英语国家概况精讲系列(十一)
英语国家概况chapter 11
1
Chapter 11 Geography and History
1. Geographical Features 2. Climate and Weather 3. Population and Religion 4. Historical Background
⑤ Irish Catholicism
1.one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and culture. 2.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics. 3.In 1537 the English king was declared the head of the Church of Ireland, replacing the Pope. 4.There followed centuries of religious as well as political persecution, which helped to strengthen and deepen Ireland’s Catholic spirit.
⑤ Irish Catholicism
5.Irish Catholicism extends far beyond the borders of Ireland as a result of the large 19thcentury emigration. About half of the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin. 6.The Anglican Church（英国圣公会） of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination. 7.The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture. 8.The golden age of Irish culture lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century.
英语国家概况第11章
1. Samples of bills
Samples of bills
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Important Points & Difficult Points
1 Instruments of Payment in International Trade Currency
Draft Promissory Note Cheque 2 Modes of Payment Remittance Collection L/C 3 Western Union/Paypal/Escrow/MoneyGram 4 Payment Clause in S/C/ Combination of Payment and Risks
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英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况Chapter11
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941), located within the United States Presidential Memorial that represents the first 150 years of the history of the United States of America with 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of former United States presidents (left to right): George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).
NY
New York
WA
Washington
HI
Hawaii
CA
California
LA
Louisiana
Geographical Regions
The Pacific Coast
The American
West
The Mid-West
The American South
New England
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., it was designed by Irish-born James Hoban. and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted sandstone in the late Georgian style.
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The BritishIsles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—thenorthern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain,the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There isanother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder ofIreland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总
《英语国家概况》一、课程性质、目的和要求（一）课程性质随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。
英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。
《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。
（二）课程目的该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。
该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。
课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。
（三）课程要求该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。
二、教学重点和难点（一）教学重点英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
（二）教学难点英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
三、教学内容第一章英国第一课：英国的国土和人民教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。
这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。
了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。
第二课：英国历史教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Ｃhapteｒ１第⼀章Land and Pｅｏｐle英国得国⼟与⼈民Ｉ、Diｆｆereｎt Nameｓ fｏr Ｂritａin aｎｄ itｓ Pａrts英国得不同名称及其各组成部分1、Gｅographｉcａl nａmes: the Brｉtｉsｈ Iｓles, GreaｔＢritaｉn ａndEｎglａnd、地理名称:不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠与英格兰。
2、Official namｅ：ｔhe ＵniteｄＫｉngdｏｍoｆ Gｒeat Ｂriｔain and Norｔhern Ｉrｅlａnd、官⽅正式名称:⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
３、Tｈe BritｉsｈＩsｌes ａre maｄｅup of ｔwo ｌarｇe ｉsｌands－GｒeaｔBrｉｔain (the ｌａrger ｏnｅ) anｄ Iｒela ｎｄ， aｎｄhundｒeds oｆsmallonｅs、不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛—⼤不列颠岛(较⼤得⼀个)与爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4、Thｒee ｐolｉtical dｉvｉsions on ｔhｅ islａnd of Gｒeat Briｔaｉn: Englanｄ, Scotland anｄ Wales、⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰与威尔⼠。
（１) Englanｄ is iｎtｈｅ souｔhern ｐarｔｏf Grｅat Ｂritain、 It iｓｔhe largesｔ，mｏsｔ popｕlｏuｓ sectｉon、英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部,就就是最⼤,⼈⼝最稠密得地区。
（2) Sｃotｌand iｓｉｎthe ｎortｈｏｆGｒeaｔＢritaiｎ、 Iｔ has thrｅe nａｔural ｚonｅs （thｅＨiｇhlands in ｔhｅnorth； tｈe Ｃenｔralｌowｌands；tｈｅsｏuｔh Upｌands) Capiｔal: Edｉｎbｕrgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠得北部。
《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲
附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。
(完整版)英语国家概况_谢福之_课后答案
英语国家概况（谢福之主编）课后答案一、选择题（答案在下面）I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2.is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 164.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland5.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words toEnglish.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish9.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation10.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth11.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic12.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity13.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great14.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law15.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster16.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church17.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians18.was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of thefollowing branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive22.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude23.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect24.British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals25.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet26.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six27.has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland28.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party29.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism30.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development31.The British economy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s32.In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194833.The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem34.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality36.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%37.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland38.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/339.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned40.