muslin faith plays a significant role in people’s lives.For example,Saudi Arabia should never show bare shoulders,stomach,calves or thighs.Despite heat,most of the body must always remain covered.Men should wear long pants and a shirt,preferably long-sleeved, buttoned up to the collar. Women should always wear modest clothing in public.Therefore ,how could it be possible for Saudi customs officials to accept a package like that.If the US knitwear firm had been aware of the Muslin faith before their packaging,they could not have suffered a loss of thousands of dollars.This case demonstrates that moral standards vary from country to country.Thus when doing international trade,one should never take his own religion and moral standards for granted but should always bear those differences in mind.Case 39：In this case ,what is at issue is the correct translation for terms,as well as the accepted use of terms in the chicken trade.Oliver Holms,a famous judge in the US,said that “the making of a contract depends not on the agreement of two minds of one intention ,but no the agreement oftwo sets of external signs-not on the parties having meant the same but on their having said the same thing.”The meaning of chicken in Swiss culture is different from that in America.In this case,the failure was caused by the misunderstanding of the different meaning of chicken in each other’s culture. In Swiss,chicken has a specific meaning,while in America this term is used for any type of chicken.As the case went to trial in the US,it was judged according to the American culture,which seems unfair.However,unawareness of these cultural differences will definitely result in problems in intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际---英语案例分析
Case 1 A CanadianThe shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be —particularly from her point of view —if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment./ In Canada, businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day. They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously.Case 2 A dozenAs a Westerner, the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments. What made her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people. In the United States, it is generally assumed that personal matters are private. Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other’s grades. In business it is the same. Evaluations are confidential.Case 3 WhenAs a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful. However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors, which is still widely observed, especially when royalty is involved.Paul Keating, the Australian prime minister, may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Australia would no longer accept the queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions. Case 22 An AmericanPeople from different cultures mayconsider their own communicationstyle to be natural and normal, andtherefore tend to evaluate otherstyles negatively. In this case, bothpeople are unaware of the Americanpreference for a direct and explicitstyle in contrast to the morecontextual African style. Both thesecommunicators are likely to leavethe situation less inclined to ask oranswer questions of each other again.Case 23 A FrenchIn France it is required that all callsbegin with an apology for disturbingthe answer. They are also expected tobegin the call by checking that theyhave reached the right number,identifying themselves, and thenchatting with whoever has answeredthe phone, if this person is known tothem. Only after some conversationmay callers indicate their wish tospeak with the person they haveactually called to speak to.In contrast, callers in the U. S. A.apologize only when they feel theyhave called at an inappropriate time;they often ask for the person theywant without identifying themselvesor conversing with the answer, evenwhen that person is known to them;and they behave, in general, asthough the person who has answeredthe phone is just an extension of theinstrument itself.Case 24 At a 1970The Japanese have a strong dislike ofentering into direct confrontationsand placing others in anembarrassing position. It is verydifficult for a Japanese to respond toany suggestion or request with adefinite “no”. What the Japanese willoften do instead is resort to a vaguesort of reply to the effect that thematter needs further study andconsideration. They do this to saveface for the person who has made thesuggestion or request, but Americansmay not properly understand it andmay completely misinterpret thevagueness as compliance and assumethat the proposition has beenaccepted. But this was apparentlynever made clear to Nixon. That iswhy he included that he had beendouble-crossed. Themisunderstanding had seriousadverse consequences for Japanese U.S. relations.Case 9 In a cross-culturalWhen they are being scolded by thetrainers for being repeatedly late forafternoon sessions, the Chinesetrainees felt bewildered because theythought it is inappropriate for theCanadian trainers to become soangry about it. In their opinion, oneshould not let him- or herself behaveas emotionally like this. Theappropriate way to deal with such aperson would be to become coolertoward and more distant from theperson who behaved so irresponsibly.It was understandable that one wouldfeel angry in this situation but it wasnot appropriate to show anger, forthe other person would certainly loseface if anger were directed towardhim or her, and the angry personwould look foolish and childish andtherefore also lose face.Canadians see such situations in avery different way. They tend toexplicitly express how they feel andopenly criticize the person