2012在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试卷(A)卷
在职真题作文
2012年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考作文Part VI Writing (30minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of “what would you consider an ideal work environment”. You may base your composition on the Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEE T .工作环境包括很多方面：空间、设施、温度、光线、噪音、人员……我想要的理想的工作环境是……理想的工作环境的效用是……What I would consider an ideal work environmentIf possible, I would like to work in an office that comes with many piece s of modern equipment. At my desk, I can breathe the fresh air in the morning a nd enjoy the warm sunlight through the window in winter. Meanwhile, there is no factory around that produces noise and pollution. During the break, I can step down the stairs and take a walk in the garden surrounding the office building. Of course, I would like to walk with my friendly colleagues, those whom I can turn to when facing difficulties at work.Needless to say, working in an ideal work environment will benefit us a l ot both physically and mentally. Only if we work in an environment as comfortab le as possible can we enjoy a nice career.2013年在职研究生全国联考英语真题:写作Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of “What Do I Do to Stay Healthy? ”. You may base your composition on th e Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.健康的标志是……为了健康，最重要的是要……我个人保持健康的做法是……参考范文：People today become increasingly concerned about health, a state of physical and mental well-being. For human beings, to be healthy means to be free from physical illness and mental or psychological problems.To say healthy, it’s of great importance to develop good lifestyles and behaviors, and to cultivate positive mentalities as well as individual abilities. Studies have shown that people can improve their physical health via regular exercise, adequate sleep, balanced diet, and absence of alcohol, smoke, and drugs. Also, people can keep mentally healthy if they have a positive mentality of optimism, confidence, resolution, broad vision and so forth. This kind of mentalitywill contribute quite a lot to their ability to cope with stresses and problems, overcome difficulties and obstacles and meet challenges, which, in turn, ensure a fruitful and happy life. This mentality will also result in strong character and personal satisfaction.To me, health means equal significance. I have made great efforts to try to stay health. Often, I do regular exercises to help strengthen my body and character. Also, I have tried to build healthy self-esteem and confidence, which helps me to see all my abilities and weaknesses together, accept them, and do my best with them. Finally, I always try to be optimistic to help me deal with all the frustrations and stresses in my life. With all this, I am confident to maintain both physical and mental health.2010年在职作文Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of “The Country I Would Like to Visit”. You may base your composition on the clues given below:1.如果有机会到国外度假两周，你会选择哪个国家?2.请至少给出三个理由。
12月研究生英语学位课统考真题
2012年12月研究生英语学位课统考真题（A 卷）GENRAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试有两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper one）包括听力理解、词汇、完型填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper two）包括翻译和写作两部分，共三题。
此外，试卷分A、B卷，请考生注意在答题卡上标出自己的试卷类型。
二、试卷一（题号1-80）为客观评分题（听力Section C 部分除外），答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读卡答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间画黑道，如 [A][B][C][D]。
三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEEII上。
答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外），答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，采用试卷一盒试卷二分卷计时的办法。
试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
试卷二共计时60分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。
每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考老师收点试卷及答题纸。
全部考试结束后，须待监考老师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本次考试结束，方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (25miniutes, 20 points)Section A (1point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. His arms. B. His legs. C. His head. D. His should2. A. Bennie is travelling to San Francisco by air.B. Bennie is very happy about the promotion.C. Bennie has quit a well-paid job.D. Bennie enjoys working in the office.3. A. At 1:45. B. At 2:15. C. At 2:30. D. At 2:45.4. A. Jeffrey is not a good helping hand.B. Jeffrey is too young to start a new career.C. They agree with each other on many things.D. They really dislike each other.C.5. A. A SUV. B. A sport car. C. A minivan. D. A cargo truck.6. A. Because the lab was really a mess.B. Because the boss was too strict.C. Because the driver was absent-minded.D. Because someone in the group was manipulative.7. A. Jessica didn’t want the job anyway.B. Jessica herself is to blame.C. Jessica should stop her dog from barking.D. Jessica had something in the tree.8. A. At a restaurant. B. At the airport.C. At a service station.D. At a café.9. A. She has been busy with Biochemistry.B. She hasn’t got a partner yet.C. She prefers Microbiology to Biochemistry.D. She has to drop the lab class.Section B (I point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be readto you ONLY ONCE. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk one10 A. Organizing campus activities.B. Taking visitors to various colleges.C. Offering information on American colleges.D. Advising on which university to attend.11. A. Admission requirements. B. Sports programs.C. International database. C. Virtual campus tours.12. A. Because they found many related websites lacking visual materials.B. Because they wanted to compete with the tradition of a personal visit.C. Because they intended to choose their ideal colleges.D. Because they couldn’t contact a school directly.Mini-talk two13. A. More than 57 million dollars. B. More than 75 million dollars.C. About 550 million dollars.D. More than 15 billion dollars.14. A. Lights and windows.B. Restrooms and elevator equipment.C. Office conditions and environment.D. Lease rates and payment.15. A. An investment association will be set up.B. The building will be illuminated by green lights.C. The occupants will get into trouble.D. The cost of office space will double.Section C (1point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording TWICE. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.（请在录音结束后把第16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. Post-holiday syndrome is a commonly used term which depicts the_____________ (2 words) occurring after the winter holidays and festivalseason.17. Expecting to ___________________ (4 words) is a way of telling yourselfthat this is a normal feeling.18. Lift your spirits by continuing to _______________ (3 words) friends andfamily, and getting out and about to do activities.19. Choose activities that meet your __________________ (3 words), and thatyou know will give you a thrill.20. Once you’re ___________________ (2 words) planning and doing, you’llbe too busy to worry.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are teen questions. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked by A, B, C, and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet21. These findings run counter to the belief that alcohol stands in the way ofanalytical thinking.A. spursB. hindersC. triggersD. accompanies22. As in the rest of the continent, South Africa still has to contend withoverwhelming poverty.A. suffer fromB. bring aboutC. invest inD. fight against23. The operation was a success and he had excellent prospects for a fullrecovery.A. thoughtsB. outputsC. oddsD. ambitions24. Destiny is defined by individuals keen to imagine a future that is differentfrom the reality.A. eagerB. unwillingC. sharpD. quick25. My mother keeps reminding me to stick to my principles and remain honest inwhatever I do.A. adhere toB. set aboutC. insist onD. come upon26. There is nothing worse than a boss who gives implicit instructions and thengets disappointed by the work you give in.A. explicitB. ambiguousC. considerableD. coherent27. About three years into this job, these migrant labors came to accept theharsh facts in time.A. punctuallyB. immediatelyC. originallyD. eventually28. An aircraft is equipped with a sophisticated electronic system for the sake ofsafety.A. highly-developedB. newly-developedC. well-meantD. long-lived29. This trip offers an opportunity to enjoy the profound silence of the deep,unaltered desert.A. dramaticB. importantC. completeD. distant30. All Fire Police Officers are sworn officers of the law and should display a(n) badge of authority when on duty.A. multitudeB. tokenC. airD. degree Section B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are teen questions. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked by A,B,C, and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet31. Eight badminton players were charges with trying to ________ the outcomeof preliminary matches.A. dominateB. manipulateC. eliminateD. simulate32. In the beginning, few people were ________ Barack Obama to make asignificant impact in the race.A. counting onB. turning outC. proceeding toD. conforming to33. Self-esteem is the ability to be ________ of one’s own abilities, talent,worth and value.A. ensuredB. insuredC. assuredD. treasured34. Children of parents who do not go to university are probably more reluctantto ________ secondary education than those who did.A. put inB. fill inC. check inD. enroll in35. Learning something new is after all, what scientific experiments are all____.A. aboutB. againstC. towardsD. around36. A large –scale wildfire broke out that forced the ________ of 2,000 peoplejust west of Madrid.A. speculationB. successionC. evaluationD. interrogation37. Intellectually brilliant students from this high school are most ________ tobe admitted to elite universities.A. probableB. likelyC. possibleD. liable38. Her right hand occasionally ________ from singing her name so manytimes.A. yelledB. propelledC. compelledD. swelled39. Artists should cultivate their own ________ style rather than alwaysimitating others.A. singleB. individualC. privateD. separate40. The key to efficient reading is the ability to judge the writer’s position________ the information he is presenting.A. in spite ofB. in relation toC. in place ofD. in support of Part III Close Test (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this section, there are teen questions. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked by A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you’ve chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour machine-scoring Answer SheetE-commerce has revolutionized the way business is done in today’s market. However, customers are at ___41__ of purchasing false products or poor quality items. Many ___42___ the distance between customers and send the wrong goods and lure clients to buy goods recommended as great ___43___, but when customers receive these items, they find themselves falling into traps.Many dangers, __44__ by the obscurity of e-commerce, involve the products and the electronic transaction. From the buyer’s __45__, dangers include purchasing products not measuring __46__ what was previously advertised in the website. Another risk is identity theft. Since electronic transactions are needed to complete the purchase, hackers may acquire __47__ information about the user to make other purchase.There are still honest businesses that sell their products and services but gain a very small profit by __48__ the prices of their products because they have a lot of competition in the Internet. That is __49__ one of the hazards of e-commerce that should be considered is the bankruptcy of businesses since profits is low if they need __50__ their goods as cheaply as possible.41. A. time B. random C. sight D. risk42. A. take advantage of B. cast doubt onC. give rise toD. go ahead with43. A. deceptions B. bargains C. opportunities D. advertisements44. A. managed B. created C. prevented D. led45. A. prospect B. aspect C. respect D. perspective46. A. as to B. prior to C. up to D. next to47. A. confidential B. superficial C. potential D. initial48. A. raising B. disqualifying C. exaggerating D. minimizing49. A. how B. because C. why D. where50. A. selling B. to sell C. sell D. soldPART IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Directions:In this section, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked by A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer SheetPassage OneOne of the areas in which people tend to have ideas that don’t make sense is that of rights. For example, many Americans believe that our rights, described in the declaration of Independence and the constitution, drive from the god or from the very nature of being human, including the individual right to bear arms. Yet people in most law-governed democracies other than the United States do not have an individual right to bear arms. How, then, can the right to bear arms derive from god? Is this a special right that can be created by the people via government?It is claimed that we can trace the right to be armed to legal and political events in 17th century English history, this time relating to hunting and gaming laws. How does a fundamental natural right lie sleeping throughout the first 6,000 years of recorded history, only to wake to full flower due to conflicts over gaming laws in Restoration England? In the mid-1980s, the idea that people have a right to have consensual sex with partners of any gender was pronounced “joking inappropriately”by the Supreme Court; 25 yeas later it feels like an obvious, natural outgrowth of the Bill of Rights. If rights evolve this way through the dialectics of culture and history, just how “natural”can they be?Such are the idle thoughts that occur in the wake of America’s latest episode of horrifying, meaningless mass slaughter. A large segment of the American public these days apparently finds it offensive to talk about gun control after these sorts of cruelty occur. As economist Mr. Wolfers said: “Let’s not talk about gun control. It’s too early, right? It’s always too early. Except when it’s too late.”Mr. Wolfer is right: the “too early” construction is ridiculous. The onlything that is certain now is that gun control is uncertain in American. It’s never going to happen. There are too many guns out there, and an individual right to bear arms is now established in constitutional law. So this is just what one of America’s many faces is going to be: a bitterly divided, hatefully cynical country where insane people have easy access to semiautomatic weapons and occasionally use them to commit crime. We will continue to see more and more of this sort of thing, and there’s nothing we can realistically do about it.51. The author begins by arguing that Americans’ right to bear arms?A. is stipulated in the constitutionB. has been created by individualsC. has nothing to do with GodD. is not to be doubted52. The Supreme Court is mentioned in paragraph 2 to _________.A. confirm the validity of gun ownership by