常用离散数学名词中英文对照
数学中英名词对照表
数学中英名词对照表以下是一些常见的数学中英名词对照表：1.数学(Mathematics):2.代数(Algebra):•代数方程(Algebraic equation)•多项式(Polynomial)•因子(Factor)•等式(Equation)•变量(Variable)•系数(Coefficient)3.几何(Geometry):•图形(Figure)•角度(Angle)•直线(Line)•圆(Circle)•面积(Area)•体积(Volume)•对称(Symmetry)4.统计学(Statistics):•数据(Data)•平均数(Mean)•中位数(Median)•众数(Mode)•标准差(Standard deviation)•概率(Probability)•抽样(Sampling)5.微积分(Calculus):•导数(Derivative)•积分(Integration)•极限(Limit)•微分方程(Differential equation)•曲线(Curve)•点斜式(Point-slope form)6.线性代数(Linear Algebra):•矩阵(Matrix)•行列式(Determinant)•向量(Vector)•特征值(Eigenvalue)•线性方程组(System of linear equations)•范数(Norm)7.数论(Number Theory):•质数(Prime number)•最大公约数(Greatest common divisor, GCD)•最小公倍数(Least common multiple, LCM)•同余(Congruence)•素因数分解(Prime factorization)8.逻辑学(Logic):•命题(Proposition)•范式(Normal form)•谓词(Predicate)•推理(Inference)•命题逻辑(Propositional logic)•谓词逻辑(Predicate logic)这只是数学中的一小部分术语对照表，数学领域非常广泛，涵盖了许多分支和专业术语。
离散数学词汇表
离散数学词汇表《离散数学》双语专业词汇表set：集合subset：子集element, member：成员，元素well-defined：良定，完全确定brace：花括号representation：表示sensible：有意义的rational number：有理数empty set：空集Venn diagram：文氏图contain(in)：包含（于）universal set：全集finite (infinite) set：有限（无限）集cardinality：基数，势power set：幂集operation on sets：集合运算disjoint sets：不相交集intersection：交union：并complement of B with respect to A：A与B的差集symmetric difference：对称差commutative：可交换的associative：可结合的distributive：可分配的idempotent：等幂的de Morgan’s laws：德摩根律inclusion-exclusion principle：容斥原理sequence：序列subscript：下标recursive：递归explicit：显式的string：串，字符串set corresponding to a sequence：对应于序列的集合linear array(list)：线性表characteristic function：特征函数countable(uncountable)：可数（不可数）alphabet：字母表word：词empty sequence(string)：空串catenation：合并，拼接regular expression：正则表达式division：除法multiple：倍数prime：素（数）algorithm：算法common divisor：公因子GCD(greatest common divisor)：最大公因子LCM(least common multiple)：最小公倍数Euclidian algorithm：欧几里得算法，辗转相除法pseudocode：伪码（拟码）matrix：矩阵square matrix：方阵row：行column：列entry(element)：元素diagonal matrix：对角阵Boolean matrix：布尔矩阵join：并meet：交Boolean product：布尔乘积mathematical structure(system)：数学结构（系统）closed with respect to：对…是封闭的binary operation：二元运算unary operation：一元运算identity：么元，单位元inverse：逆元statement, proposition：命题logical connective：命题联结词compound statement：复合命题propositional variable：命题变元negation：否定（式）truth table：真值表conjunction：合取disjunction：析取quantifier：量词universal quantification：全称量词化propositional function：命题公式predicate：谓词existential quantification：存在量词化converse：逆命题conditional statement, implication：条件式，蕴涵式consequent, conclusion：结论，后件contrapositive：逆否命题hypothesis：假设，前提，前件biconditional, equivalence：双条件式，等价logically equivalent：（逻辑）等价的contingency：可满足式tautology：永真(重言)式contradiction, absurdity：永假(矛盾)式logically follow：是…的逻辑结论rules of reference：推理规则modus ponens：肯定律m odus tollens：否定律indirect method：间接证明法proof by contradiction：反证法counterexample；反例basic step：基础步principle of mathematical induction：（第一）数学归纳法induction step：归纳步strong induction：第二数学归纳法relation：关系digraph：有向图ordered pair：有序对，序偶product set, Caretesian set：叉积，笛partition, quotient set：划分，商集block, cell：划分块，单元domain：定义域range：值域R-relative set：R相关集vertex(vertices)：结点，顶点edge：边in-degree：入度out-degree：出度path：通路，路径cycle：回路connectivity relation：连通性关系reachability relation：可达性关系composition：复合reflexive：自反的irreflexive：反自反的empty relation：空关系symmetric：对称的asymmetric：非对称的antisymmetric：反对称的graph：无向图undirected edge：无向边adjacent vertices：邻接结点connected：连通的transitive：传递的equivalent relation：等价关系congruent to：与…同余modulus：模equivalence class：等价类linked list：链表storage cell：存储单元pointer：指针complementary relation：补关系inverse：逆关系closure：闭包symmetric closure：对称闭包reflexive closure：自反闭包composition：关系的复合transitive closure：传递闭包Warshal’s algorithm：Warshall算法function, mapping, transformation：函数，映射，变换argument：自变量value, image：值，像，应变量labeled digraph：标记有向图identity function on A：A上的恒等函数everywhere defined：处处有定义的onto：到上函数，满射one to one：单射，一对一函数bijection, one-to-one correspondence：双射，一一对应invertible function：可逆函数floor function：下取整函数ceiling function：上取整函数Boolean function：布尔函数base 2 exponential function：以2为底的指数函数logarithm function to the base n：以n为底的对数hashing function：杂凑函数key：键growth of function：函数增长same order：同阶lower order：低阶running time：运行时间permutation：置换，排列cyclic permutation：循环置换，轮换transposition：对换odd(even) permutation：奇（偶）置换order relation：序关系partial order：偏序关系partially ordered set, poset：偏序集dual：对偶comparable：可比较的linear order(total order)：线序，全序linearly ordered set, chain：线（全）序集，链product partial order：积偏序lexicographic order：字典序Hasse diagram：哈斯图topological sorting：拓扑排序isomorphism：同构maximal(minimal) element：极大(小)元extremal element：极值元素greatest(least) element：最大(小)元unit element：么(单位)元zero element：零元upper(lower) bound：上(下)界least upper(greatest lower) bound：上(下)确界lattice：格join：，保联，并meet：保交，交sublattice：子格absorption property：吸收律bounded lattice：有界格distributive lattice：分配格complement：补元modular lattice：模格Boolean algebra：布尔代数involution property：对合律Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression：布尔多项式（表达式）or(and, not) gate：或(与，非)门inverter：反向器circuit design：线路设计minterm：极小项Karnaugh map：卡诺图tree：树root：根，根结点rooted tree：（有）根树level：层，parent：父结点offspring：子女结点siblings：兄弟结点height：树高leaf(leave)：叶结点ordered tree：有序树n-tree：n-元树complete n-tree：完全n-元树(complete) binary tree：(完全)二元(叉)树descendant：后代subtree：子树positional tree：位置树positional binary tree：位置二元(叉)树doubly linked list：双向链表tree searching：树的搜索（遍历）traverse：遍历，周游preorder search：前序遍历Polish form：（表达式的）波兰表示inorder search：中序遍历postorder search：后序遍历reverse Polish form：（表达式的）逆波兰表示linked-list representation：链表表示undirected tree：无向树undirected edge：无向边adjacent vertices：邻接结点simple path：简单路径（通路）simple cycle：简单回路acyclic：无（简单）回路的spanning tree：生成树，支撑树Prim’s algorithm：Prim算法minimal spanning tree：最小生成树weighted graph：（赋）权图weight：树distance：距离nearest neighbor：最邻近结点greedy algorithm：贪婪算法optimal solution：最佳方法Kruskal’s algorithm：Kruskal算法graph：(无向)图vertex(vertices)：结点edge：边end point：端点relationship：关系connection：连接degree of a vertex：结点的度loop：自回路path：路径isolated vertex：孤立结点adjacent vertices：邻接结点circuit：回路simple path(circuit)：基本路径(回路) connected：连通的disconnected：不连通的component：分图discrete graph(null graph)：零图complete graph：完全图regular graph：正规图，正则图linear graph：线性图subgraph：子图Euler path(circuit)：欧拉路径(回路) Konisberg Bridge problem：哥尼斯堡七桥问题ordinance：法规recycle：回收，再循环bridge：桥，割边Hamiltonian path(circuit)：哈密尔顿路径(回路)dodecahedron：正十二面体weight：权TSP(traveling salesperson problem)：货郎担问题transport network：运输网络capacity：容量maximum flow：最大流source：源sink：汇conversation of flow：流的守恒value of a flow：流的值excess capacity：增值容量cut：割the capacity of a cut：割的容量matching problems：匹配问题matching function：匹配函数compatible with：与…相容maximal match：最大匹配complete match：完全匹配coloring graphs：图的着色proper coloring：正规着色chromatic number of G：G的色数map-coloring problem：地图着色问题conjecture：猜想planar graph：(可)平面图bland meats：未加调料的肉chromatic polynomial：着色多项式binary operation on a set A：集合A上的二元运算closed under the operation：运算对…是封闭的commutative：可交换的associative：可结合的idempotent：幂等的distributive：可分配的semigroup：半群product：积free semigroup generated by A：由A生成的自由半群identity(element)：么（单位）元monoid：含么半群，独异点subsemigroup：子半群submonoid：子含么半群isomorphism：同构homomorphism：同态homomorphic image：同态像Kernel：同态核congruence relation：同余关系natural homomorphism：自然同态group：群inverse：逆元quotient group：商群Abelian group：交换（阿贝尔）群cancellation property：消去律multiplication table：运算表finite group：有限（阶）群order of a group：群的阶symmetric group：对称群subgroup：子群alternating group：交替群Klein 4 group：Klein四元群coset：陪集(left) right coset：(左)右陪集normal subgroup：正规(不变)子群prerequisite：预备知识virtually：几乎informal brand：不严格的那种notation：标记sensible：有意义的logician：逻辑学家extensively：广泛地，全面地commuter：经常往来于两地的人by convention：按常规，按惯例dimension：维(数) compatible：相容的discipline：学科reasoning：推理declarative sentence：陈述句n-tuple：n-元组component sentence：分句tacitly：默认generic element：任一元素algorithm verification：算法证明counting：计数factorial：阶乘combination：组合pigeonhole principle：鸽巢原理existence proof：存在性证明constructive proof：构造性证明category：类别，分类factor：因子consecutively：相继地probability(theory)：概率(论) die：骰子probabilistic：概率性的sample space：样本空间event：事件certain event：必然事件impossible event：不可能事件mutually exclusive：互斥的，不相交的likelihood：可能性frequency of occurrence：出现次数(频率) summarize：总结，概括plausible：似乎可能的equally likely：等可能的，等概率的random selection(choose an object at random)：随机选择terminology：术语expected value：期望值backtracking：回溯characteristic equation：特征方程linear homogeneous relation of degree k：k 阶线性齐次关系binary relation：二元关系prescribe：命令，规定coordinate：坐标criteria：标准，准则gender：性别graduate school：研究生院generalize：推广notion：概念intuitively：直觉地verbally：用言语approach：方法，方式conversely：相反地pictorially：以图形方式restriction：限制direct flight：直飞航班tedious：冗长乏味的main diagonal：主对角线remainder：余数random access：随机访问sequential access：顺序访问custom：惯例polynomial：多项式substitution：替换multi-valued function：多值函数collision：冲突analysis of algorithm：算法分析sophisticated：复杂的set inclusion(containment)：集合包含distinguish：区分analogous：类似的ordered triple：有序三元组recreational area：游乐场所multigraph：多重图pumping station：抽水站depot：货站，仓库relay station：转送站。
数学常用词汇中英文对照
数学常用词汇中英文对照数学常用词汇中英文对照代数部分1、有关基本运算：add，plus加subtract减difference差multiply,times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的dividevenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集proper subset真子集solution set解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term代数项like terms,similar terms同类项numerical coefficient数字系数literal coefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式range值域original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程等价方程linear equation线性方程4.有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数数学常用词汇中英文对照mixed number带分数numerator分子denominator分母decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean算术平均值weighted average加权平均值geometric mean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，xxsquare rootxxcube rootxxdigit数字constant常数variable变量inversefunction反函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolute value绝对值，round off四舍五入6.有关数论natural number自然数positive number正数negative number负数odd integer,odd number奇数even integer,even number偶数integer,whole number整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数consecutive number连续整数rea lnumber,rational number实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数inverse倒数prime number质数reciprocal倒数multiple倍数(prime)factor(质)因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parenthes括号proportion比例permutation排列table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle内错角corresponding angle同位角vertical angle对顶角数学常用词汇中英文对照central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplement aryangles补角adjacent angle邻角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角right angle直角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right trianglexxoblique斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagonxx形decagon十边形polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形4.其它平面图形arc弧line,straight line直线line segment线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形5.有关立体图形cubexx，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体circular cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude高depthxxside边长circumference,perimeter周长radian弧度surface area表面积volume体积armxx的股cros ssection横截面center of acircle圆心chord弦radius半径angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线diameter直径edge棱face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse斜边included side夹边leg三角形的直角边medianofatriangle三角形的中线base底边，底数oppositexx中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距数学常用词汇中英文对照7.