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外文文献原文及翻译作者：辛明生物医学工程学院影像工程专业生物医学工程学院信息技术系指导老师：杨谊
Parsing Java Abstraction of the Difference Between Classes and Interfaces In Java language, abstract scale-up and with support class abstraction definition of two mechanisms. Because of these two kinds of mechanism of existence, just gives Java powerful object-oriented skills. Abstract scale-up and with between class abstraction definition for support has great similarities, even interchangeable, so many developers into line nonabstract class definition for abstract scale-up and it is becoming more casual with choice. In fact, both between still has the very big difference, for their choice even reflected in problem domain essence of understanding, to design the intentions of the understand correctly and reasonable. This paper will for the difference analysis, trying to give a developer with a choice between them are based. Understand class abstraction Abstract class and interface in Java language is used for abstract classes (in this article nonabstract class not from abstract scale-up translation, it represents an abstract body, and abstract scale-up for Java language used to define class abstraction in one way, please readers distinguish) defined, then what are the abstract classes, use abstract classes for us any good? In object-oriented concept, we know all objects is through class to describe, but in turn not such. Not all classes are used to describe object, if a class does not contain enough information to portray a concrete object, this class is abstract classes. Abstract classes are often used to characterization of problem field in our analysis, design that the abstract concepts, is to the series will look different, but essentially the same exact conception of abstraction. For example: if we carry out a graphical editing software development, will find problem domain exists round, triangle so some specific concept, they are different, but they all belong to shape such a concept, shape this concept in problem domain is not exist, it is an abstract concept. Precisely because the abstract concepts in problem field no corresponding specific concept, so to characterization abstract concepts nonabstract class cannot be instantiated. In an object-oriented field, mainly used for class abstraction types hidden. We can construct a fixed a group of behavior of abstract description, but this group of behavior but can have any a possible concrete implementation. This abstract describe is abstract classes, and this an arbitrary a possible concrete realization is behaved for all possible derived class. Modules can be operating an abstract body. Due to the module dependent on a fixed abstraction body, so it can are not allowed to modify, Meanwhile, through the abstract derived from the body, also can expand the behavior of this module function. Familiar with OCP readers must know, object-oriented design to be able to achieve a core principles OCP (Open - Closed flying), class abstraction is one of the key. From the perspectives of grammar definition abstract class and interface

生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文
翻译、外文翻译
本文旨在提供关于生物医学工程技术的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译和外文翻译的指导和技巧。

以下是一些简要说明：
外文文献翻译
- 外文文献翻译需要准确地传达原文的内容，同时确保译文自然流畅。

- 翻译时应注意专业术语的准确使用，避免将其误译或过度解释。

- 翻译人员应具备扎实的外语水平和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。

中英文翻译
- 中英文翻译需要准确传达中文原文的内容，并使其在英文环境下具有流畅性和可读性。

- 翻译时应注意中英文表达方式的差异，确保翻译后的文本符合英文语法和惯表达惯。

- 翻译人员应具备中英文双语能力和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。

外文翻译
- 外文翻译是将外文文本翻译为母语的译文。

- 翻译要保证译文准确、流畅，并符合目标语言的语法和惯表达方式。

- 翻译人员应具备对目标语言的熟悉和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。

请注意，以上是针对文献翻译的一些基本指导，实际翻译过程中还需根据具体文献的特点和要求进行适当调整。

谢谢！。

生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译摘要本文翻译了生物医学专业的基因编辑外文文献，包括中英文翻译和外文翻译。

详细内容见下文。

中英文翻译1. 标题：生物医学专业基因编辑（Biomedical Gene Editing）基因编辑是一种针对生物体遗传信息进行改变的技术。

通过编辑基因组，可以修改或插入DNA序列，从而改变目标生物体的遗传特征。

基因编辑在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。

2. 摘要（Abstract）基因编辑已成为生物医学研究中的重要工具。

它不仅可以用于疾病诊断和治疗，还可以用于基础科学研究和生物技术开发。

随着技术的不断发展，基因编辑对人类健康和生物多样性的影响也引起了人们的关注。

3. 引言（Introduction）基因编辑是一种通过改变生物体的遗传信息来实现特定目的的技术。

它可以在DNA水平上对基因组进行精确的修改和操控，从而实现对目标生物体特征的变化。

外文翻译1. Title: Biomedical Gene EditingGene editing is a technology that allows for changes to be made to the genetic information of an organism. By editing the genome, DNA sequences can be modified or inserted, altering the genetic characteristics of the target organism. Gene editing has wide applications in the field of biomedical research.2. Abstract3. IntroductionGene editing is a technology that achieves specific objectives by altering the genetic information of an organism. It allows for precise modifications and manipulation of the genome at the DNA level, resulting in changes to the characteristics of the target organism.。

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医药学类文献双语版：汉译英

介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。

Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。

但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。

在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。

方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。

小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。

然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。

逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。

所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。

细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。

细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。

结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。

没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。

相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。

4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。

其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。

重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。

G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。

当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。

研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。

生物课程中英文对照

生物课程中英文对照现代激光医学 Modern Laser Medicine生物医学光子学 Biomedicine Photonics生物医学信号处理技术 Signal Processing for Biology and Medicine自然智能与人工智能 Natural Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence人工神经网络及应用 Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications环境生物学 Environmental Biology水环境生态学模型 Models of Water Quality环境生物技术 Environmental Biotechnology水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology环境工程 Environmental Engineering环境科学研究方法Study Methodology of Environmental Science藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae 水生动物生理生态学 Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal废水处理与回用 Sewage Disposal and Re-use生物医学材料学及实验Biomaterials and Experiments现代测试分析Modern Testing Technology and Methods生物材料结构与性能 Structures and Properties of Biomaterials医学信息学 Medical Informatics组织工程学 Tissue Engineering生物医学工程概论 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering高等生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry药物化学 Pharmaceutical Chemistry功能高分子 Functional Polymer高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics医学电子学 Medical Electronics现代仪器分析 Modern Instrumental Analysis仪器分析实验 Instrumental Analysis Experiment 食品添加剂 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Neurobiology动物遗传工程 Animal Genetic Engineering动物免疫学 Animal Immunology动物病害学基础 Basis of Animal Disease受体生物化学 Receptor Biochemistry动物生理与分子生物学 Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry分析生物化学 Analytical Biochemistry学科前沿讲座Lectures on Frontiers of the Discipline微生物学 Microbiology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生理学 Physiology电生理技术基础Basics of Electricphysiological Technology生物化学 Biochemistry高级水生生物学 Advanced Aquatic Biology藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae 水生动物生理生态学 Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology水生态毒理学 Aquatic Ecotoxicology水生生物学研究进展 Advance on Aquatic Biology 水环境生态学模型 Models of Water Quality藻类生态学 Ecology in Algae生物数学 Biological Mathematics植物生理生化 Plant Biochemistry水质分析方法 Water Quality Analysis水产养殖学 Aquaculture环境生物学 Environmental Biology专业文献综述 Review on Special Information植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology普通生态学 General Ecology生物统计学 Biological Statistics分子遗传学 Molecular Genetics基因工程原理 Principles of Gene Engineering高级生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry基因工程技术 Technique for Gene Engineering 基因诊断 Gene Diagnosis基因组学 Genomics医学遗传学 Medical Genetics免疫遗传学 Immunogenetics基因工程药物学Pharmacology of Gene Engineering高级生化技术 Advanced Biochemical Technique 基因治疗 Gene Therapy肿瘤免疫学 Tumour Immunology免疫学 Immunology免疫化学技术Methods for Immunological Chemistry毒理遗传学 Toxicological Genetics分子病毒学 Molecular Virology分子生物学技术 Protocols in Molecular Biology 神经免疫调节 Neuroimmunology普通生物学 Biology生物化学技术 Biochemic Technique分子生物学 Molecular Biology生殖生理与生殖内分泌 Reproductive Physiology & Reproductive Endocrinology生殖免疫学 Reproductive Immunology发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development蛋白质生物化学技术 Biochemical Technology of Protein受精的分子生物学Molecular Biology of Fertilization免疫化学技术 Immunochemical Technology低温生物学原理与应用 Principle & Application of Cryobiology不育症的病因学 Etiology of Infertility分子生物学 Molecular Biology分析生物化学 Analytical Biochemistry医学生物化学 Medical Biochemistry医学分子生物学 Medical Molecular Biology医学生物化学技术Techniques of Medical Biochemistry生化与分子生物学进展Progresses in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级植物生理生化 Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry开花的艺术 Art of Flowering蛋白质结构基础 Principle of Protein Structure 分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution生物工程下游技术Downstream Technique of Biotechnology仪器分析 Instrumental Analysis临床检验与诊断 Clinical Check-up & Diagnosis 药理学 Pharmacology。