who theythink has been wrong orirresponsible. It seems to them thatthis has little to do with face.Case 18 Ted WashingtonTed Washington, the marketingmanager, rejected the sale proposalsof both the American, Dale Petersand the Japanese, Hideo Takahashi,without considering who made theproposal. While the direct andoutright rejection is O.K. with Peters,for he and the manager are from thesame culture, to Hideo, it meanssomething beyond the rejection of aproposal itself. Therefore, the twopeople responded to the rejection inquite different ways.In this case, the American believesthe root of the conflict lay indifferent goals and objectives,therefore, Peters entered into aheated discussion with Ted, trying toget his proposal accepted byproducing facts, figures, and graphsto illustrate his case. But theJapanese believes the conflict wasnot in the rejection of the proposalbut rather in the way it wascommunicated, so he thinks of it as apersonal attack or a sign of mistrust.In short, Americans tend to be moretask-oriented while the Japanese aremore likely to focus on interpersonalrelationships.Case 7 A femaleWhen the Canadian young man said, “Who took my peanut butter?”, what he really meant was “Where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.”The Chinese doctor felt upset because in Chinese culture questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian man did, often imply that someone is to blame. Chinese culture prohibits direct accusing unless a person has been targeted for shame. However, true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, the Chinese doctor didn’t say anything, though she was deeply distressed. Later, the physiotherapist was making a joke when she said the Chinese doctor had “three hands”. She wasn’t serious, of course, and expected the patient to be amused by her explanation for his pain: that the doctor on the other side of the room could have reached an imaginary hand out to touch him. She didn’t know that in Chinese a “three-handed person” is a slang for a thief.Case 17 TomIt is customary in China and many other Asian countries for hosts to ask their guests again and again to take more. Tom didn’t have to eat extra food if he didn’t want any more.In the U.S., a host will offer more food usually only once. And the Americans will take a “no” to mean “no”, whether it is the first, second or third time. However, in many other parts of the world it is considered good manners for guests not to accept an offer at first. Sometimes one mustn’t accept food the second time it is offered. Therefore, hosts try to repeat an offer until they are sure that their guests really want to decline.Case 25 A JapaneseNonverbal behaviors such as smiles seem to cut across cultural lines. But in reality, they are often found to be not universal. To most Americans, a smile is the most common nonverbal behavior to bridge gaps that may exist between strangers (including foreigners) and themselves. It is natural for them to be smiling and friendly when they come across strangers. But in eastern Asian countries like Japan, smiles are used differently. Japanese do not readily show their feelings. In Japan, people do not usually smile at a stranger. Ifyou do, you might be consideredimpolite.Case 8 Brent WeberIn American culture, people’spersonal goals take priority overtheir allegiance to groups like thefamily or the employer. The loyaltyof individuals to a group is usuallyweak. Americans are apt to changetheir relationship if it suits theirindividual needs, and they are notlikely to be emotionally dependenton organizations and institutions.In Japanese society, the relationshipbetween an employee and the firm ismuch more interdependent,somewhat similar to a child-motherrelationship where the mother (firm)is obliged to take care of her children(employees) and children(employees) have to obey and followthe commands of their mother (firm).It is not surprising for an Americanto try to find another job before he orshe leaves his or her presentemployer if he or she consider itnecessary for him- or herself.However, this action was regardedby the Japanese firm as disloyal,undermining the trust between thetwo parties. In spite of this, themanager of the firm did not like theparting to be understood as Brentbeing fired, because the appearanceof harmony and agreement withinthe group (the firm in this case) isimportant in Japanese society.Case 16 A missionWhat went wrong in this case?Contrary to general Americanperception, it is considered properbehavior for Japanese to be silent. Itis a discreet way to show respect ifhe listens to others speak rather thanspeaking out. So the Japanesedelegates did what they consideredproper, i.e., listen quietly to what theAmericans had to say. Silence oftenmeans that they are seriouslythinking about the subject at issue.But many Americans will interpretsilence in a conversation to meandisapproval, disagreement, or evenarrogance. This is an example thatillustrates the problem of theso-called “perception-gap”.Participants in communicationperceive each other’s behavior invery different ways, which oftenresults in misunderstanding orconflict.Case 26 Wang PingChinese people seldom hug eachother, particularly in public places. Ifpeople do, a romantic message isusually conveyed. Go to any airportor train station in China, and you willsee scenes of greeting and good-byewith all the feeling expressed in theeyes and the face and in the practicalthings family members and relativesand friends do for each other, but it isunlikely people will hug, with onlyyounger ones as an exception.In contrast, people of Latin Americancultures touch each other incommunication much more thanpeople of some other