纺织英语第三版课文翻译
纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译
目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 (2)02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途 (3)04课Wool羊毛 (4)05课Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 (6)06课Silk丝绸 (8)07课Flax亚麻 (10)09课Rayon人造丝 (13)12课YARNS (14)13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 (15)21课精纺和粗纺 (16)25课络纱 (17)27课整经 (19)33 课织机 (25)40课蓬勃发展的非织造布 (31)49课染色 (33)第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。
棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。
Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。
纺织英语第三版课本知识中文翻译
Lesson Two Cotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。
因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。
当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。
纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译
纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译Lesson Two Cotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。
因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。
当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。
纺织英语 第三版 课文翻译lesson six Silk
Lesson Five五课Silk丝绸For approximately 3000 years China successfully held the secret of silk and sericulture and held a virtual monopoly on the silk industry. About AD 300 Japan learned the secret of raising silkworms and reeling the filaments from the cocoons.约3000年，中国成功举办了丝绸和养蚕的秘密持在丝绸行业垄断。
约公元300年日本学习养蚕缫丝的丝茧的秘密。
Throughout history, silk has maintained a position of great prestige and is considered a luxury fiber. It is often called the "queen of fibers" Perhaps one of the most important contributions silk has made in the history of textiles is that it was responsible for investigation into the possible productionof man-made fibers. Scientists observed how the silkworm spun the fibers and believed that people could duplicate the art.纵观历史，丝绸一直保持着巨大的显赫地位，被认为是一个奢侈的纤维。
它通常被称为“纤维皇后”也许是最重要的贡献之一的丝绸纺织品的历史是负责为人造纤维的生产调查。
纺织英语第三版翻译课文翻译
纺织英语第三版翻译课文翻译12.纱线纺纱是制造纱线最原始的方法。
纺纱过程要求一束短纤维排成一线，将他们拉入一对罗拉中，例如粗纱，继续拉伸并加捻粗纱形成纱线。
细纱工序的产品是一束具有一定强度和挠曲性的加捻纤维集合体。
纱线比其包含的纤维的联合强度要大，因为纤维通过联合作用共同承担外界负荷。
单根纱线可能被放在一起加捻以形成更高强力的纱线。
这些合股线可能被一次又一次的合股以形成更厚重强力更大的粗绳索。
这些粗绳可能被加上S捻，也可能被加上Z捻。
S捻的纱线中的纤维成螺旋状并与字母S中间的斜杠平行。
在Z捻的纱线中，纤维与字母Z中间的斜杠平行。
纱线通常因为太细使得肉眼很难识别其捻向。
然而，当你用左手竖直的拿着一小段纱线，再用右手的拇指和食指夹住纱线的另一头，一边向上拉，一边旋转，这时你就可以测出它的捻向了。
如果你用右手顺时针的旋转它，S捻的纱线会越变越紧，Z 捻的纱线会越变越松。
加捻的方向不会影响纱线的外观。
然而，人们习惯性的生产棉和亚麻纱线时用Z捻，生产羊毛和精纺毛料纱线时用S捻。
这种习俗起源于中世纪的消费者保护法;消费者可以仅仅通过退捻纱线，检查纱线捻向，从而轻易地确定布料是否是真正的羊毛所制。
当纱线被加捻的时候，在捻度的方向上也会相应地形成内应力。
这种力被称为扭转力。
通常，纱线每转一圈，都会增加相同的扭转力，所以每米具有相同转数的纱线就会具有相同的扭转力。
既然扭转力和每米纱线所具有的转数(tpm)近似成正比，因此我们通过数出纱线每米的转数来说明平衡纱线和非平衡纱线的形成原理。
以一对200tpm的S捻向的单纱为例。
用另外的100tpm的S捻将两个单纱加捻到一起。
每根单纱的内部扭转力就达到了300tpm，然而合股线在S捻方向上的扭转力是100tpm。
这时纱线则不平衡，将会形成卷曲。
如果给相同的两根单纱加上Z方向上100tpm的捻度使它们合成一股时，逆时针方向的加捻则会使单根纱线易于解开，使其在S捻向上的内部扭转力降到100。
纺织英语第三版课文翻译-Rayon
Lesson Nine九课Rayon人造丝Rayon is composed of cellulose. Like cotton it is a polymer. The difference in degree of polymerization between cotton and rayon accounts for some of the variance in physical properties between the two.粘胶纤维是由纤维素。
像棉花是一种聚合物。
对于一些在两个物理性能之间的差异在棉花和人造丝的帐户之间的聚合程度的差异。
Other causes for the difference between rayon and cotton include the difference in the degree of crystallinity, 60 percent for cotton and 40 percent for rayon, and differences in hydrogen bonding as evidenced by the infrared spectrum of native cellulose and regenerated cellulose.人造纤维和棉之间的差异的其他原因包括在不同的结晶度，为棉花和人造丝百分之40百分之60，和氢键的差异证明了天然纤维素的红外光谱和再生纤维素。
The mechanisms of formation for natural celluloses are significantly different from man's ability to reform cellulosic structures found in nature. Rayon is structurally different from cotton molecularly, morphologically, and in relation to chain length. Contaminants of various types from the pulp and other materials used in the process introduce significant differences to rayon that are not present in cotton. These differences result in significant differences in properties between cotton and rayon. As a consequence of the technological developments for regeneration of cellulose by man, a much wider range of fiber properties is obtainable from the man-made regenerated cellulose fibers than is possible from native celluloses such as cotton.对天然纤维素的形成机制是人类进行改革的能力在自然界中发现的纤维素结构差异显著。
纺织英语第三版课文翻译Lesson TwentyFive-Yarn Winding
Lesson Twenty-Five第25课Yarn Winding ( 1 )络纱Yarns as manufactured and packaged are not in the optimum condition to be used to form fabrics. After yarn formation, both spun and continuous filament yarns are not immediately usable in fabric forming systems. Package size, build and other factors make it necessary for the yarn to be further processed to prepare it to be handled efficiently during fabric formation.生产并卷装好的纱线并没有处在用于生产织物的最佳状态，纱线形成后，短纤纱和长丝都不能立即用于织物编织系统。
卷装的尺寸大小、形状和其他因素让纱线进行进一步加工以便在织造过程中高效传送是有必要的。
For weaving and warp knitting, many yarns are presented simultaneously in the form of a warp sheet. These yarns are taken from packages called beams. Shuttle looms need a ling yarn package, or quill, which fits in the shuttle; while shuttleless looms and weft knitting machines use yarn from large packages called cheeses or cones.对机织和经编来说，许多纱线以片纱形式同时排列在一起。
纺织英语 第三版 课文翻译lesson four Wool
Lesson Four四课Wool羊毛The early history of wool is lost in antiquity. Sheepskin, including the hair, was probably used long before it was discovered that the fibers could be spun into yarns or even felted into fabric. There is no evidence to support the theory that wool was the first fiber to be processed into fabric, but it seems certain that, as a part of the skin, wool was used for covering and protection by prehistoric peoples long before yarns and fabrics were made.羊毛的早期历史失传了。
