人教版高中英语必修四 Unit4 Body language-语法篇(学生版)

Unit4 Body language语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。

一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。

v-ing能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。

其时态和语态的变化为二、动词-ing形式的作用1.动词-ing形式作定语E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。

E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter.(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。

E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。

名师点拨(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。

(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。

2．动词-ing形式作状语。

(1)作时间状语。

E.g. Working in the office，the clerk heard an explosion from the street.在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。

E.g. Having finished her homework，the girl was busy with the thing she likes.完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。

名师点拨动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。

(2)作原因状语。

E.g. Lacking enough money，they had to give up the plan.由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。

(3)作条件状语。

E.g. Getting the chance to study abroad，he will try his best to improve himself.如果得到到国外学习的机会，他将尽力提升自己。

(4)作结果状语。

E.g. He failed to work out the last question in the math paper，making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。

(5)作让步状语。

E.g. Working hard all the day，he still felt energetic.尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。

(6)作伴随状语。

E.g. The girls sat together in front of the house，talking and laughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前，又说又笑。

(7)作方式状语。

E.g. They greeted each other bowing to each other.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。

名师点拨(1)动词－ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句，并且可互相转换。

(2)动词－ing形式作伴随状语时，则可转化成并列谓语。

E.g. Knowing what to do next，he set out to do it at once.=When he knew what to do next，he set out to do it at once.当明白下一步要做什么时，他立刻开始着手做起来。

E.g. The guide showed the visitors around the pictures explaining the background of each picture.=The guide showed the visitors around the pictures and explained the background of each picture.导游领着游客参观这些图画，并解说每一幅画的背景。

三、难点突破1．单个的动词-ing形式作定语置于被修饰词的前面时，注意下面的两种情况对比。

E.g. The old man needs a walking stick. =The old man needs a stick used for walking.(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。

E.g. There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the rising sun. =Thereare many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the sun which is rising.(强调动作)现在山顶上有很多人在欣赏正在升起的太阳。

2．独立主格。

现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件等。

E.g. Weather permitting，we will go out for an outing.如果天气允许，我们会出去远足。

E.g. The paper having been finished，the student handed it in.做完试卷之后，这位学生把它交了上去。

3．评论性状语。

有些动词-ing形式作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。

常见的有generally/strictly/frankly speaking，judging from，considering，supposing，providing等。

E.g. Judging from what he has said，he is a doctor.根据他的话判断，他是位医生。

E.g. Considering that the old man is old，he needs looking after.考虑到老人老了，他需要被照顾4．动词-ing形式作状语时，常将否定副词not置于分词前面。

E.g. Not having finished the work，they had to work extra hours.由于没有完成工作，他们只好加班。

5．状语从句转化为非谓语作状语时，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，从句谓语含有be动词时，可保留从句的引导词。

E.g. When getting to the top of the mountain，they found the sun was rising.当他们到达山顶时，发现太阳正在升起。

6．动词-ing形式与过去分词的区别(1)语态不同：v.－ing形式表示主动概念，与相关的名词或代词之间构成一种“主谓关系”。

而过去分词表示被动概念，与相关的名词或代词构成一种“动宾关系”。

(2)时间不同：v.－ing形式表示“正在进行的动作”；过去分词表示“已完成的动作”。

E.g. Seeing from the hill，you will see the beautiful city.在山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。

E.g. Seen from the hill，the beautiful lake is like a big mirror.从山上看，那个美丽的湖就像一面大镜子。