individualsB. argue that the right to bear arms is by no means naturalC. prove that gun ownership has been approved by the CourtD. describe the process of legislation on gun ownership53. The expression “in the wake of”used in the third paragraph probablymeans “________.”A. but forB. totally withoutC. soon afterD. just before54. It seems to Mr. Wolfers that gun control is ________.A. really too early to startB. actually offensiveC. not necessary nowD. already too late55. It seems to the author that gun control in America is ________.A. impossibleB. unconstitutionalC. time-consumingD. stupid56. Which of the following might be an appropriate title for this passage?A. Gun Control Is EasyB. Gun Ownership Is LegalC. Gun Control, Too LateD. No Need to Control GunsPassage twoThe English-speaking world does not look kindly on straw. Grasping at straws, straw-man arguments, the last straws and the straws that break so many camels’ backs all demonstrate that. There is also a tale that straw is the worstmaterial from which to build a house, particularly if you are a pig with a hungry wolf around. So the cards were stacked against Warren Brush when local officials learned that he had several buildings made of straw bales on his hand.They have tried to fine him. A lot. But the case is still unresolved. The problem is that California’s building codes make no provision for the use of straw. And Mr. Brush has many defenders －among them several university scientists and David Eisenberg, the chairman of the United States Green Building Council’s code committee. They would like to see the prejudice against straw houses eliminated, for straw is, in many ways, an ideal building material.It is, for one thing, a great insulator. That keeps down the heating bills in houses made from it. It is also a waste product that would otherwise be burned, and is therefore cheap. And －very much to the point in a place like California －it is earthquake-resistant. Last year a test conducted at the University of Nevada showed that straw-bale constructions could withstand twice the amount of ground motion recorded in the Northridge earthquake that hit Los Angeles in 1994.California, of course, is already thoroughly earthquake-proofed. But straw buildings might o well in quake-prone places that are less wealthy. After a strong earthquake struck Pakistan in 2005, Darcy Donovan, a structural engineer, from Truckee, California, set up a not-for-profit straw-bale-construction operation that has since built 17 houses there.There are, as it were, other straws in the wind: a post office in suburban Albuquerque, a Quaker school in Maryland, an office complex in suburban Los Angeles and an urban-renewal project in Binghamton, New York, have all been built from straw. Even California is having a rethink, and may change its rules to accommodate straw-bale constructions. As Mr. Eisenberg observes, “the lesson of the Three Little Pigs isn’t to avoid straw. It’s that you don’t let a pig build your house.”57. By “the cards were stacked against Warren Brush”, the author means thatBrush ________.A. received punishmentB. made a breakthroughC. might be highly praisedD. would be in trouble58. David Eisenberg is mentioned ________.A. for the purpose of supporting Warren BrushB. as a representative of official opinionsC. to provide evidence against straw housesD. to show the importance of the building codes59. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A. the structure of straw housesB. the possibility of building straw housesC. the advantages of straw housesD. the tips of building straw houses60 Which aspect of straw is emphasized in paragraph 4?A. It is abundant in nature.B. It is rather inexpensive.C. It is a great insulator.D. It is easy to transport.61. It can be learned from the last paragraph that California ________.A. will fine Warren Brush as plannedB. will reduce the fine on Warren BrushC. may lift the fine on Warren BrushD. may consider a bigger fine on Warren Brush62. The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ________.A. trace the evolution of straw housesB. explain how to build a house with strawC. highlight the prejudice against straw housesD. argue that straw can be used to build housesPassage ThreeI was talking with a senior Public Relations manager the other day about The Game Trainers and he expressed much skepticism about both the possibility and value of getting senior professionals to play games.“These are serious people with serious jobs, and they are not going to waste time running around like school children,”he told me. This statement highlighted many of his assumptions. It also provided me with a golden opportunity to talk about how these “serious people with serious jobs”could actually learn something about themselves, their company, and their business opportunities by allowing creativity to flow more freely through “games”.His position is not uncommon and it comes from a deep seated misunderstanding of what a “game” is and what it is for, as well as a set notionof what “work”must look like for it to be considered of value. It’s not a coincidence that the most successful companies of the last decade, including Apple and Google, were all started by college students, and perhaps as a consequence have a spirit of fun, creativity and innovation. Their success has not been achieved through a cubicle work environment, strict hierarchy, dull meetings and a 9 to 5 work structure. Instead, they have flowing and flexible work spaces, a culture of collaboration, and opportunities for creativity.So where does the line between “work” and “game” occur? Well maybe there isn’t one, or at least maybe there shouldn’t be one. So is all this just a matter of perception? Well, yes or no. the starting point in allowing creativity to flow freely is to accept that the line between business and play is blurred, or at best non-existent. Only then is it possible to create the opportunity and appropriate environment for individuals and groups to play the game (or work) as well as they possibly can.The Game Trainers support this innovative and highly productive approach to work by creating games and group exercises to develop awareness and insight of issues, as well developing games to integrate into the working environment. And so, I said to the PR man, it’s a good thing that they are “serious people with serious jobs”, because we also are extremely serious about play, and in today’s environment they simply cannot afford not to play games.63. What does the PR manager think of the author’s proposal of playinggames?A. It is probably nonsense.B. It is against the rule.C. It would be beneficial.D. It is worth a try.64. The author suggests that the PR manager’s position on games _________.A. is hard to understand in today’s worldB. represents a common misunderstandingC. is based on scientifically proven conceptsD. allows for greater work efficiency65. The examples of Apple and Google show that ________.A. games should be separated from workB. it helps to combine work with gamesC. work and games can be clearly definedD. no work can be done well without games66. What is the topic of paragraph 4?A. How to draw a line between work and game?B. What is the line between work and game/C. Should there be a line between work and game?D. Why is there a line between work and game?67. “The Game Trainers” is probably a ________.A. computer gameB. search engineC. research systemD. game developer68. In the passage the author ________.A. encourage people to work more creativelyB. describes how to balance work with lifeC. promotes an innovative approach to workD. analyzes why it is important to enjoy workPassage Four“A robot can’t replace me,” Andy Richter complained loudly but in good fun, facing the prospect of losing his job to the Jeopardy!-wining IBM’s Watson computer. “A robot can’t do the things a human can do, I mean, can he love, can he feel?”Well, no. but some folks are asking similar questions about computers such as Watson taking their jobs someday. “After all, if a machine can beat humans at Jeopardy, will computers soon be competing with people for knowledge-based jobs?” asks Martin Ford, author of The Lights in the Tunnel in a Fortune magazine article. “If IBM’s hopes for the technology are realized, workers may, in fact, have cause for concern.”Ford and others argue that computers and robots such as Watson have the potential to replace not only assembly-line jobs, such as the manufacturing positions that dropped nationwide by one-third over the last decade, but the “knowledge worker”jobs of the modern economy, such as radiologists and lawyers. “Many of these people will be highly educated professionals who had previously assumed that they were, because of their skills and advanced educations, beneficiaries of the trend toward an increasingly technological and globalized world,” Ford argues in his book.But Cornell University sociologist Trevor Pinch says that warnings about artificial intelligence taking over have missed essential shortcomings ofcomputers for decades. “I would call them friendly monsters,” he says, rather than job-killing ones. “Computers can never experience the things that make us uniquely human, they have never been delayed at O’Hare airport long enough to walk around the memorial to Gen. O’Hare, and have that memory stuck in your brain.”Underneath the exaggerated publicity, the human brain far outperforms computers, and not just in raw calculating power, says information scholar Martin Hilbert of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. All of the computers in the world taken together possess the computational power of, in all, 62 human brains, he says, based on findings his team reported this month in Science. There are about six billion people alive today.And they, if things turn out as bad as Ford suggests, there is always the solution that Andy Richter settled on －beating anything that resembles the job-threatening Watson with a baseball bat. Let’s hope it doesn’t come down to that.69. We can learn that Jeopardy! is ________.A. a newly developed computer programB. a match between computers and humansC. a robot built with the least technologyD. a competition between fastest computers70. Paragraph 3 mainly discusses ________.A. the threat posed by tech developmentB. the potential benefits of digitalizationC. the gap between blue-collar and white-collar jobsD. the way to survive knowledge-based economy71. In paragraph 4, Trevor Pinch is talking about ________.A. man’s advantages over computersB. advantages of computers over manC. the reliability of computersD. the future development of computers72. The sentence “There are about six billion people alive today” implies that________.A. nobody should underestimate the power of computersB. we have enough manpower to fix existing problemsC. computers can help human beings in all possible waysD. there is no need to worry too much about computers73. Who is most concerned about computers’ taking over people?A. Martin HilbertB. Trevor PinchC. Martin FordD. Andy Richter74. What does the author think of the prospect of jobs being lost tocomputers?A. It should be taken into serious consideration.B. We can always find solutions to the problem.C. It is too early to say anything for certain.D. We should always be ready for possible changes.Passage FiveThey are regarded as chores by both sexes, but fall disproportionately on only one. The latest survey of time use in America suggests women still shoulder most of the housework, spending on average an hour a day, compared with barely 20 minutes for the unfairer sex.Standard explanations for this division of labor rest on the pay gap between the sexes. A recent report shows women still earn about 20% less than men in America. But in a new paper, Leslie Stratton of Virginia Commonwealth University asks whether different attitudes to housework also play a role in sharing the dusting.Ms Stratton draws on data from the 2000-01 Time Use Survey in Britain, which shows how people spent their day and which task they enjoyed. Attitudes certainly differed: women disliked laundry less than men; ironing was extremely dreaded by both; strangely large numbers of both sexes liked shopping for food.Ms Stratton found some evidence for the pay-gap hypothesis. Women with higher wages did a little less work at home. A woman who earned 10% more than average escaped doing tow minutes’housework per weekday. Her partner heroically made up this time at the weekend. But his wages made no difference to the extent of his efforts around the house.The major determinant of how much housework a man did was how much he disliked it. Men who liked housework spent around 60% more time per weekday on it than those who were indifferent to it. Women’s preference seemed to have no effect on the time the spent on chores.One way to reduce the burden for both is to get help, although again the rewards are unevenly spread. He got away with 43% less housework at weekends, and she did 17% less. Almost all the extra housework generated by children was taken on by the woman. As children get older the weekday burden falls, but weekend time rises －and still comes mainly from her.There is truth in the idea that chores got to the low-paid partner. But cause and effect are unclear. Do women do more because of low pay, or might their careers suffer from a disproportionate burden at home? Evidence that only men’s preferences seem to matter suggests the latter explanation should not be swept under the carpet.75. In a new paper, Leslie Stratton aims to ________.A. introduce some new ways for women to do less houseworkB. explain women’s housework burden from a new angleC. challenge the survey that women still do most of the houseworkD. confirm the standard explanation for women’s housework burden76. Which of the following tasks is disliked most by women?A. Laundry.B. Ironing.C. Shopping for food.D. Caring for babies.77. Ms Stratton finds that the standard explanation for the division of labor_______.A. makes some senseB. lacks real evidenceC. is truly well-groundedD. misses the point78. According to paragraph 5, the division of labor is greatly affected by ___.A. the pay gap between the sexesB. the relationship between the sexesC. women’s attitudes to houseworkD. men’s preferences for housework79. What is the main idea of paragraph 6?A. Men tend to benefit more from hired help.B. Women consider hired help especially useful.C. Getting help works equally well for both sexes.。
2012在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试卷(A)卷