羊皮，包括头发，可能很久以前发现的纤维可纺成纱线或织成织物毡。
没有证据支持，羊毛被加工成的织物的第一光纤的理论，但似乎肯定的是，作为皮肤的一部分，羊毛被用于覆盖和保护的史前人类早在纱线和织物进行了。
The earliest fragments of wool fabric have been found in Egypt, probably because of the preserving qualities of the climate. These have been dated from 4000 to 3500 B C. The earliest example of wool fabric found in Europe has been dated about 1500 B C; it was unearthed in archeological digs in Germany. Danish sites have yielded excellent fragments of early wool fabrics dated about 1300 to 1000 BC. These fabrics are rough and coarse and contain considerable wild sheep hair.毛织物最早的碎片已经被发现在埃及，可能是因为保鲜品质的气候。
纺织英语第三版黄故课文翻译电子版课文
Lesson OneCotton GrowingCotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.The invention of the saw-type cotton gin made possible the exploitation of the short staple fiber, which thrived in the Carolinas and Virginia of the United States. The dramatic increase in productivity, coupled with the low cost of labor in the southern United States, gave cotton a continually expanding portion of the world textile market. Increasing mechanization of fiber and yarn production helped keep the cost of cotton goods low. The, development of the textile machinery enlarged the production base.Cotton cultivation requires warm climates with a high level of moisture or irrigation. The growing season is from six to seven months long. During this period the seeds sprout and grow, producing a white blossom in about 100 days. The blossom produces a seed pod, which matures during the next two months. When the pod bursts, the cotton fibers are ready for picking.Before yam manufacture, cotton is graded, sorted, and blended to insure uniform yam quality. Cotton is graded on the basis of color, staple length, fineness, and freedom from foreign matter. In the United States, cottons are divided into grades according to length of staple, uniformity, strength, color, cleanness and flexibility. These are compared with a standard supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture. The standard provides 6 grades above and 6 grades below the Middling grade. The most common grades are:(1) Strict good middling.(2) Good middling.(3) Strict middling.(4) Middling.(5) Strict low middling(6) Low middling.(7) Strict good ordinary.The cotton fiber may be from 0.3 to 5.5 cm long. Under the microscope it appears as a ribbon like structure that is twisted at irregular intervals along its length. The twists, called convolutions, increase the fiber-to-fiber friction necessary to secure a strong spun yarn. The fiber ranges in color from a yellowish to pure white, and may be very lustrous. However, most cotton dull.A cross-sectional view reveals that the fiber is kidney-shaped with central hollow core known as the lumen. The lumen provides a channel for nutrients while the plant is growing. The fiber consists of an outer shell, or cuticle, which surrounds the primary wall. The primary wall, in turn, covers the secondary wall surrounding the lumen. The cuticle is a thin, hard shell which protects the fiber from bruising and damage during growth. In use as a textile fiber, the cuticle provides abrasion resistance to cotton.Lesson TwoCotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.Unfortunately, the hydrophilic nature of cotton makes it susceptible to water-borne stains. Water-soluble colorants such as those in coffee or grape juice will penetrate the fiber along with the water; when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to cotton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces the ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when the crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must be ironed.Cotton is a moderately strong fiber with good abrasion resistance and good dimensional stability. It is resistant to the acids, alkalies, and organic solvents normally available to consumers. But since it is a natural material, it is subject to attack by insects, molds and fungus. Most prominent is the tendency for cotton to mildew if allowed to remain damp.Cotton resists sunlight and heat well, although direct exposure to constant strong sunlight will cause yellowing and eventual degradation of the fiber. Yellowing may also occur when cotton goods are dried in gas dryers. The color change is the result of a chemical reaction between cellulose and oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the hot air in the dryer. Cottons will retain their whiteness longer when line-dried or dried in the electric dryer.Of major interest is the fact that cotton yarn is stronger when wet than when dry. This property is a consequence of the macro-and micro-structural features of the fiber. As water is absorbed, the fiber swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. Usually the absorption of such a large amount of foreign material would cause a high degree of internal stress and lead to weakening of the fiber. In cotton, however, the absorption of water causes a decrease in the internal stresses. Thus, with less internal stresses to overcome, the swollen fiber becomes stronger. At the same time, the swollen fibers within the yarns press upon each other more strongly. The internal friction strengthens the yarns. In addition, the absorbed water acts as an internal lubricant which imparts a higher level of flexibility to the fibers. This accounts for the fact that cotton garments are more easily ironed when damp. Cotton fabrics are susceptible to shrinkage upon laundering.Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, recreational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that are comfortable, readily dried in bright, long-lasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cotton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrink-resistant finishes. Durable-press properties may be imparted by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkle-resistant fibers, such as polyester.In home furnishings, cotton serves in durable, general-service fabrics. Although they may lack the formal appearance of materials made from other fibers, cotton goods provide a comfortable, homey environment. Cottonfabrics have been the mainstay of bed linens and towels for decades, because they are comfortable, durable, and moisture-absorbent. Polyester/cotton blends provide the modern consumer with no-iron sheets and pillowcases that retain a crisp, fresh feel.For recreational use, cotton has traditionally been used for tenting and camping gear, boat sails, tennis shoes and sportswear. Cotton is particularly well-suited for tent. A tent fabric must be able to "breath", so that the occupants are not smothered in their own carbon dioxide. Furthermore, exchange of air with the outside atmosphere reduces the humidity within the tent and keeps it from becoming stuffy. Fabrics woven from cotton can be open enough to provide good air permeability for comfort. Tents should also shed water, when wet by rain, cotton yarns swell, reducing the interstices between the yarns and resisting the penetration of water. Today, however, heavy canvas gear is being supplanted by light-weight nylon in tenting equipment.Cotton cord, twine and ropes are used in industry to bind, hold, and lash all kinds of things, from bales to boats. Cotton yarns are used to reinforce belts on drive motors and in work clothing.Lesson FourWoolThe early history of wool is lost in antiquity. Sheepskin, including the hair, was probably used long before it was discovered that the fibers could be spun into yarns or even felted into fabric. There is no evidence to support the theory that wool was the first fiber to be processed into fabric, but it seems certain that, as a part of the skin, wool was used for covering and protection by prehistoric peoples long before yarns and fabrics were made.The earliest fragments of wool fabric have been found in Egypt, probably because of the preserving qualities of the climate. These have been dated from 4000 to 3500 B C. The earliest example of wool fabric found in Europe has been dated about 1500 B C; it was unearthed in archeological digs in Germany. Danish sites have yielded excellent fragments of early wool fabrics dated about 1300 to 1000 BC. These fabrics are rough and coarse and contain considerable wild sheep hair.Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin. Though vegetable fibers were probably the first to be used for spinning and weaving into cloth, animal fibers in the form of skins were the earliest type of clothing worn by man.There are indications that, as early as the seventh century BC, people began to sell and buy woolen goods. The supply of wool available to the world every year amounts to about 5000 million pounds. After scouring, this is reduced to about 3000 million pounds of pure wool. The wool crop is insufficient to meet the world needs. Pure wool is often mixed with other type fibers and recovered wool to meet the demand.The qualities of different wools vary greatly. The merino sheep of Australia, South America and South Africa produce very free and soft wool. The quality of wool from these sources depends upon the conditions and heritage of the sheep. Port Philip wool is the finest in Australia and is used to produce the highest quality woolen and worsted fabrics.Wool from South Africa is very wavy with a good white color and is used for good quality worsted and woolen goods. South American wool is usually of lower quality than wool from Australia or South Africa. Merino wool has been successfully raised in Germany, France, Spain and the United States and is of high quality.To provide the freest-quality wool, production is scientifically controlled. Sheep are inoculated against disease, dipped in chemicals to protect them against insects, and unless on rangeland, fed diet designed to produce healthy animals.Wool can be sheared from the living animal or pulled from the hide after the animal has been slaughtered for its meat. Sheared wool is called fleece or clip wool and is quality to pulled wool, which is taken from the hides of slaughtered sheep Wool considered superiorShearing is currently done very rapidly with power shears. A good worker can completely shear a sheep in less than one minute, sometimes as short as 20 seconds. Recent developments in Australia have led to a process called chemical or biological shearing. The animal is fed a chemical similar to that used in the treatment of cancer, which cause the hair to fall out within two weeks. Within very short time following the loss of the hair, it starts to grow again, and the sheep suffer no damage. Fibers obtained in this way are slightly longer than those sheared from the animal, and there appears to be less physical damage to the fibers.Usually shearing is done once a year in the early spring, and the fleece is removed in one piece, rolled, packed