cultures,especially Eastern Asian cultures. Ata time of meeting a friend or upondeparting, hugging each other is verynatural for Latin American people.On such occasions, hugging has nosexual connotation; it is just like ahandshake in China, but warmer andmore enthusiastic. Women tend tohug each other more than men hugwomen, but both are common. One’sdiscomfort at hugging in suchsituations may be interpreted byLatin American people asunfriendliness.Case 27 The otherAs with smiling, laughing does notalways serve the same function indifferent cultures. Interestingly, forus Chinese, laughing often has aspecial function during tense socialoccasions. People may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment,to express their concern for you,their intention to put you at ease or tohelp you shrug off theembarrassment. In this case, thepeople there actually wished to laughwith the American rather than at him.Their laughing seemed to convey anumber of messages: don’t take it soseriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing;such things can happen to any of us,etc. unfortunately, the America wasunaware of this. He thought theywere laughing at him, which madehim feel more embarrassed andangry, for in his culture laughing onsuch an occasion would beinterpreted as an insulting response,humiliating and negative.。
跨文化交际案例分析
Case 1: She Has Three HandsIn the following scenario, a Chinese doctor, a patient and a physiotherapist interact.A female neurologist from Beijing was working on a research project in a Toronto hospital. She shared a small office with a young Canadian male from a large family, who loved peanut butter. He was so fond of peanut butter that he kept a jar in the office. One day he came into the office and exclaimed, “Who took my peanut butter?” But the Chinese woman immediately felt accused. After all, there were only two of them in the office.She was deeply distressed, but true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, she said nothing. Later that day she was working in a room where the physiotherapist was treating a patient who suffered paralysis of his legs and arms from a motorcycle accident. The physiotherapist moved one of the patient’s legs in a way that caused him pain.“Ouch!” he cried.“Oh, I didn’t do that,” said the physiotherapist. “It was that doctor over there,” and he pointed to the Chinese woman.“How could she have done it since she’s on the other side of the room?” the patient pointed out.“Ah, she has three hands.” the physiotherapist replied.At these words the Chinese doctor became even more upset. She was so disturbed that she behaved in a way uncharacteristic of her culture. She waited until the patient had gone, and then said to the physiotherapist, “I’m very upset by what you said. ” The physiotherapist was taken aback. “What had I said?” “You said I had three hands,” the Chinese doctor finally choked. “You think I took the peanut butter.”Answer the following questions:1. How do you understand the phrase “to have three hands”? (3 分)2. What caused their communication conflicts? (7 分)Case 1:This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the“harmonious relationship”between them.Case 2: Left in the ColdKatherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang for help. Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o’clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang’s office at the exactly ten o’clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished his conversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director’s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Answer the following questions:1. How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Kathrine?(5 分)2. How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry? (5 分)Case 2:CommentThis is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time. For example, if a professor makes an appointment with a student at a certain time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are good timekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointments in a more flexible manner. They are more casual about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the root of Katherine’s unhappiness. Since the Director made an ten a’clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.Case 3: Personal SpaceMark had recently moved from Denmark to Sydney to work as a salesperson for a large Australian company. After three weeks, he was invited to join a local club. During the first few weeks at the club, Mark would either stand in the corner talking with someone or sit on a sofa listening to other people talk and chat. As time went by, he came to know most of the club members and seemed to enjoy talking with them. One day, at an evening party one of the female members approached him. Mark immediately showed his interest by talking about the atmosphere of the party. At first, the conversation between them seemed to go quite smoothly, but as it progressed the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her. The lady obviously seemed uncomfortable. As Mark was about to ask her questions regarding Australian social customs, another man standing nearby directed a glance toward the lady. She excused herself and went to talk with that man, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why their conversation had come to such a sudden stop.Answer the following question1. Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man? (10 分)Case 3:This is a typical case of misunderstanding caused by different perceptions abut body distance.There is a lot of evidence to show that body distance varies with different people, different circumstances, and different cultures. In Denmark, at a formal event, the intimate space is usually between 20 to 30 centimeters; while in Australia such an occasion requires a body distance of 40 to 50 centimeters. Therefore when a Dane talks with an Australian, the problem arises: the Dane is accustomed to a close distance while the Australian is comfortable with a great distance.In this case, Mark, by trying to establish his normal intimate space, infringed on the Australian lady’s space. Because of this, she felt somewhat threatened and lost her sense of comfort. At that moment, the nearby man offered her the opportunity to excuse herself from Mark. If Mark had had some knowledge about the expected personal space for Australians, the encounter might have been totally different.Case 4Li Ming, a male Chinese graduate student, studied in the United States. He shared a room with his American classmate Tony in a residence hall. At the very beginning, Li Ming found it easy and enjoyable to get along with Tony, for he was an open-minded person and sometimes he could give Li Ming quite a lot of helpful advice. But later,Li Ming felt it really hard to do the real effective communication. For example:One day Tony went into the bathroom and completely shaved his head. Li Ming easily discovered this fact when he himself visited the bathroom and saw the hair everywhere. He returned to his room and said to Tony, “You’ve shaved your head.” Tony replied, “Yeah, I did.”Li Ming waited a while, then said, I discovered you’d shaved your head when I went into the bathroom and saw the hair. “Yeah.” Tony confirmed. Li Ming was at a loss. He believed he had communicated in the strongest possible language his wish that the American would clean up the mess he’d made in the bathroom. But Li Ming was very much disappointed at his roommate Tony!Later he discussed the surprising episode with some Chinese friends who told him, “Listen, with Americans you actually have to say: Clean up the bathroom!” Li Ming believed his message had been very clear. However, he was relying on the context of the communication for the message to be understood: hair was all over the bathroom, and his roommate now was bare-headed.Questions:1. Why do you think the American student Tony failed to understand what his Chinese roommate Li Ming had wanted to say?2. Suppose the main characters in the story are two Chinese studentsor two American students, in what way will they deal with the matter?Case 7 (P30)Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。
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Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global ContextCase 1(P11)1.What do you think are the reasons for young people‟s yearning to be a celebrity today?As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media.2.How can today‟s people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life?The remedyis a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest（持续探索）for self-knowledge through life. And People need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers.Case 21. Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked?The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the te am to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group.In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate.2. How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided?Both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 31. What has modern technology brought about to people today?Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to quickly organize themselves around a common interes.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology?Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economic or culturalCase 41. Why did Mrs. Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age?In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite.However, age is an important factor in situat ing a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy.2. What is the Ch inese perspective concerning people‟s age?In China, age is important. However, when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers.Case 51. Why did Mr. Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr. Wong?“We must get together and have lunch sometimes” issignals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter should be ending soon. So it can call a “pre-closing.” While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation.2. Do people always mean what they say? Give Examples.Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, i n response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward.Case 61.Why does Fiona feel exhausted in America and want to return to Australia?When people come into a new culture, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture.2.What do you think Fiona should do to make herself adjusted to her life in American?However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock, requiring her to make some adjustment. She is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously.Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and CommunicationCase 1(P41)1.Why did the Chinese young man leave the company?The Chinese usually work to complete the task according to what their boss requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right. In this case, Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on. So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Hua’s resignation.2.If you were the young man,what would you do?If I were Li Hua, I would tell theboss the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days.Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible, I would resign without hesitation.Case 21.What does it mean by saying that Jim was enough of a realist?Jim comes from American where personal competence in dealing with matters is emphasized in spite of high focus on teamwork. On the other hand, American people are highly practical and realistic, they would think the earlier the problem can be discovered the better solutions can be sought.2.What way can be found to help Jim cooperate with Korean staff?For Jim, he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, but what he should do first is to know Korean culture well. Koreans hold that American’s directness in dealing with problems. So from Jim himself it is much better to know Korean culture especially their strategy of saving face and losing face.Case 31.Why did Peter refuse to accept ChenJie‟s apology?Smiling in china means not only that someone is happy but also that he is sorry. It is very desirable for Chen Jie to make an apology with a smile, which indicates his embarrassment. But for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing. He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking. And a westerner would expect the employee to look at him or her in the eye and definitely not to smile.2.How do you deal with the trouble successfully when you communicate with others?Chen Jie is supposed to look at Peter in the eye when he made an apology, and definitely not to smile. By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty.Case 41.Why did Parisa‟s European colleagues s ee her in a particular way?When Parisa came to Europe, what she should do is to adjust herself to European culture, to become a member of them. But the key is that Parisa, born an Iranian after all, can not isolate her from Iranian culture completely. So her behaviour of adjusting to European culture is blended with her Iranian culture to a larger extent. That is why Parisa’s European colleagues saw her in a particular way.2.What is your opinion about the sentence”It also hurt Parisa when someone said that she was‘Westernized‟ and …not a real Iranian‟”?Parisa’s colleagues failed to know more about her Iranian culture. Even though Parisa tried her uttermost to do as her colleagues do, Iranian cultural elements reflected in her identity and daily behaviour tells she is still an Iranian woman, which makes a distinction between her and her European colleague. When Parisa learned to integrate herself with her colleagues, her colleagues said she was “Westernized” and “not a real Iranian”. This hurt her certainl y.Case 51. Why did the vice presidence make no explanations?When the American found the manager did not tell the truth possibly, he adopted the face-saving strategy in Chinese culture . He was unwilling to let the Chinese manager feel embarrassed if he told the truth directly, otherwise, the business negotiation with Chinese telecommunication enterprise would not succeed.2.What do you think are the reasons why the manager became very friendly and agreed to build a long standing partnership with the electronic manufacturer?As a matter of fact, he discovered that the vice president of the American electronic manufacturer knew Chinese face culture very well. And in the negotiation he made up a story in order to get upper hand over the American. When the American unclosed the story and did not embarrass him.Case 61.What advice would you give to Li Xia and Sawada if you were their close friend?They are supposed to learn more about each other’s cultures andbe aware of the cultural differences to avoid such misunderstandings.2. Why did Li Xia so angry when Sawada put his arm around her back?Chinese culture is characterized by modesty and reserve. For almost every girl, when some boy, try to put an arm around her neck she would feel disgusted. So when Sawada decided to approach Li Xia by putting his arm around her back, Li Xia gave him a strong push and stopped him from doing that.Unit 3 CulturalDiversity in Customs and PerspectivesCase 1(P70)1.Why do the Andersons enclose the map and hotel information of the rates and phone numbers of hotels and motels withthe invitation?The Andersons enclose the map and hotel information as a convenience for the out-of-towners. They believe that by doing so they are being considerate.2.Why do the Sandoval become outraged and refuse to go to the wedding when they receive the invitation?But to the Sandoval family, hospitality meant more. From their point of view, the family of the bride should have welcomed the groom’s family into their home, no matter how crowded they might have been. To the Sandoval, hotel recommendations represented coldness. After all, the Sandoval believe they have demonstrated their closeness by taking time off from work to drive five hundred miles to the ceremony.Case 21.Why is the villager offended by the doctor‟s refusing to accept her offer of bread?In this case, the Azerbaijani(阿塞拜疆) woman shows her hospitality towards the Americans by offering her bread. By rejecting the bread, the doctor rejects the woman and her culture. Azerbaijanis believe that if you share food, you expose your heart and soul to the other person and are forever linked in friendship.2. In what way had the doctor‟s companion restored the vallager‟s dignity?By accepting the bread, the doctor’s companion accepts the villager’s hospitality, thus keeping her dignity and building a bridge between the two cultures.Case 31. What make Mrs. Golestani so upset that she cries alone in the kitchen?The color of flowers has different meanings for different cultures. In Iranian culture, yellow flowers represent the enemy, and giving someone yellow flowers means that you hate the person. It is just the color of flowers that makes Mrs. Golestani think that Anahid hates