2012在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试卷（A）卷Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Speaker A: I am so glad I caught you at home. I need your help!Speaker B: ___________, Robin?A. Can IB. Do youC. What's thatD. What's up2. Speaker A: I don't have the slightest idea what you want to say.Speaker B: You don't have to.___________A. Forget it.B. Just follow my lead.C. I'll say it later.D. If only you wanted to.3. Speaker A: Nobody listened to what I have to say. I feel like a fool.Speaker B: Don't worry._________A. I'm with you.B. I like you.C. They are fools themselves.D. They are no better.4. Speaker A: Oh, hi Dr. Hill. Can I discuss my grade on my term paper with you now?Speaker B: Sure.__________A. What seems to be the problem?B. That seems to be a mistake.C.I really appreciate itD. Could I check back with you later?5. Speaker A: Mr. Jacob, you are a great help. How can I pay you back?Speaker B: OK, you buy me a coffee, __________.A. and there is no problemB. and we are evenC. and you'll feel betterD. and 1 won't say anythingSection B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: in this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A, B. C and O, Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices given and mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEET with a sin file line through the center.6. Woman: Mr. Simpson, all the department managers are here except John.Man: Let's get the meeting rolling.Question: What does the man mean?A. Cancel the meetingB. Start the meetingC. Put the meeting offD. Continue the meeting7. Woman: Protecting the environment should be on the agenda of every one of us.Man: You took the words right out of my mouth.Question: What did the man mean?A. He agreed with the woman.B. He didn't believe the woman.C. The woman's words hurt him.D. The woman was talking nonsense.8. Woman: I can't forgive myself for that terrible mistake I have made.Man: Well, don't be too hard on yourself. It happens to the best of us.Question: What does the woman mean?A. The man should not be forgiven.B. Smart people make few mistakesC. The mistake is not seriousD. The man needn't feel that9. Woman: Here you are. Do it by six o'clock, OK?Man: By six o'clock? Give me a break. I'm not a superman.Question: What does the man mean?A. He wants to take a break.B. He has to work like a superman.C. There is not enough time for him.D. The work is too difficult for him.10. Woman: I'm clueless and, quite frankly, I'm getting worried about the future.Man: We're all in the same boat. Leaving school's a big step.Question: What's the issue they are facing now?A. Graduation examination.B. Traveling expenses.C. Career choicesD. Personal finance.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Direction s: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. You're your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center,11. I was annoyed by Tom who came late for our appointment and never _____ to ask how long Ihad been waiting.A. botherB. to botherC. botheringD. bothered12. The team members were upset when they heard that the project _____ have to be abandoned.A. mightB. shouldC. needD. shall13. I've attached my contact information in the recommendation letter _____ you have furtherquestions.A. becauseB. so thatC. sinceD. in case14. As computer security systems become even more advanced, _____ the methods of those whotry to break into them illegally.A. so too doB. so much doC. as much asD. as well as15. The questions are certain to _____ careful consideration before any major decision.A. giveB. have givenC. be givenD. have been given16. This robot is supposed to save a lot of labor, but it many create new problems if it really_____.A. isB. willC. hasD. does17. I don't know why Mary didn't ask me how to do it as I _____ her.A. must helpB. would helpC. should have helpedD. could have helped18. Peter and Bob both did a good job, but Peter is _____ talented of the two.A. the mostB. the moreC. mostD. more19. The function of school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the artof learning.A. thanB. thenC. asD. but20. Graduate school and college are similar _____ you have to choose a field of study and doresearch.A. in thatB. for thatC. for whichD. in which21. Father sometimes goes to the gym with us though he _____ going there.A. enjoysB. prefersC. dislikesD. denies22. She was among the most _____ players in the game, but the car accident ruined everything.A. promisedB. promotedC. promisingD. promoting23. Dina struggling for months to get a job as a waitress, finally took a _____ at a local advertisingagency.A. chanceB. positionC. stepD. challenge24. He doe sn’t eat pork, but _____ that he’ll eat just about anything.A. rather thanB. no more thanC. other thanD. no longer than25. Simon finally _____ to pressure from his parents to stop his tennis training before the exam.A. gave upB. gave inC. gave outD. gave way26. Thomas Edison was responsible for many _____ in addition to the light bulb.A. intentionsB. imaginationsC. instructionsD. innovations27. Thrilled that she got her first paycheck. Nancy immediately _____ her old phone with a newermodel.A. replacedB. renewedC. combinedD. compared28. Advertising is a tough business because it is very difficult to _____ new ideas sell the sameproduct.A. come up withB. get along withC. come up toD. get down to29. After thinking hard about why I did not have enough time for my schoolwork. I became _____that I watched too much TV.A. doubtfulB. worriedC. puzzledD. aware30. Following the same rules all these years, the club is _____ to any from of change.A. resolvedB. resistantC. restrictedD. reservedPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40points)Directions: There arc 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A. B, C, and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage OneIt has never been easy to be a teenager, and it is particularly difficult today. The world expects us to be grown up but rarely treats us like adults; we are part of a society in which drugs are readily available but extremely dangerous; our education consists of examinations and more examinations... Is it any wonder we struggle at times?One of the biggest problems is that parents demand mature and intelligent behavior from us, yet usually think of us as still being children. We help do a range of housework and care for sickly grandparents, but cannot watch adult movies on television. We are expected to show an interest in current affairs and get a part-time job to begin to support ourselves, but are not even allowed a say in where we go for the family holiday—never mind being allowed to holiday with our friends!Outside the home, we have to make sure our dissatisfaction does not lead us to rebellion and to the dealers who are just waiting to sell us various drugs. Older generations had to come to terms with alcohol and cigarettes; that was easy, by comparison. We go to a club, to dance, then are faced with temptations(诱惑), peer pressures and our own desire to fit in with the crowd There is always someone there with a designer drink, a designer smile and the latest designer drug to tempt us. Being a teenager has never been harder.Of course, it has never been so hard in school either. We have so many examinations that it is difficult to keep track: SATs, GCSEs... and the practice tests that accompany them. Homework is never ending. No teacher seems aware of how much work the others are setting, and, anyway, they would not care, because they are all under orders to improve results or their own careers will suffer.31. What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?A. The tempting drugs that can be easily bought.B. The changing world that teenagers have to adapt to.C. School education that focuses merely on examinations.D. Various problems that teenagers have to deal with.32. Parents will most probably say no to their children if they want to_____.A. learn current affairs by watching TVB. go on vacation with friendsC. take a part time job while in schoolD. holiday with the rest of the family33. What does the author mean by saying "Being a teenager has never been harder" in Paragraph3?A. Parents are more demanding than ever before.B. Teenagers have to try harder to fit into the world.C. Teenagers are under greater pressure from peers.D. There are more and stronger temptations than before.34. AS is used in Paragraph 4, "the others" refers to _____.A. colleaguesB. neighborsC. parentsD. students35. Why do teachers give their students a huge lot of homework and examinations?A. They have a strong sense of responsibility.B. They intend to inspire students' interest in learning.C. They are demanded to improve students' scores.D. They intend to have students work harder in school.Passage TwoIf you like to take lots of vacation, the United States is not the place to work. Besides a handful of national holidays the typical American worker gets two or three precious weeks off out of a whole year to relax and sec the world —much less than what people in many other countries receive. And even that amount of vacation often comes with strings attached. So what's going on here?A big reason for the difference is that paid time off is demanded by law in many parts of the world. Germany is among more than two dozen industrialized countries—from Australia to Japan—that require employers to offer four weeks or more of paid vacation to their workers, according to a 2009 study by the human resources consulting company Mercer. Finland, Brazil and France are the champions, guaranteeing six weeks of time off. But employers in the United States are not obliged under federal law to offer any paid vacation, so about a quarter of all American workers don't have access to it, government figures show. That makes the U.S. the only advanced nation in the world that doesn't guarantee its workers annual leave.Most U.S. companies, of course, do provide vacation as a way to attract and retain workers. But the fear of layoffs and the ever -faster pace of work mean many Americans are reluctant to be absent from the office —anxious that they might look like they're not committed to their job. Or they worry they won't be able to cope with a pile of work waiting for them after a vacation. Then, there's the way we work.Working more makes Americans happier than Europeans, according to a study published recently in the Journal of Happiness Studies. That may be because Americans believe more than Europeans do that hard work is associated with success.So despite research documenting the health and productivity benefits of taking time off, a long vacation can be undesirable, scary, unrealistic or just plain impossible for many U.S. workers.36. According to the passage, the United States is a nation _____.A. that prefers relatively longer vacationsB. that has fewer national holidaysC. where workers do not have paid time offD. where employers are not required to offer paid vacation37. The phrase "with strings attached" (Para.1) probably means "_____ ".A. with specified conditionsB. with full freedomC. with many optionsD. with work in mind38. Which of the following countries offers the longest annual leave to its workers?A. Germany.B. Japan.C. France.D. Australia.39. Many Americans are hesitant to take a vacation because they _____.A. are afraid of losing their jobsB. enjoy the fast pace of workC. are devoted to their jobsD. like the challenges in work40. According to the author, Americans' chance of taking a long vacation is _____.A. uncertainB. slimC. goodD. promisingPassage ThreeNew research suggests that animals have a much higher level of brainpower than previously thought. If animals do have intelligence, how do scientists measure it? Before defining animals' intelligence, scientists defined what is not intelligence. Instinct is not intelligence. It is a skill programmed into an animal's brain. Rote(机械记忆) conditioning is also not intelligence. Tricks can be learned by repetition, but no real thinking is involved. Scientists believe that insight (顿悟), the ability to use tools, and communication using human language are all effective measures of the mental ability of animals.Scientists define insight as a flash of sudden understanding. When a young gorilla could not reach fruit from a tree, she noticed some boxes scattered about the lawn near the tree. She piled up the boxes, then climbed on them to reach her reward. The gorilla's insight allowed her to solve a new problem without trial and error.The ability to use tools is also an important sign of intelligence. Crows use sticks to get nuts out of cracks. The crow exhibits intelligence by showing it has learned what a stick can do. Likewise, seals use rocks to crack open shells in order to get at the meat.Many animals have learned to communicate using human language. One chimp can recognize and correctly use more than 250 abstract symbols on a keyboard. These symbols represent human words. An amazing parrot can distinguish five objects of two different types. He can understand the difference between the number, color, and kind of object. The ability to classify is a basic thinking skill. He seems to use language to express his needs and emotions. When ill and taken to the animal hospital for his first overnight stay, this parrot turned to go."Come here!" he cried to a scientist who works with him. "I love you. I'm sorry. Wanna go back? "The research on animal intelligence raises important questions. If animals are smarter than once thought, would that change the way humans interact with them? Would humans stop hunting them for sport or survival? Would animals still be used for food, clothing, or medical experimentation? Finding the answer to these tough questions makes a difficult puzzle even for a large-brained, problem-solving species like our own.41. As is mentioned in Paragraph 1, "tricks" played by animals may be _____.A. a sign of intelligenceB. a sign of instinctC. learned through trainingD. programmed in their brain at birth42. Crows' using sticks to get nuts out of cracks illustrates _____.A. rote learningB. the ability to use toolsC. communication skillsD. instinctive response43. The parrot's being able to distinguish five objects of two different types indicatesA. its ability to classifyB. its ability to countC. a grasp of human languageD. a flash of sudden understanding44. Which of the following is an example of animals' communication through the use of humanlanguage?A. Parrots can imitate.B. Gorillas scream for help.C. A crow shouts warnings to other crows.D. Chimps use symbols that stand for words.45. The last paragraph implies that _____.A. there is no way of measuring animal intelligenceB. animals are given opportunities to display their intelligenceC. the human-animal relationship needs to be reconsideredD. some animal instincts are well beyond our knowledgePassage FourAnother kinds of distinction that can be made among works of art is whether they were originally intended as objects purely to be looked at, or as objects to be used. The FINE ARTS, such as drawing, painting, and sculpture, involve the production of works to be seen and experienced primarily on an abstract rather than practical level. Pieces of fine art may produce emotional, intellectual, sensual, or spiritual responses in us. Those who love the fine arts feel that these responses are very valuable, and perhaps especially so in the midst of a highly materialistic world, for they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself.In contrast to the nonfunctional appeals of the fine arts, the first purpose of the APPLIED ARTS is to