有关坐标coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标numberline数轴quadrant象限slope斜率8.其它plane geometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直pythagorean theorem勾股定理congruent全等的multilateral多边的1、单位类cent美分penny一美分硬币nickel5美分硬币dime一角硬币dozen打（12个）score廿(20个)Centigrade摄氏Fahrenheitxxquart夸脱gallon加仑(1gallon=4quart)yard码meter米micron微米inch英寸foot英尺minute分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度)squaremeasure平方单位制cubicmeter立方米pint品脱(干量或液量的单位)2.有关文字叙述题，主要是有关商业intercalaryyear(leapyear)闰年(366天) depreciation折旧down payment直接付款discount打折margin利润profit利润interest利息simple interest单利dividend红利decrease to减少到decrease by减少了increase to增加到increase by增加了denote表示list price标价markup涨价per capita每人ratio比率retail price零售价tie打平集合与简易逻辑集合（集）set非负整数集thesetofallnon-negativeintegers自然数集the set of all natural numbers正整数集the set of all positive integers整数集the set of all integers有理数集the set of all rational numbers实数集the set of all real numbers元素element属于belong to不属于not belong to有限集finite set无限集infinite set空集empty set包含inclusion, include包含于lie in子集subset数学常用词汇中英文对照真子集proper subset 交集intersection 并集union偶数集the set of all even numbers奇数集the set of all odd numbers含绝对值的不等式inequality with absolute value一元二次不等式one-variable quadratic inequality逻辑logic逻辑联结词logic connective或or且and非not真true假false真值表truth table原命题original proposition逆命题converse proposition否命题negative proposition逆否命题converse-negative proposition充分条件sufficient condition必要条件necessary condition充要条件sufficient and necessary condition……的充要条件是………if and only if…函数函数function自变量argument定义域domain值域range区间interval闭区间closed interval开区间open interval函数的图象graph of function 映射mapping象image原象inverse image单调monotone增函数increasing function减函数decreasing function单调区间monotone interval 反函数inverse function指数exponentn次方根n th root根式radical根指数radical exponent被开方数radicand指数函数exponential function对数logarithm自然对数natural logarithm对数函数logarithmic function数列数列sequence of number项term通项公式the formula of general term 有穷数列finite sequenceof number 无穷数列infinite sequence of number 递推公式recurrence formula等差数列arithmeticprogression，arithmetic series等差中项arithmetic mean等比数列geometricprogression，geometric series等比中项geometric mean三角函数三角函数trigonometric function始边initial side终边terminal side正角positive angle负角negative angle零角zero angle象限角quadrant angle弧度radian弧度制radian measure数学常用词汇中英文对照角度制degree measure正弦sinexxcosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant诱导公式induction formula正弦曲线sine curvexx曲线cosine curve最大值maximum最小值minimum周期period最小正周期minimal positive period周期函数periodic function振幅amplitude of vibration频率frequency相位phase初相initial phase反正弦arc sine反xxarc cosine反正切arc tangent平面向量有向线段directed line segment数量scalar quantity向量vector零向量zero vector相等向量equal vector共线向量collinear vectors平行向量parallel vectors向量的数乘multiplicationofvectorbyscalar 单位向量unit vector基底base基向量basevectors平移translation数量积innerproduct不等式算术平均数arithmetic mean几何平均数geometric mean综合法method of synthesis分析法method of analysis直线倾斜角angle of inclination斜率gradient点斜式point slope form截距intercept斜截式gradient intercept form两点式two-point form一般式general form夹角included angle线性规划linear programming约束条件constraint condition目标函数objective function可行域feasible region最优解optimal solution数学常用词汇中英文对照圆锥曲线曲线curve。
离散数学专业名词
离散数学专业名词第一章集合论、逻辑与算法基础1.1集合set（集合）power set（幂）complement of a set（补集）roster method（枚举法）universalset set（全集）symmetric difference（对称差集）set-builder method（集合构造方法）Venn diagrams（文氏图）ordered pair（有序对）subset（子集）union of sets（并集）Cartesian product（笛卡尔积）superset （父集）intersection of sets（交集）diagonal of a set（对角集）proper subset（真子集）disjoint sets（不相交集）ordered n-tuples（有序n元组）equal sets（相等集合）index set（索引集）n-flod Cartesian product（n次笛卡尔积）empty （null）set（空集）set difference（差集）bit string（位串）finite set（有限集）mutually disjoint（互不相交）length（长度）infinite set（无限集）pairwise disjoint（互不相交）singleton set（单体集合）relative complement（相对补集）1.2数理逻辑statement（命题）condition（条件）converse（逆命题）proposition（命题）biimplication（双向蕴涵）inverse（反命题）truth value（真值）biconditional（双向条件）contrapositive （逆否命题）negation（非）logical connectives（逻辑连接词）statement formula（命题公式）conjunction（合取）well-formed formulas（良态公式）formula（公式）disjunction（析取）tautology（重言式）implication（蕴涵）contradiction（矛盾式）1.3论证有效性proof（证明）modus tollens（否定法）disjunctive addition （析取加法）argument（论证）disjunctive syllogisms（析取三段论）conjunctive addition（合取加法）conclusion（结论）hypothetical syllogism（假设三段论）logically valid（逻辑有效）premise（前提）dilemma（二难推论）modus ponens（断言法）conjunctive simpli fications（合取简化）1.4量词与一阶逻辑statement logic（命题逻辑）predicate（谓词）domain（域）propositional logic（命题逻辑）propositional function（命题函数）free vricable（自由变量）n-place predicate（n位谓词）bound variable（约束变量）first-order logic（一阶逻辑）universal quantifier（全称量词）counterexample（反例）existential quantifier（存在量词）disproof（反证）1.5证明方法theorem（定理）indirect proof（间接证明）proof by contradiction（反证法）proof by direct method（直接证明方法）direct proof（直接证明）1.6 算法algorithm（算法）two-way selection（双路选择）list（列表）input（输入）if two-dimensional array（二维数组）output（输出）thenread precision（精度）else printuniqueness（唯一性）whilesubproprams（子程序）finiteness（有限性）do proceduregenerality（通用性）forfunction assignment operator（赋值运算符）begin constant polynomial（常量多项式）assignment statement（赋值语句）end degree（次数）control structures（控制结构）return one-way selection（单路选择）arrays（数组）第三章关系与偏序集3.1关系与偏序集binary relation （二元关系）directed graph representation （有向图表示）digraph （有向图）relation （关系）vertex（顶点）adjacent to （与...相邻）R-related （R-相关）directed edge（有向边）adjacent from（从...相邻）related （相关）directed arc（有向弧）loop （环）empty relation （空关系）arrow diagram （矢量图）domain （域）universal relation （全称关系）directed graph （有向图）range （值域）image (映像) equivalence class （等价类）transitive closure （传递闭包）inverse （逆）R-class（R-类）directed walk （有向通路）composition （复合）reflexive （自反）R-equivalence class （R-等价类）walk （通路）partition （划分）vertices of the walk （通路顶点）transitive （传递）equivalence relation induced by the partition （划分推出的等价关系）terminal vertex （终止顶点）equivalence relation （等价关系）internal vertices （内部顶点）equality relation （相等性关系）reflexive closure （自反闭包）path （路径）congruence modulo m （模m同余）symmetric closure （对称闭包）3.2偏序集antisymmetric （反对称）lexicographic order （词典序）topological ordering （拓扑排序）partial order （偏序）dictionary order （字典序）upper bound（上界）partially ordered set （偏序集）closed （闭合）poset （偏序集）least upper bound（lub）（最小上界）covers （覆盖）lower bound （下界）dual （序偶）Hasse diagram （哈赛图）greatest lowerbound （glb）（最大下界）comparable （可比）minimal element （极小元）lattice （格）linearly ordered set （线性有序集）maximal element （极大元）distributive （可分配性）totally ordered set （完全有序集）greatest element （最大元）complement （补元）chain （链）least element （最小元）Boolean algebra （布尔代数）product partial order （积偏序）compatible （兼容，相容）第四章矩阵与关系闭包4.1矩阵matrix（矩阵）diagonal matrix（对角矩阵）join（并）rectangular array（矩阵阵列）identity matrix（单位矩阵）Boolean meet（布尔交）element（元素）sum（和）meet（交）entry（项）difference（差）join of meet expression（相交表达式的并）equal（等于）multiplication（乘法）Boolean product（布尔积）square matrix（方阵）transpose（转置）product（积）zero matrix（零矩阵）symmetric（对称）diagonal element （对角元素）Boolean join（布尔并）4.2 关系矩阵与闭包matrix of a relation（关系矩阵）War shall’s algorithm（Warshall算法）第五章函数5.1 函数function（函数）target（目标）onto（满射）well defined（合理定义）range（值域）surjective（满射）single valued（单值）numeric functions（数字函数）surjection（满射）image（映像）identity function（恒等函数）one-to-one correspondence（一一映射）preimage（预映像，前射，前像，原像）constant function （常数函数）bijective（双射）mapped（映射）one-one（单射函数）bijection（双射）domain（域）injective（内射）composition（复合）codomain（合域）injection（内射）5.2 特殊函数与集合的基数inverse function（逆函数）images（映像）cardinality（基数）left invertible（左可逆）direct image（直接映像）equivalent（等价）left inverse（左逆）inverse image（逆映像）equipotent（幂等）right invertible（右可逆）floor（下限）countable（可数）right inverse（右逆）ceiling（上限）uncountable（不可数）restriction（限制）floor function（弱取整函数）extension（扩展）ceiling function（强取整函数）5.3 序列与字符串sequence（序列）sum of the terms（项之和）index（索引）nth term of the sequence（序列第n项）summation symbol（求和符号）subscript（下标）finite sequence（有限序列）string（字符串）infinite sequence（无限序列）word（字符）integer sequence（整数序列）dummy variable（哑变量）alphabet（字母表）arithmetic progression（AP）（等差数列）lower limit（下限）length（长度）first term（首项）upper limit（上限）empty string（空字符串）common difference（公差）general term（通项）empty word（空串）geometric progression （GP）（等比数列）product of the terms（项之积）concatenation（接合）common ratio（公比）product symbol（求积符号）5.4 二元运算binary operation（二元运算）mathematical system（数学系统）idempotent（幂等）close under（在……下闭合）groupoid （群）idempotent semigroup（幂等半群）associative（可结合）identity（单位元）band（带）commutative（可交换）semigroup（半群）free semigroup generated by（由……生成的自由半群）Cayley multiplication table（Cayley乘法表）monoid（幺半群）free monoid generated by（由……生成的自由幺半群）Cayley table（Cayley表）transformation semigroup（变换半群）第六章同余6.1同余Congruent （同余）congruence class modulo （模m的同余类）6.3线性同余linear congruence in one variable （一个变量x的线性同余式）inverse （逆）residue representation （余数表示）unique modulo （唯一模）modular representation （模表示）round-robin tournament （循环赛）hashing （散列）hash address （散列地址）linear probing （线性探测）hash table （散列表）hashing function （散列函数）probe sequence （探测数列）hash function （散列函数）collision （冲突）double hashing （双重散列）6.4特殊同余定理Euler phi-function （欧拉phi函数）ciphertext （密文）encryption key （加密钥匙）plaintext（明文）decryption function （加密函数）decryption key （揭秘钥匙）第十章图论10.1图的定义与符号graph （图）parallel （平行边）arc（弧）set of vertices （顶点集合）isolated vertex （顶点孤立）Staring vertex （始点）set of edges （边集）degree （度）terminating vertex （终点）incidence function （关联函数）k-regular graph （k-正则图）in-degree （入度）end vertices （端点）even degree vertex （偶度顶点）out-degree （出度）endpoints（端点）odd degree vertex （奇度顶点）simple graph （简单图）incident （关联）degree sequence (度数列) complete graph（完全图）Adjacent （相邻）directed graph （有向图）triangle （三角形）loop （环）digraph （有向图）bipartite graph （二分图）incidence table （关联表）directed edge（有向边）Bipartition （二分）complete bipartite （完全二分）subgraph （子图）Complement of a graph（补图）Ramsey number （Ramsey数）10.2通路，路径与圈walk （通路）initial vertex （始点）terminal vertex（终点）directed walk （有向通路）length of a walk （通路长度）length of a directed walk （有向通路长度）u-v walk （u-v通路）u-v directed walk （u-v 有向通路）closed walk （闭合通路）closed directed walk （闭合有向通路）open walk （开放通路）open directed walk （开放有向通路）trail （迹) path （路径）trivial walk （平凡通路）trivial path （平凡路径）trivial trail （平凡迹）nontrivial walk （非平凡通路）nontrivial path （非平凡路径）nontrivial trial （非平凡迹）circuit （回路）cycle （圈）k-cycle （k 圈）even cycle （偶数圈）odd cycle （奇数圈）subwalk （子通路）reduction of P by Q（P用Q简化）decomposition （分解）connected （连接）connected graph （连接图，连通图）disconnected graph （不连接图，不连通图）component （分支）distance （距离）matching （匹配）M-saturated （M-饱和）M-unsaturated （M-不饱和）perfect matching （完美匹配）maximum matching（最大匹配）neighbors （邻居）10.3图的矩阵表示adjacency （相邻矩阵）incidence matrix（关联矩阵）10.4特殊回路Euler circuit （欧拉回路）Euler trail （欧拉迹）Hamiltonian graph （汉密尔顿图）Euler graph （欧拉图）Hamiltonian cycle （汉密尔顿圈）Hamiltonian path （汉密尔顿路径）10.5同构isomorphic （同构）different （不同）10.6图算法weight （权）weighted graph （加权图）weight matrix （加权矩阵）length of a path （路径长度）shortest path algorithm （最短路径算法）greedy algorithm （贪婪算法）topological ordering （拓扑排序）immediate successor （直接后继）queue （队列）rear （队尾）10.7 平面图和图着色planar graph（平面图）exterior face（外面）proper vertex coloring（正常顶点着色）plane graph（平面图）interior face（内面）chromatic number（色数）planar representation of a graph（图的平面表示）subdivision of a graph（图的细分）edge coloring（边着色）faces（面）homeomorphic（同胚）proper edge coloring（正常边着色）boundary（边界）vertex coloring（顶点着色）chromatic index（色索引）第十一章树与网络11.1 树tree（树）acyclic graph（无环图）11.2 有根树rooted tree（有根树）binary tree（二叉树）postorder traversal（后序遍历）lever（层）trivial tree（平凡树）inorder sequence（中序顺序）child（子节点）left child（左子节点）preorder sequence（前序顺序）terminal vertex（终点）right child（右子节点）postorder sequence（后序顺序）leaf（叶子）left subtree（左子树）binary search tree（二叉搜索树）internal vertex（内顶点）right subtree（右子树）infix（中缀）descendant（后代）full binary tree（完全二叉树）prefix（前缀）ordered rooted tree（有序有根树）inorder traversal（中序遍历）postfix（后缀）height（高度）preorder traversal（前序遍历）expression tree （表达式树）11.3 生成树spanning tree（生成树）minimal spanning tree（最小生成树）weighted tree（加权树）Prim’s algorithm（Prim算法）weight （权）11.4 网络single-source，single-sink network（单元单汇网络）flow conservation（流量守恒）quasipath（拟路径）source（源）flow in edge（边流）forward arc（正向弧）target（目标）flow into（流入）backward arc（反向弧）sink（汇）flow out of（流出）slack（松弛）s-t network（s-t网络）conservation of flow（流量守恒）F-saturated（F-饱和）capacity（容量）value of a flow（流值）F-unsaturated（F-不饱和）transport network（传输网络）s-t cut of network（网络的s-t分割）flow augmenting（流增广）network（网络）capacity of an s-t cut（s-t分割容量）patent （父节点）flow（流）minimal cut（最小分割）immediate predecessor（直接前驱）capacity constraint（容量限制）maximal flow（最大流）。