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since theend of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry41.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by theintroduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s42.About of British children receive primary and secondary education through theindependent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%43.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remainingfunds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions44.Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references45.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National V ocational Qualifications46.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph47.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera48.is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB49.Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas50.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime51.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet52.is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC.“Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound53.Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations54.is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy55.Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.56.is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot57.Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native58.Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.59.Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S. Naipaul60.Waiting for Godot is written by .A. Samuel BeckettB. George OrwellC. William GoldingD. D. H. Lawrence61.The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 3562.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida63.The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, theAtlantic to its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west64.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River65.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located .A. in the SouthB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest66.is located on the U. S. –Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake67.The native Alaskan population includes the following except the .A. IndiansB. EskimosC. AleutsD. Blacks68.The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Asians69.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States,particularly from .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America70.The characteristic of dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class71.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia72.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecution inEngland.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians73.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians74.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies75.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston76.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of anational government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation77.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights78.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement79.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy80.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout theterms of Presidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson81.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 179382.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court83.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution84.The following except are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes85.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President86.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders87.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above88.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two89.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine90.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives91.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fieldsexcept .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals92.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually,to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy93.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority94.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge of .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton95.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator96.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like thefollowing except .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension97.About of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth98.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.99.is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A. FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors 100.At present, U. S. exports account for of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%101.Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private102.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education103.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University104.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges105.Of the following, is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S.institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll106.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits107.Of the following universities, has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University108.is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News109.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS) 110.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th111.Of the following writers, are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.A. Benjamin Franklin & Edgar Ellen PoeB. Edgar Ellen Poe & Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Ellen Poe & Washington Irving 112.is regarded as “the father of American literature”.A. James Fennimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving113.Of the following, is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Nature114.Of the following, is considered Herman Melville’s masterpiece.A. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Moby DickD. Daisy Miller115.Of the following, is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s works.A. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view116.Of the following writers, is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville 117.F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is , and its theme is about .A. The Great Gatsby, the American DreamB. Tender is the Night, loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human nature118.Of the following books, is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.A. The Sun Also RisesB. The Sound and the FuryC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls119.Of the following writers, is Not a Nobel Prize winner.A. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neil 120.is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A.Ralph EllisonB. Tony MorrisonC. Richard WrightD. James Baldwin选择题参考答案：第一章 A B C D B C D A C B第二章 D D B C C A B A C D三 C D B A B C C B D A四 C B A C D C D B A C五 D B B A B C C D D A六 B C B D C A C D B A八 C A B B C C D B A D九 C B C D B B C A C D十 B C B B C C D D D C十一 C C D D D D B B D A十二 C B B B D C B B B B十三 C D D C D D A B A B二、判断题及答案Chapter 11.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.(4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom.5.The longest river of Britain originates in Wales.(6.Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.(7.Though the climate in Britain is generally mild,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below --10C in January.(8.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.()9.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(10.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.()5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.( )6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.( )7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.( )8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. )9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory. )10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government. )2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.( )3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.( )6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected. )7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.( )8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.( )2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period. )3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.( )5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.( )6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.( )7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.( )8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.( )10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.( )Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.( )3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.( )4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.( )5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.( )6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.( )7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening. )8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper( )9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.( )10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions. )Chapter 61.The Canterbury Tales is a representative work of the Old English Period.(2.Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics.( )3.Hamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder.(4.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer's Iliad.( )5.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.( )6.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.( )7.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, such as "Ode to the West Wind".( )8.Jane Austen was a well--known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.(9.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed before World War II.( )10.V.S.Naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the Third World: the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism.( )Chapter 71.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.( )2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.( )3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.( )4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic,but belonged to the Commonwealth of Nations.( )5.To support the government's neutrality in World War II, there was no Irishman participating in the war.( )6.With the help of Britain, Ireland entered the EEC in 1973 without difficulties.( )7.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern countries.( )。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语国家概况笔记(全)
在线英语听力室Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Irelandp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain2 tell the chara cteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distributi on of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square kilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.3 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the1在线英语听力室English people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin? p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.p18 1 the Celts’s r eligion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829, Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.2 St. Augustine2在线英语听力室3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more co ncerned with the building of Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor.3在线英语听力室p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry intocollision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute of Labourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death by4在线英语听力室King Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses2 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious r eform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament.5在线英语听力室p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against the Puritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as “Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?6在线英语听力室2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle3 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a Peop le’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’s population and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of 25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back to power in 1951.7在线英语听力室p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party2 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomes control and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by 1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization, the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the8在线英语听力室land area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultry of pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.2 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, she came to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals4 Black Rod9在线英语听力室p114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Minister p116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independently reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal cases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the