into bags, and shipped to the nearest processing center. Pulled wool is removed from the hide by one of two methods. It may be treated with a depilatory that loosens the fiber and permits it to be pulled away from the skin without damaging the hide, or it Can be loosened by the action of bacteria on the root end of the fiber. Pulled wool is usually mixed with fleece or clip wool before processing into yarns and fabrics.Preliminary grading of wool fibers is done while they are still in the fleece, because this step is important in determining cost. Factors used in determining the grade of wool include fiber fineness or diameter and length, the age of the animal, the natural color, the breed of the sheep, and the condition under which the animal lived. After grading, fleeces are shipped to the mill, where they are prepared for further processing into yarns and fabrics.Wool is attacked by hot sulfuric acid and decomposes completely. most other mineral acids of all strengths. Wool will dissolve in caustic soda solutions that would have little effect on cotton.Lesson FiveStructure and Properties of WoolUnder the microscopic observation, the length of the wool fiber shows a scale structure. The size of the scale varies from very small to comparatively broad and large. As many as 700 scales are found in 1 cm of fine wool, whereas coarse wool may have as few as 275 per cm. Fine wool does not have as clear and distinct scales as coarse wool, but they can be identified under high magnification.A cross section of wool shows three distinct parts to the fiber. The outer layer, called cuticle, is composed of the scales. These scales are somewhat horny and irregular in shape, and they overlap, with the top pointing towards the tip of the fiber; they are similar to fish scales. The major portion of the fiber is the cortex (composed of cortical cells ); this extends toward the center from the cuticle layer. Cortical cells are long and spindle-shaped and provide fiber strength and elasticity. The cortex accounts for approximately 90 percent of the fiber mass. In the center of the fiber is the medulla. The size of the medulla varies and in fine fibers may be invisible. This is the area through which food reached the fiber during growth, and it contains pigment that gives color to fibers.Wool fibers vary in length from 3.8 to about 38 cm. Most authorities have determined that fine wools are usually from 3.8 to 12.7 cm; medium wool from 6.4 to 15.2 cm; and long (coarse) wools from 12.7 to 38 cm.The width of wool also varies considerably. Fine fibers such as Merino have an average width of about 15 to 17 microns; whereas medium wool averages 24 to 34 microns and coarse wool about 40 microns. Some wool fibers are exceptionally stiff and coarse; these are called kemp and average about 70 microns in diameter.The wool fiber cross section may be nearly circular, but most wool fibers tend to be slightly elliptical or oval in shape. Wool fibers have a natural crimp, a built-in waviness. The crimp increases the elasticity and elongation properties of the fiber and also aids in yarn manufacturing. It is three-dimensional in character; in other words, it not only moves above and below a central axis but also moves to the right and left of the axis.There is some luster to wool fibers. Fine and medium wool tends to have more luster than very coarse fibers.Fibers with a high degree of luster are silky in appearance.The color of the natural wool fiber depends on the breed of sheep. Most wool, after scouring, is a yellowish-white or ivory color. Some fibers may be gray, black, tan or brown.The tenacity of wool is 1.0 to 1.7 grams per denier when dry; when wet, it drops to 0.7 to 1.5 g/d. Compared with many other fibers, wool is weak, and this weakness restricts the kinds of yarns and fabric constructions that can be used satisfactorily. However, if yarns and fabrics of optimum weight and type are produced, the end-use product will give commendable wear and retain shape and appearance. Fiber properties such as resiliency, elongation, and elastic recovery compensate for the low strength.Wool has excellent elasticity and extensibility. At standard conditions the fiber will extend between 20 and 40 percent. It may extend more than 70 percent when wet. Recovery is superior. After a 2 percent elongation the fiber has an immediate regain or recovery of 99 percent. Even at 10 percent extension, it has a recovery of well over 50 percent, which is higher than for any other fiber except nylon.The resiliency of wool is exceptionally good. It will readily spring back into shape after crushing or creasing. However, through the application of heat, moisture and pressure, durable creases or pleats can be put into wool fabrics. This crease or press retention is the result of molecular adjustment and the formation of new cross-linkages in the polymer. Besides resistance to crushing and wrinkling, the excellent resilience of wool fiber gives the fabric its loft, which produces open, porous fabrics with good covering power, or thick, warm fabrics that are light in weight. Wool is very flexible and pliable, so it combines ease of handling and comfort with good shape retention.The standard moisture regain of wool is 13.6 to 16.0 percent. Under saturation conditions, wool will absorb more than 29 percent of its weight in moisture. This ability to absorb is responsible for the comfort of wool in humid, cold atmospheres. As part of the moisture absorption function, wool