离散数学双语专业词汇表
《离散数学》双语专业词汇表Abelia n group :交换（阿贝尔）群absorption property 吸收律acyclic：无（简单）回路的adjace nt vertices 令B接结点adjace nt vertices 令B接结点adjace nt vertices 令B接结点algorithm verification ：算法证明algorithm :算法alphabe t字母表alternating group：交替群an alogous类似的analysis of algorithm 算法分析antisymmetric 反对称的approach 方法，方式argument 自变量associative 可结合的associative 可结合的asymmetric 非对称的backtracking 回溯base 2 exponential function 以2 为底的指数函数basic step 基础步biconditional, equivalence 双条件式，等价bijection, one-to-one correspondence 双射，一一对应binary operation on a set A 集合 A 上的二元运算binary operation 二元运算binary relation 二元关系（complete） binary tree （完全）二元（叉）树bland meats 未加调料的肉block, cell 划分块，单元Boolean algebra 布尔代数Boolea n fun cti on：布尔函数Boolea n matrix :布尔矩阵Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression 布尔多项式（表达式）Boolean produc t 布尔乘积bounded lattice 有界格brace：花括号bridge：桥，割边by con ve ntio n：按常规，按惯例cancellation property：消去律capacity :容量cardi nality :基数，势category：类别，分类cate nation：合并，拼接ceili ng fun ction :上取整函数certain even：t 必然事件characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic function：特征函数chromaticnumber of G: G 的色数chromatic poly no mial:着色多项式circuitdesig n：线路设计circuit :回路closed under the operation 运算对…是圭寸闭的closed with respect to 对… 是圭寸闭的closure：闭包collision ：冲突coloring graphs：图的着色colum n：列combi natio n：组合com mon divisor：公因子commutative：可交换的commutative：可交换的commuter：经常往来于两地的人comparable可比较的compatible with :与… 相容compatible:相容的complement of B with respect to A：A 与B 的差集compleme nt:补元complementary relation：补关系complete graph 完全图complete match 完全匹配complete n-tree 完全n-元树component sentence 分句comp onen：分图compositi on：复合compositio n：关系的复合compound statement 复合命题con diti onal stateme nt, implicatio n：条件式，蕴涵式congruenee relation 同余关系con grue nt to：与…同余conjecture :猜想conju nctio n：合取connected连通的conn ected连通的connection 连接connectivity relation 连通性关系consecutively 相继地consequent, conclusion 结论，后件constructive proof 构造性证明contain（in）包含（于）contingency 可满足式contradiction, absurdity 永假（矛盾）式contrapositive 逆否命题conv ersatio n of flow :流的守恒converse逆命题conversely:相反地coordi nate :坐标coset: 陪集countable(uncountable:) 可数(不可数) counterexample 反例coun ti ng：计数criteria :标准，准贝U custom :惯例cut:害U cycle :回路cyclic permutatio n：循环置换，轮换de Morgan ' s laws德摩根律declarative sentence 陈述句degree of a vertex 结点的度depot：货站，仓库descendant 后代diagonal matrix:对角阵die :骰子digraph:有向图dime nsion：维(数) direct flight :直飞航班discipli ne：学科disconnected不连通的discrete graph(null graph) 零图disjoint sets：不相交集disjunction：析取dista nee距巨离distinguish 区分distributive lattice 分配格distributive :可分配的distributive :可分配的divisio n :除法dodecahedron 正十二面体domai n：定义域doubly linked l i st ：双向链表dual：对偶edge 边edge 边element, member 成员，元素empty relation 空关系empty sequence(string) 空串empty set 空集end point 端点entry(element) 元素equally likely 等可能的，等概率的equivalence class 等价类equivalent relation 等价关系Euclidian algorithm 欧几里得算法，辗转相除法Euler path(circuit) 欧拉路径(回路) event 事件everywhere defined 处处有定义的excess capacity 增值容量existence proof 存在性证明existential quantification 存在量词化expected value 期望值explicit 显式的extensively 广泛地，全面地extremal element 极值元素factor 因子factorial 阶乘finite （infinite） set ：有限（无限）集finite group :有限（阶）群floor function :下取整函数free semigroup gen erated by A 由A 生成的自由半群frequency of occurrenee 出现次数（频率） fun cti on, mapp ing, tran sformatio n：函数，映射，变换GCD（greatest com mon divisor）：最大公因子gen de：性另generalize：推广generic elemen：t 任一元素graduate schoo：l 研究生院graph：（无向）图graph：无向图greatest（least） element 最大（小）元greedy algorithm :贪婪算法group：群growth of function ：函数增长Hamiltonian path（circuit）:哈密尔顿路径（回路） hashi ng function：杂凑函数Hasse diagram 哈斯图height：树高homomorphic image：同态像homomorphism：同态hypothesis：假设，前提，前件idempote nt：等幕的idempote nt：幕等的identity function on A： A 上的恒等函数ide ntity（eleme nt）:么（单位）元iden tity :么元，单位元impossibleeve n t不可能事件in clusio n-exclusio n prin ciple :容斥原理in-degree 入度in direct method:间接证明法induction step :归纟内步in formal brand:不严格的那种inorder search 中序遍历in tersectio n：交intuitively ：直觉地in verse：逆关系in verse：逆元in verse：逆元inverter：反向器invertible function ：可逆函数invo luti on property:对合律irreflexive ：反自反的isolated vertex：孤立结点isomorphism :同构isomorphism :同构join ：，保联，并join :并Karnaugh map：卡诺图Kernel:同态核key:键Klein 4 group: Klein 四元群Konisberg Bridge problem：哥尼斯堡七桥问题Kruskal 's algorith: mKruskal 算法labeled digraph标记有向图lattice :格LCM(least common multiple):最小公倍数leaf(leave)：叶结点least upper(greatest lower) bound 上(下)确界level：层，lexicographic order：字典序likelihood ：可能性lin ear array(list):线性表lin ear graph:线性图linear homogeneous relation of degree ：k k 阶线性齐次关系lin ear order(total order):线序，全序linearly ordered set, chain 线(全)序集，链lin ked list :链表lin ked-list represe ntatio n：链表表示logarithm function to the base n 以n 为底的对数logical connective：命题联结词logically equivalent： (逻辑)等价的logically follow :是…的逻辑结论logicia n：逻辑学家loop:自回路lower order：低阶mai n diag on a：主对角线map-colori ng problem: 地图着色问题match ing fun cti on：匹配函数matching problems 匹配问题mathematical structure(system) 数学结构(系统)matrix :矩阵maximal match :最大匹酉己maximal(minimal) element :极大(小)元maximum flow:最大流mee t保交，交mee t 交minimal spanning tree：最小生成树mi nterm:极小项modular lattice :模格modulus：模modus ponens：肯定律modus toile ns：否定律mo noid :含么半群，独异点multigraph:多重图multiple :倍数multiplicati on table:运算表multi-valued function ：多值函数mutually exclusive:互斥的，不相交的n atural homomorphism :自然同态nearest neighbo:r 最邻近结点n egati on：否定（式）normal subgroup正规（不变）子群n otatio n：标记notio n：概念n-tree：n-元树n-tuple：n-元组odd（even） permutation 奇（偶）置换offspring：子女结点one to one 单射，一对一函数on to：至U上函数，满射operation on sets 集合运算optimal soluti on：最佳方法or（and, not）gate 或（与，非）门order of a group: 群的阶order relati on：序关系ordered pair: 有序对，序偶ordered tree 有序树ordered triple :有序三元组ordinance 法规out-degree 出度pare nt：父结点partial order：偏序关系partially ordered set, pose：t 偏序集partition, quotient se t 划分，商集path：路径path：通路，路径permutatio n：置换，排列pictorially ：以图形方式pige on hole prin ciple :鸽巢原理planar graph：（可）平面图plausible：似乎可能的pointer：指针Polish form：（表达式的）波兰表示polyno mial:多项式positional bi nary tree：位置二元（叉）树positional tree：位置树postorder search 后序遍历power se：幕集predicate：谓词preorder search 前序遍历prerequisite：预备知识prescribe：命令，规定Prim 's algorithmPrim 算法prime：素（数）principle of mathematical induction：（第一）数学归纳法probabilistic :概率性的probability（theory）:概率（论） product partial order：积偏序product set, Caretesian se：t 叉积，笛product:积proof by con tradict ion ：反证法proper colori ng：正规着色propositi onal fun cti on ：命题公式propositi onal variable :命题变元pseudocode 伪码（拟码）pump ing stati on：抽水站quantifier：量词quotie nt group :商群random acces：s 随机访问random selection （choose an object at random：）随机选择range：值域rational number：有理数reachability relatio n：可达性关系reasoning 推理recreational area 游乐场所recursive :递归recycle：回收，再循环reflexive closure :自反闭包reflexive:自反的regular expression 正则表达式regular graph 正规图，正则图relatio n：关系relati on ship :关系relay statio n：转送站remainder：余数representation 表示restrictio n :限希9 reverse Polish form （表达式的）逆波兰表示（left） right coset：（左）右陪集root:根，根结点rooted tree （有）根树row：行R-relative set：R 相关集rules of referenee 推理规贝Urunning time :运行时间same orde r 同阶sample space样本空间semigroup :半群sensible：有意义的sensible有意义的seque nee 序歹U sequential access 顺序访问set eorresp onding to a seque nee 对应于序列的集合set inelusion(eontainment) 集合包含set 集合siblings 兄弟结点simple eyele 简单回路simple path(eireuit) 基本路径(回路) simple path 简单路径(通路) sink 汇sophistieated 复杂的souree 源spanning tree 生成树，支撑树square matrix 方阵statement, proposition 命题storage eell 存储单元string 串，字符串strong induetion 第二数学归纳法subgraph 子图subgroup 子群sublattiee 子格submonoid 子含么半群subseript 下标subsemigroup 子半群subse t子集substituti on：替换subtree 子树summarize 总结，概括symmetric closure：对称闭包symmetric differe nee：对称差symmetric group:对称群symmetric: 对称的tacitly ：默认tautology:永真（重言）式tedious：冗长乏味的termi nology :术语the capacity of a cu：割的容量topological sort ing：拓扌卜排序transitive closure：传递闭包tran sitive:传递的transport network：运输网络tran spositi on：对换traverse 遍历，周游tree searchi ng树的搜索（遍历）tree：树truth table：真值表TSP（traveling salesperson problem）货郎担问题unary operation：一元运算undirected edge 无向边undirected edge 无向边un directed tree 无向树union 并unit element 么（单位）元universal quantification 全称量词化universal set 全集upper(lower) boun d:上(下)界value of a flow:流的值value, image：值，像，应变量Venn diagram：文氏图verbally:用言语vertex(vertices)：结点vertex(vertices)：结点，顶点virtually :几乎Warshal ' s algorithnWarshall 算法weight：权weight ：Wweighted graph：(赋)权图well-defined：良定，完全确定word:词zero elemen：t 零元。
离散数学及其应用重要名词中英对应以及重要概念解释与举例
离散数学及其应用重要名词中英对应以及重要概念解释与举例1 The Foundations: Logic and Proofs（逻辑与证明）1.1 Propositional Logic（命题逻辑）Propositions（命题）——declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.判断性语句，正确性唯一。
Truth Table（真值表）Conjunction（合取，“与”，and），Disjunction（析取，or，“相容或”），Exclusive（异或），Negation（非，not），Biconditional（双条件，双向，if and only if）Translating English Sentences1.2 Propositional Equivalences（命题等价）Tautology（永真式、重言式），Contradiction（永假式、矛盾式），Contingency（偶然式）Logical Equivalences（逻辑等价）——Compound propositions that have the same truth values in all possible cases are called logical equivalent.（真值表相同的式子，p<->q是重言式）Logical Equivalences——Page24Disjunctive normal form(DNF，析取范式)Conjunctive normal form(CNF，合取范式) 见Page27～291.3 Predicates and Quantifiers（谓词和量词）Predicates——谓词，说明关系、特征的修饰词Quantifiers——量词? Universal Quantifier(全称量词) "全部满足? Existential Quantifier(存在量词) $至少有一个Binding Variables(变量绑定，量词作用域与重名的问题)Logical Equivalence Involving QuantifiersNegating Quantified Expressions(量词否定表达：否定全称=存在否定，否定存在=全程否定) Translating from English into Logical Expressions(自然语句转化为逻辑表达)Using Quantifiers in System SpecificationsExamples from Lewis Carrol——全称量词与条件式(p->q)搭配，存在量词与合取式搭配。
数学名词英语翻译