生物课程中英文对照

生物课程中英文对照(总2页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--生物课程中英文对照现代激光医学 Modern Laser Medicine生物医学光子学 Biomedicine Photonics生物医学信号处理技术 Signal Processing for Biology and Medicine自然智能与人工智能 Natural Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence人工神经网络及应用 Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications环境生物学 Environmental Biology水环境生态学模型 Models of Water Quality环境生物技术 Environmental Biotechnology水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology环境工程 Environmental Engineering环境科学研究方法 Study Methodology of Environmental Science藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae 水生动物生理生态学 Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal废水处理与回用 Sewage Disposal and Re-use 生物医学材料学及实验 Biomaterials and Experiments现代测试分析 Modern Testing Technology and Methods生物材料结构与性能 Structures and Properties of Biomaterials医学信息学 Medical Informatics组织工程学 Tissue Engineering生物医学工程概论 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering高等生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry药物化学 Pharmaceutical Chemistry功能高分子 Functional Polymer高分子化学与物理 Polymeric Chemistry and Physics医学电子学 Medical Electronics现代仪器分析 Modern Instrumental Analysis 仪器分析实验 Instrumental Analysis Experiment食品添加剂 Food Additives Technology高级食品化学 Advanced Food Chemistry食品酶学 Food Enzymology波谱学 Spectroscopy食品贮运与包装 Food Packaging液晶化学 Liquid Crystal Chemistry高等有机化学 Advanced Organic Chemistry功能性食品 Function Foods食品营养与卫生学 Food Nutrition and Hygiene 食品生物技术 Food Biotechnology 食品研究与开发 Food Research and Development有机合成化学 Synthetic Organic Chemistry 食品分离技术 Food Separation Technique精细化工装备 Refinery Chemical Equipment 食品包装原理 Principle of Food Packaging表面活性剂化学及应用 Chemistry and Application of Surfactant天然产物研究与开发 Research and Development of Natural Products食品工艺学 Food Technology食品分析 Food Analysis食品机械与设备 Food Machinery and Equipment高等无机化学 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 量子化学(含群论) QuantumChemistry(including Group Theory)高等分析化学 Advanced Analytical Chemistry 高等有机化学 Advanced Organic Chemistry 激光化学 Laser Chemistry激光光谱 Laser Spectroscopy稀土化学 Rare Earth Chemistry材料化学 Material Chemistry生物无机化学导论 Bioinorganic Chemistry配位化学 Coordination Chemistry膜模拟化学 Membrane Mimetic Chemistry晶体工程基础 Crystal Engineering催化原理 Principles of Catalysis绿色化学 Green Chemistry现代有机合成 Modern Organic Synthesis无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry物理化学 Physics Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry现代仪器分析 Modern Instrumental Analysis 现代波谱学 Modern Spectroscopy化学计量学 Chemomtrics现代食品分析 Modern Methods of Food Analysis天然产物化学 Natural Product Chemistry天然药物化学 Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry现代环境分析与监测 Analysis and Monitoring of Environment Pollution现代科学前沿选论 Literature on Frontiers of Modern Science and Technology计算机在分析化学的应用 Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry现代仪器分析技术 Modern Instrument Analytical Technique分离科学 Separation Science高等环境微生物 Advanced Environmental Microorganism海洋资源利用与开发 Utilization & Development of Ocean Resources保健食品监督评价 Evaluation and Supervision on Health Food s生物电化学 Bioelectrochemistry现代技术与中药 Modern Technology and Traditional Chinese Medicine高等有机化学 Advanced Organic Chemistry 废水处理工程 Technology of Wastewater Treatment生物与化学传感技术 Biosensors & Chemical Sensors现代分析化学研究方法 Research Methods of Modern Analytical Chemistry神经生物学 Neurobiology动物遗传工程 Animal Genetic Engineering动物免疫学 Animal Immunology动物病害学基础 Basis of Animal Disease受体生物化学 Receptor Biochemistry动物生理与分子生物学 Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry分析生物化学 Analytical Biochemistry学科前沿讲座 Lectures on Frontiers of the Discipline微生物学 Microbiology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生理学 Physiology电生理技术基础 Basics of Electricphysiological Technology生物化学 Biochemistry高级水生生物学 Advanced Aquatic Biology藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae 水生动物生理生态学 Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology水生态毒理学 Aquatic Ecotoxicology水生生物学研究进展 Advance on Aquatic Biology水环境生态学模型 Models of Water Quality 藻类生态学 Ecology in Algae生物数学 Biological Mathematics植物生理生化 Plant Biochemistry水质分析方法 Water Quality Analysis水产养殖学 Aquaculture环境生物学 Environmental Biology专业文献综述 Review on Special Information 植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology普通生态学 General Ecology 生物统计学 Biological Statistics分子遗传学 Molecular Genetics基因工程原理 Principles of Gene Engineering 高级生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry基因工程技术 Technique for Gene Engineering 基因诊断 Gene Diagnosis基因组学 Genomics医学遗传学 Medical Genetics免疫遗传学 Immunogenetics基因工程药物学 Pharmacology of Gene Engineering高级生化技术 Advanced Biochemical Technique基因治疗 Gene Therapy肿瘤免疫学 Tumour Immunology免疫学 Immunology免疫化学技术 Methods for Immunological Chemistry毒理遗传学 Toxicological Genetics分子病毒学 Molecular Virology分子生物学技术 Protocols in Molecular Biology神经免疫调节 Neuroimmunology普通生物学 Biology生物化学技术 Biochemic Technique分子生物学 Molecular Biology生殖生理与生殖内分泌 Reproductive Physiology & Reproductive Endocrinology生殖免疫学 Reproductive Immunology发育生物学原理与实验技术 Principle and Experimental Technology of Development蛋白质生物化学技术 Biochemical Technology of Protein受精的分子生物学 Molecular Biology of Fertilization免疫化学技术 Immunochemical Technology低温生物学原理与应用 Principle & Application of Cryobiology不育症的病因学 Etiology of Infertility分子生物学 Molecular Biology 分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry 医学生物化学 Medical Biochemistry 医学分子生物学 Medical Molecular Biology 医学生物化学技术Techniques of Medical Biochemistry 生化与分子生物学进展 Progresses in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 开花的艺术 Art of Flowering 蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure 分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution 生物工程下游技术 Downstream Technique ofBiotechnology 仪器分析 Instrumental Analysis 临床检验与诊断 Clinical Check-up & Diagnosis 药理学 Pharmacology。