serve some useful function. Lucy Lewis, a traditional potter from Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico, has applied a visually exciting surface decoration to her water jar. But the jar's main reason for being, however, is to hold water. Some of the people of Acoma, which may be the oldest continually inhabited city in the United States, still follow the old ways, carrying water for drinking,cooking, and washing up to their homes from natural ponds below. The forms of their water jars are therefore designed to prevent spilling and to balance readily on one's head. The pots must also be light in weight, so Acoma water pots are some of the world's thinnest - walled pottery. Interestingly, the languages of most Native American peoples do not include a word that means " fine art. " While they have traditionally created pottery, basketry, and weaving with a good sense of design, these pieces were part of their everyday lives.The applied art of pottery-making, is one of the crafts, the making of useful objects by hand. Other applied art disciplines are similarly functional. Graphic designers create advertisements, fabrics, layouts for books and magazines, and so on; Industrial designers shape the mass - produced objects used by high - tech societies, from cars, telephones, and teapots, to one of the most famous visual images in the world: the Coca -Cola bottle. Other applied arts include clothing design, interior design, and environmental design.46. What has the author probably discussed right before the passage?A. The history of art.B. The beauty of art.C. Some distinctions among works of art.D. The definition of art in general.47. Which of the following is true?A. Fine arts enrich our lives.B. Fine arts are associated with application.C. Products of crafts are made to be looked at.D. People in the materialistic world lacks the sense of beauty.48. The water jar mentioned in Paragraph 2 can be described as_________A. an example of fine artB. a product of graphic designC. a case of industrial designD. an object for practical use49. The Coca -Cola bottle mentioned in Paragraph 3 _____.A. is a product of craftsB. is an example of applied artC. produces spiritual responsesD. is an object to be looked at50. What is this passage mainly about?A. The functions of a water jar.B. Pottery-making in North America.C. Fine and applied arts.D. Nonfunctional appeals of fine arts.Part IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.U. S. researchers suggest sleeping can help us remember things we have just learnt. A team from Northwestern University 51 that a 90-minute nap (小睡)can help people learn a new skill. The 52 on their research is published in the June edition of the journal Nature. The scientists say: "Information acquired during waking can be reactivated (重新激活) during sleep, 53 memory stabilization." Test volunteers practised musical tunes before and after a short sleep. 54 the nap, the researchers played one of the tunes the volunteers had practiced. The team found that the participants made 55 errors when playing the tune that had been played while they slept.Study co-author Dr Paul J. Reuber points out the research might not work 56 learning a foreign language while you sleep. He said: “The critical 57 is that our research shows that memory is strengthened for something you've already learned.” He added: "Rather than learning something 58 in your sleep, we’re talking about enhancing an existing memory by reactivating information recently acquired." 59, Dr Reuber did say there were possibilities for language learners: "If you were learning 60 to speak in a foreign language during the day, for example, and then tried to reactivate those memories during sleep, perhaps you might enhance your learning," he said.51. A. imagine B. learn C. report D. guess52. A. claim B. article C. statement D. lecture53. A. disturbing B. lowering C. updating D. promoting54. A. During B. Before C. At D. After55. A. more B. fewer C. less D. most56. A. with B. for C. by D. upon57. A. similarity B. difference C. viewpoint D. response58. A. old B. strange C. unique D. new59. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Instead60. A. when B. where C. how D. whyPart V Translation (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.We all know that the most powerful force in our lives is love. In addition to providing us with soul-warming companionship, the emotion of love is truly inspiring.Of course, the facts of our lives tell a somewhat sad story. We have a very hard time making love last. The divorce rate in the U.S. is still around 50 percent. That figure doesn't even cover the many couples that live together without marriage and whose unions are even more likely to dissolve.Relationships fail because people have the misconception about what to expect in marriage.The fantasy is that everything will be wonderful as long as you find the perfect person -your missing half. But marriage is a team sport. It's one team with two people, with two different minds. The difficulty is that these two people disagree all the time. They need to know nondestructive ways of expressing differences and must also be prepared for the inevitable disappointments that come from living with another person.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of "what would you consider an ideal work environment''. You may base your composition on the Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.工作环境包括很多方面：空间、设施、温度、光线、噪音、人员……我想要的理想的工作环境是……理想的工作环境的效果是……Key1-10: DAAAB BADAC 11-20: AADAD DDBDA 21-30: CCBCB AAADB 31-40: DBBAC DACAB 41-50: CBADC CADBC 51-60: CBDAC BCDAC。
2012MBAMPAMPACC管理类联考考研英语真题及答案下载(word版) (2)
2012MBA英语真题和解析Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。
His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。
2012在职艺术硕士英语真题（部分）
2012在职艺术硕⼠英语真题 A卷第四部分外语运⽤能⼒测试(英语)(50题，每题2分，满分100分) Part One Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are ten incomplete sentences in this pαrt. For each sentence there αre four choices marked A， B，C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. I realized I had let myself in something from which there was no turning _____. A. around B. back C. away D. down 2. You are to stay at the hotel where rooms _________for you. A. have been booked B. are booked C. would be booked D. were booked 3. If you ______to my advice， you wouldn't be in this mess right now. A. listen B. listened C. had listened D. would listen 4. Those close to him are _________ that he hopes to stay on till the end of his term. A. ensured B. confirmed C. suppose D. convinced 5.Working women haven't left the family role behind: now they are _____to work even harder to do both. A. expected B. wished C. hoped D. desired 6. Modem technology has brought ______communication between people far apart. A. competent B. convenient C. conscious D. complete 7. Under no_______ are children allowed to tell lies to their parents. A. circumstances B. situations C. occasions D. moments 8. We need a more capable leader, _____with a strong will as well as good humor. A. who B. that C. one D. which 9. The lectures，_____ the current hot issues， were well received. A. that coverer B. covered C. covering D. to cover 10. Being an intelligent boy， he ______such a foolish mistake. A.needn't have made B. can’t have made C. won't have made D. wouldn’t have made。
2012 年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合真题及答案详解
一、问题求解：第 1～15 小题，每小题 3 分，共 45 分。下列每题给出的 A、B、C、D、E 五个 选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1．某商品的定价为 200 元，受金融危机的影响，连续两次降价 20%后的售价为（ ）.
A．2560 元
B．2600 元
C．2640 元
D．2680 元
E．2720 元
14．如图 3，三个边长为 1 的正方形所覆盖区域（实线所围）的面积为（ ）.
－３－
A． 3 2
B． 3 3 2 4
C． 3 3
D． 3 3 2
E． 3 3 3 4
15．在一次捐赠活动中，某市将捐赠的物品打包成件，其中帐篷和食品共 320 件，帐篷比食品
女子比赛被安排在第二和第四局进行，则每队队员的不同出场顺序有（ ）.
A．12 种
B．10 种
C．8 种
D．6 种
E．4 种
12．若 x3 x2 ax b 能被 x2 3x 2 整除，则（
）.
A． a 4 ， b 4 D． a 10 ， b 8
B． a 4 ， b 4 E． a 2 ， b 0
A．114 元
B．120 元
C．128 元
D．144 元
E．160 元
2．如图 1， ABC 是直角三角形， S1 、 S2 、 S3 为正方形，已知 a, b, c 分别是 S1 、 S2 、 S3 的边 长，则（ ）.
A． a b c
B． a2 b2 c2
C． a2 2b2 2c2
D． a3 b3 c3
16．一元二次方程 x2 bx 1 0 有两个不同实根. （1） b 2 . （2） b 2 .
2012年MBA联考英语真题附答案（四）
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish. Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies. Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty. The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time. The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century. The “Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 1. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ . [A]prosperity and growth [B]efficiency and practicality [C]restraint and confidence [D]pride and faithfulness 2. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? [A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. [B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II. [C]Most American architects used to be associated with it. [D]It had a great influence upon American architecture. 3. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . [A]was related to large space [B]was identified with emptiness [C]was not reliant on abundant decoration [D]was not associated with efficiency 4. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive? [A]They ignored details and proportions. [B]They were built with materials popular at that time. [C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings. [D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art. 5. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”? [A]Mechanical devices were widely used. [B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration [C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect. [D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. 参考答案 1．C。
硕士学位研究生入学资格考试
2012年
2012年工程硕士报名条件、报考时间和考试大纲 报考条件： 具备以下条件之一的在职工程技术或工程管理人员，或在学校从事工程技术与工程管理教学的教 师可以报考： 1、2009年7月31日前获得学士学位。 2、2008年7月31日前获得国民教育序列大学本科毕业证书。 报考电子与通信工程、控制工程、计算机技术等领域的考生可不受年限的限制，入学前未达到上 述年限要求而被录取为工程硕士生的，需在修完研究生课程并从事工程实践两年以上，结合工程 任务完成学位论文（设计），方可进行硕士学位论文（设计）答辩。
考前模拟实战训练非常重要，一定要控制在3小时内做完4科的模拟试题，从中把握考试的节奏， 因为每个考生这4科的基础不一样，通过模拟训练。
（4）同时特别要引起大家注意的是，千万不能忽略考场中的科目顺序安排，应该从实际出发， 结合自己的思考及心理特点安排好所答的科目顺利，而不至于上考场发懵。先做哪一科，后做哪 一科应该有个策略上的考虑。极其重要的一点是，只要把握好考试时间的分布，合理分配时间， 就能最大限度地发挥自己的真实水平，就一定能有机会拿高分。2009年工程硕士报名条件、报考 时间和考试大纲。
问题解答
1.无学士学位能否报考：无学位，是指没有学士学位，以大学本科学历报考GCT的同学，没拿到 学位原因无非是没过英语或者补考太多，也有因学习年限超过规定（自考一般要求4年毕业）丧 失申请资格等等。无学位的劣势反映在GCT考试中，是面临录取比例的限制。
录取限额：每年招收无学位的考生不超过10%的限额（其他专业硕士限额不同），即如果某校招 100名，那么其中无学位的同学只能招收10名。学校在录取时一般是把有学位和无学位分开从高 到低录取的。
1998年国务院学位委员会办公室组织实施在职人员攻读硕士专业学位工作，从2000年起，在职 人员攻读硕士专业学位由各招生院校联合组织考试发展为全国联考，统一考试、统一录取，有学 位、无学历，俗称单证研究生，也称非全日制研究生。2014年，国务院学位委员会印发《关于 2014年招收在职人员攻读硕士专业学位工作的通知》(学位办〔2014〕18号)，通知指出，为统 一管理各类研究生招生工作，从2016年起，不再组织在职人员攻读硕士专业学位全国联考，除高 级管理人员工商管理硕士外，其他类别的在职人员攻读硕士专业学位招生工作，将以非全日制研 究生教育形式纳入国家招生计划和全国硕士研究生统一入学考试管理。
2012年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Dialogue Communication 3. V ocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5. Cloze 7. Translation 9. WritingPaper OneDialogue CommunicationSection ADirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1．Speaker A: Frank, where are the cookies? Don’t tell me you ate them all! Speaker B: ______ They were so good.A．Yes, forget it.B．Yes, I couldn’t help it.C．No, I’m sorry.D．No, don’t be mad.正确答案：B解析：A说：“饼干在哪儿呢?别告诉我，你把它们都吃光了吧?”B回答：“是的。
我忍不住(都吃了)。
”can’t help it的意思是“情不自禁，忍不住”的意思。
故本题选B项。
2．Speaker A: The train is delayed again.Speaker B: ______ How long do we have to wait?Speaker A: About forty minutes.A．What a pity!B．How annoying!C．I’m sorry to hear that.D．So far so good.正确答案：B解析：A说：“火车又晚点了。
2012年MBA联考英语真题附答案（三）
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. 1. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper . [A]neglected the sign of crisis [B]failed to get state subsidies [C]were not charitable corporations [D]were in a desperate situation 2. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . [A]readers threatened to pay less [B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs [C]journalists reported little about these areas [D]subscribers complained about slimmer products 3. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they . [A]have more sources of revenue [B]have more balanced newsrooms [C]are less dependent on advertising [D]are less affected by readership 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business? [A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. [B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper. [C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. [D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews. 5. The most appropriate title for this text would be . [A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival [B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind [C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business [D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story 参考答案 1．D。
2012年12月研究生英语学位课统考真题
2012年12月研究生英语学位课统考真题（A 卷）GENRAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试有两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper one）包括听力理解、词汇、完型填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper two）包括翻译和写作两部分，共三题。
此外，试卷分A、B 卷，请考生注意在答题卡上标出自己的试卷类型。
二、试卷一（题号1-80）为客观评分题（听力Section C 部分除外），答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读卡答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间画黑道，如 [A][B][C][D]。
三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEEII上。
答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外），答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，采用试卷一盒试卷二分卷计时的办法。
试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
试卷二共计时60分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。
每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考老师收点试卷及答题纸。