produces or liberates heat. However, as wet wool begins to dry, the evaporation causes heat to be absorbed by the fiber, and "chilling" may be experienced, though the chilling factor is slowed down as the evaporation rate is reduced. The property of moisture absorption and desorption peculiar to wool and similar hair fibers is called hygroscopic behavior. Wool accepts colors and finishes easily because of its moisture absorption properties.Despite the absorption properties of wool, it has an unusual property of exhibiting hydrophobic characteristics. That is, it tends to shed liquid easily and appears not to absorb moisture. The cause is a combination of factors: interfacial surface tension, uniform distribution of pores, and low bulk density. These moisture properties help make wool very desirable for use in a variety of situations where moisture can be a problem to comfort.Wool fibers are not dimensionally stable. The structure of the fiber contributes to a shrinking and felting reaction during processing, use and care. This is due, in part, to the scale structure of the fiber. When subjected to heat, moisture, and agitation, the scales tend to pull together and move toward the fiber tip. This property is noticeable in yarns and fabrics and is responsible for both felting and relaxation shrinkage.Lesson SixSilkFor approximately 3000 years China successfully held the secret of silk and sericulture and held a virtual monopoly on the silk industry. About AD 300 Japan learned the secret of raising silkworms and reeling the filaments from the cocoons.Throughout history, silk has maintained a position of great prestige and is considered a luxury fiber. It is often called the "queen of fibers" Perhaps one of the most important contributions silk has made in the history of textiles isthat it was responsible for investigation into the possible production of man-made fibers. Scientists observed how the silkworm spun the fibers and believed that people could duplicate the art.Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers used in creating textile products. It has a tenacity of 2.4 to 5.1 grams per denier when dry. Wet strength is about 80 to 85 percent of the dry strength. Silk has good elasticity and moderate elongation, when it is dry, the elongation varies from 10 to25 percent; when wet, silk will elongate as much as 33 to 35 percent. At 2 percent elongation the fiber has a 92 percent elastic recovery.Silk has medium resiliency. Creases will hang out relatively well, but not so quickly or completely as for wool.The density of specific gravity of silk is cited as 1.25 to 1.34 grams per cubic centimeter, depending on the resource used. Because of the nature of silk, it is possible that the density varies among fibers as well as between the various types of moths that form the fiber. Another source of variation may be due to methods used in determining density. In any case, the density results in the formation of lightweight but strong filaments, yarns and fabrics.Silk has a relatively high standard moisture regain of 11 percent. At saturation the regain is 25 to 35 percent. This relatively high absorption is helpful in applying dyes and finishes to silk; however, unlike many fibers, silk also absorbs impurities such as metal salts. These contaminants tend to damage silk by weakening the fiber or causing actual ruptures to occur when the fabric is not handled properly.Silk will ignite and continue to burn when there is another source of flame. After removal from the source, it will sputter and eventually extinguish itself. It leaves a crisp, brittle ash and gives off an order like that of burning hair or feathers. It burns similarly to wool.Like other protein fibers, silk has a lower thermal or heat conductivity than cellulosic fibers. This factor, coupled with certain methods of construction, creates fabrics that tend to be warmer than comparable fabrics of cellulosic fibers.Silk is damaged by strong alkalies and will dissolve in heated caustic soda ( NaOH ); however, silk reacts more slowly than wool, and frequently the identity of the two fibers can be determined by the speed of solubility in NaOH. Weak alkalies such as soap and ammonia cause little or no damage to silk unless they remain in contact with the fiber for a long time.Silk protein, like wool, can be decomposed by strong mineral acids. Medium concentrations of hydrochloric acid will dissolve silk, and moderate concentrations of other mineral acids cause fiber contraction and shrinkage, The molecular arrangement in silk permits rapid absorption of acids but tends to hold the acid molecules, so they are difficult to remove. This accounts for some of the acid damage to fibroin that does not occur to keratin. Organic acids do not damage silk and are used in some finishing processes. Some authorities maintain that the scroop of silk—a rustling or crunching sound which used to be considered a natural characteristic, is actually developed by exposure to organic acids.Silk has been the queen of fabrics for centuries. As in the past, it is still used for luxury fabrics and for high-fashion items. It is frequently considered to be a sensuous fabric because of its smooth and soft feel, or hand.Dry cleaning is the preferred method of care for silk fabrics and products. If handled carefully, however, silk fabrics can be laundered. A mild soap or synthetic detergent in warm, not hot, water should be used, and minimal handling is recommended. Thorough rinsing is required, and the best method for extracting water is to roll the garment in a towel and then hang it in a cool place, out of the sun, to dry. Tumble drying should not be attempted unless a care label specifies that such procedures are acceptable. Silk should be ironed or pressed at medium to low temperatures; steam is acceptable.When silk requires bleaching, hydrogen peroxide or perborate bleaches must be used, as chlorine bleaches may destroy the silk.One problem with silk is that body perspiration tends to weaken the fibers and frequently will alter the color. Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminum chloride, which damage silk. It is advisable to wear protective dress shields if perspiration is a serious problem.Several factors are involved in the demand for silk. It offers an incredible variety in fabric and yarn structure. Through dyeing, many beautiful fabrics can be produced. Probably no other fiber is so widely accepted and suitable for various occasions. It is versatile and can be used in almost any type of apparel and in a wide variety of fabrics for home furnishings.Many silk fabrics cost considerably more than similar fabrics for man-made fibers. However, the consumer who has formed an attachment to silk is willing to pay the high price. Because silk combines strength, flexibility, good moisture absorbency, softness, warmth, luxurious appearance, and durability, choice products for the discerning consumer are made of this fiber. Its use, however, is limited primarily to apparel and home furnishings such as draperies and accessories.Lesson SevenFlaxFlax is a bast fiber——a woody fiber obtained from the phloem plants. It derives from the stalk or stem of the plant. The flax plant requires a temperate climate with generally cloudy skies and adequate moisture. Bright sunlight and high temperatures are damaging unless alternated with abundant rainfall. Flaxseed is planted in April or May. When the crop is to be used for fiber, the seed is sown close together so that the plants will be closely packed and produce fine plants with long, thin stems. The plants grow to a height of 0.9 to 1.2 meters for fiber use. The blossoms are a delicate pale blue, white, or pink. Flax for fiber is pulled before the seeds are ripe.Flax for fiber is pulled by hand in some countries or by mechanical pullers. It is important to keep the roots intact, as fibers extend below the ground surface. Harvesting occurs in late August when the plant is a brown color. After drying, the plant is ripped; that is, it is pulled through special threshing machines that remove the seed bolls or pods.To obtain fibers from the stalk, the outer woody portion must be rotted away. This process, known as retting, can be accomplished by any of several procedures.Dew retting involves the spreading of the flax on the ground, where it is exposed to the action of dew and sunlight. This natural method of retting gives uneven results but provides the strongest and most durable linen. It requires a period of 4 to 6 weeks.Pool retting is a process whereby the flax is packed in sheaves and immersed in pools of stagnant water. Bacteria in the water rot away the outer stalk covering. The time required is 2 to 4 weeks.Tank retting similar to pool retting, utilizes large tanks in which the flax is stacked. The tanks are filled with warm water, which increases the speed of bacterial action. Tank retting requires only a few days. Both pool and tank retting give good-quality flax that is uniform in strength and light in color.Chemical retting is accomplished by stacking the flax in tanks, filling the tanks with water, and adding chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or dilute sulfuric acid. Chemical retting can be completed in a matter of hours instead of days or weeks. However, it must be carefully controlled in order to prevent damage to the fiber.After the retting is complete, the flax is rinsed and dried. The stalks are then bundled together and pressed between fluted rollers that break the outer woody covering into small particles. It is then scutched to separate the outer covering from the usable fiber.After scutching, the flax fibers are hackled, or combed. This operation separates the short fibers, called tow, from the long fibers, called line. This is accomplished by drawing the fibers between several sets of pins, each successive set finer than the preceding set. This process is similar to the carding and combing operation used for cotton and prepares the flax fibers for the final steps in yarn manufacture. As the fibers are removed from the hackling machine, they are drawn out into a sliver.The flax sliver is drawn out into yarn, and twist is imparted. Flax fibers are spun either dry or wet, but wet spinning is considered to give the best quality yarn. The final yarn processing is similar to that used for cotton fiber.Flax fiber is not so fine as cotton; flax cells have an average diameter of 15 to 18 microns and vary in length from 0.63 to 6.35 cm. Bundles of cells form the actual fiber as it is used in spinning into yarns, and these bundles may be anywhere from 12.7 to 50.8 cm long. Line fibers are usually more than 30.5 cm long; tow fibers are shorter.The natural color of flax varies from light to ivory to gray. The choice fibers from Belgium are a pale sandy color and require little or no bleaching.Flax fibers have a high natural luster with an attractive sheen.。
纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译要点