数学名词英语翻译1 概率论与数理统计词汇英汉对照表A absolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值B balanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验C calculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成，分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计D data 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.（degree of freedom）自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计E eaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值F factor 因素，因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数G gamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组H harmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验I independence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代K kernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度L large sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数M main effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation（MSD）均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析N negative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数O one-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值P paired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Q qadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的，度量的quartiles 四分位数R random 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验S sample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括，综述T table 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验U unbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布V value of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量W weight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的Z Z score Z分数2. 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表A active constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子B bandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界C coefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method 三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合D data-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续E eigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的F feasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶G Gauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵I independent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代J Jacobian 雅可比矩阵L Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解M medium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的N nonlinear 非线性的norm 范数O objective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统P parameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Q quadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划R real-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性S scalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method 序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵T termination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置U unconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统V variable 变量vector 矢量W weighting matrix 加权矩阵3 样条词汇英汉对照表A approximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline 分段多项式样条B bivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点C coefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线D degree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数E end conditions 约束条件I input argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间K knot/knots 节点L least-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合M multiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数O optional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数P point/points 数据点R rational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）S scalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条T tolerance 允许精度U univariate function 一元函数V vector 向量W weight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表A absolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格B boundary condition 边界条件C contour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系D decomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件E eigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解G generalized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面H hyperbolic 双曲线的I initial mesh 初始网格J jiggle 微调L Lagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环M machine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件N Neuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量P Parabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Q quality 质量R refined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数S singular 奇异的。
离散数学中英文名词对照表
离散数学中英⽂名词对照表离散数学中英⽂名词对照表外⽂中⽂AAbel category Abel 范畴Abel group (commutative group) Abel 群(交换群)Abel semigroup Abel 半群accessibility relation 可达关系action 作⽤addition principle 加法原理adequate set of connectives 联结词的功能完备（全）集adjacent 相邻（邻接）adjacent matrix 邻接矩阵adjugate 伴随adjunction 接合affine plane 仿射平⾯algebraic closed field 代数闭域algebraic element 代数元素algebraic extension 代数扩域（代数扩张）almost equivalent ⼏乎相等的alternating group 三次交代群annihilator 零化⼦antecedent 前件anti symmetry 反对称性anti-isomorphism 反同构arboricity 荫度arc set 弧集arity 元数arrangement problem 布置问题associate 相伴元associative algebra 结合代数associator 结合⼦asymmetric 不对称的(⾮对称的)atom 原⼦atomic formula 原⼦公式augmenting digeon hole principle 加强的鸽⼦笼原理augmenting path 可增路automorphism ⾃同构automorphism group of graph 图的⾃同构群auxiliary symbol 辅助符号axiom of choice 选择公理axiom of equality 相等公理axiom of extensionality 外延公式axiom of infinity ⽆穷公理axiom of pairs 配对公理axiom of regularity 正则公理axiom of replacement for the formula Ф关于公式Ф的替换公式axiom of the empty set 空集存在公理axiom of union 并集公理Bbalanced imcomplete block design 平衡不完全区组设计barber paradox 理发师悖论base 基Bell number Bell 数Bernoulli number Bernoulli 数Berry paradox Berry 悖论bijective 双射bi-mdule 双模binary relation ⼆元关系binary symmetric channel ⼆进制对称信道binomial coefficient ⼆项式系数binomial theorem ⼆项式定理binomial transform ⼆项式变换bipartite graph ⼆分图block 块block 块图（区组）block code 分组码block design 区组设计Bondy theorem Bondy 定理Boole algebra Boole 代数Boole function Boole 函数Boole homomorophism Boole 同态Boole lattice Boole 格bound occurrence 约束出现bound variable 约束变量bounded lattice 有界格bridge 桥Bruijn theorem Bruijn 定理Burali-Forti paradox Burali-Forti 悖论Burnside lemma Burnside 引理Ccage 笼canonical epimorphism 标准满态射Cantor conjecture Cantor 猜想Cantor diagonal method Cantor 对⾓线法Cantor paradox Cantor 悖论cardinal number 基数Cartesion product of graph 图的笛卡⼉积Catalan number Catalan 数category 范畴Cayley graph Cayley 图Cayley theorem Cayley 定理center 中⼼characteristic function 特征函数characteristic of ring 环的特征characteristic polynomial 特征多项式check digits 校验位Chinese postman problem 中国邮递员问题chromatic number ⾊数chromatic polynomial ⾊多项式circuit 回路circulant graph 循环图circumference 周长class 类classical completeness 古典完全的classical consistent 古典相容的clique 团clique number 团数closed term 闭项closure 闭包closure of graph 图的闭包code 码code element 码元code length 码长code rate 码率code word 码字coefficient 系数coimage 上象co-kernal 上核coloring 着⾊coloring problem 着⾊问题combination number 组合数combination with repetation 可重组合common factor 公因⼦commutative diagram 交换图commutative ring 交换环commutative seimgroup 交换半群complement 补图(⼦图的余) complement element 补元complemented lattice 有补格complete bipartite graph 完全⼆分图complete graph 完全图complete k-partite graph 完全k-分图complete lattice 完全格composite 复合composite operation 复合运算composition (molecular proposition) 复合（分⼦）命题composition of graph (lexicographic product)图的合成（字典积）concatenation (juxtaposition) 邻接运算concatenation graph 连通图congruence relation 同余关系conjunctive normal form 正则合取范式connected component 连通分⽀connective 连接的connectivity 连通度consequence 推论（后承）consistent (non-contradiction) 相容性（⽆⽭盾性）continuum 连续统contraction of graph 图的收缩contradiction ⽭盾式（永假式）contravariant functor 反变函⼦coproduct 上积corank 余秩correct error 纠正错误corresponding universal map 对应的通⽤映射countably infinite set 可列⽆限集（可列集）covariant functor (共变)函⼦covering 覆盖covering number 覆盖数Coxeter graph Coxeter 图crossing number of graph 图的叉数cuset 陪集cotree 余树cut edge 割边cut vertex 割点cycle 圈cycle basis 圈基cycle matrix 圈矩阵cycle rank 圈秩cycle space 圈空间cycle vector 圈向量cyclic group 循环群cyclic index 循环（轮转）指标cyclic monoid 循环单元半群cyclic permutation 圆圈排列cyclic semigroup 循环半群DDe Morgan law De Morgan 律decision procedure 判决过程decoding table 译码表deduction theorem 演绎定理degree 次数,次(度)degree sequence 次(度)序列derivation algebra 微分代数Descartes product Descartes 积designated truth value 特指真值detect errer 检验错误deterministic 确定的diagonal functor 对⾓线函⼦diameter 直径digraph 有向图dilemma ⼆难推理direct consequence 直接推论（直接后承）direct limit 正向极限direct sum 直和directed by inclution 被包含关系定向discrete Fourier transform 离散 Fourier 变换disjunctive normal form 正则析取范式disjunctive syllogism 选⾔三段论distance 距离distance transitive graph 距离传递图distinguished element 特异元distributive lattice 分配格divisibility 整除division subring ⼦除环divison ring 除环divisor (factor) 因⼦domain 定义域Driac condition Dirac 条件dual category 对偶范畴dual form 对偶式dual graph 对偶图dual principle 对偶原则(对偶原理) dual statement 对偶命题dummy variable 哑变量（哑变元）Eeccentricity 离⼼率edge chromatic number 边⾊数edge coloring 边着⾊edge connectivity 边连通度edge covering 边覆盖edge covering number 边覆盖数edge cut 边割集edge set 边集edge-independence number 边独⽴数eigenvalue of graph 图的特征值elementary divisor ideal 初等因⼦理想elementary product 初等积elementary sum 初等和empty graph 空图empty relation 空关系empty set 空集endomorphism ⾃同态endpoint 端点enumeration function 计数函数epimorphism 满态射equipotent 等势equivalent category 等价范畴equivalent class 等价类equivalent matrix 等价矩阵equivalent object 等价对象equivalent relation 等价关系error function 错误函数error pattern 错误模式Euclid algorithm 欧⼏⾥德算法Euclid domain 欧⽒整环Euler characteristic Euler 特征Euler function Euler 函数Euler graph Euler 图Euler number Euler 数Euler polyhedron formula Euler 多⾯体公式Euler tour Euler 闭迹Euler trail Euler 迹existential generalization 存在推⼴规则existential quantifier 存在量词existential specification 存在特指规则extended Fibonacci number ⼴义 Fibonacci 数extended Lucas number ⼴义Lucas 数extension 扩充（扩张）extension field 扩域extension graph 扩图exterior algebra 外代数Fface ⾯factor 因⼦factorable 可因⼦化的factorization 因⼦分解faithful (full) functor 忠实（完满）函⼦Ferrers graph Ferrers 图Fibonacci number Fibonacci 数field 域filter 滤⼦finite extension 有限扩域finite field (Galois field ) 有限域（Galois 域）finite dimensional associative division algebra有限维结合可除代数finite set 有限（穷）集finitely generated module 有限⽣成模first order theory with equality 带符号的⼀阶系统five-color theorem 五⾊定理five-time-repetition 五倍重复码fixed point 不动点forest 森林forgetful functor 忘却函⼦four-color theorem(conjecture) 四⾊定理（猜想）F-reduced product F-归纳积free element ⾃由元free monoid ⾃由单元半群free occurrence ⾃由出现free R-module ⾃由R-模free variable ⾃由变元free-?-algebra ⾃由?