Crown Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)10在线英语听力室p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have the power to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more than six month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20 in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centr e in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a young offender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police forcein Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts of Parliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to th e ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations with family doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)11在线英语听力室p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security programme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)3 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a state retirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday ----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and four12在线英语听力室in Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the opera13在线英语听力室p176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?7 Describe briefly the higher education in the UKPart two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population decline p187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and English p188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA14在线英语听力室2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland2 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation and the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.15在线英语听力室P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin Broadcasting Station2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?5 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of IrishPart three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one of the world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulf16在线英语听力室of Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate ofthe US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US. Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America.p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressive sight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People and is the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii17。
英语国家概况精讲(很详实哦)
Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.Names1.Different names for Britain and its parts2.British Empire (100 years ago)About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had 1/4 of the world’s people and 1/4 of the world’s land area. It had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.monwealth (1931)The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colo nies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4.Reason for Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened Britain.Ⅱ.Features1.LocationAdvantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.2.General featuresa.T ilting: ①Rising in North-West cause highlands there; ②Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.b.Ice Age: responsible for Britain’s spectacular mountain scenery.3.England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)a.Pennines, principal mountain chain.b.Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.c.Capital: London.4.Scotland (78,760 square kilometres)a.Three zone:①Highlands in the north: plateau;②Central Lowlands: most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population;③Southern Uplands: moorland.b.Ben Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.c.Capital: Edinburgh.5.Wales (20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole island)a.Most of Wales is Mountainous;b.12% of the land is arable;c.Massif 断层;d.Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales;e.Capital: Cardiff.6.Northern Ireland (14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)a.It has a rocky and wild northern coastline;b.Capital: Belfast.Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes1.Riversa.Importance:①Great ports (through river) to sea;②Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds;③Rivers (carry raw materials) to inland.b.Rivers:①Severn River (338 km): longest river;②Thames River (336 km): second largest and most important (water transportation, Oxford site);③River Clyde: most important river in Scotland.kesa.Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland).ke District:①One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain;②15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water;③The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Ⅳ.Climate1.Maritimea.Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b.Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c.Small range of temperature.2.Factorsa.The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it offin summer;b.The Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping thetemperatures moderate;c.The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3.Rainfalla.General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain isover 1,000 mm;b.Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east.c.Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands.4.Natural calamitiesa.In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke anddirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying. So most cities in Britain have introduce “Clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allow to burn smokeless fuel.b.Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which cause flooding, shipwrecks and loss of life, especially in winter. Ⅴ.People (Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1.General features:a.Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b.Unevenly distributed: 90% in urban, 10% in rural;c.Concentration: most in England (most in London and south-eastern England);position: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Welsh 1.9%, Irish 2.4%, Northern Irish 1.8%, Immigrants 2.8%.2.Englisha.Origin: Anglo-Saxons.nguage: ①Southern: BBC (except Cockney); ②Northern: broader.c.Cockney: A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells – the bells of the church of StMary-Le-Bow Bells in east London.d.It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and theEnglish language were born.3.Welsha.Origin: Celts.nguage:①Welsh, an ancient Celtic language: 1% people only speak Welsh, it was given equality with English for allofficial use in Wales in 1965, names beginning with “Ll”;②English.c.Character: emotional, cheerful.d.Culture: Eisteddfodau (威尔斯诗人音乐家大会) / National Eisteddfod, with an purpose to keep the welshlanguage and culture alive.4.Scotsa.Origin: Celts.b.Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.nguage:①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and theirnames beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;②English;d.Character: ①said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; ②in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.5.Irisha.Origin: Scots and English Protestants.b.Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the RomanCatholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.nguage（爱尔兰共和国）:①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;②English: second.d.Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.6.Immigrantsa.Origin: West Indies, India and Pakistan.b.Discrimination: Usually the colored immigrants have to take the lowest paid jobs, and when there isunemployment they are usually the first to be sacked.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC -1066)Ⅰ.Settlers (5000 BC –55 BC)1.Iberians (the first known settlers)①At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula,now Spain.②Long barrows in Wiltshire and Dorset were their communal burial mounds.③Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments, which may have religious and political means.2.Beaker Folk①At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.②They took the name from their bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions inindividual graves.③They built hill forts, with the finest examples of Maiden Castle.3.Celts①A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC.②They may originally come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany.③They came in three main waves: a. Gaels at 600 BC (Gaelic); b. Brythons at 400 BC; c. Belgae at 150 BC(industrious and vigorous).④The Celtic bribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of bothWelsh and Gaelic.⑤The Celts’ religion was Druidism (human sacrifices). The Druids were the wise men, astrologers and soothsayers.Ⅱ.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.Roman ConquestBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. He returned the following year, but he didn’t succeed. The successful invasion was take place in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius.2.Reasons for untotal occupation: a. some parts of the country resist; b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britainto fight in other parts of Roman Empire.3.Ways to keep Picts: They built two great walls to keep the Picts, so called because of their “painted faces”, out of thearea they had conquered. These were Hadrian’s Wall and Antonine Wall.4.Three problemsa.Picts still attacked them periodically;b.Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;c.Control was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country.5.Achievementwork of towns and roads.①Caster and Chester means camp.②Capital: London (Londinium).③T wo cities: Y ork had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.b.Make use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.6.Religion: Christianity.7.Reasons for withdraw in AD 410: a. barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome; b. repeated attacks fromPicts and Scots; c. needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.8.Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅲ.Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1.Anglo-Saxons and the found of HeptarchyThe Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in the northwest of modern Germany.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three T eutonic tribes. The leader of Jutes, Hengist, became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. The Angles settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2.Wars among Heptarchya.Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke, control for a long time virtually all central,eastern and south-eastern England.b.In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.3.Religiona.T eutonic religion (The names T uesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from their gods)b.Christianity①Columba, 563, convert north commoner.②In 597, Pope GregoryⅠsent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England toconvert the heathen English to Christianity. In 597, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of thecommon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.c.Disagreement: The Roman missionaries held that the Pope’s authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionariesheld that Christian belief did not require a final earthly arbiter. They held a conference at Whitby in 664. Finally,the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand.4.AchievementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires. They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. They also established the manorial system. And they created the Witan.5.QuestionsⅣ.V iking and Danish1.The Norwegian V ikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. The V ikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.2.Alfred, king of Wessex was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with themin 879.a.Danes gained control of north and east of England, i.e. “the Danelaw”.b.Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest.3.Alfred’s achievements.Alfred, king of Wessex, is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a str ong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd (the Saxon army), making it more efficient. Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English People. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.4.Successors.a.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders, who renewed invasions because the successors reconqueredthe Danelaw, to stay away by imposing a tax, called the danegeld, on his people.b.Canute, the Danish leader, was chosen by Witan as king. He made England part of Scandinavian empire whichincluded Norway as well as Denmark.Ⅴ.The Norman Conquest (1066)1.Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edwardwas on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men: King of Norway / T ostig Ⅼ→Harold (king) →Duke of Normandy( join together ) ( fight ) ( fight )2.Process: ①1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold was killed; ②1066 Christmas,William crowned King of England by the Archbishop of Y ork.3.Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: “harrying of the north”.4.Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William theConqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule witha strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with theContinent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)Ⅰ.An outline of this period:1.Norman House: WilliamⅠ2.Plantagenet House: HenryⅡ①Parliament; ②100 years war; ③Uprising 1381; ④Roses (House of Lancaster – House of Y ork)3.T udor House (200): ①Civil war; ②HenryⅧ; ③ElizabethⅠ; ④Renaissance.4.Stuart House: ①JamesⅠ; ②CharlesⅠ; ③Civil war.mon wealth: Cromwell.6.Restoration: 1688 Glorious Revolution.7.Rise and fall of the Empire: Commonwealth.