目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 ............................................................... 1 02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途................................... 2 04课Wool羊毛 ........................................................................................... 5 05课 Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 .................... 7 06课 Silk丝绸 ........................................................................................ 10 07课 Flax亚麻 ..................................................................................... 13 09课 Rayon人造丝 (16)12课YARNS (19)13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 (20)21课精纺和粗纺 (22)25课络纱 (23)27课整经 (26)33 课织机 (34)40课蓬勃发展的非织造布 (43)49课染色 (48)第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The priceof cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译.doc
纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译.doc目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 (1)02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途 (2)04课Wool羊毛 (5)05课Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 (7)06课Silk丝绸 (10)07课Flax亚麻 (13)09课Rayon人造丝 (16)12课YARNS (19)13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 (20)21课精纺和粗纺 (22)25课络纱 (23)27课整经 (26)33 课织机 (34)40课蓬勃发展的非织造布 (43)49课染色 (48)第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。
棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。
Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated fromthe seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。
纺织英语第三版课文翻译-Rayon
Lesson Nine九课Rayon人造丝Rayon is composed of cellulose. Like cotton it is a polymer. The difference in degree of polymerization between cotton and rayon accounts for some of the variance in physical properties between the two.粘胶纤维是由纤维素。
像棉花是一种聚合物。
对于一些在两个物理性能之间的差异在棉花和人造丝的帐户之间的聚合程度的差异。
Other causes for the difference between rayon and cotton include the difference in the degree of crystallinity, 60 percent for cotton and 40 percent for rayon, and differences in hydrogen bonding as evidenced by the infrared spectrum of native cellulose and regenerated cellulose.人造纤维和棉之间的差异的其他原因包括在不同的结晶度，为棉花和人造丝百分之40百分之60，和氢键的差异证明了天然纤维素的红外光谱和再生纤维素。
The mechanisms of formation for natural celluloses are significantly different from man's ability to reform cellulosic structures found in nature. Rayon is structurally different from cotton molecularly, morphologically, and in relation to chain length. Contaminants of various types from the pulp and other materials used in the process introduce significant differences to rayon that are not present in cotton. These differences result in significant differences in properties between cotton and rayon. As a consequence of the technological developments for regeneration of cellulose by man, a much wider range of fiber properties is obtainable from the man-made regenerated cellulose fibers than is possible from native celluloses such as cotton.对天然纤维素的形成机制是人类进行改革的能力在自然界中发现的纤维素结构差异显著。
纺织英语第三版翻译课文翻译
纺织英语第三版翻译课文翻译12.纱线纺纱是制造纱线最原始的方法。
纺纱过程要求一束短纤维排成一线，将他们拉入一对罗拉中，例如粗纱，继续拉伸并加捻粗纱形成纱线。
细纱工序的产品是一束具有一定强度和挠曲性的加捻纤维集合体。
纱线比其包含的纤维的联合强度要大，因为纤维通过联合作用共同承担外界负荷。
单根纱线可能被放在一起加捻以形成更高强力的纱线。
这些合股线可能被一次又一次的合股以形成更厚重强力更大的粗绳索。
这些粗绳可能被加上S捻，也可能被加上Z捻。
S捻的纱线中的纤维成螺旋状并与字母S中间的斜杠平行。
在Z捻的纱线中，纤维与字母Z中间的斜杠平行。
纱线通常因为太细使得肉眼很难识别其捻向。
然而，当你用左手竖直的拿着一小段纱线，再用右手的拇指和食指夹住纱线的另一头，一边向上拉，一边旋转，这时你就可以测出它的捻向了。
如果你用右手顺时针的旋转它，S捻的纱线会越变越紧，Z 捻的纱线会越变越松。
加捻的方向不会影响纱线的外观。
然而，人们习惯性的生产棉和亚麻纱线时用Z捻，生产羊毛和精纺毛料纱线时用S捻。
这种习俗起源于中世纪的消费者保护法;消费者可以仅仅通过退捻纱线，检查纱线捻向，从而轻易地确定布料是否是真正的羊毛所制。
当纱线被加捻的时候，在捻度的方向上也会相应地形成内应力。
这种力被称为扭转力。
通常，纱线每转一圈，都会增加相同的扭转力，所以每米具有相同转数的纱线就会具有相同的扭转力。
既然扭转力和每米纱线所具有的转数(tpm)近似成正比，因此我们通过数出纱线每米的转数来说明平衡纱线和非平衡纱线的形成原理。
以一对200tpm的S捻向的单纱为例。
用另外的100tpm的S捻将两个单纱加捻到一起。
每根单纱的内部扭转力就达到了300tpm，然而合股线在S捻方向上的扭转力是100tpm。
这时纱线则不平衡，将会形成卷曲。
如果给相同的两根单纱加上Z方向上100tpm的捻度使它们合成一股时，逆时针方向的加捻则会使单根纱线易于解开，使其在S捻向上的内部扭转力降到100。
纺织英语 第三版 课文翻译lesson five Structure and Properties of Wool
Lesson Five第五课Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能Under the microscopic observation, the length of the wool fiber shows a scale structure. The size of the scale varies from very small to comparatively broad and large. As many as 700 scales are found in 1 cm of fine wool, whereas coarse wool may have as few as 275 per cm. Fine wool does not have as clear and distinct scales as coarse wool, but they can be identified under high magnification.显微观察下，羊毛纤维的长度显示了一个规模结构。
规模的大小从比较广阔的和大的很小变化。
多达700的尺度是羊毛的1厘米，而粗毛可能为每厘米275少。
细羊毛没有粗羊毛为清晰明确的尺度，但他们可以在高放大倍数的确定。
A cross section of wool shows three distinct parts to the fiber. The outer layer, called cuticle, is composed of the scales. These scales are somewhat horny and irregular in shape, and they overlap, with the top pointing towards the tip of the fiber; they are similar to fish scales. The major portion of the fiber is the cortex (composed of cortical cells ); this extends toward the center from the cuticle layer. Cortical cells are long and spindle-shaped and provide fiber strength and elasticity. The cortex accounts for approximately 90 percent of the fiber mass. In the center of the fiber is the medulla. The size of the medulla varies and in fine fibers may be invisible. This is the area through which food reached the fiber during growth, and it contains pigment that gives color to fibers.羊毛的横截面显示三个不同部分的纤维。
【免费下载】纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译