生物相关专业外文文献（有翻译好的版本）

生物相关专业外文文献（有翻译好的版本）Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–38 Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic andsoil lters for reclamation and reuse of waterCH House BA Bergmann AM Stomp DJ FrederickDepartment of Forestry North Carolina State Uniersity Box 8008 Raleigh NC 27695 8008 USAAccepted 22 May 1998 AbstractReclamation and reuse of water and nutrients at their source provide the opportunity touse simple less costly technologies and lessens potentials for catastrophic effects due tocentralized treatment system failures The combination of multiple treatment environmentswithin constructed wetlands can provide water quality suitable for reuse A current projectin rural Chatham County NC uses simple aesthetically pleasing treatment componentsconstructed both outdoors and indoors to reclaimdomestic sewage for toilet ushinglandscape irrigation and aesthetic water features A courtyard containing constructedwetlands and a solarium with modular soil lter components and aquatic chambers aredesigned to treat sewage from within a small business facility and to provide recreationalspace for its 60 employees The combination of vertical ow and horizontal ow constructedwetlands with ll and draw controls provides the necessary environments for nitrication–denitrication removal of organic materials and phosphorus adsorption reactions Thesystem is designed to treat and reuse 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day 1 of domestic sewage fromthe business Some of the plants used are selectively bred or genetically engineered toimize their water reclamation potential Utilization of simple treatment and reusetechnology has permitted the business owner to renovate an abandoned and deterioratingschool building into a home for two thriving andinternationally based businesses and toprotect the water quality of a nearby reservoir 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV Allrights reservedKeywords Reuse Constructed wetlands Vertical ow Soil lter Fill and draw ReclamationCorresponding author0925-857499 - see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV All rights reservedPII S0925-85749800052-428 CH House et al Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–381 IntroductionAn effective nutrient management system for domestic sewage should reduceand reuse wastewater The general objective of this research project is to evaluatethe feasibility of treating and recycling 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day1 of domesticwastewater for ushing toilets Specic objectives include 1 the evaluation ofstep feed recirculation spatial aerobic and anaerobicenvironments uctuatingaerobic and anaerobic environments and zeolite absorbents for nitrogen treat-ment 2 the evaluation of brick chips as a phosphorus absorbent and nitrogenxing woody plants for phosphorus uptake and storage 3 develop a costeffectiveness analysis of on-site nitrogen and phosphorus treatment methods andon-site wastewater treatment and reuse within eastern Chatham CountyThe addition of human waste into high quality water and its disposal intoground and surface waters is not sustainable This practice makes inefcient useof water supply and simultaneously adversely impacts it Both on-site and central-ized treatment technologies can benet from the treatment and reuse of sewagenear its source On-site wastewater treatment design has evolved into a sophisti-cated technology with numerous advances but its adverse impacts onground andsurface waters as non-point sources of nitrogen phosphorus and pathogenicbacteria and virus continue Centralized treatment plants plagued by increasingdemands for expansion high cost and inconsistent funding mechanical or opera-tional failures periodically discharge partially treated wastewater into our surfacewatersMost water reuse research in the US currently focuses on irrigation of re-claimed wastewater from industrial and municipal sized systems North Carolinais just beginning to explore the potentials of water reuse Reduction of nutrientload and water volume through advanced treatment and reuse from installationswith small ows such as homes and businesses has potential to。

生物医学工程专业英语

basic English
Topic 4
Translation of Foreign Medical Devices Manual
II. Product Manual
written translation of medical divices manual； drug manual
II. Product Manual

Language Feature

1. Simple and clear words.
Instructions of medical devices should have standard and plain language,and an excessive number of words should be avoided so that all the medical workers and some users can understand.
I. Translation (Translation of EST)

To understand the form of "translation"
oral translation
face to face; timeliness、实时的 accuracy；non-common means
written translation
Accurate Aesthetic Vocative function
Language feature

Voltage ~220 volts：ensure the correct voltage of the instrument power and the mistaken access to ~380volts will cause damage to the instrument. voltage [‘vəultidʒ] n. 电压译文：电源电压220伏，仪器电源电压应确保无误（220伏）。一旦接入380伏。将会引起设备损坏。

生物科学中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献译文标题：传统意大利榛子的体外繁殖用于当地遗传资源库的稳定和保存译文：关键词：欧洲榛，榛属，传统种质，体外繁殖摘要：在地中海盆地，榛子（欧洲榛）是非常重要的一种作物。

体外繁殖能够有效的稳定当地遗传资源库。

为了提高榛子微组织繁殖实验记录的精确性，各种不同的研究已经在进行。

这些研究通常以重要的品种为材料，然而，微组织繁殖实验记录应用在这些幼小品种上比起传统方法通常会产生相反的结果，这种技术在幼小品种上很少取得成功。

本实验的目的是为重要品种微组织繁殖的操作积累相关的知识和信息。

实验过程中需要设计不同成分的培养基，灭菌时间和培养时间都要进行详细的讨论。

传统意大利品种植株茎芽中的N6-异戊烯腺嘌呤的作用是改善这种状态。

生根阶段是榛属微组织繁殖应用于大型商业生产的关键步骤。

欧洲榛在欧洲特别是生物地理分布区地中海盆地代表一种重要的经济类林木。

榛子主要产于土耳其，意大利，美国和西班牙（分别是每年55,000, 110,000, 25,000, 18,000+吨），其次是法国，希腊，葡萄牙。

大约90%的产品被去皮并且以树芯的形式卖出，然而剩余的10%则作为树苗消费。

极好的营养成分和营养制品的特性也使该物种产生很高的利润。

此外，在一些特有的栽培地区，传统和文化身份严重受榛子产量的影响，文化身份常常会促进贫瘠土地的回收和利用。

即使这样，在一些地区，这种林业作物仍然不是重要的农业资源，然而，就当地足够维持的生产式系统和作为宝贵的食物的传统而言，它却是一种有趣的收入来源。

世界第二大生产商意大利说一些传统的品种主要种植在Campania ,Latium, Piedmont,在西西里岛有大量的属典型种。

近几年，一些主要品种由于质量和传统特性获得了欧洲质量印模。

此外，这些品种还被引进其他国家特定的果园中以增大他们的生长范围。

没有经过检验的物质可能会传播疾病，也可能会导致原因不明的物质的出现。

微组织繁殖法等生物技术的应用会促进健康的合乎本性的物质的产生(Nas et al.,2004)，并且提高这种林木的经济价值。

生物专业英语中英文对照(蒋悟生版)压缩整理版

Lesson One（4学时）生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。

核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。

所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。

本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。

完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。

核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。

一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。

大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。

输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。

内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。

两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。

粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。

光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。

两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。

在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。

最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。

动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。

消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。

另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。

医学文献中英文对照

医学文献中英文对照动脉粥样硬化所导致的心脑血管疾病是目前发病率和死亡率较高的疾病之一。

在动脉粥样硬化的形成过程中, 内皮细胞病变是其中极其重要的因素，最显著的变化是动脉内皮功能紊乱, 血管内皮细胞的损伤和功能改变是动脉粥样硬化发生的起始阶段。

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is one of diseases with higher mortality and morbidity at present . In the formation of atherosclerosis, the endothelial cell lesion is one of the most important factors, in which, the most significant change is endothelial dysfunction. In addition, the injuries and the changes of vascular endothelial cells are the initial factors of atherosclerosis.许多因素会导致血管内皮细胞受损, 主要包括脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides , LPS)、炎症介质、氧自由基等。

其中脂多糖因其广泛的生物学作用, 越来越引起研究者的关注。

LPS 是一种炎症刺激物, 是革兰阴性杆菌细胞壁的主要组成成分，其通过刺激血管内皮细胞，引起其相关细胞因子和炎性因子的表达紊乱，尤其是Ca2+ 和活性氧簇(Reactive Oxygen Species , ROS的合成和释放发生改变诱导细胞氧化应激内环境紊乱。

大量研究表明, LPS 直接参与动脉粥样硬化的形成过程, 特别是动脉粥样硬化血管炎症的初始阶段, LPS可通过直接作用或间接影响的方式激活并损伤内皮细胞，从而引起血管内皮细胞形态与功能的改变。