代数function scheme 映射格式GGalileo paradox Galileo 悖论Gauss coefficient Gauss 系数GBN (G?del-Bernays-von Neumann system)GBN系统generalized petersen graph ⼴义 petersen 图generating function ⽣成函数generating procedure ⽣成过程generator ⽣成⼦（⽣成元）generator matrix ⽣成矩阵genus 亏格girth （腰）围长G?del completeness theorem G?del 完全性定理golden section number 黄⾦分割数（黄⾦分割率）graceful graph 优美图graceful tree conjecture 优美树猜想graph 图graph of first class for edge coloring 第⼀类边⾊图graph of second class for edge coloring 第⼆类边⾊图graph rank 图秩graph sequence 图序列greatest common factor 最⼤公因⼦greatest element 最⼤元（素）Grelling paradox Grelling 悖论Gr?tzsch graph Gr?tzsch 图group 群group code 群码group of graph 图的群HHajós conjecture Hajós 猜想Hamilton cycle Hamilton 圈Hamilton graph Hamilton 图Hamilton path Hamilton 路Harary graph Harary 图Hasse graph Hasse 图Heawood graph Heawood 图Herschel graph Herschel 图hom functor hom 函⼦homemorphism 图的同胚homomorphism 同态（同态映射）homomorphism of graph 图的同态hyperoctahedron 超⼋⾯体图hypothelical syllogism 假⾔三段论hypothese (premise) 假设(前提)Iideal 理想identity 单位元identity natural transformation 恒等⾃然变换imbedding 嵌⼊immediate predcessor 直接先⾏immediate successor 直接后继incident 关联incident axiom 关联公理incident matrix 关联矩阵inclusion and exclusion principle 包含与排斥原理inclusion relation 包含关系indegree ⼊次（⼊度）independent 独⽴的independent number 独⽴数independent set 独⽴集independent transcendental element 独⽴超越元素index 指数individual variable 个体变元induced subgraph 导出⼦图infinite extension ⽆限扩域infinite group ⽆限群infinite set ⽆限（穷）集initial endpoint 始端initial object 初始对象injection 单射injection functor 单射函⼦injective (one to one mapping) 单射（内射）inner face 内⾯inner neighbour set 内（⼊）邻集integral domain 整环integral subdomain ⼦整环internal direct sum 内直和intersection 交集intersection of graph 图的交intersection operation 交运算interval 区间invariant factor 不变因⼦invariant factor ideal 不变因⼦理想inverse limit 逆向极限inverse morphism 逆态射inverse natural transformation 逆⾃然变换inverse operation 逆运算inverse relation 逆关系inversion 反演isomorphic category 同构范畴isomorphism 同构态射isomorphism of graph 图的同构join of graph 图的联JJordan algebra Jordan 代数Jordan product (anti-commutator) Jordan乘积（反交换⼦）Jordan sieve formula Jordan 筛法公式j-skew j-斜元juxtaposition 邻接乘法Kk-chromatic graph k-⾊图k-connected graph k-连通图k-critical graph k-⾊临界图k-edge chromatic graph k-边⾊图k-edge-connected graph k-边连通图k-edge-critical graph k-边临界图kernel 核Kirkman schoolgirl problem Kirkman ⼥⽣问题Kuratowski theorem Kuratowski 定理Llabeled graph 有标号图Lah number Lah 数Latin rectangle Latin 矩形Latin square Latin ⽅lattice 格lattice homomorphism 格同态law 规律leader cuset 陪集头least element 最⼩元least upper bound 上确界（最⼩上界）left (right) identity 左（右）单位元left (right) invertible element 左（右）可逆元left (right) module 左（右）模left (right) zero 左（右）零元left (right) zero divisor 左（右）零因⼦left adjoint functor 左伴随函⼦left cancellable 左可消的left coset 左陪集length 长度Lie algebra Lie 代数line- group 图的线群logically equivanlent 逻辑等价logically implies 逻辑蕴涵logically valid 逻辑有效的（普效的）loop 环Lucas number Lucas 数Mmagic 幻⽅many valued proposition logic 多值命题逻辑matching 匹配mathematical structure 数学结构matrix representation 矩阵表⽰maximal element 极⼤元maximal ideal 极⼤理想maximal outerplanar graph 极⼤外平⾯图maximal planar graph 极⼤平⾯图maximum matching 最⼤匹配maxterm 极⼤项（基本析取式）maxterm normal form(conjunctive normal form) 极⼤项范式（合取范式）McGee graph McGee 图meet 交Menger theorem Menger 定理Meredith graph Meredith 图message word 信息字mini term 极⼩项minimal κ-connected graph 极⼩κ-连通图minimal polynomial 极⼩多项式Minimanoff paradox Minimanoff 悖论minimum distance 最⼩距离Minkowski sum Minkowski 和minterm (fundamental conjunctive form) 极⼩项（基本合取式）minterm normal form(disjunctive normal form)极⼩项范式（析取范式）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）modal logic 模态逻辑model 模型module homomorphism 模同态(R-同态)modus ponens 分离规则modus tollens 否定后件式module isomorphism 模同构monic morphism 单同态monoid 单元半群monomorphism 单态射morphism (arrow) 态射（箭）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）multigraph 多重图multinomial coefficient 多项式系数multinomial expansion theorem 多项式展开定理multiple-error-correcting code 纠多错码multiplication principle 乘法原理mutually orthogonal Latin square 相互正交拉丁⽅Nn-ary operation n-元运算n-ary product n-元积natural deduction system ⾃然推理系统natural isomorphism ⾃然同构natural transformation ⾃然变换neighbour set 邻集next state 下⼀个状态next state transition function 状态转移函数non-associative algebra ⾮结合代数non-standard logic ⾮标准逻辑Norlund formula Norlund 公式normal form 正规形normal model 标准模型normal subgroup (invariant subgroup) 正规⼦群（不变⼦群）n-relation n-元关系null object 零对象nullary operation 零元运算Oobject 对象orbit 轨道order 阶order ideal 阶理想Ore condition Ore 条件orientation 定向orthogonal Latin square 正交拉丁⽅orthogonal layout 正交表outarc 出弧outdegree 出次(出度)outer face 外⾯outer neighbour 外（出）邻集outerneighbour set 出(外)邻集outerplanar graph 外平⾯图Ppancycle graph 泛圈图parallelism 平⾏parallelism class 平⾏类parity-check code 奇偶校验码parity-check equation 奇偶校验⽅程parity-check machine 奇偶校验器parity-check matrix 奇偶校验矩阵partial function 偏函数partial ordering (partial relation) 偏序关系partial order relation 偏序关系partial order set (poset) 偏序集partition 划分,分划,分拆partition number of integer 整数的分拆数partition number of set 集合的划分数Pascal formula Pascal 公式path 路perfect code 完全码perfect t-error-correcting code 完全纠-错码perfect graph 完美图permutation 排列（置换）permutation group 置换群permutation with repetation 可重排列Petersen graph Petersen 图p-graph p-图Pierce arrow Pierce 箭pigeonhole principle 鸽⼦笼原理planar graph （可）平⾯图plane graph 平⾯图Pólya theorem Pólya 定理polynomail 多项式polynomial code 多项式码polynomial representation 多项式表⽰法polynomial ring 多项式环possible world 可能世界power functor 幂函⼦power of graph 图的幂power set 幂集predicate 谓词prenex normal form 前束范式pre-ordered set 拟序集primary cycle module 准素循环模prime field 素域prime to each other 互素primitive connective 初始联结词primitive element 本原元primitive polynomial 本原多项式principal ideal 主理想principal ideal domain 主理想整环principal of duality 对偶原理principal of redundancy 冗余性原则product 积product category 积范畴product-sum form 积和式proof (deduction) 证明（演绎）proper coloring 正常着⾊proper factor 真正因⼦proper filter 真滤⼦proper subgroup 真⼦群properly inclusive relation 真包含关系proposition 命题propositional constant 命题常量propositional formula(well-formed formula,wff)命题形式（合式公式）propositional function 命题函数propositional variable 命题变量pullback 拉回(回拖) pushout 推出Qquantification theory 量词理论quantifier 量词quasi order relation 拟序关系quaternion 四元数quotient (difference) algebra 商（差）代数quotient algebra 商代数quotient field (field of fraction) 商域（分式域）quotient group 商群quotient module 商模quotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) 商环（差环，同余类环）quotient set 商集RRamsey graph Ramsey 图Ramsey number Ramsey 数Ramsey theorem Ramsey 定理range 值域rank 秩reconstruction conjecture 重构猜想redundant digits 冗余位reflexive ⾃反的regular graph 正则图regular representation 正则表⽰relation matrix 关系矩阵replacement theorem 替换定理representation 表⽰representation functor 可表⽰函⼦restricted proposition form 受限命题形式restriction 限制retraction 收缩Richard paradox Richard 悖论right adjoint functor 右伴随函⼦right cancellable 右可消的right factor 右因⼦right zero divison 右零因⼦ring 环ring of endomorphism ⾃同态环ring with unity element 有单元的环R-linear independence R-线性⽆关root field 根域rule of inference 推理规则Russell paradox Russell 悖论Ssatisfiable 可满⾜的saturated 饱和的scope 辖域section 截⼝self-complement graph ⾃补图semantical completeness 语义完全的（弱完全的）semantical consistent 语义相容semigroup 半群separable element 可分元separable extension 可分扩域sequent ⽮列式sequential 序列的Sheffer stroke Sheffer 竖（谢弗竖）simple algebraic extension 单代数扩域simple extension 单扩域simple graph 简单图simple proposition (atomic proposition) 简单（原⼦）命题simple transcental extension 单超越扩域simplication 简化规则slope 斜率small category ⼩范畴smallest element 最⼩元（素）Socrates argument Socrates 论断（苏格拉底论断）soundness (validity) theorem 可靠性（有效性）定理spanning subgraph ⽣成⼦图spanning tree ⽣成树spectra of graph 图的谱spetral radius 谱半径splitting field 分裂域standard model 标准模型standard monomil 标准单项式Steiner triple Steiner 三元系⼤集Stirling number Stirling 数Stirling transform Stirling 变换subalgebra ⼦代数subcategory ⼦范畴subdirect product ⼦直积subdivison of graph 图的细分subfield ⼦域subformula ⼦公式subdivision of graph 图的细分subgraph ⼦图subgroup ⼦群sub-module ⼦模subrelation ⼦关系subring ⼦环sub-semigroup ⼦半群subset ⼦集substitution theorem 代⼊定理substraction 差集substraction operation 差运算succedent 后件surjection (surjective) 满射switching-network 开关⽹络Sylvester formula Sylvester公式symmetric 对称的symmetric difference 对称差symmetric graph 对称图symmetric group 对称群syndrome 校验⼦syntactical completeness 语法完全的（强完全的）Syntactical consistent 语法相容system ?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??系统?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??system L 公理系统 Lsystem ?公理系统?system L1 公理系统 L1system L2 公理系统 L2system L3 公理系统 L3system L4 公理系统 L4system L5 公理系统 L5system L6 公理系统 L6system ?n 公理系统?nsystem of modal prepositional logic 模态命题逻辑系统system Pm 系统 Pmsystem S1 公理系统 S1system T (system M) 公理系统 T(系统M)Ttautology 重⾔式（永真公式）technique of truth table 真值表技术term 项terminal endpoint 终端terminal object 终结对象t-error-correcing BCH code 纠 t -错BCH码theorem (provable formal) 定理（可证公式）thickess 厚度timed sequence 时间序列torsion 扭元torsion module 扭模total chromatic number 全⾊数total chromatic number conjecture 全⾊数猜想total coloring 全着⾊total graph 全图total matrix ring 全⽅阵环total order set 全序集total permutation 全排列total relation 全关系tournament 竞赛图trace (trail) 迹tranformation group 变换群transcendental element 超越元素transitive 传递的tranverse design 横截设计traveling saleman problem 旅⾏商问题tree 树triple system 三元系triple-repetition code 三倍重复码trivial graph 平凡图trivial subgroup 平凡⼦群true in an interpretation 解释真truth table 真值表truth value function 真值函数Turán graph Turán 图Turán theorem Turán 定理Tutte graph Tutte 图Tutte theorem Tutte 定理Tutte-coxeter graph Tutte-coxeter 图UUlam conjecture Ulam 猜想ultrafilter 超滤⼦ultrapower 超幂ultraproduct 超积unary operation ⼀元运算unary relation ⼀元关系underlying graph 基础图undesignated truth value ⾮特指值undirected graph ⽆向图union 并(并集)union of graph 图的并union operation 并运算unique factorization 唯⼀分解unique factorization domain (Gauss domain) 唯⼀分解整域unique k-colorable graph 唯⼀k着⾊unit ideal 单位理想unity element 单元universal 全集universal algebra 泛代数（Ω代数）universal closure 全称闭包universal construction 通⽤结构universal enveloping algebra 通⽤包络代数universal generalization 全称推⼴规则universal quantifier 全称量词universal specification 全称特指规则universal upper bound 泛上界unlabeled graph ⽆标号图untorsion ⽆扭模upper (lower) bound 上（下）界useful equivalent 常⽤等值式useless code 废码字Vvalence 价valuation 赋值Vandermonde formula Vandermonde 公式variery 簇Venn graph Venn 图vertex cover 点覆盖vertex set 点割集vertex transitive graph 点传递图Vizing theorem Vizing 定理Wwalk 通道weakly antisymmetric 弱反对称的weight 重（权）weighted form for Burnside lemma 带权形式的Burnside引理well-formed formula (wff) 合式公式(wff) word 字Zzero divison 零因⼦zero element (universal lower bound) 零元（泛下界）ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel-Cohen) system ZFC系统form)normal(Skolemformnormalprenex-存在正则前束范式(Skolem 正则范式)3-value proposition logic 三值命题逻辑。
离散数学及其应用重要名词中英对应以及重要概念解释与举例
离散数学及其应用重要名词中英对应以及重要概念解释与举例1 The Foundations: Logic and Proofs（逻辑与证明）1.1 Propositional Logic（命题逻辑）Propositions（命题）——declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.判断性语句，正确性唯一。
Truth Table（真值表）Conjunction（合取，“与”，and），Disjunction（析取，or，“相容或”），Exclusive（异或），Negation（非，not），Biconditional（双条件，双向，if and only if）Translating English Sentences1.2 Propositional Equivalences（命题等价）Tautology（永真式、重言式），Contradiction（永假式、矛盾式），Contingency（偶然式）Logical Equivalences（逻辑等价）——Compound propositions that have the same truth values in all possible cases are called logical equivalent.（真值表相同的式子，p<->q是重言式）Logical Equivalences——Page24Disjunctive normal form(DNF，析取范式)Conjunctive normal form(CNF，合取范式) 见Page27～291.3 Predicates and Quantifiers（谓词和量词）Predicates——谓词，说明关系、特征的修饰词Quantifiers——量词Ø Universal Quantifier(全称量词) "全部满足Ø Existential Quantifier(存在量词) $至少有一个Binding Variables(变量绑定，量词作用域与重名的问题)Logical Equivalence Involving QuantifiersNegating Quantified Expressions(量词否定表达：否定全称=存在否定，否定存在=全程否定) Translating from English into Logical Expressions(自然语句转化为逻辑表达)Using Quantifiers in System SpecificationsExamples from Lewis Carrol——全称量词与条件式(p->q)搭配，存在量词与合取式搭配。
离散数学双语专业词汇表wps
