introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍
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• verbs present tense/perfect tense: suggesting that the statement is a generally accepted truth;
• Adj: emphasized the importance or interest of the topic
• These observations point to the position that in order to recognize the mismatches and begin to understand the consequences of discontinuities, there is a need to increase research knowledge of community social practices and interactions with community literacies (White –Davison 1999:2).
Move 2: establishing a niche/gap
Points to a gap or niche in previous research which the research will “fill”. • a. by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way ; √
IV The typical structure of the introduction
To move from a fairly general overview of the research terrain to the particular issues under investigation through three key moves which capture the communicative purposes of the introduction. • Move 1 establishing a research territory ; • Move 2 establishing a niche/gap; • Move 3 occupying the niche
Adjectives
Controversial, incomplete, inconclusive, misguided, questionable, unconvincing, unsatisfactory
Little information/attention/work/research /data Few studies/ investigation/ researchers/ attempts No studies / data / calculations However, It remains unclear, It would be of interest to
Relationship to the thesis as a whole
(Atkinson & Curtis 1998: 52)
How long should the introduction be?
• • • • different according to research field most: 17.4 pages medicine:29-45 pages social science and arts introduction:40 pages
Move 1 establishing a research territory
Indicate that the general area is in some way significant. a. showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting ,problematic, or relevant in some way; b. providing background information about the topic; c. introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area; √ d. by defining terms;
Samples for move 1a
• In these areas, reducing groundwater recharge is an important step in reducing land degradation caused by salinity (Lewis 2000: 1); • The Magellanic Clouds provide unique environment in which to study many interesting and astrophysically challenging problems (Amy 2000:1) ; • Speech has arguably been the most important form of human communication since languages were first conceived (Epp 2000:1) • The modeling of fluid flows is of great interest to Engineers and Scientists alike, with many engineering problems and issues of scientific interest depending upon complex flow phenomena (Norris 2000:1) Return to moves
Non-native speaker’s mistake
Allison et al. (1998: 212) found that failure to create a “research space” was a key shortcoming in the thesis writing of the nonnative speakers of English at their university.
Writing the Introduction
content
• The role of introduction
• The structure of introduction
• The sequence in writing
I The role of introduction
Swales and Freak (1994): the key role is to create a research space for the writer. It is the introduction that the writer makes claims for the centrality or significance of the research in question and begins to outline the overall argument of the thesis. Journal: positioning the writer as having something to say worth publishing. Graduation thesis: establishing how the thesis relates to and builds upon previous research in the field
Samples of “gap statement”
• One class of quality improvement which has not received much attention is enhancement by broadening the bandwidth of coded speech without an increase in the bit rate. This is surprising since the notion of quality as a function of speech bandwidth is anticipated to become more pervasive (Epps 2000:4)
• b. sometimes presented as a problem or need that has been identified as requiring further research.
Gap statement
Atkinson & Curtis (1998:63) the language of gap statement is typically evaluative in negative way.
Part of speech Verbs
expressions Disregard, fail to , ignore, is limited to , misinterpret, neglected to consider, overestimate, overlook, suffer from, underestimate
Noun phrase
Other forms
occupying the niche
• a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis √ • b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) • c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter √ • d. by outlining the theoretical position • e. by describing the methods used in the study
Application
• (1) Find some recent theses in your own field and assess the extent to which the “hourglass ”appears to have been followed. • (2) Pay attention to whether the Introduction is “Chapter 1” or stands outside the chapter numbering system.
• Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. • This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents… • The verbs tend to be in the present tense
• verbs present tense/perfect tense: suggesting that the statement is a generally accepted truth;
• Adj: emphasized the importance or interest of the topic
• These observations point to the position that in order to recognize the mismatches and begin to understand the consequences of discontinuities, there is a need to increase research knowledge of community social practices and interactions with community literacies (White –Davison 1999:2).
Move 2: establishing a niche/gap
Points to a gap or niche in previous research which the research will “fill”. • a. by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way ; √
IV The typical structure of the introduction
To move from a fairly general overview of the research terrain to the particular issues under investigation through three key moves which capture the communicative purposes of the introduction. • Move 1 establishing a research territory ; • Move 2 establishing a niche/gap; • Move 3 occupying the niche
Adjectives
Controversial, incomplete, inconclusive, misguided, questionable, unconvincing, unsatisfactory
Little information/attention/work/research /data Few studies/ investigation/ researchers/ attempts No studies / data / calculations However, It remains unclear, It would be of interest to
Relationship to the thesis as a whole
(Atkinson & Curtis 1998: 52)
How long should the introduction be?
• • • • different according to research field most: 17.4 pages medicine:29-45 pages social science and arts introduction:40 pages
Move 1 establishing a research territory
Indicate that the general area is in some way significant. a. showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting ,problematic, or relevant in some way; b. providing background information about the topic; c. introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area; √ d. by defining terms;
Samples for move 1a
• In these areas, reducing groundwater recharge is an important step in reducing land degradation caused by salinity (Lewis 2000: 1); • The Magellanic Clouds provide unique environment in which to study many interesting and astrophysically challenging problems (Amy 2000:1) ; • Speech has arguably been the most important form of human communication since languages were first conceived (Epp 2000:1) • The modeling of fluid flows is of great interest to Engineers and Scientists alike, with many engineering problems and issues of scientific interest depending upon complex flow phenomena (Norris 2000:1) Return to moves
Non-native speaker’s mistake
Allison et al. (1998: 212) found that failure to create a “research space” was a key shortcoming in the thesis writing of the nonnative speakers of English at their university.
Writing the Introduction
content
• The role of introduction
• The structure of introduction
• The sequence in writing
I The role of introduction
Swales and Freak (1994): the key role is to create a research space for the writer. It is the introduction that the writer makes claims for the centrality or significance of the research in question and begins to outline the overall argument of the thesis. Journal: positioning the writer as having something to say worth publishing. Graduation thesis: establishing how the thesis relates to and builds upon previous research in the field
Samples of “gap statement”
• One class of quality improvement which has not received much attention is enhancement by broadening the bandwidth of coded speech without an increase in the bit rate. This is surprising since the notion of quality as a function of speech bandwidth is anticipated to become more pervasive (Epps 2000:4)
• b. sometimes presented as a problem or need that has been identified as requiring further research.
Gap statement
Atkinson & Curtis (1998:63) the language of gap statement is typically evaluative in negative way.
Part of speech Verbs
expressions Disregard, fail to , ignore, is limited to , misinterpret, neglected to consider, overestimate, overlook, suffer from, underestimate
Noun phrase
Other forms
occupying the niche
• a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis √ • b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) • c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter √ • d. by outlining the theoretical position • e. by describing the methods used in the study
Application
• (1) Find some recent theses in your own field and assess the extent to which the “hourglass ”appears to have been followed. • (2) Pay attention to whether the Introduction is “Chapter 1” or stands outside the chapter numbering system.
• Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. • This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents… • The verbs tend to be in the present tense