篇章翻译与衔接连贯

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1. Lexical cohesion: synonymy and collocation 1.Synonymy: It refers to the lexical chain made up of synonym, near synonym, superordinate, hyponym and general word. In practice, the recognition of the lexical chain is a guarantee of correct translation. 2. collocation It refers to the words in a text whose meanings are related by the context though they may have different meanings in other texts. If we know this clearly, we can correctly understand the meaning of some seemingly irrelevant or difficult words, and thus translate the text properly
• 无锡是南方江苏省的一个小城，位于南京和上海之间。早 在六千年前，就有一个原始部落在此定居。现在的无锡始 建于公元前二世纪，当时在城西南的西山开采出了锡矿。 锡矿发现后，人们就把这个地方称为 "有锡"。天长日久， 锡矿挖完了，"有锡"便改成了"无锡"。 • Wuxi, located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai, is a medium-sized city in Jiangsu Province, East China. Inhabited as early as 6,000 years ago by a tribe, it developed into a city in the 2nd century B. C. The city was formerly called "youxi", literally meaning "where there is tin" because, according to traditional account, tin was discovered in Xishan Hill, southwest of the city. After the tin had been mined out, the name of the city "youxi" gave way to "wuxi", meaning "where there is no tin any more". • Note: Pronouns, similar words, conjunctions are used to achieve coherence and cohesion in translation.
• (2). He had a pair of yellow, carpet slippers which he enjoyed wearing, and this he would immediately substitute for his solid pair of shoes. This, and washing his face with the aid of common toilet soap until it glowed a shiny red, constituted his only preparation for his evening meal. • 他有一双黄绒拖鞋，是他喜欢穿的，他总 是立即拿出来换下脚上的硬皮鞋。换了鞋， 用普通香皂洗脸，擦得面孔又红又亮，这 就是他在晚饭前的准备工作。
Lecture 12 Textual Cohesion and Coherence in Translation
• I. Preview: • The following sentences and passage are discussed in previous classes. They show us the importance and ways of achieving cohesion in translation. • 他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。 • He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. • 求职面试时，问了十个问题，他全都答对了。 • He was asked ten questions in the job interview and answered every one of them correctly. • Note: the proper choice of subject helps achieve coherence in translation.
• 2. reference （conjunctions included） • Reference includes personal, demonstrative, comparative and clausal reference. In translation, the first two references are more helpful. • In E-C translation, the personal reference in English is replaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese such as the repetition of the same noun.
• 3. substitution and repetition • Substitution means that substitution patterns (so, do etc.) are used to replace some words in previous text to make the text concise and clear. • They include verbal and clausal substitution. • Actually, the substitution pattern in English is often replaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese. And some lexical cohesion in Chinese is often replaced by substitution pattern in English.
• Analyze the lexical cohesion of the following passage and translate it into Chinese. • … In 1991, one of the most eventful years of this century, the world witnessed the dramatic and transforming impact on those events of live television by satellite. The very definition of news was rewritten---from something that has happened to something that is happening at the very moment you are hearing it …… • These shots heard, and seen, around the world appeared under the aegis of the first global TV news company, Cable News Network ……
• …… 1991 年，本世纪最多事的年份之一，世界 目睹了卫星现场直播电视对这些事件所产生的影 响，连新闻定义本身也被改写了——从已发生的 事改为收看电视时正在发生着的事。…… 这些全世界都听到都看到的枪声，是在第一家全 球性电视新闻公司、即有线新闻电视公司 (CNN) 的主持下出现的。…… • Comment： • 原文中的 shots 与上文中的events of live television by satellite. • 所以译文第二段中的“枪声”实际上指“电视实 况转播”，“枪声”是错误的译文。
来自百度文库
• (3). There is now a realization that genetics has a very basic relationship with most of the branches of medicine and its knowledge is essential for a deeper grasp of the subject. It has also started contributing towards some therapeutic and important preventive measure. • 现在人们已经意识到，遗传学和医学的大 多数分支学科都有着社粉重要的联系，要 想更好地掌握医学，遗传学知识必不可少。 遗传学已经开始在某些疗法和重要的预防 措施中发挥作用了。
• The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead. • 病人摇了摇头，把手向婴儿伸去。医生把 孩子放到她怀里。她吻了吻孩子的前额。
II. devices of textual cohesion
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1. lexical cohesion: synonymy (repetition included) collocation 2. reference (conjunctions included) 3. substitution 4. ellipsis
• Kant was fond of talking, but preferred to talk alone, and if interrupted or contradicted was apt to show displeasure; his conversation, however, was so agreeable that none minded if he monopolized it. • 康德特别喜欢聊，主要是喜欢别人听自己 聊，不喜欢有人插话或诘问，否则会满脸 不高兴。不过，康德总是聊得大家兴趣昂 然，听他一个人聊谁都没意见。
• E.g. • (1)．As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is… but then who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue. • 对于人的灵魂，爱斯基摩人没有说他们确切知道 其为何物——可是又有谁能说清呢？但是他们把 它视为生命的开端，是一个人全部活动的发起者， 是生命延续所必需的能源。（《英语世界》1999 年第8期，第32页）