them. However, in American cult ure, the meaning to the gift of yellow flowers means “I miss you”.2. What would you do if you were Anahid in such a case?In such a case, the proper thing for Anahid to do is explain the different meanings of yellow flowers to show her sincerity and good intention so that their relations can be restoredCase 41. Why do Mr. and Mrs. Lin want to change the numbers in the address of their house?Just as many Americans believe that thirteen is unlucky, the Chinese have strong beliefs about good luck or bad luck associated with particular numbers. Four is the most negative number, since its sound is the same as death. Mr. and Mrs. Lin are obviously Chinese who are fully aware of the negative meaning of four.2. What else do you know about the cultural connotations of numbers?Numbers have positive and negative values for the Chinese. Sometimes the number has negative connotations; for example, seven is related to the notion that ghosts return seven days after death. Positive meanings are associated with other numbers: six for happiness; eight for prosperity; nine for long life.Case 51. Having a new baby is a happy thing.Why is Evelyn offended and why does she think that Zen is a lazy new mom?Evelyn was unaware that her daughter-in-law was observing common Asian postpartum behavior: the new mom goes to bed for a month while everyone pampers her. Family members, and sometimes neighbors, take over cooking and cleaning; when the baby needs to be fed.2.What is the Chinese practice in this respect?In American culture, the new mothers can do all the things. Evelyn thinks Zen should do.While in some other cultures it is quite different. In China, this practice is called zuoyuezi. The woman must stay in bed, and take many precautions to insure that she not damage her ability to produce breast milk.Case 61.Why was the peaceful Latin American demonstrator arrested?How close an individual can get to another while talking is, dictated by one’s culture. It is said that most middle-class North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other’s mouth. However, for people of certain South Americancultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches.2.What caused the misunderstanding between the Latin American and the New York City policeman.The problem that occurred between the Latin American and the New York policeman was that their respective cultures had different ideas about spatial distancing. The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance. Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space was being violated.Unit 4Cultural Values and Interpersonal RelationshipsCase 1(P100)1.Why did Guangrui consider Professor Stevens a powerful man?Guangruithinks that it was Professor Stevens’ personal relation with Ms Morin that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project.2.What are the different meanings of “I know her” in Chinese and north American cultures?In China, “I know her” means someone can use the social relationship to solve the problem which he or she are confronted by. In North America, “I know her” means someone does not need the social relationship to help he or she, but he or she can take thischance to explain make the fact clear.Case 21.Why did Kevin close the door?I n America, people talk to someone with the door closed for which they can protect their secret.2.How do you understand LanLan‟s behavior of leaving the door ajar?I n China, it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room.Thus LanLan deliberately left the door ajar when she went into Kevin’s room.Case 31.Why did people stand so close in queuing?People in line had to stand very close to one another to prevent others from cutting into the line. As a result, people have got used to standing close to the one before them, even when it comes to banking.2.How can you understand He Jia‟s discomfort?North Americans prefer more distance than Chinese do. Some Western Europeans, like even more space. Differences in how close to stand are a source of discomfort or misunderstanding as frequently as are dining habitsCase 41.How do you understand Le‟s behavior?Traditionally, most Chinese women have the tendency to rely on their men for things they are better for.Since Bill did better with photographing, Le decided that he should be in charge of it when they were together.2.Why was Bill so unbearable toward Le‟s behavior?Most western men initially expect that any women in their life wants to be treated as an equal. In this situation, he would expect Le to function as an independent and competent amateur photographer.Case 51.Why do you think June didn‟t go and sit with Lee?American students often have a lot of work to do and little free time, so in their social relationships they prefer to do what is easy, and it is generally easier to interact with people with whom one has more in common.2. What do you think Fran‟s answer will be?You will probably need to be patient, and not give up too quickly. You also need to keep making an active effort instead of waiting and hoping.Case 61.What do you think of the relationship between Guangcheng and Ma Hua?Therefore, as far as Chinese culture is concerned, Ma Hua said he needed to see other people first because it was socially required of him, while his friendship with Guangcheng was strong enough for him to wait till he felt relaxed enough before arranging a visit.2.Why can‟t peter understand that Guangcheng and Ma Hua are the best friends?A North American would normally attempt to see those people closest to him or her first. They believe that they have to work on strengthening those relationships by putting a higher priority on spending time with those people.。