Ⅱ.Norman Rule (1066-1381)1.William’s Rule (1066-1087)①Feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the landpersonally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for military service and a produce. The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and ser vices. At the bottom were the villains or serfs, unfree peasants.②Feature: All landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, butalso to the king.③William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.④Domesday Book (1086): It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085, and stated the extent,value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.a.1/2 the cultivated land in the country was in the hands of 170 tenants-in-chief;b.1/5 was held personally by the King;c.most of the rest by bishops and abbots and other heads of religious houses.⑤His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold itspower.⑥In the reign of the Norman kings the Norman culture flowered on the English soil.2.Success: three sons①Robert gain Normandy;②William Rufus (WilliamⅡ) gain England; (Killed)③Henry gains a large sum of money. After WilliamⅡ’s death, he gain England’s cr own. Henry has no son, so KingStephen took the crown with the compromise of receive Henry, son of Henry’s daughter, as joint ruler. After King Stephen’s death, Henry became king HenryⅡ.Ⅲ.House of Plantagenet1.HenryⅡ’s reformA.Measures to end the disorders: He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands;demolished castles; strengthened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for militia.B.Administrative: a. abolished the annual land tax based on hide, and emerged a new tax which assessed at thepercentage of a subject’s annual rents and chatells; b. revival and elaboration of HenryⅠ’s policies.C.Legal reform: HenryⅡgreatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work. He divided thecountry into six circuits and appointed itinerant justices. The common law and jury system came out. He wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, instead that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts.mon law: It is the unwritten law common to the whole people and is “case-made”, i.e., based on precedentjudgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.2.Conflict between king and Becket.A.Reason: It was these exceptional privileges and benefit of clergy that brought King Henry into collision withThomas Becket.B.Process:a.In 1154, Thomas Becket was appointed Chancellor of England.b.In 1162, Henry made Becket Archbishop of Canterbury.c.The different view of a murder charge of a clerk man brought matters to a crisis.d.In 1164, the Great Council of HenryⅡdrew up the Constitutions of Clarendon to increase the jurisdiction ofthe civil courts at the expense of the church courts.e.Becket rejected them after a reluctantly signed, which angry HenryⅡ. So he spend 6 years on the Continent.f.In 1170, Becket returned to England. Fresh quarrels broke out.g.In 1170, four knights of the royal household took litera lly the King’s wish and murdered Becket.C.Result: a. grave became a place of pilgrimage; b. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (which describes a group ofpilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb); c. T.S. Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral.Ⅳ.Great Charter1.Background: Three crusades and wars against France drain upon financial resources of England, and baronscomplained that the king had failed to protect the Norman lands from the advances of the French King and he had imposed high taxes.2.Demand contents: Magna Carta (1215); Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important matterswere these: no tax should be made freely; no freeman should be arrested except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges.3.Result: A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter, withthe right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions.4.Significant: Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement ofthe relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation the powers of the king.Ⅴ.Parliament1.HenryⅢ: ①an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou; ②demands formoney to enable his son to be crowned King of Sicily which brought the matters with parliament to a head.2.Barons, under Simon de Montfort forced the king to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford: ①Henry shouldappoint a new Grand Council of twenty-four members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves;②the King should have a permanent body of fifteen nobles and bishops to advise him, without whose authority theking could not act.3.Civil war between HenryⅢand barons come to the first Parliament in 1265.Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford put forward by barons. A civil war broke out between the king’s supporters and the baronial army. In 1264, the king was defeated. Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament.The origin of Parliament is Witan, with the development of Grand Council. Grand Council later developed into the Lords (baron and bishop) and the Commons (knight and citizen, can present petitions), which known as a parliament.4.1284 the Statute of Wales.The Statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law and EdwardⅠpresented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.Ⅵ.100 year’s war1.Reason: The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were the large duchy ofAquitaine. The economic causes were connected with Flanders. England’s desire to stop France from giving aid to the Scots and a growing sense of national consciousness. The French refused to recognize EdwardⅢ’s claim of French Crown.2.Process: ①At first English (EdwardⅢ) were successful; ②After a long peaceful lull, French (HenryⅤ) wonvictory; ③After French King’s death, Joan of Arc drove the English out of France.3.Significance: The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. Ⅶ.Black death 1348-13491.Definition: Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by ratfleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-50.2.Result: It killed between 1/2 and 1/3 of the population of England. As a result, much land was left untended and therewas a terrible shortage of labor.