全部考试结束后，须待监考老师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本次考试结束，方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (25miniutes, 20 points)Section A (1point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. His arms. B. His legs. C. His head. D. His should2. A. Bennie is travelling to San Francisco by air.B. Bennie is very happy about the promotion.C. Bennie has quit a well-paid job.D. Bennie enjoys working in the office.3. A. At 1:45. B. At 2:15. C. At 2:30. D. At 2:45.4. A. Jeffrey is not a good helping hand.B. Jeffrey is too young to start a new career.C. They agree with each other on many things.D. They really dislike each other.C.5. A. A SUV. B. A sport car. C. A minivan. D. A cargo truck.6. A. Because the lab was really a mess.B. Because the boss was too strict.C. Because the driver was absent-minded.D. Because someone in the group was manipulative.7. A. Jessica didn’t want the job anyway.B. Jessica herself is to blame.C. Jessica should stop her dog from barking.D. Jessica had something in the tree.8. A. At a restaurant. B. At the airport.C. At a service station.D. At a café.9. A. She has been busy with Biochemistry.B. She hasn’t got a partner yet.C. She prefers Microbiology to Biochemistry.D. She has to drop the lab class.Section B (I point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you ONLY ONCE. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk one10 A. Organizing campus activities.B. Taking visitors to various colleges.C. Offering information on American colleges.D. Advising on which university to attend.11. A. Admission requirements. B. Sports programs.C. International database. C. Virtual campus tours.12. A. Because they found many related websites lacking visual materials.B. Because they wanted to compete with the tradition of a personal visit.C. Because they intended to choose their ideal colleges.D. Because they couldn’t contact a school directly.Mini-talk two13. A. More than 57 million dollars. B. More than 75 million dollars.C. About 550 million dollars.D. More than 15 billion dollars.14. A. Lights and windows.B. Restrooms and elevator equipment.C. Office conditions and environment.D. Lease rates and payment.15. A. An investment association will be set up.B. The building will be illuminated by green lights.C. The occupants will get into trouble.D. The cost of office space will double.Section C (1point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording TWICE. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.（请在录音结束后把第16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. Post-holiday syndrome is a commonly used term which depicts the _____________ (2 words) occurring after thewinter holidays and festival season.17. Expecting to ___________________ (4 words) is a way of telling yourself that this is a normal feeling.18. Lift your spirits by continuing to _______________ (3 words) friends and family, and getting out and about to doactivities.19. Choose activities that meet your __________________ (3 words), and that you know will give you a thrill.20. Once you’re ___________________ (2 words) planning and doing, you’ll be too busy to worry.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are teen questions. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked by A, B, C, and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet21. These findings run counter to the belief that alcohol stands in the way ofanalytical thinking.A. spursB. hindersC. triggersD. accompanies22. As in the rest of the continent, South Africa still has to contend withoverwhelming poverty.A. suffer fromB. bring aboutC. invest inD. fight against23. The operation was a success and he had excellent prospects for a fullrecovery.A. thoughtsB. outputsC. oddsD. ambitions24. Destiny is defined by individuals keen to imagine a future that is differentfrom the reality.A. eagerB. unwillingC. sharpD. quick25. My mother keeps reminding me to stick to my principles and remain honest inwhatever I do.A. adhere toB. set aboutC. insist onD. come upon26. There is nothing worse than a boss who gives implicit instructions and thengets disappointed by the work you give in.A. explicitB. ambiguousC. considerableD. coherent27. About three years into this job, these migrant labors came to accept the harshfacts in time.A. punctuallyB. immediatelyC. originallyD. eventually28. An aircraft is equipped with a sophisticated electronic system for the sake ofsafety.A. highly-developedB. newly-developedC. well-meantD. long-lived29. This trip offers an opportunity to enjoy the profound silence of the deep,unaltered desert.A. dramaticB. importantC. completeD. distant30. All Fire Police Officers are sworn officers of the law and should display a (n)badge of authority when on duty.A. multitudeB. tokenC. airD. degreeSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are teen questions. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked by A, B, C, and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powe rful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks u p the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with asocial cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermon t Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company wentalong.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an exte nsion.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closes t in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, no t the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” Bu t thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery clai m – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains com e in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B] appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)` Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode ofproduction, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In someways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.SectionⅢWritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)。
2012同等学力英语真题答案完整版(A卷)
2012年同等学力英语真题参考答案Part I1-5 BBCDA6-10 ACCBDPart II11-15 BACDC16-20 CDBBC21-25 BBABD26-30 ABDCDPart III31-36 DBCADA37-42 CBCABA43-48 BCDBAB49-54 ACBDDA55-60 ABDDBCPart IV61-65 ADCBD66-70ABCCD71-75 BADCB翻译：英译汉因特网在很多方面对社会有积极的影响。
它提供人们之间交流更多交流机会，简化了处理事情的方法，提供了很大的便捷，处理更快速，提供了更多的选择，所有这些都节省了更多的时间做其他事情。
然而，有趣的是，因特网还有一些负面的影响。
交流的质量下降了，人们也变得没有耐心，因为他们习惯于即时的满足，而且上网本身也占用了大量时间。
汉译英People pay homage to Steve Jobs after he has passed away. One of the reasons is that he has created the aesthetic perception for scientific and technological products. No matter cars or computers, according to Steve Jobs, consumers are willing to buy those products which look more beautiful than their counterparts. With the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple has brought about the unrivaled experience and beautified people’s daily lives in the respects such as the appearance and materials of products and the feeling of usage.写作The Favorite Way of Keeping FitNowadays it has to be admitted that the whole society is faced with ‘health issue’. According to a recent survey conducted on the Internet, 42 in a hundred people are likely to suffer from vital diseases after retirement. This phenomenon has led to considerable thoughts and considerations about the issue of health among the general public. For my perspective, I believe that proper diet and exercise are the upmost importance to health.First, diet, this will undoubtedly become the prior one. Mounting fruits and vegetables are supposed to be listed in daily menu for their plenty of fibers and little fat. As a remarkable proverb says," An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Second, those food contain too much fat and sugar, such as candies, butter, pork and chocolate, should be kept under strict limit line. And excessive coffee is harmful too. Third, exercise comes up closely. Regular exercise burns extra energy andbuilds proper shapes. For instance, people with habit of jogging everyday are much healthier tha n those without it.From what has been discussed above, I believe that these aspects should be given due attention now. On one hand, people should always bear these in mind for their own level; On the other hand, more advanced health information shall be open to the public. Only in this way can we keep good health and enjoy a pleasant life.。
2012年管理类联考英语真题及答案
绝密★启用前2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who __1__ in World War II and the people they liberated, the GI. was the__2__man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who __3__ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the__4__of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, __5__ an average guy, up__6__the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much. GI. is just a military abbreviation__7__Government Issue, and it was on all of the article __8__to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never__9__it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac…a working class name. The United States has __10__ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.GI. Joe had a __11__ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character ,or a __12__of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent ErniePyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle__13__ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the __14__ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were__15__or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports__16__the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men__17__the dirt and exhaustion of war, the__18__of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. __19__ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, __20__the most important person in their lives.1. [A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2. [A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4. [A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10. [A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11. [A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12. [A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13. [A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14. [A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15. [A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16. [A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17. [A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18. [A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances19. [A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20. [A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework[A] is receiving more criticism[B] is no longer an educational ritual[C] is not required for advanced courses[D] is gaining more preferences22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B] have asked for a different educational standard[C] may have problems finishing their homework[D] have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may[A] discourage students from doing homework[B] result in students' indifference to their report cards[C] undermine the authority of state tests[D] restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether .[A] it should be eliminated [B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers [D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be[A] wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B] a Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C] thorny Questions about Homework[D] a Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is… the rainbow" (Line 2-3, Para. 1), the author means pink .[A] should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B] should not be associated with girls' innocence[C] cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D] cannot influence girls' lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A] Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing genders.[D] White is preferred by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development much influenced by .[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to[A] focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B] attach equal importance to different genders[C] classify consumers into smaller groups[D] create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B] fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D] well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy, companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patentableD. the BIO to issue a warning32. those who are against gene patents believe that ______A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovationD. courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for______A. establishing disease correlationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that ______A. the supreme court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is ______A. criticalB. supportiveC. scornfulD. objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U. S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one, Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till V on Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it , and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings”__Line 1,Para. 2__the author suggest that the jobless try to .[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profits from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people ______[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their lifestyle[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may ______.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till V on Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to ______[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ______[A] certain [B] positive [C] trivial [D] destructivePart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus―On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "What it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself." His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright andJosiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. ”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding― from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus―On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "What it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself." His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. ”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britainnurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding― from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.41. Petrarch42. Niccolo Machiavellli43. Samuel Smiles44. Thomas Carlyle45. Marx and Engels[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.[B]highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hardto imitate.[D] opened up new realms of understanding the greatmen in history.[E] held that history should be the story of themasses and their record of struggle.[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successfulleaders.[G]depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialistsand explorers.Section III Translation46．Direction ：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of the best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47．Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day, write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Zhang Wei "instead.Part B 48．Directions:Write an essay based on the following table In your writing, you should1) describe the table, and2) give your commYou should write at least 150 words. (15points)英语对应答案:01---05: B B A A C06---10: D A A C B11---15: D B C D C16---20: A C C B A21---25: A C A D D26---30: A B A C C31---35: C B B C D36---40: D D B B B41---45: A F G C E。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与参考答案
2012考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves_19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboa rd campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. RageAgainst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negativeones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never re ally intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious question s about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power ove r nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation mi ght be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is th e goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy I nstitute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and usethem to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becomingless clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of s exual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them repres ent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012考研英语(一)参考答案。
