英语语法之定语从句

定语从句

1.1

定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词：

先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。

关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。关系词有两个作用：

1.代词的作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，比如I don’t like people who never keep their word.中的who指代people并且作从句的主语。

2.连接作用：即连接主句和从句，如上句who起着连接主句I don’t like people 和从句who never keep their word 的作用

1.2

关系词在定语从句充当的成分

在上一节中，在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时，提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是，以关系词为出发点，从两个角度来谈定语从句：一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分；二是关系词与先行词的对应关系，即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代。

1.2.1

关系词用作从句的主语

1. I like guys and they have a good sense of humor.

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2. I like guys w h o have a good sense of humor.

点睛：这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。

翻译：我喜欢有幽默感的男生。

3. Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments.

翻译：愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。

4. He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise.

翻译：一个人若在20岁时不俊美，30岁不健康，40岁不富有，50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。

5. There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so ; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.

翻译：幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。

6. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.

翻译：当然了，我这里所说的的友谊不是那种“来的快去的也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，就能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。

1.2.2

关系词用作从句动词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of verb）

关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。

而且，还可以进一步区分为从句动词的宾语和从句介词的宾语。

1. I’d really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely.

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2. I’d really like to find a friend I can trust who completely.

点睛：这里的him指代名词a friend，可以用关系代词who来替代him，来充当动词trust的宾语。有因为who 有连词作用，所以此时and 就要去掉，另一方面，关系词who要置于从句的开头，所以要把who移到I的前面，原句从而就变为I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.

1.2.3

关系词用作从句中介词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of preposition）

1. I’m talking about friends and you can share almost everything with them.

2. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.

点睛：这里的who即时充当介词with的宾语。

翻译：我这里说的朋友，是指那些你几乎可以把一切与之分享的人。

3. I hope I never have a boss who I can’t talk to about my problems.

点睛：这里的who即是充当介词to的宾语.

翻译：我不希望有一个我无法与之沟通的老板。

1.2.4

作宾语的关系词可以省去

英语里有这样的习惯：作宾语的关系词可以省去，无论关系词的做动词的宾语还是作介词的宾语都可以省去。（在从句中作主语的关系词不能省去。）

1.3

关系代词与先行词的搭配关系

在英语里除了用关系词who外，还有其他的关系词，比如whom, which, that, whose, when, where 和why等等。这些关系词可以分为两类：关系代词和关系副词，关系代词主要包括who , whom, which , that, 和whose.这些词主要起着代词的作用。在定语从句中充当主语和宾语（whose作宾语）。关系副词则包括when, where和why，这些词主要起着副词的作用，在定语从句里当状语。

先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom

一，先行词指“人”才能用who或whom

1. Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with .

二，who和whom的区别

who的前面不能与介词搭配使用：因为who是主格形式，所以在介词的后面