Ⅷ.Uprising1.Reason: ①unfair treatment by government and land owner (Two Statute: In 1351 the government issued a Statute ofLabourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages; A later statute proposed that any labourer who left his place of work to seek higher wages should be branded with the letter F on his forehead as a sign of falsehood.);②imposition of a series of taxes known as poll taxes, which caused deep and widespread discontent; ③the Lollards(They refer to Poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif’s followers. They went about preaching to the equality of men before God. They served as mental encouragement and stimulation and play an important role in the Peasant Uprising of 1381.).2.Processes: ①In 1381, army led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw occupied London; ②They present the demands(abolition of villeinage, reduction of rent, free access to all fairs and markets, general pardon) which were granted by king; ③Finally, they were suppressed.3.Significance: The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers as well as againstthe landowners. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged,paving the way for the development of capitalism.Chapter 4 T ransition to the Modern Age(1455-1688)Ⅰ.T ransition1.Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)①Reason: After the Hundred Y ears’ War, nob les had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt todominate the government at home.②Definition: It referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and thatof Y ork, symbolized by the white.③Process: (three stages)④Significant: From these wars feudalism received its deathblow. The great medieval nobility was much weakenedand discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. But the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.2.HenryⅦ①Domestic: a. refill treasury; b. control noble’s power.②Foreign: a. prevent foreign powers to disrupt the country; b. neutralize to all threats.③All above bring HenryⅦboth peace and prestige.Ⅱ.Reformation1.HenryⅧ(6 wives)①Measure:A. Domestic: a. control over border areas; b. gentry control local government (Justices of Peace).B. Foreign: a. aided by Archbishop and Lord Chancellor; b. 1517 peace conference in London; c. ally withsuperpower.②Reformation:a.Reasons: There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for manyyears and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money.b.Direct cause: HenryⅧwanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir forhim.c.Purpose: Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make anindependent Church of England. (He made his break with Rome g radually. He dissolved all of England’smonasteries and nunneries.)d.T wo acts: a. 1534 Act of Succession; b. 1535 Act of Supremacy.e.Three important effects: they stressed the power of the monarch; Parliament had never done such important; hisattack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church, and he became Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535.f.Note: Real religious change came in HenryⅧ’s son Edward’s time. People call his switch to Protestant theology“The Reformation”.2.Mary T udor①She attempt to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism.②She is called “Bloody Mary” for at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics.③The monarch who lost the French port of Calais during a renewed war with France.④Protestantism and nationalism were now forever synonymous.3.ElizabethⅠ: England has been Protestant ever since.Ⅲ.ElizabethⅠ1.Elizabeth and Parliament①Work with Parliament (the Puritans in the House of Commons demanded further religious reform, but they stillloyal to Queen).②Turbulent for Parliament’s ask: a. right of free speech; b. discussion at will; c. five personal questions (religion,marriage, foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and finance).2.Elizabeth and religion①Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored herfather’s independent Church of England. (keep to Catholic doctrines; free from the Papal contr ol)②Conflict: a. Elizabeth – Protestant; b. Mary – Catholic.3.Elizabeth’s foreign policy①France: friendly.②Spain:A.1588 PhilipⅡ: a. want to bring England back to Catholicism; b. stop England’s aid to the Netherlands whereProtestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.B.Destruction of Spanish Armada: a. showed England’s superiority as a naval power; b. stop the attempt ofCatholicism to recover the northern countries of Europe; c. enabled England to become a great trading andcolonizing nation.Ⅳ.JamesⅠ1.Controversy: a. Puritan ask for further Reformation; b. James declared “No Bishop, No King”.2.Catholic’s plots.①Cobham’s Plot: Sir Walter was sent to the T ower of London for 13 years. In 1615, JamesⅠrelease him for theneed of money. With 13 ships, he went to Guiana for gold mine, but failed and was executed finally.②Gunpowder Plot: On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministersup in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and severe anti-Catholic laws. (celebration)3.Puritan’s protest①Concession: King James’s Bible, Authorized V ersion 1611.②Flee:A.Many Puritans had left England for Holland.B.In 1620, 201 Pilgrim Fathers sailed from New Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth inAmerica, Britain’s first settlement in the New World.4.James (a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings) and Parliament: ①none for 7 years; ②1621 recall Parliament;。
自考“英语国家概况”精讲笔记 小抄
官方正式名称:t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d N o r t h e r nI r e l a n d.3.T h e B r i t i s hI s l e s a r e m a d e u p o f t w o l a r g e i s l a n d s-G r e a tB r i t a i n(t h e l a r g e r o n e)a n d I r e l a n d,a n d h u n d r e d s o f s m a l l o n e s.4.T h r e ep o l i t i c a ld i v i s i o n s o n t he i s l a n d of G r e a t B r i t a i n三个政治区:E ng l a n d, S c o t l a n d a n d W a l e s.(1)E n g l a n d i si n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f G r e a t B r i t a i n.I t i s t h e l a r g e s t, m o s t p o p u l o u s s e c t i o n.