现在完成时延续性与暂短性动词用法
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现在完成时延续性与暂短性动词用法
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现在完成时(短暂性动词与延续性动词)的用法
基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现
在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money。
(含义是:现在我没有钱花了。
)
Jane has laid the table。
(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注(超重要):瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for since 连用.要改变动词
come-be go out—be out finish-be over open-be open
die—be dead
1。
have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词
1、be+married代marry
2、be+ill代fall (get) ill
3、be+dead代die
4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be+awake代wake/wake up
6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词
1“be+on”代start,begin
2“be+up"代get up
3“be+back(to)"代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点"代替go to /come to
2。
用be in the army 代替join the army
3。
“be in/at +地点"代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表:
1。
have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw。
→have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4。
have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/ope n
6。
have got up → have been up;
7。
have died → have been dead;
8. have left sw。
→ have been away from sw。
9。
have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep;
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over;
11。
Have married → have been m arried;
12。
have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ;
13. have begun → have been on
14。
have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16。
have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold;
18. have got to know → have known
19。
have/has gone to → have been in
20。
have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s
member/the league member/the soldier…
注意: 1。
现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用。
2。
现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
,如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently,still, lately等:
He has already obtained(得到\获得) a scholarship(奖学金)。
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately)。
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her。
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, these days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
5。
现在完成时的”完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法”指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作
对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light。
他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去,但
说明的是现在的情况——灯现在不亮了。
)
现在完成时"完成用法”的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的
过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语
(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning
/ month /year。
.,today等)连用.
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
6。
现在完成时的"未完成用法”
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978。
自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。
)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示
与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him so far。
到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8。
一段时间+has passed+since从句
9。
现在完成时常和短语”up to now /till now”, ”so far" (意思是从过
去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在。
)
Up to/till now he’s read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回 been to :去过 been in:呆了很久
11。
不能与when连用。