目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 (1)02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途 (2)04课Wool羊毛 (5)05课Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 (7)06课Silk丝绸 (10)07课Flax亚麻 (13)09课Rayon人造丝 (16)12课YARNS (19)13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 (20)21课精纺和粗纺 (22)25课络纱 (23)27课整经 (26)33 课织机 (34)40课蓬勃发展的非织造布 (43)49课染色 (48)第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植 Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。
棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。
Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。
纺织英语课文翻译
纺织英语课文翻译织物的整理fabric finishing153对于大多数直接从机织、针织或其它加工方法生产出来的织物，顾客是不容易接受的。
未经整理的织物一般称为坯布，坯布多台有杂质，手感租糙，外观不佳。
坯布可以是白色的，纤维原色的，如果纤维或纱线经过染色，坯布是带有色彩的。
在进入消费市场之前，织物至少要经过一个(通常为几个)整理工序。
整理的目的是结织物附加一些特殊的性质，使之对顾客产生吸引力。
织物经过整理之后，外观改善，性能提高，耐久性增强，具有防虫、防男、防苗功能，使用安全性改进，织物的花色增加，或仅仅是为下一道整理工序做好准备。
大多数消费者并不知道所购买的产品已经经过整理加工，这是因为在标签上一般并不标明整理的内容。
尽管某些特殊的整理，例如耐久定型整理常常在标签上标出，目的是推动销售。
由于特殊整理通常会提高产品的价格，对于顾客来说，熟悉各种织物的整理方法是十分重要的，这样就能在产品价格和性能上作出合理的判断。
消费者应该记住以下几点；1．产品是否真的如所声明的那样，某些性能有了改善?有些整理效果可以迅速方便池检验出来，例如，对于抗皱整理，其效果并不难检验，将织物在折叠状态下握紧，然后放开它，井对织物进行观察，再与未经整理的类似织物进行比较。
价格的提高与性能的改善是否相当ta憾的是，众多的整理效果并不能这样容易地检查出来)?2．整理的效果能持续多久9这一点通常是很难确定的。
良好的整理工艺会便服装在正常使用期间或预计使用期间内保持较好的性俞。
如果不是这样，顾客就没有得到应有的利益。
3．为了保持其性能，经过整理的织物是否需要专门的保养?如果织物的确需要专门的维护，在标签上应清楚地注明。
4．整理后的织物的安全性如何P它是否对皮肤有损伤?当孩子咀嚼织物时是否会受到伤害(对于孩子和皮肤有问题的成年人，在穿用新衣服之前将其洗一到两次以除云表面有害的化学物质*通常是一种较好的方法)9织物整理可以采用机械方式。
纺织英语第三版课文翻译-Cotton Growing
Lesson One第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。
棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。
Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。
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Lesson Two第二课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途A relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的一个更舒适的一个比较高的水平。
因为在纤维素的羟基基团，棉花对水有很强的吸引力。
当水进入纤维棉，膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
水分和膨胀时湿让棉花吸收水的重量约四分之一的高亲和力的能力。
这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会吸收棉织品，沿运纱布的外表面和蒸发到空气中。
因此，身体会帮助维持其温度。
Unfortunately, the hydrophilic nature of cotton makes it susceptible to water-borne stains. Water-soluble colorants such as those in coffee or grape juice will penetrate the fiber along with the water; when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to cotton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces the ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when the crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must be ironed.不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。
如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会渗入纤维随着水；当水分蒸发，着色剂是困在纤维。
也许主要的缺点，棉织品是他们的倾向，皱纹和去除皱纹的困难。
棉纤维的刚度降低纱线抗起皱能力。
当纤维弯曲的一种新的配置，氢债券持有的纤维素链在一起破裂和分子滑动以减少纤维中的应力。
在新的位置的氢键的改革，所以当破碎力去除纤维保持在新的位置。
这是氢键，有助于保持皱纹的断裂和改革，使棉织品要熨。
Cotton is a moderately strong fiber with good abrasion resistance and good dimensional stability. It is resistant to the acids, alkalies, and organic solvents normally available to consumers. But since it is a natural material, it is subject to attack by insects, molds and fungus. Most prominent is the tendency for cotton to mildew if allowed to remain damp.棉花是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性好，中等强度的纤维。
这是抵抗酸，碱和有机溶剂，通常提供给消费者。
但由于它是一种天然物质，它是受攻击的昆虫，霉菌和真菌。
最突出的是棉花霉烂的倾向，如果允许存在潮湿。
Cotton resists sunlight and heat well, although direct exposure to constant strong sunlight will cause yellowing and eventual degradation of the fiber. Yellowing may also occur when cotton goods are dried in gas dryers. The color change is the result of a chemical reaction between cellulose and oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the hot air in the dryer. Cottons will retain their whiteness longer when line-dried or dried in the electric dryer.棉花抗太阳光和热，虽然直接暴露于恒定的强烈的阳光会引起黄的最终降解纤维。
变黄时也可能出现在气干燥器干燥棉织品。
颜色的变化是一种化学反应的纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间在热空气中干燥的结果。
棉花将保留其白度较长时，线干或在电干燥器中干燥。
Of major interest is the fact that cotton yarn is stronger when wet than when dry. This property is a consequence of the macro-and micro-structural features of the fiber. As water is absorbed, the fiber swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. Usually the absorption of such a large amount of foreign material would cause a high degree of internal stress and lead to weakening of the fiber. In cotton, however, the absorption of water causes a decrease in the internal stresses. Thus, with less internal stresses to overcome, the swollen fiber becomes stronger. At the same time, the swollen fibers within the yarns press upon each other more strongly. The internal friction strengthens the yarns. In addition, the absorbed water acts as an internal lubricant which imparts a higher level of flexibility to the fibers. This accounts for the fact that cotton garments are more easily ironed when damp. Cotton fabrics are susceptible to shrinkage upon laundering.主要感兴趣的是事实，棉纱时干时湿比。
此属性的宏观和微观结构特征的纤维的结果。
当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。
然而，棉花，水的吸收导致的内部应力减少。
因此，减少内部应力来克服，肿胀的纤维变得更强。
同时，在纱线溶胀纤维按对彼此更强烈。
的内部摩擦增强纱线。
此外，所吸收的水作为一个内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。
这说明棉花衣服更容易熨潮湿时。
纯棉织物易收缩对洗钱。
Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, recreational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that are comfortable, readily dried in bright, long-lasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cotton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrink-resistant finishes. Durable-press properties may be imparted by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkle-resistant fibers, such as polyester.也许比任何其他纤维，棉满足服装，家居家具，休闲的要求，和工业用途。