《离散数学》双语专业词汇表Abelian group：交换（阿贝尔）群absorption property：吸收律acyclic：无（简单）回路的adjacent vertices：邻接结点adjacent vertices：邻接结点adjacent vertices：邻接结点algorithm verification：算法证明algorithm：算法alphabet：字母表alternating group：交替群analogous：类似的analysis of algorithm：算法分析antisymmetric：反对称的approach：方法，方式argument：自变量associative：可结合的associative：可结合的asymmetric：非对称的backtracking：回溯base 2 exponential function：以2为底的指数函数basic step：基础步biconditional, equivalence：双条件式，等价bijection, one-to-one correspondence：双射，一一对应binary operation on a set A：集合A上的二元运算binary operation：二元运算binary relation：二元关系(complete) binary tree：(完全)二元(叉)树bland meats：未加调料的肉block, cell：划分块，单元Boolean algebra：布尔代数Boolean function：布尔函数Boolean matrix：布尔矩阵Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression：布尔多项式（表达式）Boolean product：布尔乘积bounded lattice：有界格brace：花括号bridge：桥，割边by convention：按常规，按惯例cancellation property：消去律capacity：容量cardinality：基数，势category：类别，分类catenation：合并，拼接ceiling function：上取整函数certain event：必然事件characteristic equation：特征方程characteristic function：特征函数chromatic number of G：G的色数chromatic polynomial：着色多项式circuit design：线路设计circuit：回路closed under the operation：运算对…是封闭的closed with respect to：对…是封闭的closure：闭包collision：冲突coloring graphs：图的着色column：列combination：组合common divisor：公因子commutative：可交换的commutative：可交换的commuter：经常往来于两地的人comparable：可比较的compatible with：与…相容compatible：相容的complement of B with respect to A：A与B的差集complement：补元complementary relation：补关系complete graph：完全图complete match：完全匹配complete n-tree：完全n-元树component sentence：分句component：分图composition：复合composition：关系的复合compound statement：复合命题conditional statement, implication：条件式，蕴涵式congruence relation：同余关系congruent to：与…同余conjecture：猜想conjunction：合取connected：连通的connected：连通的connection：连接connectivity relation：连通性关系consecutively：相继地consequent, conclusion：结论，后件constructive proof：构造性证明contain(in)：包含（于）contingency：可满足式contradiction, absurdity：永假(矛盾)式contrapositive：逆否命题conversation of flow：流的守恒converse：逆命题conversely：相反地coordinate：坐标coset：陪集countable(uncountable)：可数（不可数）counterexample；反例counting：计数criteria：标准，准则custom：惯例cut：割cycle：回路cyclic permutation：循环置换，轮换de Morgan’s laws：德摩根律declarative sentence：陈述句degree of a vertex：结点的度depot：货站，仓库descendant：后代diagonal matrix：对角阵die：骰子digraph：有向图dimension：维(数)direct flight：直飞航班discipline：学科disconnected：不连通的discrete graph(null graph)：零图disjoint sets：不相交集disjunction：析取distance：距离distinguish：区分distributive lattice：分配格distributive：可分配的distributive：可分配的division：除法dodecahedron：正十二面体domain：定义域doubly linked list：双向链表dual：对偶edge：边edge：边element,member：成员，元素empty relation：空关系empty sequence(string)：空串empty set：空集end point：端点entry(element)：元素equally likely：等可能的，等概率的equivalence class：等价类equivalent relation：等价关系Euclidian algorithm：欧几里得算法，辗转相除法Euler path(circuit)：欧拉路径(回路)event：事件everywhere defined：处处有定义的excess capacity：增值容量existence proof：存在性证明existential quantification：存在量词化expected value：期望值explicit：显式的extensively：广泛地，全面地extremal element：极值元素factor：因子factorial：阶乘finite (infinite) set：有限（无限）集finite group：有限（阶）群floor function：下取整函数free semigroup generated by A：由A生成的自由半群frequency of occurrence：出现次数(频率) function, mapping, transformation：函数，映射，变换GCD(greatest common divisor)：最大公因子gender：性别generalize：推广generic element：任一元素graduate school：研究生院graph：(无向)图graph：无向图greatest(least) element：最大(小)元greedy algorithm：贪婪算法group：群growth of function：函数增长Hamiltonian path(circuit)：哈密尔顿路径(回路) hashing function：杂凑函数Hasse diagram：哈斯图height：树高homomorphic image：同态像homomorphism：同态hypothesis：假设，前提，前件idempotent：等幂的idempotent：幂等的identity function on A：A上的恒等函数identity(element)：么（单位）元identity：么元，单位元impossible event：不可能事件inclusion-exclusion principle：容斥原理in-degree：入度indirect method：间接证明法induction step：归纳步informal brand：不严格的那种inorder search：中序遍历intersection：交intuitively：直觉地inverse：逆关系inverse：逆元inverse：逆元inverter：反向器invertible function：可逆函数involution property：对合律irreflexive：反自反的isolated vertex：孤立结点isomorphism：同构isomorphism：同构join：，保联，并join：并Karnaugh map：卡诺图Kernel：同态核key：键Klein 4 group：Klein四元群Konisberg Bridge problem：哥尼斯堡七桥问题Kruskal’s algorithm：Kruskal算法labeled digraph：标记有向图lattice：格LCM(least common multiple)：最小公倍数leaf(leave)：叶结点least upper(greatest lower) bound：上(下)确界level：层，lexicographic order：字典序likelihood：可能性linear array(list)：线性表linear graph：线性图linear homogeneous relation of degree k：k阶线性齐次关系linear order(total order)：线序，全序linearly ordered set, chain：线（全）序集，链linked list：链表linked-list representation：链表表示logarithm function to the base n：以n为底的对数logical connective：命题联结词logically equivalent：（逻辑）等价的logically follow：是…的逻辑结论logician：逻辑学家loop：自回路lower order：低阶main diagonal：主对角线map-coloring problem：地图着色问题matching function：匹配函数matching problems：匹配问题mathematical structure(system)：数学结构（系统）matrix：矩阵maximal match：最大匹配maximal(minimal) element：极大(小)元maximum flow：最大流meet：保交，交meet：交minimal spanning tree：最小生成树minterm：极小项modular lattice：模格modulus：模modus ponens：肯定律m odus tollens：否定律monoid：含么半群，独异点multigraph：多重图multiple：倍数multiplication table：运算表multi-valued function：多值函数mutually exclusive：互斥的，不相交的natural homomorphism：自然同态nearest neighbor：最邻近结点negation：否定（式）normal subgroup：正规(不变)子群notation：标记notion：概念n-tree：n-元树n-tuple：n-元组odd(even) permutation：奇（偶）置换offspring：子女结点one to one：单射，一对一函数onto：到上函数，满射operation on sets：集合运算optimal solution：最佳方法or(and, not) gate：或(与，非)门order of a group：群的阶order relation：序关系ordered pair：有序对，序偶ordered tree：有序树ordered triple：有序三元组ordinance：法规out-degree：出度parent：父结点partial order：偏序关系partially ordered set, poset：偏序集partition, quotient set：划分，商集path：路径path：通路，路径permutation：置换，排列pictorially：以图形方式pigeonhole principle：鸽巢原理planar graph：(可)平面图plausible：似乎可能的pointer：指针Polish form：（表达式的）波兰表示polynomial：多项式positional binary tree：位置二元(叉)树positional tree：位置树postorder search：后序遍历power set：幂集predicate：谓词preorder search：前序遍历prerequisite：预备知识prescribe：命令，规定Prim’s algorithm：Prim算法prime：素（数）principle of mathematical induction：（第一）数学归纳法probabilistic：概率性的probability(theory)：概率(论)product partial order：积偏序product set, Caretesian set：叉积，笛product：积proof by contradiction：反证法proper coloring：正规着色propositional function：命题公式propositional variable：命题变元pseudocode：伪码（拟码）pumping station：抽水站quantifier：量词quotient group：商群random access：随机访问random selection(choose an object at random)：随机选择range：值域rational number：有理数reachability relation：可达性关系reasoning：推理recreational area：游乐场所recursive：递归recycle：回收，再循环reflexive closure：自反闭包reflexive：自反的regular expression：正则表达式regular graph：正规图，正则图relation：关系relationship：关系relay station：转送站remainder：余数representation：表示restriction：限制reverse Polish form：（表达式的）逆波兰表示(left) right coset：(左)右陪集root：根，根结点rooted tree：（有）根树row：行R-relative set：R相关集rules of reference：推理规则running time：运行时间same order：同阶sample space：样本空间semigroup：半群sensible：有意义的sensible：有意义的sequence：序列sequential access：顺序访问set corresponding to a sequence：对应于序列的集合set inclusion(containment)：集合包含set：集合siblings：兄弟结点simple cycle：简单回路simple path(circuit)：基本路径(回路)simple path：简单路径（通路）sink：汇sophisticated：复杂的source：源spanning tree：生成树，支撑树square matrix：方阵statement, proposition：命题storage cell：存储单元string：串，字符串strong induction：第二数学归纳法subgraph：子图subgroup：子群sublattice：子格submonoid：子含么半群subscript：下标subsemigroup：子半群subset：子集substitution：替换subtree：子树summarize：总结，概括symmetric closure：对称闭包symmetric difference：对称差symmetric group：对称群symmetric：对称的tacitly：默认tautology：永真(重言)式tedious：冗长乏味的terminology：术语the capacity of a cut：割的容量topological sorting：拓扑排序transitive closure：传递闭包transitive：传递的transport network：运输网络transposition：对换traverse：遍历，周游tree searching：树的搜索（遍历）tree：树truth table：真值表TSP(traveling salesperson problem)：货郎担问题unary operation：一元运算undirected edge：无向边undirected edge：无向边undirected tree：无向树union：并unit element：么(单位)元universal quantification：全称量词化universal set：全集upper(lower) bound：上(下)界value of a flow：流的值value, image：值，像，应变量Venn diagram：文氏图verbally：用言语vertex(vertices)：结点vertex(vertices)：结点，顶点virtually：几乎Warshal’s algorithm：Warshall算法weight：权weight：树weighted graph：（赋）权图well-defined：良定，完全确定word：词zero element：零元。
(完整word版)各种数学名词的英语翻译
各样数学名词的英语翻译均匀数 mean二次方程 quadratic equation算术均匀数 arithmatic mean三次方程 cubic equation数学 mathematics,maths(BrE),几何均匀数 geometric mean n四次方程 quartic equationmath(AmE)个数之积的 n 次方根不等式 inequation公义 axiom倒数（reciprocal ） x的倒数为阶乘 factorial定理 theorem1/x对数 logarithm计算 calculation有理数 rational number指数，幂 exponent运算 operation无理数 irrational number乘方 power证明 prove实数 real number二次方，平方 square假定 hypothesis,虚数 imaginary number三次方，立方 cube hypotheses(pl.)数字 digit四次方 the power of four,the 命题 proposition数 number fourth power算术 arithmetic自然数 natural number n 次方 the power of n, the nth 加 plus(prep.), add(v.),整数 integer poweraddition(n.)小数 decimal开方 evolution, extraction被加数 augend, summand小数点 decimal point二次方根，平方根square root 加数 addend分数 fraction三次方根，立方根cube root和 sum分子 numerator四次方根 the root of four,减 minus(prep.),分母 denominator the fourth rootsubtract(v.),比 ratio n 次方根 the root of n, the subtraction(n.)正 positive nth root被减数 minuend负 negative sqrt(2)=1.414减数 subtrahend零 null, zero, nought, nil sqrt(3)=1.732差 remainder十进制 decimal system sqrt(5)=2.236乘 times(prep.),二进制 binary system常量 constantmultiply(v.),十六进制 hexadecimal system变量 variablemultiplication(n.)权 weight, significance坐标系 coordinates被乘数 multiplicand,faciend进位 carry坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis,乘数 multiplicator截尾 truncation z-axis积 product四舍五入 round横坐标 x-coordinate除 divided by(prep.),下舍入 round down纵坐标 y-coordinatedivide(v.), division(n.)上舍入 round up原点 origin被除数 dividend有效数字 significant digit象限 quadrant除数 divisor无效数字 insignificant digit截距 ( 有正负之分 )intercede商 quotient代数 algebra（方程的）解 solution等于 equals, is equal to, is公式 formula, formulae(pl.)几何 geometryequivalent to单项式 monomial点 point大于 is greater than多项式 polynomial,线 line小于 is lesser than multinomial面 plane大于等于 is equal or greater系数 coefficient体 solidthan未知数 unknown, x-factor,线段 segment小于等于 is equal or lesser y-factor, z-factor射线 radialthan等式，方程式 equation平行 parallel运算符 operator一次方程 simple equation订交 intersect角 angle反正割 arc secant椭圆 ellipse角度 degree反余割 arc cosecant圆周 circumference弧度 radian增补：轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)锐角 acute angle会合 aggregate平行六面体 parallelepiped直角 right angle元素 element立方体 cube钝角 obtuse angle空集 void七面体 heptahedron平角 straight angle子集 subset八面体 octahedron周角 perigon交集 intersection九面体 enneahedron底 base并集 union十面体 decahedron边 side补集 complement十一面体 hendecahedron高 height映照 mapping十二面体 dodecahedron三角形 triangle函数 function二十面体 icosahedron锐角三角形 acute triangle定义域 domain, field of多面体 polyhedron直角三角形 right triangle definition旋转 rotation直角边 leg值域 range轴 axis斜边 hypotenuse单一性 monotonicity球 sphere勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem奇偶性 parity半球 hemisphere钝角三角形 obtuse triangle周期性 periodicity底面 undersurface不等边三角形 scalene图象 image表面积 surface areatriangle数列，级数 series体积 volume等腰三角形 isosceles微积分 calculus空间 spacetriangle微分 differential双曲线 hyperbola等边三角形 equilateral导数 derivative抛物线 parabolatriangle极限 limit四周体 tetrahedron四边形 quadrilateral无量大 infinite(a.)五面体 pentahedron平行四边形 parallelogram infinity(n.)六面体 hexahedron菱形 rhomb,矩形 rectangle无量小 infinitesimal rhombus, rhombi(pl.),长 length积分 integral diamond宽 width定积分 definite integral正方形 square周长 perimeter不定积分 indefiniteintegral梯形 trapezoid面积 area复数 complex number直角梯形 right trapezoid相像 similar矩阵 matrix等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 全等 congruent队列式 determinant五边形 pentagon三角 trigonometry六边形 hexagon正弦 sine圆 circle七边形 heptagon余弦 cosine圆心 centre(BrE),八边形 octagon正切 tangent center(AmE)九边形 enneagon余切 cotangent半径 radius十边形 decagon正割 secant直径 diameter十一边形 hendecagon余割 cosecant圆周率 pi十二边形 dodecagon反正弦 arc sine弧 arc多边形 polygon反余弦 arc cosine半圆 semicircle正多边形 equilateral polygon 反正切 arc tangent扇形 sector反余切 arc cotangent环 ring相位 phase周期 period absolute value绝对concentric circle齐心振幅 amplitude值圆心里 incentre(BrE),acute angle锐角cone圆锥（体积incenter(AmE)adjacent angle邻角＝ 1/3*pi*r*r*h）外心 excentre(BrE),addition加congruent全等的excenter(AmE)algebra代数consecutive integer连旁心 escentre(BrE),altitude高续的整数escenter(AmE)angle bisector角平coordinate坐标的垂心 orthocentre(BrE),分线cost成本orthocenter(AmE)arc弧counterclockwise逆重心 barycentre(BrE),area面积时针方向barycenter(AmE)arithmetic mean算术cube 1.