2012同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试英语A卷
2012同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试英语A卷Passage OneA 10-year-old boy decided to study judo(柔道) despite the fact that he had lost his left arm in a terrible car accident. The boy began lessons with an old Japanese judo master，and he was doing well. But he couldn't understand why，after three months of training，the master had taught him only one move."Sir，" the boy finally said，"shouldn't I be learning more moves?“This the only move you know，but this is the only move you'll ever need toknow，" the master replied.Not quite understanding，but believing in his teacher，the boy kept training.Several months later，the master took the boy to his first tournament(锦标赛).Surprising himself，the boy easily won his first two matches. The third matchproved to be more difficult，but after some time，his opponent became impatient and charged; the boy skillfully used his one move to win the match. Still amazed by his success，the boy was now in the finals.This time，his opponent was bigger，stronger，and more experienced. For a while，the boy appeared to be overmatched. Concerned that the boy might get hurt, the referee called a time-out ,He was about to stop the match when the judomaster intervened."No，" the judo master insisted，"Let him continue."Soon after the match resumed，his opponent made a critical mistake: he dropped his guard. Instantly，the boy used his move to pin him. The boy had won the match and the tournament. He was the champion.On the way home，the boy and his judo master reviewed every move in each and every match. Then the boy summoned the courage to ask what was really on his mind."Sir，how did I win the tourτlament with only one move?""You won for two. reasons，" the master answered."First，you've almost mastered one of the most difficult throws in all of judo.Second，the only known defense for that move is for your opponent to grab your left arm”31．Why did the boy want to learn judo?A. He wanted to get over the accident.B. He wanted to make up for his disability.C. He wanted to exercise his right arm.D .The reason was not mentioned in the passage32.When a referee calls a "time-out”__________A. the time has run outB. the game stops for a short timeC. either side can claim victoryD. the game ends in a tie33. Why did the master insist on continuing the match?A. He didn't want to give the opponent an advantage.B. The boy was confident of winning.C. He had confidence in the boy's skill.D. All he cared about was winning the final.34.What probably caused the defeat of the boy's opponent in the final?A. Over-confidence. B .Impatience.C.Inexperience.D. Exhaustion.35. Why did the master teach the boy only that one move?A. The boy could not do other moves with only one arm.B. It was the only move the master knew well.C. It was the move his opponent would not be good at.D. His opponent would be helpless once he made that move.36. What does the passage mainly tell us?A. One can turn a weakness into an advantage.B. It is very difficult to have a good teacher.C Even a disabled person can win a match.D. Practice makes perfect.PassageTwoMy five-year-old daughter knew exactly what she wanted for Christmas of 1977，and told me so. Yes，she still would like the pink-and-green plastic umbrella，books，long nightgown，slippers-fine. But really，there was only one thing that mattered: a Barbie Townhouse，with all the accessories.This was a surprise. Rebecca was not a Barbie girl，preferred stuffed animals to dolls，and wasn't drawn to play in a structured environment. Always a make-up-the-rules，design-my-own-world，do-it-my-way kid. Maybe，I thought，the point wasn't Barbie but the house，which she could claim，for herself，since we’d alre ady moved five times during her brief life.Next day，I stopped at the mall. The huge Barbie Townhouse box was there: "3 Floors of High-Styled Fun! Elevator Can Stop on All Floors!" Some Assembly Required.Uh-oh. My track record for assembling things was miserable. Brooklyn-born，I was raised in apartment buildings in a family that didn't build things. A few years earlier，I'd spent one week assembling a six-foot-tall jungle gym from a kit containing so many parts. I spent the first four hours sorting and the last two hours trying to figure out why there were so many pieces. The day after I finished building it，as if to remind me of my limitations，a tornado(龙卷风) touched down close enough to scatter the jungle gym across an acre of field.I assembled the Barbie Townhouse on Christmas Eve. Making it level，keeping the columns from looking like they'd melted and been refrozen，and getting that elevator to work were almost more than I could manage. And building it in curse-free silence so my daughter would continue sleeping--if，in fact，she was sleeping-added a layer of challenge .By dawn I was done.Shortly thereafter，my daughter walked into the living room. Her surprise may not be real ，but her delight was utterly genuine and moves me. to this day，34 years later. Rebecca had spurred me to do something、I didn't think I could do. It was for her，and一like so much of the privilege of being her farther--it brought me further outside myself and let me overcome doubts about me capacities .37.In the author’s eyes, his little daughter was_______A. obedientB. unstableC. originalD. stubborn38 .The author thought that his daughter’s choice of the Barbie Townhouse, ________A .was natural for a five-year-old girlB．was influenced by her life experienceC．reflected the change in her tasteD．brought her back normal39. For the author，assembling things_______A. was largely in his bloodB. was a challenge he enjoyedC. was always his weak pointD. was part of his family education40. Assembling the Barbie Townhouse_________________.A. brought out the author's potentialsB. turned out to be easier than expectedC. actually drove the author crazy.D. D. was a bad memory for the author41. In the last paragraph the author mainly expressed______A. his pride in being a father.B. his gratitude to his daughterC. his concern about his capabilityD. his delight in helping his daughter42. What can be learned about the relationship between the author and his daughter?A. They are on good terms with each other.B. They barely speak to each other.C. They are polite but cold to each other.D. They keep secrets from each other.Passage ThreeIt is all very well to blame traffic jam，the cost of petrol and the fast pace ofmodem life，but manners on the roads are becoming deplorable. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well，again ,to have a tiger in the tank，but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter. You might tolerate the odd road-hog(占道者)，but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign，otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road courtesy is not only good manners，but good sense too, It takes the mostgood-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to hit back when subjected touncivilized behavior. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to anact of courtesy helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of courtesy are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize courtesy when they see it.Contrary to general opinion，young drivers have better manners than their seniors. But this isshort-lived in the world of modern driving where many drivers neither expect nor give any mercy. This may be encouraged on the battlefield but is out of place on the roads.Lorry drivers say they have almost abandoned the practice of signaling cars toovertake when the road is clear, because many of the cars took too long to pass. Theycouldn't be bothered to select a lower gear. The car drivers, after overtaking, sloweddown again and hogged the road. Again, a motoring magazine has recently drawnattention to the increasing number of drivers who never wait for gaps."Theymanufacture them by force，using their direction indicators as a threat rather than awarning."Punch-ups(打群架)are quite common. It can't be long before we hear ofpistols and knives being used.Driving is essentially a state of mind. However technically skilled a driver may be，he can't be an advanced motorist if he is always arrogant and aggressive.43. The author is most concerned about.A. traffic jamB. road mannersC. fast pace of lifeD. high cost of petrol44. The word “deplorable” (Para. 1) most probably means " ".A. more seriousB. more temptingC. disturbingD. noticeable45. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?A. Many drivers tend to fight back against rude behaviors.B. A little courtesy may help ease the tensions on the road.C. Goodwill and tolerance may help relieve traffic jam.D. Many drivers nowadays lack a good sense of courtesy.46. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that.A. young drivers are more aggressiveB. young drivers would soon lose their good mannersC. elder drivers are more cautiousD. elder drivers should improve their driving skills47. An example of good manners on the roads is .A. signaling cars to overtakeB. manufacturing a gapC. selecting a lower gearD. using the direction indicator48. According to the author，a good driver should .A. be technically skilledB. have a good state of mindC. be sympathetic with othersD. take good care of his vehiclePassage FourOn how the world has changed over the last 50 years，not all of it has been good. As you are looking for organic food information, you have obviously become aware that a better alternative exists and you are taking a critical look at the source and production practices of the companies producing the world's food supplies.The purpose of organic food information is to give you an understanding of what is going into your food. You will see that there are many benefits to organic food that you didn't know before.The basis behind knowing about organic food information is the fact that farmers are resorting to using artificial fertilizers and pesticides(杀虫剂)to control disease and insect attack in order to produce more crops to satisfy growing demand. These artificial fertilizers leave something poisonous in and on the fruit and vegetables we consume which in turn is absorbed and stored by our bodies.Even the quality of food has gone down in recent years. Today's fruits have nowhere near the Vitamin C levels they did at one time. However，with organic food information you learn that organic food has fifty percent more nutrients，minerals and vitamins than any other form of produce that has been grown under intensive farming. If you are eating non-organic produce you will have to eat more fruit in order to make up for this deficiency. But then the dangerous cycle continues since you will be eating more chemicals that are worse for your health than they are good for you.Another aspect of organic food information is the production of meat and poultry (家禽). Most only consider produce when it comes to organic food information disregarding the antibiotics and hormones that are given to both cattle and poultry that are being force fed. Ask yourself what happens to all these antibiotics and hormones when the animal is killed，the remaining of these antibiotics and growth hormones reside in the meat which are then consumed，digested and stored in human bodies. There is no way that an animal that isn't kept in healthy conditions can produce healthy food for humans to eat.You have nothing to lose by trying organic product，not only will it be healthy for you but you will also be able to eat produce and meat the way they are supposed to be. You will likely be so impressed with the taste of organic fruit that you will never return to the mass-produced fruit again. While cost and availability can be a big issue for some，you can do a bit of research online and finda local store that stocks organic produce for a reasonable price.49. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that organic food .A. is considered as a better choiceB. is mostly supplied by world-famous companiesC. has become popular over the last 50 yearsD. reflects the change of production practices50. Farmers use artificial fertilizers and pesticides to .A. satisfy people's critical demandB. develop better farming technologyC. get a higher crop yieldD. keep people in better health51. According to Paragraph 3，organic food .A. has gone down in qualityB. has more nutrientsC. can replace mass-produced foodD. lacks Vitamin C52. What does the author say about meat and poultry?A. Organic meat and poultry is hardly available.B. A great amount of meat is consumed every year.C. Merciless killing of the animals lowers their quality.D. They may contain antibiotics and growth hormones.53. In the last paragraph, people are advised to .A. eat traditional produce and meatB. return to mass-produced fruitsC. do the cost and availability researchD. try organic product for better health and taste54. This passage is mainly about .A. the benefits of organic food informationB. the challenges facing the world food industryC. changes in food production practicesD. a growing demand high quality foodPassage FiveDrinking wastewater? The idea may sound distasteful，but new federally funded research says more Americans are doing so-whether they know or not-and this reuse will be increasingly necessary as the U.S. population expands.Treated wastewater poses no greater health risks than existing water supplies and，in some cases, may be even safer to drink，according to a report released by the National Research Council. “We believe water reuse is an option to deal with growing water scarcity, especially in coastal areas，” says Jorg Drewes，an engineering professor at the Colorado School of Mines. "This can be done reliably without putting the public at risk，" he says，citing technological advances. He says it's a waste not to reuse the nation's wastewater，because almost all of it is treated before discharge. This water includes storm runoff(径流) as well as used water from homes，businesses and factories.In many places，the report says，the public does not realize it's drinking water that was treated after being discharged as wastewater somewhere upstream: For example，wastewater discharged into the Trinity River from Dallas/Fort Worth flows south into Lake Livingston，the source for Houston's drinking water.Despite the growing importance of this reuse，the report says there's been no systemic analysis of its extent nationwide since a 1980 study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Alan Roberson of the American Water Works Association says wastewater reuse is common, so the council's report is important but not surprising. Roberson expects this recycling will continue to increase，especially for irrigation and industrial needs. He says it will take longer to establish potable(适于饮用的) uses because of public nervousness about drinking wastewater，however treated.