(2)S c o t l a n d i si n t h e n o r t h o f G r e a t B r i t a i n.I t h a s t h r e e n a t u r a l z o n e s (t h e H i g h l a n d si n t h e n o r t h苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区;t h eC e n t r a ll o w l a n d s;t h es o u t h U p l a n d s)C a p i t a l:E d i n b u r g h(3) W a l e s i s i nt h e w e s t o fG r e a t B r i t a i n.C a p i t a l首都:C a r d i f f(4)N o r t h e r nI r e l a n d i s t h ef o u r t h r eg i o no f t h e U K.C a p i t a l:B e l f a s t.5.T h eC o m m o n w e a l t h英联邦 (o f n a t i o n s)i s a f r e ea s s o c i a t i o n o fi n d e p e n d e n tc o u n t r i e s t h a tw e r e o n c ec o l o n i e s o fB r i t a i n.I t w a sf o u n d e d i n1931,a n d h a s50m e m b e rc o u n t r i e su n t i l1991.C h a p t e r2T h e O r i g i n s o fa N a t i o n(5000B C-1066)I.A r r i v a l a n ds e t t l e m e n t o ft h e C e l t sC e l t s w e r ep r a c t i c e df a m e r s.T h ed r a i ne d m u c h o fm a r s h l a n d s a n db u i l t h o u s e s o fw o o d.T h e y w r ei r o n w o r k e r s,t o o.T h e i rl a n g u a g e s,t h eC e l t sl a n g u a g e s,a r et h e b a s i s o ft h e l a n g u a g ew h i c h i s s t i l lu s e d b y s o m ep e o p l e i nS c o t l a n d a n dW a l e s.T h e i rr e l i g i o n w a sD r u i d i s m1、T h e C e l t sb e g a n t o a r r i v eB r i t a i n a b o u t700B C.2、T h e C e l t sc a m e t o B r i t a i ni n t h r e e m a i nw a v e s.T h e f i r s t w a v ew e r e t h eG a e l s-c a m ea b o u t600B C.T h e s e c o n d w a v ew e r e t h eB r y t h o n s-c a m ea b o u t400B C.T h e t h i r d w a v ew e r e t h eB e l g a e-c a m ea b o u t150B C.I I.T h eA n g l o-S a x o n s(446-871)1．B a s i s o fM o d e r n E n g l i s hr a c e:t h eA n g l o-S a x o n s.I n t h e m i d-5t hc e n t u r y a n e ww a v e o fi n v a d e r s,J u t e s,S a x o n s,a n d A n g l e s c a m et o B r i t a i n.T h e y w e r e t h r e eT e u t o n i ct r i b e s.①T h e J u t e s,w h o f i s h e d a n df a r m e d i nJ u t l a n d,c a m et o B r i t a i nf i r s t.A J u t i s h c h i e f b e c a m e t h e K i ng o f K e n t i n449.②Th e n t h e S a x o n s, u s e r s o f t h e s h o r t-s w o r df r o m n o r t h e r n G e r m a n y,e s t a b l i s h e dt h e i r k i n g d o m i n E s s e x, S u s s e x a n d W e s s e x f r o m t h e e n d o f t h e5t h c e n t u r y t o t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e6t h c e n t u r y.③I n t h e s e c o n dh a l f o f t h e 6t h c e n t u r y,t h e A n g l e s,w h o a l s o c a m e f r o m n o r t h e r nG e r m a n y a n d w e r e t o g i v e t h e i r n a m e t o t h e E n g l i s h p e o p l e,s e t t l e d i n E a s t A n g l i a,M e r c i a a n dN o r t h u m b r i a.T h e s e s e v e n p r i n c i p a l k i n g d o m s o fK e n t,E s s e x,S u s s e x,W e s s e x,E a s t A n g l i a,M e r c i a a n dN o r t h u m b r i ah a v e b e e n g i v e nt h e n a m e o fH e p t a r c h y七王国.2．T h e e a r l yA n g l o-S a x o n sc o n v e r t ed t oC h r i s t i a n i t y.最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
2022年自考00522英语国家概况核心考点资料
2022 年自考 00522 英语国家概况核心考点资料
第一章 国土与人民
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire land. 官方名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
2. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern lreland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠是欧洲最大的岛屿,由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。它和北爱尔兰-起构成了大不 列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
的土地,并将其分发给追随他的诺曼人。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了薄弱的撒克逊统治。 于是,封建制度在英国完全确立。
《英语国家概况》词汇选释 第十一章 地理与历史
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英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置‘1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two n[被屏蔽广告] ewest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pa cific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million squar e kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the countr y.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4。
The Rockies,the backbone of the North Ame rican Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mo untains. The Appalachians run slightly from the n ortheast to southwest and the Rocky mountains r un slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英语国家概况
英语国家概况《英语国家概况》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程编码：B170832223课程类别：专业基础课课程名称：英语国家概况课程性质：必修适用专业：翻译开课学期：第三学期总学分：2总学时：32先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。
该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。
推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013参考书目：[1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007[2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000[3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003二、课程总目标以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。
本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。
三、教学指南课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。
课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。
教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习学时分配：四、理论课程教学内容第一章Britain: Land and People教学目的：掌握英国的自然、地理、人口概况。
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英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）
II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
工业革命（1780-1830）
1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors: 英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：
(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;
优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；
(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization. 政治局面稳定。
17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。
国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。
(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对议会政策施加影响。
(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.
英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。
英国还有可用的矿产资源。
(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。
(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。
(8) Probably laissez faire and "Protestant work ethic" helped.
很可能利益于"放手干"及"新教工作道德"。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成关税联盟，1807年后爱尔兰加入。
因此，全国市场不再受阴于内部的关税障碍。
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions
by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.
圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了所需的一些原材料。
3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution
工业革命中一些重大创新
(1) John Kay's flying shuttle in 1733;
1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；
(2) James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny in 1766;
1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；
(3) Richard Arkwright's waterframe in 1769;
1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；
(4) Samuel Crompton's mule in 1779
1779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；
(5) Edmund Cartwright's power loom in 1784;
1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；
(6) James Watt's steam engine in 1765.
1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。
4．Consequences of the industrial Revolution
工业革命的结果
（1） Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world";
英国成为了"世界工场"；
（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth.
城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。
（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.
机械化摧毁了不能投入其中的人们的生活。
工人们在可怕的条件下劳动与生活。
（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.
工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。
后来形成了工会制度。