立方数内切圆 inscribed circle均匀值（总和除以总数） 2.立方体（体外切圆 circumcircle arithmetic progression积＝ a*a*a表面积＝ 6*a*a ）统计 statistics等差数列（等差级数）cylinder圆柱体均匀数 average arm直角三角decagon十边形加权均匀数 weighted average形的股decimal小数方差 variance at总计（乘法）decimal point小数点标准差 root-mean-square average均匀值decreased减少deviation, standard base底decrease to减少到deviation be contained in位decrease by减少了比率 propotion于... 上degree角度百分比 percent bisect均分define 1.定义百分点 percentage center圆心 2. 化简百分位数 percentile chord弦denominator分母摆列 permutation circle圆形denote代表，表组合 combination circumference圆周示概率，或然率 probability长depreciation折旧散布 distribution circumscribe外切，distance距离正态散布 normal distribution外接distinct 不一样的非正态散布 abnormal clockwise顺时针dividend 1.被除distribution方向数2.盈利图表 graph closest approximation最divided evenly被除条形统计图 bar graph邻近似的数柱形统计图 histogram combination组合divisible可整除折线统计图 broken line graph common divisor条约的曲线统计图 curve diagram数，公因子division 1.除 2.扇形统计图 pie diagram common factor公因部分子divisor除数complementary angles余down payment预支角（二角和为 90度）款，定金--------------composite number合数equation方程数学中常用单词术语（可被除 1 及自己之外其余的数equilateral triangle等abscissa横坐标整除）边三角形even number偶数mark down降价power次方（ 2 expression表达maximum最大值的 5 次方＝ the fifth power of exterior angle外角median, medium中数2）face（立体图形（把数字按大小摆列，若为奇数prime factor质因子的）某一面项，则中间那项就为中数，若为prime number质数factor因子偶数项，则中间两项的算术均匀product乘积fraction 1.分数值为中数。
数学常用词汇中英文对照
数学常用词汇中英文对照代数部分1、有关基本运算：add，plus加subtract减difference差multiply,times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的dividedevenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集proper subset真子集solution set解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term代数项like terms,similar terms同类项numerical coefficient数字系数literal coefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式range值域original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程等价方程linear equation线性方程4.有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数mixed number带分数vulgar fraction，common fraction普通分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean算术平均值weighted average加权平均值geometric mean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体square root平方根cube root立方根common logarithm常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inversefunction反函数complementary function余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolute value绝对值，round off四舍五入6.有关数论natural number自然数positive number正数negative number负数odd integer,odd number奇数even integer,even number偶数integer,whole number整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数consecutive number连续整数rea lnumber,rational number实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数inverse倒数composite number合数prime number质数reciprocal倒数common divisor公约数multiple倍数(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子common factor公因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数common ratio公比7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例permutation排列combination组合table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle内错角corresponding angle同位角vertical angle对顶角central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplement aryangles补角complement aryangle余角adjacent angle邻角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角right angle直角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right triangle直角三角形oblique斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形4.其它平面图形arc弧line,straight line直线line segment线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形5.有关立体图形cube立方体，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体circular cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude高depth深度side边长circumference,perimeter周长radian弧度surface area 表面积volume体积arm直角三角形的股cros ssection横截面center of acircle圆心chord弦radius半径angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线diameter直径edge棱face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse斜边included side夹边leg三角形的直角边medianofatriangle三角形的中线base底边，底数opposite直角三角形中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距7.有关坐标coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标numberline数轴quadrant象限slope斜率complex plane复平面8. 其它plane geometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直pythagorean theorem勾股定理congruent全等的multilateral多边的1centpennynickel5dime dozen 打（12 score 廿(20个)CentigradeFahrenheitquartgallon 加仑(1gallon=4quart)yardmetermicroninchfootminute 分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度)squaremeasurecubicmeterpint 品脱(干量或液量的单位) 2. intercalary year(leapyear)闰年(366天)common year 平年(365天)depreciationdown paymentdiscountmarginprofitinterestsimple interestcompounded interestdividenddecrease todecrease byincrease toincrease bydenotelist price markup涨per capitaratioretail price tie 打平集合与简易逻辑集合（集）set非负整数集the set of all non-negative integers自然数集the set of all natural numbers 正整数集the set of all positive integers 整数集the set of all integers有理数集the set of all rational numbers 实数集the set of all real numbers 元素element 属于belong to不属于not belong to 有限集finite set 无限集infinite set 空集empty set包含inclusion, include 包含于lie in 子集subset真子集proper subset补集（余集）complementary set 全集universe 交集intersection 并集union偶数集the set of all even numbers 奇数集the set of all odd numbers 含绝对值的不等式inequality with absolute value 一元二次不等式one-variable quadratic inequality 逻辑logic逻辑联结词logic connective 或or 且and 非not 真true 假false真值表truth table原命题original proposition 逆命题converse proposition 否命题negative proposition逆否命题converse-negative proposition 充分条件sufficient condition 必要条件necessary condition充要条件sufficient and necessary condition……的充要条件是………if and only if …函数函数function自变量argument定义域domain值域range区间interval闭区间closed interval开区间open interval函数的图象graph of function映射mapping象image原象inverse image单调monotone增函数increasing function减函数decreasing function单调区间monotone interval反函数inverse function指数exponentn次方根n th root根式radical根指数radical exponent被开方数radicand指数函数exponential function对数logarithm常用对数common logarithm自然对数natural logarithm对数函数logarithmic function数列数列sequence of number项term通项公式the formula of general term有穷数列finite sequence of number无穷数列infinite sequence of number递推公式recurrence formula等差数列arithmetic progression ，arithmetic series公差common difference 等差中项arithmetic mean等比数列geometric progression，geometric series公比common ratio等比中项geometric mean三角函数三角函数trigonometric function始边initial side终边terminal side正角positive angle负角negative angle零角zero angle象限角quadrant angle弧度radian弧度制radian measure角度制degree measure正弦sine余弦cosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant诱导公式induction formula正弦曲线sine curve余弦曲线cosine curve最大值maximum最小值minimum周期period最小正周期minimal positive period周期函数periodic function振幅amplitude of vibration频率frequency相位phase初相initial phase反正弦arc sine反余弦arc cosine反正切arc tangent平面向量有向线段directed line segment数量scalar quantity向量vector零向量zero vector相等向量equal vector共线向量collinear vectors平行向量parallel vectors向量的数乘multiplication of vector by scalar单位向量unit vector基底base基向量base vectors平移translation数量积inner product正弦定理sine theorem余弦定理cosine theorem不等式算术平均数arithmetic mean几何平均数geometric mean比较法method of compare综合法method of synthesis分析法method of analysis直线倾斜角angle of inclination斜率gradient点斜式point slope form截距intercept斜截式gradient intercept form 两点式two-point form一般式general form夹角included angle线性规划linear programming 约束条件constraint condition 目标函数objective function可行域feasible region最优解optimal solution 圆锥曲线曲线curve坐标法method of coordinate 解析几何analytic geometry 笛卡儿Descartes标准方程standard equation 一般方程general equation参数方程parameter equation 参数parameter圆锥曲线point conic椭圆ellipse焦点focus, focal points焦距focal length长轴major axis短轴minor axis离心率eccentricity双曲线hyperbola实轴real axis虚轴imaginary axis渐近线asymptote抛物线parabola准线directrix。
离散数学英中名词对照表
离散数学英中名词对照表英文Abel categoryAbel group (commutative group) Abel semigroup Abelian groupabsorption property accessibility relation acyclicaddition principleadequate set of connectives adjacentadjacent matrixadjugateadjunctionaffine planealgebraic closed field algebraic element algebraic extensionalphabetalternating groupannihilatorantecedentanti symmetryanti-isomorphismarc setargumentarityarrangement problem associateassociativeassociative algebraassociatorasymmetricatomatomic formulaaugmenting pigeon hole principle augmenting path automorphism automorphism group of graph auxiliary symbol A 离散数学英文—中文名词axiom of choiceaxiom of equalityaxiom of extensionalityaxiom of infinityaxiom of pairsaxiom of regularityaxiom of replacement for the formulaaxiom of the empty setaxiom of unionB balanced imcomplete block designbarber paradoxbase (base 2 exponential function)base (logarithm function to the base 2)Bell numberBernoulli numberBerry paradoxbiconditionalbijection (one-to-one correspondence)bi-mdulebinary relationbinary operationbinary symmetric channel (BSC)binary treebinomial coefficientbinomial theorembinomial transform bipartite graphblockblockblock codeblock designBondy theoremBoolean algebra Boolean expression Boolean functionBoole homomorophism Boole latticeBoolean matrixBoolean productbound occurrencebound variablebounded latticeBruijn theorem Burnside lemmaC cagecancellation property canonical epimorphism Cantor conjecture Cantor diagonal method Cantor paradoxcapacitycardinal number cardinalityCartesion product of graph Catalan numbercatenationCayley graphCayley theoremceiling functioncell (block)centercertain eventchain (walk) characteristic function characteristic of ring characteristic polynomial check digitsChinese postman problem chromatic number chromatic polynomial circuitcirculant graph circumferenceclassclassical completeness classical consistent cliqueclique numberclose with respect to closed termclosureclosure of graphcode elementcode lengthcode wordcoefficientcoimageco-kernalcoloringcoloring problemcombinationcombination numbercombination with repetationcommon divisorcommon factorcommutativecommutative diagramcommutative ringcommutative seimgroupcomparablecompatible withcomplementcomplement elementcomplement of B with respect to A complementary relation complemented latticecomplete bipartite graphcomplete graphcomplete k-partite graphcomplete latticecomplete matchcomplete n-treecompositecomposite operationcomposition (molecular proposition) composition of graph (lexicographic product) compound statementconcatenation (juxtaposition) concatenation graphconditional statement (implication) congruence relationcongruent toconjectureconjunctive normal form connected component connective connectivityconnectivity relation consecutively consequence (conclusion) conservation of flow consistent (non-contradiction) constructive proofcontain (in)contingencycontinuumcontraction of graph contradiction contravariant functor contrapositiveconversecoproductcorankcorresponding universal map countable (uncountable) countably infinite set counter