“We have to do something to address water scarcity”，says Olga Naidenko，a senior scientist at the non-profit Environmental Working Group. “Less than 10 of potable water is used for drinking，cooking，showering or dishwashing. We flush it down the toilet，literally.” Technologies exist to safely treat the water，she says，although some are expensive.The report says water reuse projects tend to cost more，than most water conservation options but less than seawater desalination(脱盐) and other supply alternatives. It calls on the EPA to develop rules that set safe national standards.55. As can be learned from Paragraph 1, drinking wastewater .A. is to become a growing necessityB. is well received by the AmericansC. has caused heated public debatesD. has become the dominant option56. Which of the following statements would Jorg Drewes agree to?A. Water reuse may eventually put the public at risk.B. Water reuse is preferable to wasting water.C. Water reuse is far from a solution to water shortage.D. Water reuse is possible only after greater tech advances.57. Lake Livingston is mentioned to show that the public .A. accepts the fact of drinking wastewater calmlyB. is concerned about the safety of the drinking waterC. does not believe that wastewater is safe to drink.D. is not aware of the nature of their drinking water58. According to Alan Roberson, .A. it is not safe to drink wastewaterB. the report has surprised the publicC. the report helps build up public confidenceD. the public has yet to accept drinking wasterwater59. Olga Naidenko’s remarks e mphasize .A. the recent progressB. the existing problemsC. the new perspectiveD. the potential risks60. What does the report suggest to the EPA?A. Weighing different water conservation options.B. Exploring new technologies to treat wastewater.C. Setting up national standards for water reuse.D. Monitoring water supplies at a national level.Part IVCloze (15 minutes，15 points，1 for each)Directions: In this part，there is a passage with J 5 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Why do kids hate Brussels sprouts(芽甘苦)? Because Brussels sprouts are bitter，and kids generally don't like bitter tastes. But it's not their 61 . Researchers say that a dislike for bitter and sour is a survival instinct，since most toxic substances 62 that way too. On the other hand，sweetness typically indicates that something is 63 to eat，so children are born with a 64 for sweets.What we like to eat changes over time. As we age，we realize that 65 somethingtastes bitter or sour，it won't kill us，and we learn to 66 it. When we're older，we 67 some of our smell sensitivity .Humans need smell to experience flavor,which isdifferent from taste. With our semes diminished，we'll probably begin 68 sugar and salt to our food，to heighten the flavor. 69 ，there's a theory that the reason many especially "big" –tasting wines in recent years have won awards is that wine critics are getting older and finding subtle flavors 70 to sense.If someone is71 to detect flavors at all，he may have a taste72，which can becaused by a tongue injury or brain damage. Or it could be a problem with73 .Thechannel that separates the mouth from the nose allows us to smell behind our nose and is 74 enjoying most complex flavors.That's why food seems 75 when we have astuffy nose-except chicken noodle soup.It's so salty.61. A. fault B. choice C. habit D. regret62. A. feel B. look C. sound D. taste63. A. strange B. necessary C. safe D. ready64.A. capacity B. preference C. awareness D. consideration65.A. now that B. in case C. if only D. even though66. A. enjoy B. improve C. treat D. alter67.A. form B. lose C. reduce D. gain68.A. putting B. balancing C. adding D. limiting69.A. In essence B. In conclusion C.In fact D. In short70. A. softer B. nicer C. worse D. harder71.A. unlikely B. unable C. impossible D. improbable72. A.. disorder B. symptom C. therapy D. illusion73.A. mood B. taste C. flavor D. smell74.A. subject to B. liable to C. crucial for D. beneficial for75.A. delicious B. flavorless C. bitter D. smellyPaper two(60minutes)Part I Translation (30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)Section ADirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.In many ways the Internet has had a very positive effect on society.It has improved communication ,simplified handling tasks,offered a huge convenience,enabled faster processing ,and provided more options,all of which frees more time to do other things .Yet,interestingly enough ,the Internet has in some ways had negative effects.The quality of communication has declined and people are impatient because they have become accustomed to instant satisfaction,and using the Internet also takes up a lot of time.Section BDirections: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.乔布斯（Steve Jobs）去世后备受敬仰，原因之一是他创造了科技产品的美感。
2012年同等学力英语真题答案(A卷)
新阳光教育2012年同等学力英语真题答案（A 卷）Paper One 试卷一Part I Dialogue Communication (10 points, 1 for each)Section A Dialogue Completion1. B2. B3. C4. D5. ASection B Dialogue Comprehension6. A7. C8. C9. B 10. DPart II Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 for each )Section A11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. C 17. D18. B 19. B 20. C Section B21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. C28. D 29. C 30. DPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points, 1 for each)31. D 32. B 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. A38. B 39. C 40. A 41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. B 47. A48. B 49. A 50. C 51. B 52. D 53. D 54. A 55. A 56. D 57. D58. D 59. B 60. CPart IV Cloze (15 points, 1 for each)61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. D 66. A 67. B68. C 69. C 70. D71. B 72. A 73. D 74. C 75. BPaper Two 试卷二Part I Translation (20 points, 10 for each section)Section A参考译文因特网在很多方面对社会有积极的影响。
2012管理类联考英语真题(含答案)
2012 年管理类专业学位全国联考英语（二）试卷Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections : Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who （1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the （2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who （3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the （4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,（5) an average guy ,up （6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation （7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never（9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has （10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character, or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Bot h men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C]f ro m [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over[C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advance19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have incompleting their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A]is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24.As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation s of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is s uch a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was somethingexperts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influencedby_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this w as just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a produ ct of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coachlawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.udges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be pat e ntabl eD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease co rrela tionB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.dentifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectivText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely toreshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the gove rn ment[B]explore reasons for the unemployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]ook on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to_____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life c hances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012 年 MBA 全国考试英语真题答案完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.D7.A8.A9.C 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.D16.A 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21.A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.B 34.C 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE46.若发展中国家的人们为移民问题操心，往往是想去硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学创造自己最辉煌的未来。
2012年在职人员攻读硕士学位考试科目及时间安排
2012年在职人员攻读硕士学位全国联考
考试科目及时间安排
时间
科目
类别
10月28日
8:30-11:30
10月28日
14:30-17:00
法律硕士
专业综合
英、俄、日
教育硕士
教育学和心理学综合
英、俄、日、英二
体育硕士
体育硕士入学资格考试
——
工程硕士
GCT
——
农业推广硕士
GCT
——
兽医硕士
GCT
——
中医综合（博士）
医古文（博士）
风景园林硕士
GCT
——
公共卫生硕士
公共卫生综合
英、俄、日
军事硕士
军事共同基础
英ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้俄
工商管理硕士
综合能力
英语
公共管理硕士
公共管理综合能力测试
英、俄、日
会计硕士
综合知识
英语
艺术硕士
艺术硕士入学资格考试
——
职业学校教师在
职攻读硕士学位
GCT
——
中医师承（硕士）
中医综合（硕士）
医古文（硕士）
中医师承（博士）
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2012在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试卷（A）卷Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Speaker A: I am so glad I caught you at home. I need your help!Speaker B: ___________, Robin?A. Can IB. Do youC. What's thatD. What's up2. Speaker A: I don't have the slightest idea what you want to say.Speaker B: You don't have to.___________A. Forget it.B. Just follow my lead.C. I'll say it later.D. If only you wanted to.3. Speaker A: Nobody listened to what I have to say. I feel like a fool.Speaker B: Don't worry._________A. I'm with you.B. I like you.C. They are fools themselves.D. They are no better.4. Speaker A: Oh, hi Dr. Hill. Can I discuss my grade on my term paper with you now?Speaker B: Sure.__________A. What seems to be the problem?B. That seems to be a mistake.C.I really appreciate itD. Could I check back with you later?5. Speaker A: Mr. Jacob, you are a great help. How can I pay you back?Speaker B: OK, you buy me a coffee, __________.A. and there is no problemB. and we are evenC. and you'll feel betterD. and 1 won't say anythingSection B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: in this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A, B. C and O, Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices given and mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEET with a sin file line through the center.6. Woman: Mr. Simpson, all the department managers are here except John.Man: Let's get the meeting rolling.Question: What does the man mean?A. Cancel the meetingB. Start the meetingC. Put the meeting offD. Continue the meeting7. Woman: Protecting the environment should be on the agenda of every one of us.Man: You took the words right out of my mouth.Question: What did the man mean?A. He agreed with the woman.B. He didn't believe the woman.C. The woman's words hurt him.D. The woman was talking nonsense.8. Woman: I can't forgive myself for that terrible mistake I have made.Man: Well, don't be too hard on yourself. It happens to the best of us.Question: What does the woman mean?A. The man should not be forgiven.B. Smart people make few mistakesC. The mistake is not seriousD. The man needn't feel that9. Woman: Here you are. Do it by six o'clock, OK?Man: By six o'clock? Give me a break. I'm not a superman.Question: What does the man mean?A. He wants to take a break.B. He has to work like a superman.C. There is not enough time for him.D. The work is too difficult for him.10. Woman: I'm clueless and, quite frankly, I'm getting worried about the future.Man: We're all in the same boat. Leaving school's a big step.Question: What's the issue they are facing now?A. Graduation examination.B. Traveling expenses.C. Career choicesD. Personal finance.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Direction s: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. You're your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center,11. I was annoyed by Tom who came late for our appointment and never _____ to ask how long Ihad been waiting.A. botherB. to botherC. botheringD. bothered12. The team members were upset when they heard that the project _____ have to be abandoned.A. mightB. shouldC. needD. shall13. I've attached my contact information in the recommendation letter _____ you have furtherquestions.A. becauseB. so thatC. sinceD. in case14. As computer security systems become even more advanced, _____ the methods of those whotry to break into them illegally.A. so too doB. so much doC. as much asD. as well as15. The questions are certain to _____ careful consideration before any major decision.A. giveB. have givenC. be givenD. have been given16. This robot is supposed to save a lot of labor, but it many create new problems if it really_____.A. isB. willC. hasD. does17. I don't know why Mary didn't ask me how to do it as I _____ her.A. must helpB. would helpC. should have helpedD. could have helped18. Peter and Bob both did a good job, but Peter is _____ talented of the two.A. the mostB. the moreC. mostD. more19. The function of school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the artof learning.A. thanB. thenC. asD. but20. Graduate school and college are similar _____ you have to choose a field of study and doresearch.A. in thatB. for thatC. for whichD. in which21. Father sometimes goes to the gym with us though he _____ going there.A. enjoysB. prefersC. dislikesD. denies22. She was among the most _____ players in the game, but the car accident ruined everything.A. promisedB. promotedC. promisingD. promoting23. Dina struggling for months to get a job as a waitress, finally took a _____ at a local advertisingagency.A. chanceB. positionC. stepD. challenge24. He doe sn’t eat pork, but _____ that he’ll eat just about anything.A. rather thanB. no more thanC. other thanD. no longer than25. Simon finally _____ to pressure from his parents to stop his tennis training before the exam.A. gave upB. gave inC. gave outD. gave way26. Thomas Edison was responsible for many _____ in addition to the light bulb.A. intentionsB. imaginationsC. instructionsD. innovations27. Thrilled that she got her first paycheck. Nancy immediately _____ her old phone with a newermodel.A. replacedB. renewedC. combinedD. compared28. Advertising is a tough business because it is very difficult to _____ new ideas sell the sameproduct.A. come up withB. get along withC. come up toD. get down to29. After thinking hard about why I did not have enough time for my schoolwork. I became _____that I watched too much TV.A. doubtfulB. worriedC. puzzledD. aware30. Following the same rules all these years, the club is _____ to any from of change.A. resolvedB. resistantC. restrictedD. reservedPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40points)Directions: There arc 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A. B, C, and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage OneIt has never been easy to be a teenager, and it is particularly difficult today. The world expects us to be grown up but rarely treats us like adults; we are part of a society in which drugs are readily available but extremely dangerous; our education consists of examinations and more