生物医学工程专业英语词汇（精选5篇）

生物医学工程专业英语词汇（精选5篇）第一篇：生物医学工程专业英语词汇navigate ['næviɡeit] vt.驾驶，操纵；使通过；航行于high-pitched ['hai'pitʃt]adj.声调高的；声音尖锐的；紧张的；陡的echoesn.回声；共鸣；反响（echo的复数）Submarine n.潜水艇；海底生物sonar ['səunɑ:] n.声纳；声波定位仪（等于asdic）chirp 唧唧声；喳喳声；[通信] 啁啾声divided by 除以element n.元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境detect 探测probe 探针scan 扫描foetus 胎儿rendering.翻译；表现；表演；描写；打底；（建筑物等）透视图atrium 中庭，心房（atria）heart values 心脏瓣膜ventricle 室，心室wave 波wavelength 波长Doppler shift 多普勒频移stationary固定的静止的artery 动脉blood flow 血流，血流量trace 踪迹carotid 颈动脉turbulent 混乱的，骚乱的rapid 急流deposit 在···处储存cavitation 空化physiological 生理的direct correlation 直接相关dyslexia 阅读障碍Reliable data 可靠数据ongoing 前进，不间断的misdiagnosis 误诊echo sounding 回声探测characterize vt.描绘…的特性；具有…的特征submerged 水下的，在水中的diagnostic 诊断法，诊断的gallstones 胆结石breast masses 乳房包块tumors 肿瘤innovations 创新，改革gray scale 灰度，灰阶static 静态的internal organs 内脏spectral 光谱的hand-held 手提式，便携式scanner 扫描仪clinical 临床的，诊断的Sonography 超声波扫描术platform平台superior 优秀的resolution 分辨率clarity 清晰度initially 最初地therapy 治疗法chemotherapy 化学疗法Ultrasonic waves 超声波disruptive破坏的malignant 恶性的，有害的transducer传感器pulse 脉冲Disk Storage 磁盘储存器Piezoelectric Effect 压电效应electric currents 电流crystals 晶体propagate 传播，传送Receipt 接收electrical signals 电信号Insertions 插入obstetrics 产科学gynecology 妇科学，妇科医学extensively 广阔地non-invasive 非侵入性的，非侵入的pregnancy 怀孕exclude 排除，排异ectopic 异位的molar 磨碎的cardiac pulsation 心脏搏动congenital 先天性的malformations 畸形multiple pregnancies 多胎妊娠placental position 胎位abdomen 下腹gel 胶体uterus ['ju:tərəs] n.[解剖] 子宫beams 光线thin slices 薄片recompose [,ri:kəm'pəuz] vt.改组；重写；重新安排；使恢复镇静intrauterine 子宫内的implantation 移植missed abortion 过期流产gestation age 怀孕年龄gestation [dʒes'teiʃən] n.酝酿；怀孕；妊娠期due date 到期日multiple embryos多重胚胎embryos [‘embriəuz] n.胚胎；晶胚abnormalities 畸形，异样情况Down syndrome 唐氏症Hydrops 积水first trimester早期妊娠chromosomal [‘krəuməsəuməl] adj.染色体的hydrocephalus [,haidrəu‘sefələs] n.[内科] 脑积水anencephaly [æn,ensə'feiliə, ,ænen'sefəli] n.先天无脑畸形sac 囊，液囊visualized 直观的，直视的yolk sac卵黄囊diameter 直径femur ['fi:mə] n.[解剖] 股骨；大腿骨embryo 胚胎polydactyl 多指畸形dysmorphia 畸形clubbing of feet 脚部联合cleft lipn.[口腔] 唇裂；[胚][口腔] 兔唇palate ['pælit] n.味觉；上颚；趣味spina bifida [,spainə'baifid ə,-'bi-] 脊柱裂Transvaginal 经阴道的calculations 计算amplitude 振幅duration 持续Amplification 放大Scan Converter 扫描变换器Vibrate 振动anatomical 解剖的，结构上的conventional 常见的vibrations 振动共鸣amplifier 放大器compensation 补偿sequence 序列，顺序format 格式，版式matrix 矩阵matrix 格式修改storage 存储trackball 轨迹球floppy disk 软磁碟thermal printers 热感性印刷机therapeutic 治疗的blood clots 血栓kidney stones 肾结石Portability 可移植的Veterinary 兽医的Joint 关节mysterious [mi'stiəriəs] adj.神秘的；不可思议的；难解的laureate ['lɔ:riət] adj.戴桂冠的；荣誉的rotating anode 旋转阳极fluoroscopic 荧光静的image intensifier 图像增强器fluoroscopy 荧光镜检查radiography 放射线照相术mammography 乳房x线照相术electromagnetic [i,lektrəumæɡ‘netik] adj.电磁的radiation [reidi'eiʃən] n.辐射；发光；放射物Emitted v.排放（emit的过去分词）；发散charged particles带电粒子photons ['fəu,təns] n.光子；光量.penetrate ['penitreit] vt.洞察;穿透charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] n.费用；电荷；掌管decelerate 减速collision 冲突target 目标，靶子braking radiation 制动辐射bombarding 急袭的，爆炸的vacancy 空缺，空位electron [i'lektrɔn] n.电子material [mə'tiəriəl] adj.重要的；物质的accelerated 加速的Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射region 地区electromagnetic spectrum 电磁谱elastically [i'læstikli] adv.有弹性地；伸缩自如地Rebounding 弹回Photoelectric 光电的Compton Scattering 康普顿散射Pair Production 电子偶的产生Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射coherent [kəu'hiərənt] adj.连贯的，一致的 dominant ['dɔminənt] adj.显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的interaction processes 互动过程relevant 有关的cross-sections 横截面Photoelectric absorption光电吸收linear attenuation coefficient线性衰减系数probability of ···的概率Avogadro [avɔ'gadrɔ] n.阿佛加德罗radiation intensity 辐射强度traversing 穿过，通过thickness 厚度molecule 分子Ionisation 电离作用release 释放free radicals 自由基，游离基hydrogen ['haidrədʒən] n.[化学] 氢peroxide [pə'rɔksaid] n.过氧化氢；过氧化物excited molecules 受激分子Barium meal钡餐Flat Panel 扁平面板Formation 形成，构造incident 附带的Subject contrast 受照者对比度Sharpness 清晰度shortened form简称absorption 吸收anatomical structure 解剖结构density 密度contrast medium 放射照影剂kilovoltage 千伏电压filtration 过滤predominate 支配，主宰，在···中占优势Hence 因此，今后Primary beam 初级束流signal to noise ratio 信噪比collimate 校准，瞄准proportion 比例tray 托盘receptor 受体，接收器air gap 气隙oblique 倾斜的geometry 几何学image formation 成像，图像形成Point source 点声源Infinite 无限的finite 有限的Penumbra 半影Focal spot 电子焦点，焦斑Penetration 参透，突破target angle 目标夹角loading capacity 负荷容量gradient 梯度，坡度，倾斜度inherent 固有的，内在的Quantum noise 量子噪声Grainy 粒状的exposure factors曝光系数at this stage 眼下scope 视野Cine电影；电影院Spot 地点，现场spot film 【放射学】缩影片；点片Curtain 幕；窗帘Slotn.位置；狭槽。

生物医学工程专业英语

生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语
• 2.4 • 论文摘要的写作首先要学会模仿，然后是要遵循规定。可以根据自己的情况，采用翻译式的写法，即先写好中文摘要，然后翻译成英文摘要，这是初学者常采用的方法。 • 2.4.1 • 2.4.2 • 2.4.3 《Science》 • 2.4.4 《Nature》 • 2.5 写作摘要的10
生物医学工程专业英语
• 4.5 专业论文的检索与三大检索——SCI、 EI、ISTP • 三大检索——SCI、EI、ISTP的全称分别如
• SCI——Science Citation Index《科学引文索引》 • EI——Engineering Index《工程索引》 • ISTP——Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings《科技会议录索引》 • 4.5.1 科学引文索引SCI
生物医学工程专业英语
图1.1 IEEE-BMES Information Page-Field of Interest
生物医学工程专业英语
• 1.2 • 在国家自然科学基金委员会NSFC的分类管理中，生物医学工程属生命科学部四处管理，生命科学四处的资助范围包括：神经科学（神经生物学、神经病学和精神病学）、心理学、生物医学工程学、医学影像学和放射医学。 • 1.3 • 1.3.1 • 1.3.2
生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语
• 不同的刊物，对论文的结构有不同的要求。这里以介绍生物医学工程专业期刊的论文结构为主，适当介绍其他期刊，特别是综合科技期刊的论文结构。 • 4.2.1 IEEE-EMBS • IEEE-EMBS的出版物（publications）分为图书和专业期刊。 • 4.2.2 刊物名称和编辑部联系方式 • 刊物名称和编辑部联系方式如表4.1

医学文献翻译(中英对照)

Current usage of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis and treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysmsKenichi Amagasaki MD, Nobuyasu Takeuchi MD, Takashi Sato MD, Toshiyuki Kakizawa MD, Tsuneo Shimizu MD Kanto Neurosurgical Hospital, Kumagaya, Saitama, JapanSummary Our previous study suggested that 3D-CT angiography could replace digital subtraction (DS) angiography in most cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms, especially in the anterior circulation. This study reviewed our further experience. One hundred and fifty patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were treated between November 1998 and March 2002. Only 3D-CT angiography was used for the preoperative work-up study in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms, unless the attending neurosurgeons agreed that DS angiography was required.Both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography were performed in patients with posterior circulation aneurysms, except for recent cases that were possibly treated with 3D-CT angiography alone. One hundred sixteen (84%) of 138 patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms underwent surgical treatment, but additional DS angiography was required in 22 cases (16%).Only two recent patients were treated surgically with 3D-CT angiography alone in 12 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms. Most patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms could be treated successfully after 3D-CT angiography alone. However, additional DS angiography is still necessary in atypical cases. 3D-CT angiography may be limited to complementary use in patients with ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms.a 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: 3D-CT angiography, cerebral aneurysm, subarachnoid haemorrhage, surgeryINTRODUCTIONRecently, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) angiography has become one of the major tools for the identification of cerebral aneurysms because it is faster, less invasive, and more convenient than cerebral angiography.1–7 Patients with ruptured aneurysms could be treated under diagnoses based on only 3D-CT angiography.5;6 3D-CT angiography has some limitations for the preoperative work-up for ruptured cerebral aneurysms, so additional digital subtraction (DS) angiography is still necessary, especially for aneurysms in the posterior circulation.8 Our previous studysuggested that 3D-CT angiography could replace DS angiography in most patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms in the anterior circulation.1 This study reviewed our experience of treating ruptured cerebral aneurysms in the anterior and posterior circulations based on 3D-CT angiography in 150 consecutive patients to assess the current usage of 3D-CT angiography.METHODS AND MATERIALPatient populationWe treated 150 patients, 60 men and 90 women aged from 23 to 80 years (mean 57.5 years), with ruptured cerebral aneurysm identified by 3D-CT angiography between November 1998 and March 2002.Managementof casesThe presence of nontraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was confirmed by CT or lumbar puncture findings of xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid. 3D-CT angiography was performed routinely in all patients. DS angiography was performed in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms only if additional information was considered necessary following a consensus interpretation of the initial CT and 3D-CT angiography by four neurosurgeons. Patients with rupturedaneurysms in the posterior circulation underwent both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography except for two recent patients with typical vertebral arteryposterior inferior cerebellar artery (VA-PICA) aneurysm.Typical saccular aneurysms were treated by clipping surgery. Fusiform and dissecting aneurysms were treated by proximal occlusion by either surgery or endovascular treatment with or without bypass surgery. Regrowth of bleeding aneurysms was treated by either surgery or endovascular treatment. Postoperatively, all patients were managed with aggressive prevention and treatment of vasospasm including intra-arterial infusion of papaverine or transluminal angioplasty.3D-CT angiography acquisition and postprocessing CT angiography was performed with a spiral CT scanner (CT-W 3000 AD; Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan). Acquisition used a standard technique starting at the foramen magnum, with injection of 130 ml of nonionic contrast material (Omnipaque; Daiichi Pharmaceutical,Tokyo, Japan). The source images of each scan were transferred to an off-line computer workstation (VIP station; Teijin System Technology, Japan). Bothvolume-rendered images and maximum intensity projection images of the cerebral arteries were constructed. The anteriorcirculation and posterior circulation were evaluated separately on the volume-rendered images, after a general superior view was obtained. The anterior circulation was evaluated by first observing the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) by rotating the view, and then each side of the carotid system by rotating the image with editing out of the contralateral carotid artery. The posterior circulation was also evaluated by rotating the image but without editing out of any vessel. Once a possible rupture site was found, the view was zoomed and closely rotated with the other vessels edited out. Theaneurysm size was measured on 3D-CT angiography as the larger of the length of the dome or the width of the neck. Manipulation was performed by the scanner technician, with a neurosurgeon to provide editing assistance.DS angiography acquisitionStandard selective three- or four-vessel DS angiograms with frontal, lateral, and oblique projections were obtained. The 3D-CT angiogram was always available as a guide for possible additional DS angiography projections. Aneurysm size was measured with DS angiography when the quality of 3D-CT angiography was inadequate. All patients except elderly patients or patients in severe condition underwent DSangiography postoperatively.Grading of patientsThe clinical conditions of the patients at admission were classified according to the Hunt and Kosnik grade.9 Clinical outcome was determined at 3 months according to the Glasgow OutcomeScale.10RESULTSThe aneurysm locations and sizes are shown in Table 1. One hundred sixteen (84%) of 138 cases of aneurysms in the anterior circulation were treated after only 3D-CT angiography, and 22 cases (16%) required additional DS angiography. Ten of 12 cases of aneurysms in the posterior circulation required both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography, but two recent cases of typical VA-PICA aneurysm were clipped after only 3D-CT angiography (Fig.1). The first 10 of the 22 cases in the anterior circulation, which required additional DS angiography were described previously, 1 so the most recent 12 patients are listed in Table 2. These recent cases included some atypical aneurysms. Cases 6 and 8 had a fusiform aneurysm of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Additional DS angiography was performed to obtain haemodynamic information. ICA trapping with superficialtemporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was performed in Case 6 because the atherosclerotic arteries failed to demonstrate the balloon occlusion test (Fig. 2). ICA occlusion by endovascular treatment was performed in Case 8 because the patient could tolerate the balloon occlusion test. Cases 4, 9, and 10 suffered regrowth of bleeding aneurysms after clipping surgery. Clip artifacts prevented evaluation of the ruptured site as well as identification of de novo aneurysms in these cases (Fig. 3). Surgical clipping was performed in Cases 4 and 10 and endovascular treatment in Case 9. Case 11 had an ACoA aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (Fig. 4). DS angiography was performed to evaluate the AVM. Case 12 had a large ICA-posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm, and additional DS angiography was performed because the PCoA could not be detected by 3D-CT angiography (Fig. 5). Cases 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 presented with small aneurysms, and DS angiography was performed to exclude other lesions as well as to obtain information about the proximal ICA for patients with supraclinoid type aneurysms.Table 1 Distribution and size of cerebral aneurysms in 150 consecutive patientsSite No. of patientsAnterior circulation 138ICA (supraclinoid) 3ICA bifurcation 1ICA-OphA 3ICA-PCoA 39 (1) ICA fusiform 2ACoA 50Distal ACA 4MCA 36 (1) Posterior circulation 12PCA 1BA tip 3BA-SCA 1BA trunk 1 (1) VA-PICA 3VA dissecting 3 (1) Size (mm)<5 42P5 to <12 99P12 9Number in parentheses indicates patients who underwent endovascular treatment.OphA, ophthalmic artery; ACA, anterior cerebral artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; BA, basilar artery; SCA, superior cerebellar artery.Table 2 Twelve patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms whounderwent additional DS angiographyCase No. Location Size (mm)1 lt. ICA-PCoA 3.12 ACoA 2.23 lt. ICA supraclinoid 1.64 lt. ICA-PCoA 7.85 lt. ICA supraclinoid 2.46 lt. ICA (fusiform) 11.87 lt. ICA-PCoA 3.28 rt. ICA (fusiform) 18.89 lt. MCA 9.610 lt. ICA-PCoA 10.511 ACoA 10.112 lt. ICA-PCoA 18.2The surgical findings correlated well with the 3D-CT angiography or DS angiography. Table 3 shows the condition on admission and outcome at 3 months after surgery. Some patients with good grades on admission died of severe spasm, acute brain swelling, or poor general condition, but these outcomes were not related to the preoperative radiological information. DISCUSSIONThe present study of ruptured aneurysms in both anterior and posterior circulations found that the indications for additional DS angiography in the anterior circulation are similar to that found previously, but we experienced some new atypical cases. Treatment of fusiform aneurysms depends on the haemodynamic information, which could only be obtained by DS angiography. ACoA aneurysm associated with AVM, although the initial CT indicated that the aneurysm had bled, required accurate evaluation of the AVM prior to surgery. Clip artifacts affected 3D-CT angiography in cases of recurrent SAH after clipping surgery, so 3DCT angiography is not indicated for such cases.3D-CT angiography was only of complementary use in most of the 12 cases of posterior circulation aneurysms. Only two cases oftypical VA-PICA aneurysms were treated based on only 3D-CT angiography. Typical basilar artery-superior cerebellar artery and VA-PICA aneurysms can be treated surgically after only 3D-CT angiography. DS angiography should always be performed for basilar tip aneurysms to evaluate the perforating arteries nearby as well as assess the vessel tortuosity for the possibility of endovascular treatment. Treatment of VA dissecting aneurysms needs information about the true and false lumens of the VA which requires DS angiography. The small population of posterior circulation aneurysms in this study indicates that the variation of aneurysms as well as the treatment choices in the posterior circulation require DS angiography in most cases.In our series, most aneurysms measured 5–12 mm, and typical saccular aneurysms of that size could be treated after 3D-CT angiography. However, there were problems with some large aneurysms. DS angiography was not necessary if the neck and nearby arteries of a large aneurysm were clearly detected. DS angiography was necessary in two cases of large aneurysms. A case of large ophthalmic artery aneurysm was located close to the anterior clinoid process.1 Small PCoA aneurysms may not be detected by 3D-CT angiography, but the artery would not bedifficult to observe during the operation. In our case of a large PCoA aneurysm, DS angiography was performed because the large neck would prevent intraoperative observation of the PCoA.Although not experienced in our series, treatment including bypass surgery for some large or giant aneurysms will require the haemodynamic information provided by DS angiography. Some small aneurysms (less than 4 mm) required additional DS angiography. 3D-CT angiography may be better for detecting small aneurysm than DS angiography.11;12 However, we suggest DS angiography is still necessary in the following cases. Firstly, compatibility of the initial CT scan and aneurysm location by 3DCT angiography is important. Patients with ruptured aneurysm and asymmetrical SAH with laterality compatible with the rupture site present no problem. However, we cannot always depend on the initial CT scans if the SAH is diffuse or symmetrical, especially if ACoA aneurysm or basilar tip aneurysm is not found the responsible lesion. DS angiography is more useful to exclude other lesions because of the smooth opacification of the vessels.Secondly, cases with small aneurysm located on the supraclinoid portion require proximal ICA control during the operation. DSangiography is necessary to provide information about the haemodynamics including the cross circulation.Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is potentially the only modality required for preoperative assessment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms.13 However, MR imaging is time-consuming and access to MR scanners may be restricted. Patients could be in an unstable condition in the very early period of SAH, so that the emergent condition of the patients could be much easier to manage in the CT facility. On the other hand, MR angiography does reduce the use of contrast medium, so is a safe diagnostic tool.MR angiography may be the best modality for diagnosis in patients with good grade presenting several days after the onset, because the risk of rerupture falls with time.3D-CT angiography has been used to analyze the anatomical structures for surgery.14;15 Information about the venous and arterial structures near the aneurysm are preferable, but do not always reflect the findings of DS angiography. Normal anatomical structures, such as perforating arteries and veins, are likely to be encountered during surgery although not detected clearly by 3D-CT angiography.This study of the overall management of ruptured cerebralaneurysms with 3D-CT angiography and additional DS angiography indicates that more patients with anterior circulation aneurysms will be treated after only 3D-CT angiography except for the following cases requiring additional DS angiography: Aneurysms close to bone structures, such as an ICA-ophthalmic artery aneurysm; fusiform aneurysms, and large or giant aneurysms requiring accurate neck information and haemodynamic information for bypass surgery; patients with discrepancies between the distribution of SAH on CT and the location of the aneurysm, especially small aneurysms, to exclude other lesions; small aneurysms located on the supraclinoid portion of ICA, which require information about haemodynamics and proximal ICA control; regrowth of aneurysms that leads clip artifacts; and aneurysms associated with AVM in related locations. A clear conclusion about patients with posterior circulation aneurysms cannot be reached because of the small population. Typical basilar artery-superior cerebellar artery and VA-PICA aneurysms can be treated surgically after only 3D-CT angiography, but 3D-CT angiography may be limited to complementary use for basilar tip aneurysms and other posterior circulation aneurysms because of the need for close observation of nearby perforating arteries and the possibility ofendovascular treatment. Dissecting aneurysm, which is often observed in the VA, requires DS angiography to detect true and false lumens.REFERENCES1. Amagasaki K, Sato T, Kakizawa T, Shimizu T. Treatment of ruptured anterior circulation aneurysm based on computerized tomography angiography: surgical results and indications for additional digital subtraction angiography. J Clin Neurosci 2002; 9: 22–29.2. Anderson GB, Steinke DE, Petruk KC, Ashforth R, Findlay JM. Computed tomographic angiography versus digital subtraction angiography for the diagnosis and early treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1999; 45: 1315–1322.3. Hsiang JN, Liang EY, Lam JM, Zhu XL, Poon WS. The role of computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms and emergent aneurysm clipping. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 481–487.4. Lenhart M, Bretschneider T, Gmeinwieser J, Ullrich OW, Schlaier J, Feuerbach S. Cerebral CT angiography in the diagnosis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Radiol 1997; 38: 791–796.5. Matsumoto M, Sato M, Nakano M et al. Three-dimensionalcomputerized tomography angiography-guided surgery of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 718–727.6. Velthuis BK, Van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Van Der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ. Computerized tomography angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: from aneurysm detection to treatment without conventional angiography. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: 761–767.7. Zouaoui A, Sahel M, Marro B et al. Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography in detection of cerebral aneurysms in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 125–130.8. Carvi y Nievas MN, Haas E, Hollerhage HG, Drathen C. Complementary use of computed tomographic angiography in treatment planning for posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 1283–1289.9. Hunt WE, Kosnik EJ. Timing and perioperative care in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Clin Neurosurg 1974; 21: 78–79.10. Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484.11. Hashimoto H, Iida J, Hironaka Y, Okada M, Sakaki T. Use of spiral computerized tomography angiography in patients withsubarachnoid hemorrhage in whom subtraction angiography did not reveal cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 278–283.12. Takabatake Y, Uno E, Wakamatsu K et al. Thethree-dimensional CT angiography findings of ruptured aneurysms hardly detectable by repeated cerebral angiography. No Shinkei Geka 2000; 28: 237–243 (Jpn).13. Watanabe Z, Kikuchi Y, Izaki K, Watanabe K et al. The usefulness of 3D MR angiography in surgery for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Surg Neurol 2001; 55: 359–364.14. Kaminogo M, Hayashi H, Ishimaru Het al. Depicting cerebral veins by three-dimensional CT angiography before surgical clipping of aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 85–91.15. Velthuis BK, van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, van der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ. Surgical anatomy of the cerebral arteries in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of computerized tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography. J Neurosurg 2001; 95: 206–212.三维CT血管造影对破裂脑动脉瘤的诊断和治疗的当前应用Kenichi Amagasaki MD, Nobuyasu Takeuchi MD, Takashi Sato MD, Toshiyuki Kakizawa MD, Tsuneo Shimizu MD Kanto Neurosurgical Hospital, Kumagaya, Saitama, Japan摘要我们以往的研究表明，3D-CT血管造影破裂脑动脉瘤大多数情况下，可以取代（DS）的数字减影造影，尤其是前循环的动脉瘤。

生物医学工程专业外文文献翻译

生物医学工程专业外文文献翻译
引言
本文对生物医学工程领域的外文文献进行了翻译，旨在介绍该
领域的最新研究进展和技术应用。

文献一：生物医学传感器的发展趋势
这篇文献探讨了生物医学传感器在医学领域中的应用，并展望
了其未来的发展趋势。

生物医学传感器具有实时监测生理参数、提
供个性化医疗服务和远程医疗监护等优势。

未来发展方向包括材料
创新、信号处理技术和无线通信等方面。

文献二：生物医学影像技术的应用
本文介绍了生物医学影像技术在诊断、治疗和疾病预防方面的
应用。

生物医学影像技术包括X射线、CT、MRI等多种成像技术，能够提供准确的疾病诊断和治疗监测。

当前的研究重点是提高成像
分辨率、减少辐射剂量以及开发新的成像技术和算法。

文献三：生物医学工程在假肢设计中的应用
这篇文献探讨了生物医学工程在假肢设计方面的应用。

生物医
学工程技术可以提供个性化的假肢设计解决方案，使假肢更加舒适、适应性更强，并提高使用者的生活质量。

目前的研究重点包括材料
的选择、运动控制技术和传感器应用等方面。

结论
生物医学工程领域的外文文献介绍了生物医学传感器、生物医
学影像技术和假肢设计等方面的最新研究进展和应用。

未来的发展
方向包括技术创新、材料研发和信号处理等方面，将会进一步推动
生物医学工程在医学领域的应用和发展。

生物工程专业外文文献翻译毕业论文[管理资料]

英文原文Monascus in the liquor industryAbstract: Monascus alcohol brewing directions and prospects, the of Monascus este rification capacity in the production of liquor in the liquor fermentation waste yellow serofluid and secondary fermentation metabolites in the liquor industry the application of Monascus has a strong the esterification power and capacity of the fermentation of sugar, and also produce a variety of useful secondary metabolites on the human body, used for white wine fermentation production can increase the liquor rate and ethyl ac etate content to increase the nutritional value of wine, but also to deal with solid-state fermentation of the liquor waste yellow jiangshui produce ester balsam Looking Mon ascus in the liquor industry prospects at the same time as the white wine flavor substa ncesKeywords: liquor; Monascus; ester cyclaseMonascus in liquor productionMonascus esterification capacity in liquor productionLuzhou-flavor Fen and phoenix flavor of wine flavor composition and content of ethy l caproate and ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate esters in the wine, especially the level of eth yl caproate content in the liquor closely related to the quality and flavor of the wine, a nd the generation of these esters with esterase or esterase microbial production are ins eparable, some Monascus has a strong esterification of hexanoic acid and ethanol, eth yl caproate ability to use esterification to improve wine ester content of the hot spots o f the wine industry in recent years, research in the liquor more applications are more widelyesterification DaquDue to the impact of natural conditions and koji technology, the traditional fragrant D aqu widespread problem of low enzyme activity in ester, can not be reached or a long er period of time of fermentation in order to achieve a fragrant white wine aroma requ ire Monascus higher esterification capacity, can also produce a variety of organic acid s such as lactic acid succinic acid, etc., in the ordinary wine yeast the esterification str ong red yeast aroma of yeast and other microorganisms, and to change the song in the yeast, mold and bacteria and other the proportion of the number of functional micro-o rganisms in the synergy of the three with less fermentation time to produce more arom a substances to improve the quality of the wine in ChinaExcellent liquor distiller's yeast, often isolated from Monascus, especially bran liquor brewing Fen Fen Daqu saccharification and fermentation agent, add Monascus made not add Monascus saccharification and fermentation agent out more wine, more lastin g aroma and aftertaste have a greater increase in total esters and total acid content in t he lingering wine.red yeast crude enzyme preparation in the liquorMonascus produce a variety of intracellular extracellular enzymes, such as protease es ter enzyme amylase glucoamylase fermentation of Monascus culture crude extract, yo u can get a crude enzyme preparation contains a variety of enzymes in the fermentatio n process so Monascus added directly to the distiller's yeast can be used as a fermentat ion fungi can also be crude enzyme preparation as a catalyst, wine production esterific ation fluid generated by fermentation late, after 80 days of fermentation, so full bodie d, mellow and cool net. Enzyme preparation deficiencies, such as the little effect the a ctivity of unstable and low cost is slightly higher, so with the help of existing engineer ing ester enzyme purification, preparation of a stable and low-cost complex enzyme e sterified enzyme preparations in the liquor industry wide range of applications, can beformed after the technology is mature and complete bio-ester balsam industry, driven benign exhibitions of the liquor industry, the objective economic and social benefits.2 Monascus liquor fermentation waste yellow serofluidThe yellow serofluid leaching slurry in the fermentation process in the solid-state fer mentation liquor production, the yellow serofluid contain a certain amount of ester alc ohols and aldehydes, such as aroma substances also contain sugars and nitrogen comp ounds, ethyl lactate content is very high, can be used to improve the quality of liquor t o improve the flavor precursor of synthetic fragrance, in addition to containing a certa in amount of lactic acid bacteria of butyric acid bacteria and yeast and other microorg anisms Song River winery Ren Luhai. Monascus be applied using a the yellow seroflu id esterification, make the yellow serofluid in total ester content increased, hexanoic a cid ethyl ester also increased such as Zhuang famous red starter esterified enzyme to p roduce crude enzyme preparation of the bacteria produced yellow water tail wine win e tasting for the substrate enzymatic esterification of esterified liquid string steamed fe rmented grains, ethyl caproate content increased more than doubled, steamed string fe rmented wine fermented grains to ferment wine fermented grains string does not stea m the effect of many small and medium-sized wine yellow water did not getGood use, reduce the economic benefits of natural emissions may also cause environ mental pollution, in-depth research in this area, to fully extract the useful trace elemen ts, suitably used in the blending and flavoring of the liquor, not only to reduce direct e missions environmental pollution, but also can improve the quality of the base wine, make the yellow jiangshui esterification liquid waste for treasure yellow serofluid este rified enzyme treatment, by precipitation filtration and decoloration treated yellow jia ngshui esterification fluid use direct blending white wine, can improve the quality of wine and quality rate, and substantially reduce production costs in the alcohol and wat er, mixedThe esterification the yellow serofluid the treated liquid added to the solution together with the tail, about the use of the ordinary liquor and high-quality wine, wine exempt from chemical synthetic perfume perfumer floating incense, so that the natural flavor of the wine quality, which can be reach ordinary Daqu yellow water fermentation prod uction of esterification solution can effectively improve quality, increase efficiency an d can reduce the environmental pollution caused by improper application of the yello w water is a fully staffed technology.3 secondary fermentation metabolites in the liquor industryRed yeast rice containing the Monascus produce a variety of useful primary level met abolites, such as separable from Monascus can produce potent inhibitors of cholestero l synthesis of active substances, and clinically proven to significantly lower cholestero l efficacy of Monascus in the growth The process can produce strong activity of gluco amylase and protease, the application of red yeast in wine fermentation, can make red yeast metabolism of a variety of active substances dissolved in the red liquor, add win e nutrition and health functions from the following section describes the pharmacologi cal effects of Monascus metabolitesand its mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol synthesisCompounds in red yeast rice has been found and confirmed a significant inhibition of cholesterol synthesis activity of the human body in the vast majority of cholesterol sy nthesis by itself, the entire biosynthetic pathway reductase is a key enzyme to control the synthesis of speed, and therefore inhibit the enzyme activity is one of the key to re ducing cholesterol synthesismonacolin substances as a natural inhibitor of the reductase, can significantly reduce c holesterol synthesis, in addition, the specificity of cell surface LDL receptor synthesisrate and intracellular cholesterol was negatively correlated human body cholesterol co ntent decreased, prompting the receptor within the cell membrane and increased vitalit y, to further reduce LDL and triglyceride levels, showing significantly lower serum tot al cholesterol and lowering blood lipids rolehypolipidemic effect on the cardiovascular systemEffectively reduce human serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride l evels, while elevated serum levels of HDL, has a potent effect on lowering body chole sterol synthesis in the liver, through clinical observation that these compounds with a high degree of liver selectivity, effective role in the liver, and thus play the role of reg ulation of blood lipids, reduce fatty liver butyric acid also has a good blood pressure l owering effectprotective effectsThe class of compounds with better renal protective effect of glomerulonephritis and c hronic renal insufficiency prevention has been an important issue for kidney disease r esearch areas to inhibit the activation of mesangial cells proliferation and inflammator y mediators secretion is the treatment of renal inflammation and glomerular sclerosis of mesangial cell proliferation, can lead to excessive generation and accumulation of e xtracellular matrix, and eventually lead to glomerulosclerosis pharmacological studies have shown a significant inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation and cell outside m atrix secretion in the role of these findings to the class of compounds, and red yeast ri ce in the prevention and treatment of kidney disease, providing a better clinical value and application prospectOutlookRed yeast rice is a traditional product of China and its neighboring countries, since an cient times that the power of Medicinal and Edible Throughout the decades of develo pment, after the wine has been more mature Monascus Pigment Monascus 1750s, the Monascus research has been extended to the lipid lowering blood pressure and other p hysiological active substances in the liquor industry, Monascus, the use of multiple pr otease ester enzyme amylase and glucoamylase enzymes to improve the wine yield an d liquor Hong gas has greatly improved the economic efficiency of the liquor industry with a variety of secondary metabolites of Monascus into the wine, the wine camp The value of raising health improved, more conducive to the development of a new li quor product is currently not much for Monascus in the liquor industry, we should sei ze this opportunity to conduct in-depth study of its application, to open up China's liq uor industry, the development of new directionReferences1. Ross, P., Mayer, R., and Benziman, M. 1991, Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria, Microbiol. Rev.,55, 35-58.2. Matthysse, A. G., White, S., and Lightfoot, R. 1995,Genes required for cellulose synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, J. Bacteriol., 177, 1069-1075.in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, J. Bacteriol., 177, 1069-1075.3. Wong, H. C , Fear, A. L., Calhoon, R. D., Eichinger,G. H., Mayer, R., Amikam, D., Benziman, M., Gelfand,D. H., Meade, J. H., Emerich, A. W., Bruner, R.,Ben-Bassat, A., and Tal, R. 1990, Genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon inAcetobacter xylinum,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 8130-8134.4. Saxena, I. M., Lin, F. C., and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1990,Cloning and sequencing of the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene of Acetobacter xylinum, Plant Mol. Biol.,15, 673-684.5. Saxena, I. M., Lin, F. C, and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1991,Identification of a new gene in an operon for cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum, Plant Mol. Biol., 16,947-954.6. Saxena, I. M., Kudlicka, K., Okuda, K., and Brown, . M. 1994, Characterization of genes in the cellulose-synthesizing operon (acs operon) of Acetobacter xylinum;Implications for cellulose crystallization, J. Bacteriol.,176, 5735-5752.7. Saxena, I. M. and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1995. Identification of a second cellulose synthase gene (acsAII) in Acetobacter xylinum, J. Bacteriol, 177, 5276-5283.8. Obata, Y., Hirano, A., Ikeuchi, M. et al. 1993, Cloning of cellulose synthetase genes from Acetobacter xylinum JCM 7664, XV International Botanical Congress, Abstracts 8240.9. Masaoka, S., Ohe, T., and Sakota, N. 1993, Production of cellulose from glucose by Acetobacter xylinum, J. Fermentation Bioengineering, 75, 18-22.10. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 1989,Molecular cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.11. Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. 1990, Basic local alignment search tool, . Biol., 215, 403-410.12. Tonouchi, N., Tahara, N., Kojima, Y., Nakai, T., Sakai,F., Hayashi, T., Tsuchida, T., and Yoshinaga, F. 1997,A beta-glucosidase gene downstream of the cellulose syn-thase operon in cellulose-producing Acetobacter, . Biochem., 61, 1789-1790.13. Huang, L. N., Hseu, T. H., and Lee, Y. J. 1995, EMBL Accession Number U38661.英文翻译红曲霉在白酒行业中的应用摘要:为了研究红曲霉在酒类酿造中的应用方向及前景，介绍了红曲霉的酯化能力在白酒生产中的应用在白酒发酵废液黄浆水中的应用和次级发酵代谢产物在白酒行业的应用，说明红曲霉具有较强的酯化力和发酵糖份的能力，同时还产生多种对人体有益的次级代谢产物，用于白酒的发酵生产，可以提高出酒率及乙酸乙酯的含量，增加酒的营养保健价值，还可处理白酒固态发酵产生的废弃物黄浆水产生酯香液作为白酒风味物质同时展望了红曲霉在白酒行业的应用前景。

生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译(八)

第八章动物细胞培养获得的产品及生产过程8.1历史尽管很多研究者很早以前曾经研究在试管中培养的动物细胞的性质，最早将这类细胞应用于实际生产的是J.F.Eeders，他在1949年发表文献，说明脊髓灰质炎病毒可以在灵长类的神经组织或其它组织中生长。

导致这一开创性成果的出现可以简要概括如下。

早在1880年，Annold发现白细胞可以在体外分裂，随后又有人发现，动物离体组织在浸泡在血清、淋巴或腹水等组织液中可以生长。

通过R.Harrison发明的悬滴培养法是一个转折点，其方法是将蝌蚪脊髓放入特殊的中空的载玻片，里面装入淋巴液，上面用盖玻片封住。

Correl又对这项工作进行拓展，他发展出一种巧妙的方法，可以使培养细胞保持不受外来杂菌的污染，这在当时很少有人能够做到。

再后来，培养基中加入促进细胞生长的物质，到了1928年，能够在试管中培养的鸡胚或小鼠的碎组织中使病毒生长，这些方法被Enders借鉴，他和他的同事在培养过程中使用了刚刚在10年前发明的抗生素，这对他的试验大有帮助。

在20世纪50年代初期，Salk通过滚管培养猴肾组织或睾丸组织的方法制成了脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗。

这种方法建立起来以后，其它疫苗也通过鸡胚或灵长类胚细胞生产。

8.2 从动物培养细胞中获得产品的类型动物病毒至今仍然是从动物细胞培养中获得的最多的商业产品。

目前，每年大约生产1.5×109剂量的口蹄疫病毒疫苗，针对家禽新城病和马克莱氏病的疫苗数量与之相当。

人类病毒疫苗每年的投药量每年不超过108剂量。

生产干扰素的方法仍然处于发展中，将来会接近或超过动物疫苗的规模，但是现在而言，从特殊合成的杂交瘤中提取的免疫生物制剂仍然是人们不熟悉的领域，然而，这方面无疑将是未来十年会取得重要进展的领域。

8.3产品获得的方法综述从动物细胞培养物中获得产品的基本路线已经在图中列出。

基本上有三个时期组成。

第一个时期是准备期，第二个时期涉及到动物细胞的培养。