examplecountingcovariant functorcoveringcovering numbercrossing number of graph cosetcotreecutcut edgecut vertexcyclecycle basiscycle matrixcycle rankcycle spacecycle vectorcyclic groupcyclic indexcyclic permutation cyclic semigroupD De Morgan's law decision procedure decoding table deduction theorem degreedegree sequence derivation algebra Descartes product descendant designated truth value deterministic diagonal functor diagonal matrix diameterdigraphdilemmadirect consequence direct limitdirect sumdirected by inclutiondisconnecteddiscrete Fourier transform discrete graph (null graph) disjoint setdisjunctiondisjunctive normal form disjunctive syllogism distancedistance transitive graph distinguished element distributivedistributive lattice divisibilitydivision subringdivison ringdivisor (factor) dodecahedrondomaindual categorydual formdual graphdual principledual statementdummy variableE eccentricityedge chromatic number edge coloringedge connectivityedge coveringedge covering numberedge cutedge setedge-independence number eigenvalue of graph element (entry) elementary divisor ideal elementary product elementary sumempty graphempty relationempty set endomorphismendpointentry (element) enumeration function epimorphismequipotentequivalenceequivalent category equivalent class equivalent matrix equivalent object equivalent relationerror functionerror patternEuclid algorithmEuclid domainEuler characteristicEuler circuitEuler functionEuler graphEuler numberEuler pathEuler polyhedron formula Euler tourEuler traileven permutationeventeverywhere defined excess capacity existence proof existential generalization existential quantification existential quantifier existential specification explicitextended Fibonacci number extended Lucas number extensionextension field extension graphexterior algebraF facefactorfactorablefactotialfactorizationfaithful (full) functor Ferrers graphFibonacci numberfieldfilterfinite dimensional associative division algebra finite extensionfinite field (Galois field )finite groupfinite setfinitely generated modulefirst order theory with equalityfive-color theoremfive-time-repetitionfixed pointfloor functionflowforestforgetful functorfour-color theorem (conjecture)F-reduced productfree elementfree monoidfree occurrencefree R-modulefree variablefree-Ω-algebrafull n-treefunction schemeG Galileo paradoxGauss coefficientGBN (G?del-Bernays-von Neumann system) GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) generalized Petersen graphgenerating functiongenerating proceduregeneratorgenerator matrixgeneric elementgenusgirthG?del completeness theoremgolden section numbergraceful graphgraceful tree conjecturegraphgraph of first class for edge coloring graph of second class for edge coloring graph rankgraph sequencegreatest common factorgreatest elementgreedy algorithmGrelling paradoxGr?tzsch graphgroupgroup codegroup of graphgrowth of functionHajós conjectureHamilton cycleHamilton graphHamilton pathHarary graphhash functionHasse diagramHeawood graphheightHerschel graphhom functorhomemorphism homomorphism homomorphism image homomorphism of graph hyperoctahedronhypothelical syllogism hypothesis (premise)idealidempotentidentityidentity functionidentity natural transformation imageimbeddingimmediate predcessor immediate successorimpossible eventincidentincident axiomincident matrixinclusion and exclusion principle inclusion relationindegreeindependentindependent number independent setindependent transcendental element indexindirected method H Iindividual variableinduced subgraphinfinite extensioninfinite groupinfinite setinitial endpointinitial objectinjectioninjection functorinjective (one to one mapping) inner faceinner neighbour setinorder searchintegral domainintegral subdomaininternal direct sum intersectionintersection of graph intersection operation intervalinvariant factorinvariant factor idealinverseinverse limitinverse morphisminverse natural transformation inverse operationinverse relationinversioninvertableinvolution property irreflexiveisolated vertexisomorphic categoryisomorphismisomorphism of graphjoinjoin of graphJ Jordan algebraJordan product (anti-commutator)Jordan sieve formulaj-skewjuxtapositionk-chromatic graphk-connected graphk-critical graphk-edge chromatic graphk-edge-connected graphk-edge-critical graph Kanaugh mapkernelKirkman schoolgirl problem Klein 4 groupKonisberge Brudge problem Kruskal's algorithm Kuratowski theoremlabeled graphLah numberLatin rectangleLatin squarelatticelattice homomorphismlawLCM (Least Common Multiple) leader cosetleast elementleafleast upper boundleft (right) identityleft (right) invertible element left (right) moduleleft (right) zeroleft (right) zero divisorleft adjoint functorleft cancellableleft cosetlengthlexicographic orderlLie algebraline- grouplinear array (list)linear graphlinear order (total order)K Llinear order set (chain)logical connective logical followlogically equivanlent logically implies logically valid loopLucas numbermagicmany valued proposition logic map coloring problem matchingmathematical structure matrix representation maximal element maximal idealmaximal outerplanar graph maximal planar graph maximum flow maximum matching maxtermmaxterm normal form (conjunctive normal form)McGee graph meetMenger theorem Meredith graph message word mini term minimal -connected graph minimal polynomial minimal spanning tree Minimanoff paradox minimum distance Minkowski summinterm (fundamental conjunctive form)minterm normal form (disjunctive normal form)M?bius function M?bius ladder M?bius transform (inversion)modal logic modelmodule homomorphismMkmoduler latticemodulusmodus ponensmodus tollensmodule isomorphismmonic morphismmonoidmonomorphismmorphism (arrow)M?bius functionM?bius ladderM?bius transform (inversion)multigraphmultinomial coefficientmultinomial expansion theoremmultiple-error-correcting codemultiplication principlemutually exclusivemultiplication tablemutually orthogonal Latin squareN n-ary operationn-ary productn-ary tree (n-tree)n-tuplenatural deduction systemnatural homomorphismnatural isomorphismnatural transformationnearest neighbernegationneighbour setnext state transition functionnon-associative algebranon-standard logicNorlund formulanormal formnormal modelnormal subgroup (invariant subgroup)n-relationnull graph (discrete graph)null objectnullary operationobjectodd permutationoffspringone to oneone-to-one correspondence (bijection) onto optimal solutionorbitorderorder (lower order,same order) order ideal order relationordered pairOre conditionorientationorthogonal Latin square orthogonal layoutoutarcoutdegreeouter faceouter neighbourouterneighbour setouterplanar graphpancycle graphparallelismparallelism classparentparity-check codeparity-check equationparity-check machineparity-check matrixpartial functionpartial ordering (partial relation) partial order relation partial order set (poset)partitionpartition number of integerpartition number of setPascal formulapathperfect code O Pperfect t-error-correcting code perfect graph permutationpermutation grouppermutation with repetation Petersen graphp-graphPierce arrowpigeonhole principleplanar graphplane graphPolish formPólya theorempolynomailpolynomial codepolynomial representation polynomial ring positional treepossible worldpostorder searchpower functorpower of graphpower setpredicateprenex normal formpreorder searchpre-ordered setprimary cycle modulePRIM's algorithmprimeprime fieldprime to each otherprimitive connectiveprimitive elementprimitive polynomialprincipal idealprincipal ideal domainprinciple of dualityprinciple of mathematical induction principle of redundancy probabilisticprobability (theory)productproduct categoryproduct partial orderproduct-sum formproof (deduction)proof by contraditionproper coloringproper factorproper filterproper subgroupproperly inclusive relationproposition (statement)propositional constantpropositional formula (well-formed formula,wff) propositional functionpropositional variablepseudocodepullbackpushoutquantification theoryquantifierquasi order relationquaternionquotient (difference) algebraquotient algebraquotient field (field of fraction)quotient groupquotient modulequotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) quotient set Ramsey graph Ramsey number Ramsey theorem rangerankreachability reconstruction conjecture recursive redundant digits reflexiveregular expression regular graph R Qregular representationrelation matrixrelative setremainderreplacement theoremrepresentationrepresentation functorrestricted proposition formrestrictionretractionreverse Polish formRichard paradoxright adjoint functorright cancellableright factorright zero divisonringring of endomorphismring with unity elementR-linear independencerooted treeroot fieldrule of inferenceRussell paradoxS sample spacesatisfiablesaturatedscopesearchingsectionself-complement graphsemantical completenesssemantical consistentsemigroupseparable elementseparable extensionsequencesequentsequentialSheffer strokesiblingssimple algebraic extensionsimple cyclesimple extensionsimple graphsimple pathsimple proposition (atomic proposition) simple transcental extension simplicationsinkslopesmall categorysmallest element Socrates argument soundness (validity) theorem sourcespanning subgraph spanning treespectra of graphspetral radiussplitting fieldsquare matrixstandard modelstandard monomil statement (proposition) Steiner tripleStirling numberStirling transformstrong induction subalgebrasubcategorysubdirect product subdivison of graph subfieldsubformulasubdivision of graph subgraphsubgroupsub-modulesubmonoidsublatticesubrelationsubringsub-semigroup subscript。
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常用离散数学名词中英文对照
集合：set
元素：element
严格定义:well defined
成员:member
外延原理:principle of extension 泛集(全集):universal set
空集:empty set(null set)
子集:subset
文氏图:venn diagram
并:union
交:intersection
相对补集:relative complement 绝对补集:absolute complement 补集:complement
对偶性:duality
幂等律:idempotent laws
组合律:associative laws
交换律:commutative laws
分配律:distributive laws
同一律:identity laws
对合律:involution laws
求补律:complement laws
对偶原理:principle of duality 有限集:finite set
计算原理:counting principle 类:class
幂集:power set
子类:subclass
子集合:subcollection
命题:proposition
命题计算:proposition calculus 语句:statement
复合:compound
子语句:substatement
合取:conjunction
析取:disjuction
否定:negation
真值表:truth table
重言式
:tautology
有界格:bounded lattice
分配格:distributeve lattice
补格:complemented lattice
表示定理:representation theorem 象:image
自变量:independent variable
因变量:dependent variable
函数图象:graph of a function
合成函数:composition function
可逆函数:invertible function
一一对应:one to one correspondence 内射:injective
满射:surjective
双射:bijective
基数度:cardinality
基数:cardinal number
图论:graph theory
多重图:multigraphy
顶点:vertix(point,node)
无序对:unordered pair
边:edge
相邻的adjacent
端点:endpoint
多重边:multiple edge
环:loop
子图:subgraph
生成子图:generated subgraph
平凡图:trivial graph
入射:incident
孤立点:isolated vertex
连通性:connectivity
通路:walk
长度:length
简单通路:chain(trail)
圈:path
回路:cycle
连通的:connected
连通分支:connected component
距离:distance
欧拉图:eulerian graph
欧拉链路:eulerian trail
哈密顿图
:hamilton graph。