examinations... Is it any wonder we struggle at times?One of the biggest problems is that parents demand mature and intelligent behavior from us, yet usually think of us as still being children. We help do a range of housework and care for sickly grandparents, but cannot watch adult movies on television. We are expected to show an interest in current affairs and get a part-time job to begin to support ourselves, but are not even allowed a say in where we go for the family holiday—never mind being allowed to holiday with our friends!Outside the home, we have to make sure our dissatisfaction does not lead us to rebellion and to the dealers who are just waiting to sell us various drugs. Older generations had to come to terms with alcohol and cigarettes; that was easy, by comparison. We go to a club, to dance, then are faced with temptations(诱惑), peer pressures and our own desire to fit in with the crowd There is always someone there with a designer drink, a designer smile and the latest designer drug to tempt us. Being a teenager has never been harder.Of course, it has never been so hard in school either. We have so many examinations that it is difficult to keep track: SATs, GCSEs... and the practice tests that accompany them. Homework is never ending. No teacher seems aware of how much work the others are setting, and, anyway, they would not care, because they are all under orders to improve results or their own careers will suffer.31. What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?A. The tempting drugs that can be easily bought.B. The changing world that teenagers have to adapt to.C. School education that focuses merely on examinations.D. Various problems that teenagers have to deal with.32. Parents will most probably say no to their children if they want to_____.A. learn current affairs by watching TVB. go on vacation with friendsC. take a part time job while in schoolD. holiday with the rest of the family33. What does the author mean by saying "Being a teenager has never been harder" in Paragraph3?A. Parents are more demanding than ever before.B. Teenagers have to try harder to fit into the world.C. Teenagers are under greater pressure from peers.D. There are more and stronger temptations than before.34. AS is used in Paragraph 4, "the others" refers to _____.A. colleaguesB. neighborsC. parentsD. students35. Why do teachers give their students a huge lot of homework and examinations?A. They have a strong sense of responsibility.B. They intend to inspire students' interest in learning.C. They are demanded to improve students' scores.D. They intend to have students work harder in school.Passage TwoIf you like to take lots of vacation, the United States is not the place to work. Besides a handful of national holidays the typical American worker gets two or three precious weeks off out of a whole year to relax and sec the world —much less than what people in many other countries receive. And even that amount of vacation often comes with strings attached. So what's going on here?A big reason for the difference is that paid time off is demanded by law in many parts of the world. Germany is among more than two dozen industrialized countries—from Australia to Japan—that require employers to offer four weeks or more of paid vacation to their workers, according to a 2009 study by the human resources consulting company Mercer. Finland, Brazil and France are the champions, guaranteeing six weeks of time off. But employers in the United States are not obliged under federal law to offer any paid vacation, so about a quarter of all American workers don't have access to it, government figures show. That makes the U.S. the only advanced nation in the world that doesn't guarantee its workers annual leave.Most U.S. companies, of course, do provide vacation as a way to attract and retain workers. But the fear of layoffs and the ever -faster pace of work mean many Americans are reluctant to be absent from the office —anxious that they might look like they're not committed to their job. Or they worry they won't be able to cope with a pile of work waiting for them after a vacation. Then, there's the way we work.Working more makes Americans happier than Europeans, according to a study published recently in the Journal of Happiness Studies. That may be because Americans believe more than Europeans do that hard work is associated with success.So despite research documenting the health and productivity benefits of taking time off, a long vacation can be undesirable, scary, unrealistic or just plain impossible for many U.S. workers.36. According to the passage, the United States is a nation _____.A. that prefers relatively longer vacationsB. that has fewer national holidaysC. where workers do not have paid time offD. where employers are not required to offer paid vacation37. The phrase "with strings attached" (Para.1) probably means "_____ ".A. with specified conditionsB. with full freedomC. with many optionsD. with work in mind38. Which of the following countries offers the longest annual leave to its workers?A. Germany.B. Japan.C. France.D. Australia.39. Many Americans are hesitant to take a vacation because they _____.A. are afraid of losing their jobsB. enjoy the fast pace of workC. are devoted to their jobsD. like the challenges in work40. According to the author, Americans' chance of taking a long vacation is _____.A. uncertainB. slimC. goodD. promisingPassage ThreeNew research suggests that animals have a much higher level of brainpower than previously thought. If animals do have intelligence, how do scientists measure it? Before defining animals' intelligence, scientists defined what is not intelligence. Instinct is not intelligence. It is a skill programmed into an animal's brain. Rote(机械记忆) conditioning is also not intelligence. Tricks can be learned by repetition, but no real thinking is involved. Scientists believe that insight (顿悟), the ability to use tools, and communication using human language are all effective measures of the mental ability of animals.Scientists define insight as a flash of sudden understanding. When a young gorilla could not reach fruit from a tree, she noticed some boxes scattered about the lawn near the tree. She piled up the boxes, then climbed on them to reach her reward. The gorilla's insight allowed her to solve a new problem without trial and error.The ability to use tools is also an important sign of intelligence. Crows use sticks to get nuts out of cracks. The crow exhibits intelligence by showing it has learned what a stick can do. Likewise, seals use rocks to crack open shells in order to get at the meat.Many animals have learned to communicate using human language. One chimp can recognize and correctly use more than 250 abstract symbols on a keyboard. These symbols represent human words. An amazing parrot can distinguish five objects of two different types. He can understand the difference between the number, color, and kind of object. The ability to classify is a basic thinking skill. He seems to use language to express his needs and emotions. When ill and taken to the animal hospital for his first overnight stay, this parrot turned to go."Come here!" he cried to a scientist who works with him. "I love you. I'm sorry. Wanna go back? "The research on animal intelligence raises important questions. If animals are smarter than once thought, would that change the way humans interact with them? Would humans stop hunting them for sport or survival? Would animals still be used for food, clothing, or medical experimentation? Finding the answer to these tough questions makes a difficult puzzle even for a large-brained, problem-solving species like our own.41. As is mentioned in Paragraph 1, "tricks" played by animals may be _____.A. a sign of intelligenceB. a sign of instinctC. learned through trainingD. programmed in their brain at birth42. Crows' using sticks to get nuts out of cracks illustrates _____.A. rote learningB. the ability to use toolsC. communication skillsD. instinctive response43. The parrot's being able to distinguish five objects of two different types indicatesA. its ability to classifyB. its ability to countC. a grasp of human languageD. a flash of sudden understanding44. Which of the following is an example of animals' communication through the use of humanlanguage?A. Parrots can imitate.B. Gorillas scream for help.C. A crow shouts warnings to other crows.D. Chimps use symbols that stand for words.45. The last paragraph implies that _____.A. there is no way of measuring animal intelligenceB. animals are given opportunities to display their intelligenceC. the human-animal relationship needs to be reconsideredD. some animal instincts are well beyond our knowledgePassage FourAnother kinds of distinction that can be made among works of art is whether they were originally intended as objects purely to be looked at, or as objects to be used. The FINE ARTS, such as drawing, painting, and sculpture, involve the production of works to be seen and experienced primarily on an abstract rather than practical level. Pieces of fine art may produce emotional, intellectual, sensual, or spiritual responses in us. Those who love the fine arts feel that these responses are very valuable, and perhaps especially so in the midst of a highly materialistic world, for they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself.In contrast to the nonfunctional appeals of the fine arts, the first purpose of the APPLIED ARTS is to serve some useful function. Lucy Lewis, a traditional potter from Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico, has applied a visually exciting surface decoration to her water jar. But the jar's main reason for being, however, is to hold water. Some of the people of Acoma, which may be the oldest continually inhabited city in the United States, still follow the old ways, carrying water for drinking,cooking, and washing up to their homes from natural ponds below. The forms of their water jars are therefore designed to prevent spilling and to balance readily on one's head. The pots must also be light in weight, so Acoma water pots are some of the world's thinnest - walled pottery. Interestingly, the languages of most Native American peoples do not include a word that means " fine art. " While they have traditionally created pottery, basketry, and weaving with a good sense of design, these pieces were part of their everyday lives.The applied art of pottery-making, is one of the crafts, the making of useful objects by hand. Other applied art disciplines are similarly functional. Graphic designers create advertisements, fabrics, layouts for books and magazines, and so on; Industrial designers shape the mass - produced objects used by high - tech societies, from cars, telephones, and teapots, to one of the most famous visual images in the world: the Coca -Cola bottle. Other applied arts include clothing design, interior design, and environmental design.46. What has the author probably discussed right before the passage?A. The history of art.B. The beauty of art.C. Some distinctions among works of art.D. The definition of art in general.47. Which of the following is true?A. Fine arts enrich our lives.B. Fine arts are associated with application.C. Products of crafts are made to be looked at.D. People in the materialistic world lacks the sense of beauty.48. The water jar mentioned in Paragraph 2 can be described as_________A. an example of fine artB. a product of graphic designC. a case of industrial designD. an object for practical use49. The Coca -Cola bottle mentioned in Paragraph 3 _____.A. is a product of craftsB. is an example of applied artC. produces spiritual responsesD. is an object to be looked at50. What is this passage mainly about?A. The functions of a water jar.B. Pottery-making in North America.C. Fine and applied arts.D. Nonfunctional appeals of fine arts.Part IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.U. S. researchers suggest sleeping can help us remember things we have just learnt. A team from Northwestern University 51 that a 90-minute nap (小睡)can help people learn a new skill. The 52 on their research is published in the June edition of the journal Nature. The scientists say: "Information acquired during waking can be reactivated (重新激活) during sleep, 53 memory stabilization." Test volunteers practised musical tunes before and after a short sleep. 54 the nap, the researchers played one of the tunes the volunteers had practiced. The team found that the participants made 55 errors when playing the tune that had been played while they slept.Study co-author Dr Paul J. Reuber points out the research might not work 56 learning a foreign language while you sleep. He said: “The critical 57 is that our research shows that memory is strengthened for something you've already learned.” He added: "Rather than learning something 58 in your sleep, we’re talking about enhancing an existing memory by reactivating information recently acquired." 59, Dr Reuber did say there were possibilities for language learners: "If you were learning 60 to speak in a foreign language during the day, for example, and then tried to reactivate those memories during sleep, perhaps you might enhance your learning," he said.51. A. imagine B. learn C. report D. guess52. A. claim B. article C. statement D. lecture53. A. disturbing B. lowering C. updating D. promoting54. A. During B. Before C. At D. After55. A. more B. fewer C. less D. most56. A. with B. for C. by D. upon57. A. similarity B. difference C. viewpoint D. response58. A. old B. strange C. unique D. new59. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Instead60. A. when B. where C. how D. whyPart V Translation (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.We all know that the most powerful force in our lives is love. In addition to providing us with soul-warming companionship, the emotion of love is truly inspiring.Of course, the facts of our lives tell a somewhat sad story. We have a very hard time making love last. The divorce rate in the U.S. is still around 50 percent. That figure doesn't even cover the many couples that live together without marriage and whose unions are even more likely to dissolve.Relationships fail because people have the misconception about what to expect in marriage.The fantasy is that everything will be wonderful as long as you find the perfect person -your missing half. But marriage is a team sport. It's one team with two people, with two different minds. The difficulty is that these two people disagree all the time. They need to know nondestructive ways of expressing differences and must also be prepared for the inevitable disappointments that come from living with another person.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of "what would you consider an ideal work environment''. You may base your composition on the Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.工作环境包括很多方面：空间、设施、温度、光线、噪音、人员……我想要的理想的工作环境是……理想的工作环境的效果是……Key1-10: DAAAB BADAC 11-20: AADAD DDBDA 21-30: CCBCB AAADB 31-40: DBBAC DACAB 41-50: CBADC CADBC 51-60: CBDAC BCDAC。