名词知识点

一、名词

(一) 知识概要

名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。

(二) 正误辨析

［误］Please give me a paper.

［正］Please give me a piece of paper.

［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.

［误］Please give me two letter papers.

［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.

［析］paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.

［误］My glasses is broken.

［正］My glasses are broken.

［误］I want to buy two shoes.

［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.

［析］英语中glasses—眼镜，shoes—鞋，trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.

［误］May I borrow two radioes?

［正］May I borrow two radios?

［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.

［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.

［正］This is Mary's dictionary.

［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。

［误］There are much people in the garden.

［正］There are many people in the garden.

［析］可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.

［误］I want a few water.

［正］I want a little water.

［析］不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。

［误］Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.

［正］Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.

［误］Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.

［正］Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.

［误］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.

［正］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.

［析］集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。

［正］Don't eat too much meat.

［误］Food in that restaurant is very good.

［正］The food in that restaurant is very good.

［析］物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.

［误］Please give me two waters.

［正］Please give me two glasses of water.

［正］Please give me two coffees.

［析］物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词， 如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,

a piece of bread,a box of sugar,

a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,

a bag of earth

例：I'll tell you a piece of good news.

但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.

［误］Can you give me the newspaper of today?

［正］Can you give me today's newspaper?

［析］加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.

［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.

［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.

［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，

如：room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林

［误］There is a flowers garden behind my house.

［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.

［析］名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。

［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.

［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.

［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

［误］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.

［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.

［析］英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：thanks, greens，而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布，sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。

［误］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.

［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.

［析］英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.

［误］We have five German in this meeting.

［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.

［析］英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。