【巧学助记】分词短语记忆口诀分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动用-ing，被动用-ed；having done表先后，千万要牢记例1.（2019福建泉州期中）He waited at the gate of the hotel all the time，______to run into his favorite pop singer.A. hopingB. to hopeC. having hopedD. hoped例2.（2019大纲全国）Today there are more airplanes_______ more people than ever before in the skies.A. carryB. carryingC. carriedD. to be carrying例3.（2019福建）________the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.A. SpendingB. SpentC. Having spentD. To spend例4.（2019山东济宁期中）______money，his parents couldn’t send him to university.A. LackedB. Lacking ofC. Lacked inD. Lacking例5.（2019辽宁锦州月考）Titanic 3D moved all audience to tears once again，________ our attention to Cameron’s films and the definition of true love.A. turningB.to turnC. turnedD. being turned基础演练句型转换(用非谓语动词结构变换句子)1. The storm left and has caused a lot of damage to this area.The storm left，__________________________ this area.2. Be careful when you cross the road.Be careful when________________.3. The building that is being built now is our new school.The building ______________ is our new school.4. Who is the man that is reading over there?Who is the man________________?5. Because she did not know that the traffic accident happened to her husband，she was waiting for him to have supper.______________that the traffic accident happened to her husband，she was waiting for him to have supper.6. Because he is a student，he should study hard.______________，he should study hard.7. Even though the farmer works hard on the farm all the year round，he still can't become rich.________________all the year round，the farmer still can't become rich.8. The boy sat on the sofa and watched TV.The boy sat on the sofa，____________.巩固提高用所给动词的适当形式填空1. The man ________________ (visit) Japan is my uncle.2. ____________ (see) no one at home，I decided to come again.3.________ (hear) the good news，he jumped with joy.4.________ (walk) in the street，I saw a friend of mine.5.________________ (talk and smile)，they went into the room.6. The mother died，________ (leave) a lot of money for her children.7.________ (see) from the top of the hill，we can see our beautiful school.8. Many people ________ (be) absent，they decided to put the meeting off.9.________ (not have) heard from her son for a long time，the mother worried a great deal.10.________________ (finish) his work，Henry went home.一、单项语法填空1. He sat on a chair under the shade of the tree，________ (read) a novel.2. The boys and girls are walking along the street，each________ (wear) a small yellow cap.3. When I reached home，my husband was lying on the floor，________ (entertain) the kids with toys.4. is the largest English site in China，________ (provide) news，business information and learning materials.5.China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11，2019，thus ________(realize) its 15－year wish to join the global trade body.6. Do you know who is the patient ________ (operate) on now?7.________ (complete) the project on time，the staff are having a party to have a celebration.8.________ (fail) to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead.9.________ (come) from a mountain village，he couldn't afford a house in Shanghai.10. ________ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.二、单项选择1._______with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on time.A. FacedB. FaceC. FacingD. To face2. At present，he is a student at Zhejiang University，_______ for a degree in computerA. studiesB. studyingC. to have studiedD. having studied3.--How do you find the furniture I bought?--_______.But _______what you bought with the one we had，I don’t think it worth the money.A .Fascinating./ compared B. Fascinating/ comparingC. Fascinated/ to compareD. Fascinated / compared4.To some people，“spiritual health” is a very abstract concept，_______ many unexplainable elements.A. containedB. having containedC. being containedD. containing5.There are many tall old trees_______ in and around our school.A. stoodB. to standC. standingD. being standing__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一、单项选择1. My good performance in the job interview left me ______ about my future and about what I can do here.A. puzzledB. sensitiveC. optimisticD. embarrassed2. While waiting for the opportunity to get______，Henry did his best to perform his duty.A. promoteB. promotedC. promotingD. to promote3. There is a note pinned to the door______ when the shop will open again.A. sayingB. saysC. saidD. having said4. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______ a security officer.A. employedB. being employedC. to employD. employs5. Last night，there were millions of people ______ the opening ceremony live on TV.A. watchB. to watchC. watchedD. watching6. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.A. solvingB. solvedC. being solvedD. to be solved7. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore，he can go shopping without ______.A. recognizingB. being recognizedC. having recognizedD. having been recognized8. ______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.A. SpendingB. SpentC. Having spentD. To spend9. For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying______.A. connectedB. connectingC.to connectD.to be connected10. Children，when______ by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.A. to be accompaniedB. to accompanyC. accompanyingD. accompanied11. ______ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.A. UnderstandingB. To be understoodC. Being understoodD. Having understood12. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，______ at the night sky.A. to stareB. staringC. staredD. having stared13. ______ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thoughtand inner quietness.A. Having freedB. FreedC. To freeD. Freeing14. His lecture______，a lively question-and-answer session followed.A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given15. When it comes to ______ in public，no one can match him .A. speakB. speakingC. being spokenD. be spoken16. ______ nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.A. Having spentB. To spentC. SpentD. To have spent17. He is thought ______ foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job .A. to actB.to have actedC. actingD. having acted18. Toady there are more airplanes ______ more people than ever before in the skies.A. carryB. carryingC. carriedD. to be carrying19. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ______ for a swim?A. to goB. going C go D. having gone20. ______ the difficult maths problem，I have consulted Professor Russell several timesA. Working outB. Worked outC. To work outD. Work out二、阅读理解、AThe baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born，the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large，warm，and soft object in its environment，particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so，however，the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物).During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows，a couple who are both psychologists，discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes——one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature，the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However，if the wire model was heated，while the cloth model was cool，for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接触)comfort seems to be the answer，and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins，putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened，disturbed，or annoyed，it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort”with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.According to the Harlows，the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother，the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom，the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort，it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys，but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less time holding onto “its mother.”1. Psychologically，what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?A. WarmthB. MilkC. ContactD. Trust2. After the first two weeks of their life，baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.A. larger in sizeB. closer to themC. less frightening and less disturbingD. more comfortable to rub against3. What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”?A. AttentionB. SoftnessC. ConfidenceD. Interest4. It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure，________.A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toysB.it spends more time screaming to get rewardsC.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interestingD.it cares less about whether its mother is still around5. The main purpose of the passage is to________A. give the reasons for the experimentB. present the findings of the experimentC. introduce the method of the experimentD. describe the process of the experimentBFear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，” Dr Garfinkel said.“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”1. What is the finding of the study?A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.2. The study was carried out by analyzing________.A. volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible picturesB. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditionsC. volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scansD. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?A. Order.B. System.C. Machine.D. Treatment.4. This study may contribute to________.A. treating anxiety and stress betterB. explaining the cycle of fear and anxietyC. finding the key to the heart-brain communicationD. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads。