王蔷-英语教学法教程-英汉对照-A Course in English Language Teaching

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英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)

英语教学法教程教案A Course in English Language Teaching主讲：姚向礼教材：《英语教学法教程》主编：王蔷出版社：高等教育出版社绪论外语教学法主要流派Teaching approaches & MethodsApproaches & methods of Language Teaching众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。

并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。

①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。

它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。

先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。

这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670)①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。

认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可靠的。

词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。

二、联结性的教学法学派特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。

自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法）直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯）听说教学法视听教学法功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合自觉实践法折衷法（又是极端）分阶段教学法一、语法翻译法(Translation Method)The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation.The mains features are as the followings.1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage.2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words.3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue.6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation.希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。

王蔷英语教学法_英汉对照

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义 as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义 as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性 as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论 =audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if youfollow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.Cognitive theory 认知主义理论 communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows. Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social contextA good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speaking Six criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are:Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicatingA product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise → exerci se-task → taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilities Brainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication wasused in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education面向全体学生，注重素质教育learner-centredness, and respect individual differences突出学生主体，尊重个体差异competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability整体设计目标，体现灵活开放close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning and participation强调学习过程，倡导体验参与particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence注重过程评价，强调能力发展learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum：课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning学习策略Affect情感态度Cultural文化意识Language语言知识Language skills语言技能Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; Vocabulary; Functions; Topics Language skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th graders Graduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students 2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lesson There is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to bemodified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:information背景资料aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectives contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignmentaids 教学手段of lesson summary 总结activities and assignmentslesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者 ,5 Participant参与者,6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In or der not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listeners Communicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’ meaningWays of practicing sounds and their definitions:on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds):Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningful context; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences: Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar pr actice:1) Pre-learning.2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词 as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaning Denotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher. synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningslexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meaningsand exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaningword formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already knownvocabulary in chunks.about the context in real life where the word might be used. about providing different context for introducing new words for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索4) Listener’ s response 回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stagesactivities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解 activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notesactivities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching SpeakingPrinciples for teaching speakingaccuracy-based with fluency-based practicespracticepracticeup confidencemeaningful interactionsstudents develop speaking strategiesthe best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students Designing speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2) Even participation 平等参与3) High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms: Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:a clear purpose in readingsilentlyphrase by phraseon the important bits, skim the rest, and skip theinsignificant partsdifferent speeds and strategies for different reading tasks the information in the target language rather than mentally translatethe meaning of new words from the context, or ignore themand use background information to help understand the text Principles and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures first Top-down model: introducing background knowledge first Interactive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F question While-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the linesPost-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching WritingThe main procedures of process writing :Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editingRevising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life students enough room for creativity and imaginationstudents well before writingcollaborative group writing as well as individual writing opportunities for students to share their writingconstructive ans positive feedbackstudents’ errors strategicallystudents a sense of achievement from time to time。

《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释

1.The ultimate goal of ELT: the ultimate of foreign language teaching is to enable students to usethe foreign language in work or life when necessary. Thus we should teach that part of the language that will be used (rather than all part of the language).Definition of task: a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention in principally focused on meaning rather than form. (Nunan 1989:8)A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it. In other words, teachers need to think about the aims to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to be organized, and techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.Classroom management is the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom. It contributes directly to the efficiency of teaching and learning as the most effective activities can be made almost useless if the teacher does not organize them efficiently. As the goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways.Deductive method: The Deductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing. First, the T writes an example on board or draws attention to an example in the textbook. Second, the T explains the underlying rules regarding the forms and positions of certain structural words. The explanations are often done in the S’s native language and use grammatical terms. Sometimes, comparisons are made between the native language and the target language or between the newly presented structure and previously learned structures. Finally, the Ss practice applying the rule to produce sentences with given prompts.Inductive method: the T provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any forms of explicit explanation.1. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” It can be understood in the following six aspects:Language as system;Language as symbolic;Language as arbitrary;Language as vocal;Language as human;Language as communicationBottom-up modelSome teachers teach reading by introducing new vocabulary and new structures first and then going over the text sentence by sentence. This way of teaching reading reflects the belief thatreading comprehension is based on the understanding and mastery熟练of all the new words, new phrases, and new structures as well as a lot of reading aloud practice. Also, this reading follows a linear process from the recognition of letters, to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the whole text. This way of teaching reading is said to follow a bottom-up model.2). Top-down modelIt is believed that in teaching reading, the teacher should teach the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page. This process of reading is said to follow the top-down model of teaching reading just as Goodman(1970) once said that reading was “a psycholinguistic guessing game”2. Structural view:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences.3. The functional view:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: greetings; offering,suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.The communicative view of languageThe communicative, or functional view of language is the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized than the grammatical characteristics, although these are also included.4. The interactional view:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.1) The behaviorist theory( Skinne r)-- a stimulus-response theory of psychologyThe key point of the theory of conditioning is that "you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus,response, and reinforcement"2) Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competenceLesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom.Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.31. Three P's model: presentation, practice and production.SkimmingSkimming means reading quickly to get the gist,i.e. the main idea of the text. ScanningScanning means to read to locate/get specific information.1). DiscussionA discussion is often used for a) exchange of personal opinions. This sort of discussion canstart with a question like "What do you think of?"b) stating of personal opinions ongeneral issues. c) problem-solving.d) the ranking(分类；顺序)of alternatives e) deciding upon priorities(先;前)etc.2). Role-playRole-play is a very common language learning activity where students play differentroles and interact from the point of view of the roles they play.What’s called A process approach to writing1). DefinitionWhat really matters or makes a difference is the help that the teacher provides toguide the students through the process that they undergo when they are writing. What’s the assessmentAssessment in ELT means to discover what the learners know and can do at a certain stage of the learning process.a. Grammar Translation:The Grammar Translation method started around the time of Erasmus (1466-1536). Its primary focus is on memorization of verb paradigms, grammar rules, and vocabulary. Application of this knowledge was directed on translation of literary texts--focusing of developing students' appreciation of the target language's literature as well as teaching the language. Activities utilized in today's classrooms include: questions that follow a reading passage; translating literary passages from one language to another; memorizing grammar rules; memorizing native-language equivalents of target language vocabulary. (Highly structured class work with the teacher controlling all activities.)b. Direct Method:The Direct Method was introduced by the German educator Wilhelm Viëtor in the early 1800's.Focusing on oral language, it requires that all instruction be conducted in the target language with no recourse to translation. Reading and writing are taught from the beginning, although speaking and listening skills are emphasized--grammar is learned inductively. It has a balanced, four-skill emphasis.c. The Silent Way:The teacher is active in setting up classroom situations while the students do most of the talkingand interaction among themselves. All four skills (listening, speaking, reading & writing) are taught from the beginning. Student errors are expected as a normal part of learning; the teacher's silence helps to foster self-reliance and student initiative.d. Community Language Learning:Teachers recognize that learning can be threatening and by understanding and accepting students' fears, they help their students feel secure and overcome their fears of language learning--ultimately providing students with positive energy directed at language learning. Students choose what they want to learn in the class and the syllabus is learner-generated.e. Natural Approach:Introduced by Gottlieb Henese and Dr. L. Sauveur in Boston around 1866. The Natural Approach is similar to the Direct Method, concentrating on active demonstrations to convey meaning by associating words and phrases with objects and actions. Associations are achieved via mime, paraphrase and the use of manipulatives. Terrell (1977) focused on the principles of meaningful communication, comprehension before production, and indirect error correction. Krashen's (1980) input hypothesis is applied in the Naturale. Reading Method:The reading method was prominent in the U.S. following the Committee of Twelve in 1900 and following the Modern Foreign Language Study in 1928. The earlier method was similar to the traditional Grammar/Translation method and emphasized the transference of linguistic understanding to English. Presently, the reading method focuses more on silent reading for comprehension purposes.f. ASTP and the Audiolingual Method:This approach is based on the behaviorist belief that language learning is the acquisition of a set of correct language habits. The learner repeats patterns and phrases in the language laboratory until able to reproduce them spontaneously.ASTP (Army Specialized Training Program) was an intensive, specialized approach to language instruction used in during the 1940's. In the postwar years, the civilian version of ASTP and the audiolingual method featured memorization of dialogues, pattern drills, and emphasis on pronunciation.g. Cognitive Methods:Cognitive methods of language teaching are based on meaningful acquisition of grammar structures followed by meaningful practice.h. Communicative Methods:The goal of communicative language approaches is to create a realistic context for language acquisition in the classroom. The focus is on functional language usage and the ability to learners to express their own ideas, feelings, attitudes, desires and needs. Open ended questioning and problem-solving activities and exchanges of personal information are utilized as the primary means of communication. Students usually work with authentic materials (authentic realia) in small groups on communication activities, during which they receive practice in negotiating meaning.i. Total Physical Response Method:This approach to second language teaching is based on the belief that listening comprehension should be fully developed before any active oralparticipation from students is expected (just as it is with children when theyare learning their native language) .What is the Grammar-Translation Method?The Grammar-Translation Method is designed around grammatical structures.The Functional-Notional ApproachUnlike the Grammar-Translation Method, which is based on the grammar structures, it thinks thata general learner should take part in the language activities, the functions of language involved inthe real and normal life are most important. For example, the learners have to learn how to give directions, buy goods, ask a price, claim ownership of something and so on. It tells that is not just important to know the forms of the language, it is also important to know the functions and situations, so that the learner could practice real-life communication.Communicative CompetenceBoth knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language in communicative situation appropriately.Critical Period Hypothesis关键期假说This hypothesis states that if humans do not learn a foreign language before a certain age ,then due to changes such as maturation of the brain ,it becomes impossible to learn the foreign language like a native speaker.1.Process-oriented theories:强调过程are concerned with how the mind organizes newinformation such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2.Condition-oriented theories: 强调条件emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receives, and the atmosphere.3.Behavioristtheory,(Skinner and waston raynor)A the key point of the theory of conditioning is that” you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, s timulus, response, and reinforcementB the idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repletion and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.4.Cognitive theory:Chomsky)thinks that language is not a form of behavior,it is an intricate rule-based system a nd a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.There are a fin ite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced.5.Constructivist theory:(John Dewey)the constructivist theory believes that learning is a proces in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/he r already knows6.Socio-constructivist theory: (Vygotsky) he emphasizes interaction and engagement with the tar get language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding.。

英语教学法重点术语英汉对照(王蔷)

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论=audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain. procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement Cognitive theory 认知主义理论communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social context A good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicating A product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise →　exercise-task →　taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences突出学生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning andparticipation 强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence 注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language 开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum：课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning 学习策略Affect 情感态度Cultural 文化意识Language 语言知识Language skills 语言技能Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; V o cabulary; Functions; TopicsLanguage skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6thgradersGraduate from primary school情感目标语言目标能力目标Level 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in thelesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to bemodified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surpris thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者,5 Participant参与者, 6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In order not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listenersCommunicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’ meaning Ways of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds): Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningful context; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences:Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though thestudents ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process. Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have Ways of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索回应4) Listener’ s response调节5) Speaker’ s adjustmentPrinciples and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching Speaking Principles for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the studentsDesigning speaking tasks:1)Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2)Even participation 平等参与3)High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the textPrinciples and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge firstInteractive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F question While-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the linesPost-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching WritingThe main procedures of process writing :Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editingRevising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strategically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time21。

王蔷主编地《英语教学法教程》第二版-Unit1

Unit 1 Language and Language LearningAims of the unitIn this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular:1.How do we learn language?2.What are the common views on language?3.What are the common views on language learning?4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher?5.How can one become a good language teacher?1.1How do we learn languages?Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience.Task 1Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw someFrom the above task, you may have found that 1) people started learning a foreign language at different ages; 2) people have different experiences in learning a foreign language, some find it easy, some find it difficult;3) people learn languages for different reasons; 4) people learn languages in different ways; 5) people have different understandings about language learning; 6) people have different capacities in language learning; 7) learning can be affected by the way it is taught; 8) learning is affected by the degree of success one is expected to achieve; and more. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.1.2views on languageThe question that all approaches to language teaching should answer is, ‘what is language?’ The answer to this question is the basis for syllabus designs, teaching methodology, teaching and assessment procedures in the classroom. Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies.Task 2Work in group of 4. Brainstorm possible answer to the question: what isTo give a concise definition of language has always been difficult for linguists and philogists. Although there has been an enormous amount of research in language in the past century, no authoritative answer has been given to ‘what is language?’ rather, people have settle down to talk about views of language, seemingly allowing for or accepting different theories for the moment. However, language teachers clearly need to know generally what sort of entity they are dealing with and how the particular language they are teaching fits into that entity (Brown, 1994a). for sample definition of ‘language’ , please refer to Appendix 1.Structural viewThe structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems (Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991): the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structuralitems so as to be able to understand and produce language. When this structural view of language was combined with the stimulus-response principles of behaviorist psychology, the audio-lingual approach to language learning emerged.Functional viewIn the 1960s, British linguists developed a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow, 1981) and proposed a syllabus based on communicative functions. The functional view not only sees languages as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. therefore, learners learn a language in order to be able to do with it. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. Examples of notions are the concept of present, past and future time, the expressions of certainty and possibility, the roles of agents, instruments with a sentence, and special relationships between people and objects.Interactional viewThe interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.These three views present an ever wider view of language. The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary. The communicative or notional-functional view adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do. The interactional view says that to know how to do what you want to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, you have to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.The understanding of the nature of language may provide the basis for a particular teaching method (Richard and Rodgers, 1986), but more importantly, it is closely related to the understanding of language learning. If language is considered to have a finite number of structural items, learning the language probably means learning these items. If language is more than just a system of structures, it is more importantlya tool then to learn the language learning. If language is more than just a system of structures, it is more importantly a tool, then to learn the language means to use it, rather than just study what it is and how it is formed. The next section discusses some current theories about language learning.1.3 Views on Language learning and learning in generalA language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions; 1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning? 2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?Task3Work in groups of 4. Brainstorm the answers to the two questions stated above.Although these two questions have never been satisfactorily answered, a vast amount of research has been done from all aspects. The research can be broadly divided into process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories. Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization. Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere. Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. For example, the Natural Approach, Total Physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions. At this level, it is too early to formulate a specific approach, because some aspects are still too vague, for example, what is done in these processes.Behaviorist theoryThe behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioural psychologist Skinner, who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way human acquire language (Harmer, 1983). Based on their experiments, Watson and Raynor formulated a stimulus-response theory of psychology. In this theory all complex forms of behavior—motions, habits and such—are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured. They claimed thatemotional reactions are learned in much the same way as other skills. The key point of the theory of conditioning is that ‘you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement’ (Harmer, 1983:30).Based on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism, which was adopted for some time by the language teaching profession, particularly in the U.S. One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless’listen and repeat’drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.Cognitive theoryThe term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. It seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behaviorist theory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. The key point of Chomsky’s theory is reflected in his most famous question: if all language is a learned behavior, how can a child produce a sentence that never been said by others before?According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behavior, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.Though Chomsky’s theory is not directly applied in language teaching, it has had a great impact on the profession. One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the audio-lingual method.Although people are pretty much still in the dark as to what language is and how language is learned, it is believed that general knowledge about language and language learning will help language teachers do a better job.Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. Although constructivist theory was not developed for the understanding of language learning, it is widely applicable to learning in general. It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey provided a foundation for constructivism. He believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learner’s interests and curiosity for learning (Archambault, 1964).Socio-constructivist theorySimilar to constructivist theory, socio-constructivist theory represented by Vygotsky (1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ (ZPD) and scaffolding. In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teacher’s scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable peer’s support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge and knowledge to the fullest potential.1.4 What makes a good language teacher?Some people with an excellent command of a foreign language may not be able to teach the language well while others with a general command of the language can teach it very effectively. What do you think might account for this phenomenon?Task 4Work in groups. Reflect on your own learning experience from early school years to the university. Have you had an excellent English teacher? Try to identify as many qualities as possible of your best English teacher(s). Note down all the qualities that you think are important for a good EnglishIt is clear that whether someone can become a good foreign language teacher does not solely depend on his\her command of the language. There are a variety of elements that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These elements can be categorized into three groups: ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles (Parrot, 1993).Task 5Ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles jointly contribute to the making of a good English teacher. All the adjectives in the box below could be used to characterize these three aspects.1. Work in groups of 4 and decide which adjectives describe ethic devotion,which describe personal styles and which describe professional qualities. Please write your answers on a separate piece of paper.2. Add any adjectives to the list which describe further qualities thatyou feel are missing.3.These adjectives are intended to describe positive qualities or styles.Do you feel that any of them could have a negative side as well? If yes, in what way? For example, an authoritative teacher may make the students feel assured, but may also make the student less free to disagree with him\her.1993)From the above activities we can see that a good English teacher should have ethic devotion, certain desirable personal styles, and more importantly, he or she should have necessary professional qualities. These three aspects constitute the professional competence of a good English teacher. A person who has a good command of English is not necessarily a good teacher because he has only one of the elements of professional competence.It is assumed that all responsible English teachers have ethic devotion, and they are supposed to make their personal styles compatible with their work. These two aspects, which are beyond the scope of this book,can be achieved as long as the teacher himself\herself has the willingness to do so.A question that many teachers often ask is: I like my job, and I love the students, but how can I become a good English teacher? Our answer is that they need professional competence, which we are going to discuss in the next section.1.5How can one become a good language teacher?The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence, which is the state or quality of being adequately qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of skills, strategies, knowledge, and ability.Task 6Work in pairs and discuss how one can become a professionally competent teacher of English. For example, we have to develop our English proficiency first and also we may need to learn from experienced teachers through observations. What else can you think of? Make a list and then pool all your ideas together to find out about your common beliefs.A language teacher’s professional competence is much more difficult than a driver’s skill to handle a car, and is more complicated than a student’s competence of speaking foreign language. It involves more factors and longer learning time, and may never be finished.Some people think teaching is a craft; that is, a novice teacher can learn the profession by imitating the experts’techniques, just like an apprentice. Others hold the view that teaching is an applied science, based on scientific knowledge and experimentation. By making a compromise between these two views, Wallace (1991) uses a “reflective model” to demonstrate the development of professional competence. The following model is an adapted version to illustrate the process of becoming a professionally competent teacher.(Adapted from Wallace, 1991:15)From the above model, we can see the development of professional competence for a language teacher involves Stage 1, Stage 2 and Goal. The first stage is language development. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. As language is the subject matter for language teachers and also because language is always changing, language development can never come to an end.The second stage is the most crucial stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages: learning, practice, and reflection. The learning stage is actually the purposeful preparation that a language teacher normally receives before he\she starts the practice of teaching. This preparation can include:1. learning from others’experiences (empirical knowledge gainedthrough reading and observations)2. learning the received knowledge (language learning theories,educational psychology, language teaching methodology, etc.)3.learning from one’s own experiences as a learnerBoth experiential knowledge (others’and one’s own) and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes to practice. This is the combination of ‘craft’ and ‘applied science’ knowledge. The learning stage is followed by practice. The term ‘practice’ can be used in two senses. In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned to do teachingpractice as part of one’s pre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructors. This practice is also called pseudo practice. The other sense of ‘practice’ is the real classroom teaching that a teacher undertakes after he/she finishes formal education.Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing (Stanely, 1999). It should be noted that teachers reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice, but also while they are doing the practice.When the would-be teachers(trainees) are doing pseudo practice, they are often trying out ideas that they have learned in a methodology class. Therefore, they are likely to reflect on how well a certain idea or technique works and often their instructors may require them to do so. The pseudo practice is beneficial only if the student teachers take reflections seriously. The most difficult thing is to keep on reflecting on one’s work when one moves on to real classroom teaching.Ideally, a teacher should be able to attain his/her professional competence after some period of practice and reflection as shown in Figure 1.1. However, professional competence as an ultimate goal does not seem to have an end. With the ever-deepening of our understanding of teaching and learning, and with the ever changing needs of the society, of education, of students, and of the teaching requirements, one must keep on learning, practicing and reflecting. Actually professional competence is’ a moving target or horizon, towards which professionals travel all their professional life but which is never finally attained ‘. (Wallace, 1991:58)Task 7Work in groups. Discuss possible answers to the following questions in relation to the model presented in Figure 1.1.1.6 An overview of the bookThis second edition of A Course in English Language Teaching has allowed us the opportunity to expand the original 14 units into 18 in order toinclude topics reflecting the recent development in English language teaching both at home and abroad, to revisit a number of areas, to expand an clarify points that we felt were not sufficiently clear in the first edition, and to improve the pedagogical usefulness of the text.Overall, the book aims at introducing practical methods to teachers of English as a foreign language with some basic theories presented in the first two units. It is hoped that classroom teachers or would-be teachers will not simply copy or imitate what are suggested but be able to choose or adapt with an understanding of why.Unit 1 serves as an introduction for setting the scene for this methodology course. It discusses issues concerning views on language and language learning or learning in general with the belief that such views will affect teachers’ways of teaching and thus learners’ ways of learning. The qualities of a good language teacher is also discussed in order to raise the participants’ awareness of what is required for a good English teacher.Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) have been the most influential language teaching approaches in the past two decades and they have proven to be effective in a variety of language teaching contexts. In Unit 2 we introduce the basic principles of CLT and activities followed by an introduction to task-based approach. It is intended that most of the methods that we introduce in the remaining units will, to some extent, follow a communicative approach and task-based language teaching.Unit 3 is a new unit which focuses on the new National English Curriculum. It begins with a brief overview of the history of English language teaching in China followed by tasks and discussions on the goals, objectives, and design of the new English curriculum and ends with discussions on the challenges facing teachers today.We have arranged lesson planning and classroom management as the next two units of the book-Unit 4 and Unit 5 respectively. With regard to these two units, the new edition has replaced some previous lesson plan samples and added some relevant issues, i.e. giving effective instructions, asking effective questions, and dealing with students’ errors in the classroom. To have these two parts in the early units, our intention is that the reader will use what is covered in these two parts in the early units, our intention is that the reader will use what is covered in these two units to design mini classroom activities for the teaching of knowledge and skills that come in later units.Like the first edition of the book, Units 6, 7 and 8 focus on the teaching of language components, that is, the teaching of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, while Units 9, 10, 11, 12 focus on the teaching of four skills of language, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing, with Unit 13 discussing the integration of the four skills. Some new examples and new points are added to all these units in the new edition. It should be noted that neither the language components nor the language skills are taught in an isolated fashion. We present the teaching of these language components and skills in separate units so that there is a clearer focus of discussion. In classroom teaching, we hope teachers will be able to integrate all areas.Unit 14 is about moral education. This is a new unit aiming at raising teachers’ awareness of the scope available for moral education in language teaching so that teachers will be able to create opportunities and use relevant materials and activities to help students form positive social values towards life and work.Unit 15 deals with language assessment. We have avoided ‘testing’ and ‘examination’ as our unit title because we believe ‘assessment’ is a broader concept. In this unit we focus on classroom assessment rather than standard tests. Research evidence shows that classroom-based assessment provides a better evaluation of what the students have achieved during the course of study.Units 16 and 17 are also new units. Unit 16 is about learner differences and learner training. As the purpose of teaching is for learning to take place, learners will need to play a major role in the learning process. We think as teachers we need to understand learners and the differences among them so that appropriate methods and techniques can be selected or designed to cater for learner needs. Also, we teach in order not to teach. In this sense, we need to help learners develop awareness of different learning strategies and learn to take responsibility for their own learning . Unit 17 focuses on using and creating resources. It discusses how to use the available resources as well as how to explore hidden resources for teaching and learning.Unit 18 introduces the reader to the most basic things in the evaluation, selection and adaptation of textbooks used in language teaching and learning. In the future, classroom teachers will have to take more responsibility and be given more autonomy in selecting and adopting ELT textbooks for their students.Throughout the book, we provide a number of tasks for each unit. The tasks usually follow a discussion and are aimed at providing the reader with opportunities to relate theory to practice. Most of the tasks are open-ended, that is, they do not have fixed answers or solutions. Sometimes, discussions following the task provide the authors’ further comments. Occasionally, some tasks seem to need more ‘concrete’solutions. In that case, we remove the solutions to Appendix 1 at the back of the book. We intend that users of the book should solve the problems themselves before referring to the authors’ suggested solutions.Most of the tasks involve group work or pair work. If the book is used in class, we consider it very important for students to work in pairs or groups so that they can share knowledge and experience. Individual readers may find it inconvenient to perform the task. We suggest that they discuss the problems with their colleagues wherever possible.。

王蔷英语教学法_英汉对照

王蔷《英语教学法教程》课后习题详解(外语课堂管理)【圣才出品】

第5章外语课堂管理TASK 1Brainstorm the issues that teacher roles are related to. Think about what a teacher does before the class, during the class and after the class. If possible, define some teacher roles. Then share your ideas in groups of four.Key: Before the class, the teacher is a planner, who plans what to teach, how to teach, and what result to achieve.After the class the teacher is an evaluator, who evaluates not only how successfully he has conducted the class but also how efficient the learning activities have been.During the class, based on the functions the teacher performs in different activities, Harmer defines the teacher’s roles as controller, assessor, organiser, prompter, participant and resource-provider.TASK 2What do you think the teacher does when he/she is a controller, an assessor, an organiser, a prompter, a participant and a resource-provider respectively? When you are ready, work in groups of four and share your ideas.Key: As a controller, the teacher controls the pace so that activities run smoothly and efficiently;As an assessor, the teacher assesses students’performance and give them feedback;As an organiser, the teacher should design and organize meaningful tasks;As a prompter, the teacher should give appropriate prompts.As a participant, the teacher takes part in the activity besides monitoring class.As a resource-provider, the teacher should provide resources for students.TASK 3The following are things that teachers often do in a language classroom. Decide what role the teacher is playing in each activity. Put number 1-6 in the brackets. When you have finished, work in groups and compare your answers.( ) a. The teacher gives students 2 minutes to skim a text, and when time is up, he asks students to stop and answer some questions.( ) b. T: Do you have any hobbies?S: Yes, I like singing and dancing.T: Uhm, and... ?S: I also collect coins.T: Oh, really, how many.., have you already.., collected?( )c.The teacher writes one of five numbers (1-5) on a number of cards (the same number as the students). Each student draws one card. Those who have drawn number 1 will form group 1, and those who have drawn number 2 will form group 2. Thus the students are put into five groups in a random way.( ) d. When a student has made a sentence with borrow, “I borrowed a paper to write a letter”, the teacher says, “Well, we don’t say a pa per, we say a piece of paper.”( ) e. The teacher asks students to take turns to make sentences with a newly learned structure. If someone makes an error, the teacher asks him or her to revise.( ) f. While doing a writing task either individually or in groups, the students need to use a particular word they don’t know. So they ask the teacher.( ) g. The teacher asks a student a question ‘Have you ever bought clothes with problems?’ If the student doesn’t seem to be ready, the teacher says ‘for example, a shirt without...’ and points to the buttons on his own shirt or jacket.( ) h. When the students have in groups decided where to go for an spring outing, the teacher asks each group to tell the others why they have made such a choice.( ) i. When students are doing a group-work task, the teacher joins one or two groups for a short period of time.( ) j. The teacher asks students to produce conversations (either orally or in writing) by using particular patterns or expressions they have just learned.( ) k. The teacher has a word in his mind and asks students to guess by asking only Yes/No questions until they make the correct guess.Key: Numbers 1—6 represent six roles that teachers play.a (1),b (4),c (3),d (2),e (1), f(6), g (4), h (2), i (5), j (1), k (5)TASK 4Brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of these four types of student grouping. Draw a table like the one below on a piece of paper and note down your ideas. When you are ready, work in groups of four and share your ideas.Key: (The students might come up with other reasonable answers.)According to Harmer (2001:114—118), different interaction patterns have both advantages and disadvantages. They are summarized below.TASK 5The following is a speaking activity. It has a topic and some questions. Think about how you will organize this speaking activity in your class. Write out the steps. Decide whether you are going to use whole class work, pair/group work or individual study. When you finish, compare your steps in pairs.Key: The following steps might apply:1) Whole class work: the teacher goes through the instruction with the students to make sure they know what to do exactly. If possible, give some hint.2) Group work: students work in groups of 4 and discuss what things they should use. Reach an agreement by the end of the discussion.3) Whole class work: group leaders report their discussion result to whole class,justifying their decision if necessary.TASK 6Listed below are some possible characteristics of a disciplined ELT classroom. Do you agree with them? Put a tick or a cross in the appropriate column. Can you add any more? When you finish, go into groups of four and decide on three most important characteristics which are always typical of a disciplined ELT classroom.Key: Most teachers would agree with items 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8.Item 1: This does not mean the class is always working together. It means the class is doing what the teacher wants the students to do and learning is taking place according to teachers’ plan.Item 2: The classroom should usually be quiet unless there are discussions or activities. Also, a quiet class means there is a general consensus between students and the teacher.Item 3: Cooperation between the teacher and students is vital in ELT classroom. Otherwise, there will be break-downs in language teaching and learning.。

《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释

英语教学法重点术语英汉对照(王蔷)

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论=audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Cognitive theory 认知主义理论communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social context A good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicating A product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise → exercise-task → taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences突出学生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning andparticipation强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum：课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning学习策略Affect情感态度ArrayCultural文化意识Language语言知识Language skills语言技能Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; V ocabulary; Functions; TopicsLanguage skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th gradersGraduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in thelesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to bemodified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者,5 Participant参与者, 6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In order not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listenersCommunicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’ meaning Ways of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds): Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds): Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningful context; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences:Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) V olume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process. Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索4) Listener’ s response 回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching Speaking Principles for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the studentsDesigning speaking tasks:1)Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2)Even participation 平等参与3)High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the textPrinciples and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge firstInteractive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F question While-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the linesPost-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching WritingThe main procedures of process writing :Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editingRevising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strategically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time21。

《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研笔记

Unit 1 language and language teaching1. What makes a good language teacher?● Ethic devotion● Professional qualities● Personal styles2. Views on language learning and learning in general:● Process-oriented theories: concerned with how the mind organizes newinformation such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.● Condition-oriented theories: emphasize the nature of the human and physicalcontext in which the language learning take place, such as the number of the students and the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere.3. How can one become a language teacher? It involves more factors and longer learning time, and may never be finished.Stage 1: all English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. Stage 2: learning, practice and reflection.● Learning:✓ Learning from others’ experience (empirical knowledge gainedthrough reading and observation)✓ Learning the received knowledge (language learning theories,educational psychology, language teaching methodology, etc.)● Practice✓ Pre-service practice (pseudo practice)✓ Real classroom practice● Reflection: take on reflection seriously and keep reflectionGoal: (do not have an end) one can never become a perfect teacher. There is alwaysroom for improvement.language development other's experiencereceived knowledgeown experience Practice Reflectio Professional competence Stage 1 Stage 2 GoalUnit 2 communicative principles and task-based language teaching1.What is communicative competence●Linguistic competenceKnowledge of language itself●Pragmatic competenceThe choice of the vocabulary and structure depends on the setting, the relativestatus of the speakers and their relationship.●Discourse competenceThe ability to understand or to express a topic logically and coherently byeffectively employing or comprehending the cohesive marks, such as first,second.●Strategic competenceSearching for other means of expression, such as using a similar phrase ……●Fluencythe ability to link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation)CLT: communicative language teaching2.Principles of communicative language teaching●Communication principleActivities that involve real communication promote learning.●Task principleActivities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning.●Meaningfulness principleLanguage that is meaningful to the learner support the learning process.3.Main features of communicative activities●Communicative purposeThere must be some information gap that students seek to bridge●Communicative desireA real need to communicate●Content not formThey must have some massage they want to communicate●Variety of language●No teacher intervention●No material controlTBLT: task- based language teaching4.Four components of a task● A purposeMake sure students have a reason for undertaking the task● A contextThis can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location and the relationship of the speaker……● A processGetting students to learn some language strategies such as problem solving, reasoning……● A product5.Focus on individual language items –Purposeful and contextualized communication +ThenExercise → task6.TBL:●Pre-taskIntroduction to topic and task●Task cycle✓Task✓Planning✓Report✓Students hear task recording or read text●Language focus✓Analysis and practice✓Review and repeat task7.PPP●PresentationOf single new item; teachers introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures.●PracticeOf new item: drills, exercise, and dialogue●ProductionActivity, role play or task to encourage ‘free’ use of language8.How to design tasks●Think about students’ needs and interests and abilities●Brainstorm possible tasks●Evaluate the list●Choose the language items●Preparing materials9.Constrains of CLT:●Whether it will meet the needs of learners from different contexts●It is very difficult to design a one to one correspondence between a function aform.10.Constrains of TBLT●Not effective for presenting new languages●Time is limited: teachers are busy●Culture of learning: some students may find it difficult to adapt to TBLT●Level of difficulty: students may find task-base language teaching quitedifficult of they do not have sufficient linguistic resources.Unit 4 lesson planning1.Why is lesson planning important?●It can make teachers aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.●It helps teachers distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see therelationship between them so that activities of different difficulty levels can bearranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.●It gives teachers opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may arise inclass, and prepare some solutions to them.●It builds teachers’ confidence in class.●Teachers can also be aware of teaching aids in class.●Planning is a good practice and sign of professionalism.2.Principles for good class planning:●AimIt means realistic goals for the lesson; the things students are able to do at theend of the class.●VarietyPlanning a variety of different activities to introduce a wide selection ofmaterials, so that learning is always interesting.●FlexibilityPreparing some extra and alternative activities and tasks as the class does notalways go according to the plan.●LearnabilityThe contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learningcapability of the students.●LinkageThe steps and steps in each stage are planned in such a way that they aresomeway linked with another one.3.Macro planningA planning over a longer period of time, for instance a whole-year course. It isoften done by a group of teachers who are to teach the same course.●Knowing about the professionWhich language area and language stage should be taught?●Knowing about the institutionThe institution arrangements of the time, frequency of the class……●Knowing about the learners●Knowing about the syllabus●Knowing about the textbook●Knowing about the objectivesponents of a lesson plan●Background informationWho the students are. The time and date of the class.●Teaching aimsWhat students are able to achieve at the end of the lesson(Linguistic and language skills)●Language contents and skills●Stages and procedures●Teaching aidsTeaching aids and resources, and how teachers will use them to aid learning ●End of lesson summaryTake some time to summarize what is learned in class.●Optional activities and assignments●After lesson reflectionUnit 5 classroom arrangement1.Efficient classroom arrangement can be achieved when these six conditions are met:●The teacher plays appropriate roles.●The teacher provides clear instructions●Students are grouped in a way suitable for the learning activities.●The teacher asks appropriate questions.●There is discipline as well as harmony in the class.●The students’ errors are treated properly.2.The different roles of teachers:●Controller✓The teacher controls the pace so that the activities run smoothly and efficiently.✓The more communicative the activity is, the less control it needs.●Assessor✓Correcting mistakes✓Organizing feedback●OrganizerDesign and organize the tasks●PrompterWhen students are not sure how to start an activity, or what to do next, the teacher give appropriate prompts. (and……/anything else?/yes, but why?)●Participant●Resource-provider3.Rules to follow for making instructions effective:●To use simple instructions and make them suit the comprehension level of thestudents. (Also, make your comments as simple and as natural as possible)●To use mother tongue only when it’s necessary.●The best thing to do is to model the task/activity before letting students moveinto groups and pairs.●Demonstration is more effective than words.4.Student grouping:●Whole class work:✓Advantages:➢Everyone feels being together with others.➢It is good for teachers to instruction and explanation together, and also an ideal way to show materials and do presentation together.✓Disadvantages:➢Individuality is not favoured in this sense.➢Not everyone has an opportunity to express himself.➢Some students feel nervous and anxious when they are asked topresent in front of class.➢It favors the transmission of knowledge from teacher to students rather than students discovering things by themselves.➢It is not a good way to enhance real communication. Students cannot communicate with others in this sense.●Pair work✓Advantages➢It dramatically increase students’ speaking time in class.➢It allows students to work together rather than under teachers’ guidance.➢It allows teachers to work with the weak pairs when others are working on their own.➢It can promote cooperation between students.✓Disadvantages➢It is often very noisy and teachers are afraid of losing control of the class.➢Some students may talk in native language or something not related to the topic. It is not very easy for teachers to monitor every pair.➢Some students may not like to work with peers, and they, think they can only learn from their teachers.➢So they refuse to participate in the activities.➢The choice of pair is a problem. Some students don’t like to work witha particular partner while someone may dominate all the time.●Group workingSome groups may finish the task fast while some may be very slow. Teachers may have to prepare some optional activities for the quick group and be ready to help the slower groups all the time.●Individual studyTeachers need to prepare different tasks for different groups.5.Measures for disciplined acts and badly behaving students:●Acting immediatelyIndisciplined acts should be immediately stopped, so that less damage is made.●Stop the classIf the discipline is so disruptive as to hinder the progress of the whole class, the teacher should stop the class and make it clear what is wrong.●Rearrange the seats●Change the activity●Talk to students after class●Create a code of behaviorThe teachers and learners can work together to create some rules for the class during activities.6.Questioning in classroom●Display questions: questions that are already known to teachers and they areasking questions to check if students know the answer.●Genuine questions: questions that are used to find new information. They areoften more communicative.●Lower- order questions: questions that simply require recalling of informationor memorization of facts.●Higher-order questions: questions requiring more reasoning, analysis, andevaluation.7.Dealing with errors:●Dealing with spoken errors:If the task is not focusing on accuracy or fluency, ignore it.●When to correct:It is best not to interrupt students during fluency work, unless communication breaks down. If there are some common mistakes that other students might also have problems with, the teacher can take a note in his/her mind and try to do the correction after the student’s perform.●How to correct:✓Self-correcting is encouraged.✓Indirect correction: repeating; asking other students to answer again……Unit 6 teaching pronunciations1.The role of teaching pronunciation●Students need not able to read and write IPA and to know phonetics.●Adult learners need focus on pronunciations, but young leaners don’t.●Learners who have more exposure to English need less focus on pronunciationthan those who only learn English in the class.2.Realistic goal of teaching pronunciation:●Consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.●Intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.●Communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaningthat is intended by the speaker.3.Focusing on a sound:●Say the sound alone●Get students to repeat the sound in chorus.●Get individual students to repeat the sound.●Explain how to make the sound.If students can produce the sound correctly, after the teacher’s modelling, it is not necessary to explain ‘how’.●Say the sound in a word.●Contrast it with other sounds.4.Perception practice:●Using minimal pairs:will-well till-tell fill-fell lid-led (tell which one is read)●Which orderPit pet bet (1 3 2)●Same or differentMet-meet well-well●Odd one outBit bit bit pit (No.4 is different.)●Complete:_ate_ate_ate_ate_ate_ate(late mate fate date hate rate……)5.Production practice:●Listening and repeat●Fill in the blanks✓Children love to play games.✓Black and white make gray.✓After April comes May.●Make up sentencesLast fast calm dark ……Making a sentence using as many from the given words.●Use meaningful context●Using picture●Use tongue twisters6.Practicing stress:●Using gestures:By clapping hands or using an arm movements as if conducting music.●Use the voice:Raise the voice to indicate stress●Use the blackboard:Highlight the stress parts by underlining them or writing them on the blackboard.Unit7. Teaching grammar1.Different ways to presenting grammar●The deductive methodRelies on reasoning, analyzing and comparingDisadvantages:✓It teaches grammar as an isolate one✓Little attention is paid to meaning✓Practice is more mechanicalAdvantages:✓It can be successful with selected and motivated students.✓It could save time when students are confronted with grammar rule which is complex but which has to learn.●The inductive method✓The teacher provide students with authentic language date and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.✓Students are to apply the newly presented structure to produce sentences with given visual aids or verbal prompts.✓The teacher may elicit the grammar rule from the students.●The guided discovery method✓Students are induced to discover the rules by themselves but carefully guided and assisted by the teacher.2.Implicit knowledge and explicit knowledge●Implicit knowledge: knowledge that is unconsciously existed in our mind,which we can make use of automatically without making any effort.●Explicit knowledge: our conscious knowledge about the language.3.Successful practice●Pre-learningPractice is more effective when new language is clearly perceived and taken into short-term memory by the leaners.●V olume and repetitionThe more language the leaners are exposed to or perceived the more they are likely to learn.●Success-orientation:●Heterogeneity(异质性)Practice should be able to elicit different sentences and generate different levels of answers from different learners.●Teacher assistance●Interest4.Grammar practice:●Mechanical practice✓Substitution drillsMrs. Green has the largest house in town.(clean house/ green lawn/ pretty garden)✓Transformation drillsChange the following sentence into past tense.Now he lives in London. (last year. Paris)●Meaningful/communicative practiceRank the items on the left column according to the listed on the top.cheap healthy tasty Important BeerWaterFruitcigarettesEg. I think beer is cheaper than fruit.ing prompts for practice:●Using picture prompts●Using mimes (role play) or gestures as prompts●Using information sheet as prompts●Using key phrase or key words as prompts●Using chained phrases for story telling.Unit 8 teaching vocabulary1.What does knowing a word involve?●Knowing its pronunciation and stress●Knowing its spelling and grammatical properties●Knowing its meaning●How and when to use it to express the intended meaning2.According to Hedge, vocabulary learning involves at least two aspect of meaning:●Understanding denotation and connotative meaning:✓Denotation meaningIt refer to those words that we use to label things as regards real objects,such as a name or a sign.✓Connotative meaningIt refers to the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a wordand influence of those on the listener or reader’s interpretation of the word.For example, animal itself has a connotative meaning often related tofriendship and loyalty.●Understanding the sense relations among words✓CollocationsIt is believed that teaching word collocations is a more effective way thanjust teaching one single word at a time.✓Synonyms, antonyms, and hyponyms✓Receptive/passive and productive/active vocabulary3.Ways of presenting vocabulary:●Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible●Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning●Use synonyms and antonyms and hyponyms to explain meaning●Use word formation rules and common affixes to build up new lexicalknowledge.●Pre-fabricated formulaic items: to teach vocabulary in chunks. Chunks refer toa group of words that go together to form meaning.4.Ways of consolidating vocabulary:●Labelling●Spot the difference●Describe and draw●Play a game●Use word series●Word bingo●Word association●Find synonyms and antonyms●Categories5.Developing vocabulary learning strategy●Review regularly●Guess meaning from the context●Organize vocabulary effectively●Use a dictionaryMonolingual dictionary should be encouraged than bi-lingual dictionary●Students should be guided constantly to self-evacuate the effectiveness of thestrategy.Unit 9 teaching listening1.Listening can be more difficult than reading because:●Different speaker produce different sounds in different ways. (Different dialects,and accents, stress, rhythms, intonations……)●The listener has little or no control over the speed of the input of spokenmaterial;●Spoken material is often heard only once and in most cases, we cannot go backand listen again as we can when we read.●The listener cannot pause to work out the meaning of the hard material as canbe done when reading.●Speed is more likely to be distorted by the media which transmit sounds or thebackground noise that can make it difficult to hear clearly.●The listener sometimes has to deal simultaneously with other task whilelistening, such as formal note-taking, writing down directions or messages from telephone calls, or operating while listening to instructions.2.Characters of listening characters:●Spontaneity: people speaking spontaneously and informally without rehearsingwhat they are going to say ahead of time.●Context: the situation helps us predict what we are going to hear.●Visual clues: most of the time, we can see the person we are listening to. (facialexpressions, gestures, and other body language)●Listener’s response: we can interrupt the speakers and ask for repetition orclarification.●Speaker’s adjustment. (The speaker can adjust the way of speaking accordingto the listener’s reaction.)3.Many published textbooks have tended to focus on listening test rather thanfocusing on improving students’ listening performance. This approach has two problems:●It does not give students opportunities to develop listening skills with otherskills.●Listening comprehension questions only test students’ level of comprehensionbut do not train students how to listening or how to develop effective listeningstrategies.4.Principles for listening:●Focus on process: people must do many things to process information that theyare receiving. It is very important to design tasks which can show how wellstudents comprehend the listening material.●Combine listening with other skills●Focus on comprehension of meaning (traditional textbook test on students’memory)●Grade and difficulty level appropriately:✓Type of language used✓Task or purpose in listening✓Context in which the listening occurs.5.Models for teaching listening:●Bottom-up model: listening comprehension is believed to start with sound andmeaning recognitions. Listeners construct meaning of what they hear based on the sound they hear.●Top-down model: listening for the gist and making use of the contextual cluesand background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.●Listening involves both bottom-up model and top-down model.Comprehension is the result of integrate of the information conveyed by the text with information and concepts already known by the listener.6.Three listening stages:●Pre-listening:✓Predicting✓Setting the scene (getting background information)✓Listening for the gist (ask students one or two questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or mood of the whole passage.)✓Listening for specific information✓Most of the time, we would only use only one pre-reading task. It couldn’t take much time.●While listening:✓No specific responses: giving students any task the first time they listening to a passage. It can take anxiety out of listening.✓Listen and tick: the task would be much easier.✓Listen and sequence: can be completed without understanding every word they hear. It can build confidence.✓Listen and act: total physical response✓Listen and draw: it works very well when there is an information gap between pairs. Related vocabulary should be pre-taught.✓Listen and fill: do not overdo this task because it may make students feel that they have to understand every word.✓It is helpful to provide a task for the students to do while they are listening.This gives the students a purpose to listen and helps them focus on thelistening.●Post-listening:✓Multiple-choice questions: the teacher should balance his/her teaching in preparing students for traditional multiple-choice tests and preparing themfor using English in the real world.✓Answering questions: some types might lend themselves nicely to discuss in small groups.✓Note-taking and gap filling: while-listening and post-listening is combined. ✓Dictogloss➢Preparation: teachers introduces the topic and key words or asking general questions about the text.➢Dictation: three times➢Reconstruction➢Analysis and correction✓There are many opportunities to integrate post-listening with other language style.Unit 10 teaching speaking:1.Four common features of spoken language:●Using less complex syntax●Taking short cuts, e.g. incomplete sentences●Using fixed conventional phrase/chunks●Using devices such as fillers, hesitation device to give time before speaking.2.Principles for teaching speaking:●Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices●Contextualizing practice: people use language differently in different context,so it’s important to give students chance to experience language in meaningful contexts.●Personalizing practice: learn something that is close to students’ life●Building up confidence: only when students feel confident to expressthemselves, will they participate actively in the activities.●Maximizing meaningful interactions: (students practice in small groups andpairs)●Helping students develop speaking strategies●Making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficientlanguage input and practice for the students.3.Other factors to consider when design speaking activities●Maximum foreign talk●Even participation●High motivation ( interesting topic/clear objective )●Right language level4.Types of speaking tasks: ( by Littlewood)Pre-communication activities: (controlled and semi-controlled)●Structural activities: pay attention to certain structures or functions so that thesecan be accurately produces.●Quasi-communication activities: focus more on meaning and communicationCommunicative activities: (communicative and more contextualization)●Functional communication activities●Social interaction activitiesStudents are more concerned on meaning.5.Example activities:●Information-gap activities●Dialogues and role-plays (✓Perform the dialogue in different moods.✓Success of role-play: the teachers’ enthusiasm; careful instruction;clear situations and roles; making sure students have the language theyneed.●Cue cards●Activities using pictures (work well with beginning level teachers for its clearobjective and a short time limit)●Problem solving activities (productive: there is a clear objective to be reachedor problem to be solved)●Find someone who●Human scramble.anizing speaking tasks:●Students talk a lot in foreign language●Designing small group speaking tasks (students are often feel shy speaking aforeign language in front the whole class)●Different groups can work at different levels. (Modify a given task to make iteasier for slower students and more challenging for more advanced students.)Unit 11 teaching writing1.What do effective readers do?●Have a clear purpose in reading●Read silently●Read phrase by phrase, rather than word by word●Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant parts●Use different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks●Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate●Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them●Have and use background information to help understand the text2.What do we read:●If students have never had the experience of reading a particular type of text,how can they read it with ease in real life●We believe ESL/EFL reading textbook should have a variety of authenticmaterials, as much as the coverage allows3.There are two broad levels in the act of reading:● A recognition task of perceiving visual signal from the printed page througheyes● A cognitive task of interpreting the visual information, relating the receivedinformation with the reader’s own general knowledge, and reconstructing themeaning that the writer had meant to convey.4.Reading strategies:●specifying a purpose for reading●planning what to do / what steps to take●previewing the text●checking the predictions●skimming the text for the main ideas●scanning the text for specific information……5.the role of vocabulary●sight vocabulary: words that one is able to recognize immediately are oftenreferred to as sight vocabulary●The best and easiest way to develop vocabulary to read a great deal. Only whenan individual word is met and understood again and again in different contexts can it become a part of the learner’s sight vocabulary.●Instead of just using textbooks to reach the words and structures to the students,the teacher should try to introduce an extensive reading scheme whenever possible to encourage leaners to read more after class.●This automatic, rapid, and accurate process of word recognition should not beconfused with the strategy of slow, letter by letter, or syllable by syllable。

英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)

英语教学法教程教案A Course in English Language Teaching主讲：姚向礼教材：《英语教学法教程》主编：王蔷出版社：高等教育出版社宁夏师范学院外语系2007年5月19日绪论外语教学法主要流派Teaching approaches & MethodsApproaches & methods of Language Teaching众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。

并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。

①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。

它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。

先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。

这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670)①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。

认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可靠的。

词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。

二、联结性的教学法学派特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。

英语教学综合专硕考研王蔷《英语教学法教程》考研复习笔记

英语教学综合专硕考研王蔷《英语教学法教程》考研复习笔记一、语言和语言学习复习笔记要点：1. The way we learn languages我们习得语言的方式2. Views on language语言观点3. The structural view of language结构主义语言理论4. The functional view of language功能主义语言理论5. The interactional view of language交互语言理论6. Common views on language learning关于语言学习的普遍观点7. Process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论8. The behaviorist theory行为主义学习理论9. Cognitive theory认知学习理论10. Constructivist theory建构主义学习理论11. Socio-constructivist theory社会建构主义理论12. Qualities of a good language teacher一个好的语言老师必备的素养13. Teacher’s professional development教师专业技能发展本章考点：我们如何习得语言；结构主义语言理论；功能主义语言理论；交互语言理论；关于语言学习的普遍观点；强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建构主义学习理论；社会建构主义理论；成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质；教师专业技能发展图。

本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The way we learn languagesⅡ. Views on language1. The structural view of language2. The functional view of language3. The interactional view of languageⅢ. Views on language learning and learning in general1. Research on language learning2. Common views on language learning and learning in general（1）Behaviorist theory（2）Cognitive theory（3）Constructivist theory（4）Socio-constructivist theoryⅣ. Qualities of a good language teacherⅤ. Development of a good language teacherⅥ. An overview of the bookThis chapter serves as an introduction for setting the scene for this methodology course. It discusses issues concerning views on language and language learning or learning in general with the belief that such views will affect teachers’ways of teaching and thus learners’ways of learning. The qualities of a good language teacher are also discussed in order to raise the participants’awareness of what is required for a good English teacher.这一章主要是介绍教学法的方法论，其中讨论的问题涉及语言和语言学习的观点，或者一般学习及这些观点对教师教学方式和学习者学习方式的影响，本章也讨论了一个好的英语教师应具备的素质，以提高语言教学参与者对优秀英语教师相关要求的意识。

王蔷-英语教学法教程-英汉对照-A Course in English Language Teaching

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论=audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, andreinforcement.Cognitive theory 认知主义理论communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social contextA good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicatingA product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise → exercise-task → taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-orientededucation 面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences 突出学生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability 整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning and participation 强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence 注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language 开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum ：课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning 学习策略Affect 情感态度Cultural 文化意识Language 语言知识Language skills 语言技能 Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; V ocabulary; Functions; Topics Language skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th gradersGraduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to be modified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者,5 Participant参与者,6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In order not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listeners Communicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’ meaningWays of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds):Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningfulcontext; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences:Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) V olume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索4) Listener’ s response 回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching SpeakingPrinciples for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to providesufficient language input and practice for the students Designing speaking tasks:1)Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2)Even participation 平等参与3)High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the text Principles and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge first Interactive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F questionWhile-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the lines Post-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching Writing The main procedures of process writing : Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editing Revising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strategically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time。

王蔷《英语教学法教程》配套题库【章节题库】(国家英语课程标准)【圣才出品】

第3章国家英语课程标准Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. English was formally restored into the national curriculum in _____.【答案】1978【解析】1978年，英语被正式纳入国家课程中。

2. The development of ELT since 1978 can be divided into four major phases: Restoration, _____, Reform, and _____.【答案】Rapid Development，Innovation【解析】自1978年以来，英语作为一门外语的发展过程主要分为四个阶段：恢复、快速发展、改革、创新。

3. In _____, a foreign language became a requirement for admission into theuniversity.【答案】1983【解析】1983年，（懂）一门外语成为进入大学的必备条件。

4. It was in the _____ syllabus that the word “communication”was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.【答案】1993【解析】1993年的教学大纲首次使用“交际”一词作为教学目标。

5. The overall aim of the curriculum for nine-year compulsory education is to develop students’ comprehensive abilities in _____.【答案】language use【解析】九年义务教育课程的总目标是发展学生综合运用语言的能力。

6. The design of the new National English Curriculum divides English language teaching and learning into _____ competence-based levels.【答案】nine【解析】英语新课标将英语教学分为九个能力等级。

王蔷英语教学法_英汉对照ACourseinEnglishLanguageTeaching

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论=audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, andreinforcement.Cognitive theory 认知主义理论communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social contextA good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicatingA product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise → exercise-task → taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-orientededucation 面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences 突出学生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability 整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning and participation 强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence 注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language 开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum ：课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning 学习策略Affect 情感态度Cultural 文化意识Language 语言知识Language skills 语言技能 Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; V ocabulary; Functions; Topics Language skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th gradersGraduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to be modified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ p erformances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者,5 Participant参与者,6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In order not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take thing s personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listeners Communicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the sp eakers’ meaningWays of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds):Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningfulcontext; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences:Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) V olume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索4) L istener’ s response 回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching SpeakingPrinciples for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to providesufficient language input and practice for the students Designing speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2) Even participation 平等参与3) High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the text Principles and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge first Interactive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F questionWhile-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the lines Post-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching Writing The main procedures of process writing : Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editing Revising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strategically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time。

王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-Unit

Unit 1 Language and Language LearningAims of the unitIn this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular:1.How do we learn language?2.What are the common views on language?3.What are the common views on language learning?4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher?5.How can one become a good language teacher?1.1How do we learn languages?Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience.Task 1Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw some conclusion.From the above task, you may have found that 1) people started learning a foreign language at different ages; 2) people have different experiences in learning a foreign language, some find it easy, some find it difficult;3) people learn languages for different reasons; 4) people learn languages in different ways; 5) people have different understandings about language learning; 6) people have different capacities in language learning; 7) learning can be affected by the way it is taught; 8) learning is affected by the degree of success one is expected to achieve; and more. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.1.2views on languageThe question that all approaches to language teaching should answer is, ‘what is language?’The answer to this question is the basis for syllabus designs, teaching methodology, teaching and assessment procedures in the classroom. Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies.Task 2Work in group of 4. Brainstorm possible answer to the question: what is language? When you are ready, join another group and share your ideas.To give a concise definition of language has always been difficult for linguists and philogists. Although there has been an enormous amount of research in language in the past century, no authoritative answer has been given to ‘what is language?’ rather, people have settle down to talk about views of language, seemingly allowing for or accepting different theories for the moment. However, language teachers clearly need to know generally what sort of entity they are dealing with and how the particular language they are teaching fits into that entity (Brown, 1994a). for sample definition of ‘language’ , please refer to Appendix 1.Structural viewThe structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems (Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991): the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations(morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. When this structural view of language was combined with the stimulus-response principles of behaviorist psychology, the audio-lingual approach to language learning emerged.Functional viewIn the 1960s, British linguists developed a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow, 1981) and proposed a syllabus based on communicative functions. The functional view not only sees languages as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. therefore, learners learn a language in order to be able to do with it. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. Examples of notions are the concept of present, past and future time, the expressions of certainty and possibility, the roles of agents, instruments with a sentence, and special relationships between people and objects.Interactional viewThe interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary ofthe language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.These three views present an ever wider view of language. The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary. The communicative or notional-functional view adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do. The interactional view says that to know how to do what you want to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, you have to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.The understanding of the nature of language may provide the basis for a particular teaching method (Richard and Rodgers, 1986), but more importantly, it is closely related to the understanding of language learning. If language is considered to have a finite number of structural items, learning the language probably means learning these items. If language is more than just a system of structures, it is more importantly a tool then to learn the language learning. If language is more than just a system of structures, it is more importantly a tool, then to learn the language means to use it, rather than just study what it is and how it is formed. The next section discusses some current theories about language learning.Views on Language learning and learning in generalA language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions; 1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitiveprocesses involved in language learning? 2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?Task3Work in groups of 4. Brainstorm the answers to the two questions stated above.When you are ready, join another group and share your ideas.Although these two questions have never been satisfactorily answered, a vast amount of research has been done from all aspects. The research can be broadly divided into process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories. Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization. Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere. Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. For example, the Natural Approach, Total Physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions. At this level, it is too early to formulate a specific approach, because some aspects are still too vague, for example, what is done in these processes.Behaviorist theoryThe behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behaviouralpsychologist Skinner, who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way human acquire language (Harmer, 1983). Based on their experiments, Watson and Raynor formulated a stimulus-response theory of psychology. In this theory all complex forms of behavior—motions, habits and such—are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured. They claimed that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way as other skills. The key point of the theory of conditioning is that ‘you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement’(Harmer, 1983:30).Based on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism, which was adopted for some time by the language teaching profession, particularly in the . One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless’listen and repeat’drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.Cognitive theoryThe term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. It seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behavioristtheory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. The key point of Chomsky’s theory is reflected in his most famous question: if all language is a learned behavior, how can a child produce a sentence that never been said by others before?According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behavior, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.Though Chomsky’s theory is not directly applied in language teaching, it has had a great impact on the profession. One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the audio-lingual method.Although people are pretty much still in the dark as to what language is and how language is learned, it is believed that general knowledge about language and language learning will help language teachers do a better job.Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. Although constructivist theory was not developed for the understanding of language learning, it is widely applicable tolearning in general. It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey provided a foundation for constructivism. He believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learner’s interests and curiosity for learning (Archambault, 1964).Socio-constructivist theorySimilar to constructivist theory, socio-constructivist theory represented by Vygotsky (1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development’(ZPD) and scaffolding. In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teacher’s scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable peer’s support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge and knowledge to the fullest potential.What makes a good language teacher?Some people with an excellent command of a foreign language may not be able to teach the language well while others with a general command of the language can teach it very effectively. What do you think might account for this phenomenon?Task 4Work in groups. Reflect on your own learning experience from early school years to the university. Have you had an excellent English teacher? Try to identify as many qualities as possible of your best English teacher(s). Note down all the qualities that you think are important for a good English teacher.It is clear that whether someone can become a good foreign language teacher does not solely depend on his\her command of the language. There are a variety of elements that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These elements can be categorized into three groups: ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles (Parrot, 1993).Task 5Ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles jointly contribute to the making of a good English teacher. All the adjectives in the box below could be used to characterize these three aspects.1. Work in groups of 4 and decide which adjectives describe ethic devotion,which describe personal styles and which describe professional qualities. Please write your answers on a separate piece of paper. 2. Add any adjectives to the list which describe further qualities thatyou feel are missing.3.These adjectives are intended to describe positive qualities or styles.Do you feel that any of them could have a negative side as well? Ifyes, in what way? For example, an authoritative teacher may make the students feel assured, but may also make the student less free to disagree with him\her.(Adapted from Tasks for Language Teachers, Martin Parrot, 1993)From the above activities we can see that a good English teacher should have ethic devotion, certain desirable personal styles, and more importantly, he or she should have necessary professional qualities. These three aspects constitute the professional competence of a good English teacher. A person who has a good command of English is not necessarily a good teacher because he has only one of the elements of professional competence.It is assumed that all responsible English teachers have ethic devotion, and they are supposed to make their personal styles compatible with their work. These two aspects, which are beyond the scope of this book, can be achieved as long as the teacher himself\herself has the willingness to do so.A question that many teachers often ask is: I like my job, and I love the students, but how can I become a good English teacher? Our answer is that they need professional competence, which we are going to discuss in the next section.1.5How can one become a good language teacher?The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence, which is the state or quality of being adequately qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of skills, strategies, knowledge, and ability.Task 6Work in pairs and discuss how one can become a professionally competent teacher of English. For example, we have to develop our English proficiency first and also we may need to learn from experienced teachers through observations. What else can you think of? Make a list and then pool all your ideas together to find out about your common beliefs.A language teacher’s professional competence is much more difficult than a driver’s skill to handle a car, and is more complicated than a student’s competence of speaking foreign language. It involves more factors and longer learning time, and may never be finished.Some people think teaching is a craft; that is, a novice teacher can learn the profession by imitating the experts’techniques, just like an apprentice. Others hold the view that teaching is an applied science, based on scientific knowledge and experimentation. By making a compromise between these two views, Wallace (1991) uses a “reflective model” todemonstrate the development of professional competence. The following model is an adapted version to illustrate the process of becoming a professionally competent teacher.Figure Teacher’s professional development(Adapted from Wallace, 1991:15)From the above model, we can see the development of professional competence for a language teacher involves Stage 1, Stage 2 and Goal. The first stage is language development. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. As language is the subject matter for language teachers and also because language is always changing, language development can never come to an end.The second stage is the most crucial stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages: learning, practice, and reflection. The learning stage is actually the purposeful preparation that a language teacher normally receives before he\she starts the practice of teaching. This preparation can include:1. learning from others’experiences (empirical knowledge gainedthrough reading and observations)2. learning the received knowledge (language learning theories,educational psychology, language teaching methodology, etc.)3.learning from one’s own experiences as a learnerBoth experiential knowledge (others’and one’s own) and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes to practice. This is thecombination of ‘craft’and ‘applied science’knowledge. The learning stage is followed by practice. The term ‘practice’ can be used in two senses. In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned to do teaching practice as part of one’s pre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructors. This practice is also called pseudo practice. The other sense of ‘practice’ is the real classroom teaching that a teacher undertakes after he/she finishes formal education.Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing (Stanely, 1999). It should be noted that teachers reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice, but also while they are doing the practice.When the would-be teachers(trainees) are doing pseudo practice, they are often trying out ideas that they have learned in a methodology class. Therefore, they are likely to reflect on how well a certain idea or technique works and often their instructors may require them to do so. The pseudo practice is beneficial only if the student teachers take reflections seriously. The most difficult thing is to keep on reflecting on one’s work when one moves on to real classroom teaching.Ideally, a teacher should be able to attain his/her professional competence after some period of practice and reflection as shown in Figure . However, professional competence as an ultimate goal does not seem to have an end. With the ever-deepening of our understanding of teaching and learning, and with the ever changing needs of the society, of education, of students, and of the teaching requirements, one must keep on learning, practicing and reflecting. Actually professional competence is’a movingtarget or horizon, towards which professionals travel all their professional life but which is never finally attained ‘. (Wallace, 1991:58)Task 7Work in groups. Discuss possible answers to the following questions in relation to the model presented in Figure .An overview of the bookThis second edition of A Course in English Language Teaching has allowed us the opportunity to expand the original 14 units into 18 in order to include topics reflecting the recent development in English language teaching both at home and abroad, to revisit a number of areas, to expand an clarify points that we felt were not sufficiently clear in the first edition, and to improve the pedagogical usefulness of the text.Overall, the book aims at introducing practical methods to teachers of English as a foreign language with some basic theories presented in the first two units. It is hoped that classroom teachers or would-be teachers will not simply copy or imitate what are suggested but be able to choose or adapt with an understanding of why.Unit 1 serves as an introduction for setting the scene for this methodologycourse. It discusses issues concerning views on language and language learning or learning in general with the belief that such views will affect teachers’ways of teaching and thus learners’ ways of learning. The qualities of a good language teacher is also discussed in order to raise the participants’ awareness of what is required for a good English teacher.Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) have been the most influential language teaching approaches in the past two decades and they have proven to be effective in a variety of language teaching contexts. In Unit 2 we introduce the basic principles of CLT and activities followed by an introduction to task-based approach. It is intended that most of the methods that we introduce in the remaining units will, to some extent, follow a communicative approach and task-based language teaching.Unit 3 is a new unit which focuses on the new National English Curriculum. It begins with a brief overview of the history of English language teaching in China followed by tasks and discussions on the goals, objectives, and design of the new English curriculum and ends with discussions on the challenges facing teachers today.We have arranged lesson planning and classroom management as the next two units of the book-Unit 4 and Unit 5 respectively. With regard to these two units, the new edition has replaced some previous lesson plan samples and added some relevant issues, . giving effective instructions, asking effective questions, and dealing with students’errors in the classroom. To have these two parts in the early units, our intention is that the readerwill use what is covered in these two parts in the early units, our intention is that the reader will use what is covered in these two units to design mini classroom activities for the teaching of knowledge and skills that come in later units.Like the first edition of the book, Units 6, 7 and 8 focus on the teaching of language components, that is, the teaching of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, while Units 9, 10, 11, 12 focus on the teaching of four skills of language, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing, with Unit 13 discussing the integration of the four skills. Some new examples and new points are added to all these units in the new edition. It should be noted that neither the language components nor the language skills are taught in an isolated fashion. We present the teaching of these language components and skills in separate units so that there is a clearer focus of discussion. In classroom teaching, we hope teachers will be able to integrate all areas.Unit 14 is about moral education. This is a new unit aiming at raising teachers’ awareness of the scope available for moral education in language teaching so that teachers will be able to create opportunities and use relevant materials and activities to help students form positive social values towards life and work.Unit 15 deals with language assessment. We have avoided ‘testing’ and ‘examination’ as our unit title because we believe ‘assessment’ is a broader concept. In this unit we focus on classroom assessment rather than standard tests. Research evidence shows that classroom-based assessment provides a better evaluation of what the students have achievedduring the course of study.Units 16 and 17 are also new units. Unit 16 is about learner differences and learner training. As the purpose of teaching is for learning to take place, learners will need to play a major role in the learning process. We think as teachers we need to understand learners and the differences among them so that appropriate methods and techniques can be selected or designed to cater for learner needs. Also, we teach in order not to teach. In this sense, we need to help learners develop awareness of different learning strategies and learn to take responsibility for their own learning . Unit 17 focuses on using and creating resources. It discusses how to use the available resources as well as how to explore hidden resources for teaching and learning.Unit 18 introduces the reader to the most basic things in the evaluation, selection and adaptation of textbooks used in language teaching and learning. In the future, classroom teachers will have to take more responsibility and be given more autonomy in selecting and adopting ELT textbooks for their students.Throughout the book, we provide a number of tasks for each unit. The tasks usually follow a discussion and are aimed at providing the reader with opportunities to relate theory to practice. Most of the tasks are open-ended, that is, they do not have fixed answers or solutions. Sometimes, discussions following the task provide the authors’ further comments. Occasionally, some tasks seem to need more ‘concrete’solutions. In that case, we remove the solutions to Appendix 1 at the backof the book. We intend that users of the book should solve the problems themselves before referring to the authors’ suggested solutions.Most of the tasks involve group work or pair work. If the book is used in class, we consider it very important for students to work in pairs or groups so that they can share knowledge and experience. Individual readers may find it inconvenient to perform the task. We suggest that they discuss the problems with their colleagues wherever possible.。

英语教学法教学法教程(王蔷-第二版)重点总结

A Course in English Language Teaching英语教学法教学法教程（第二版）王蔷Unit 1 Language and Learning1.1 How do we learn language？1.We learn language at different ages2.People have different experiences3.People learn languages for different reasons4.People learn languages in different ways5.People have different capabilities in language learning6.Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught7.Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve.8.Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology canensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.1. 2 What are the major views of language?1) Structural view:Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules.2) Functional view:Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.3) Interactional view:Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.1.3Views on Language LearningTwo broad learning theories：Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information. Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of human and physical context. Behaviorist theory⏹ B. F. Skinner A stimulus-response theory of psychology Audio-lingualmethod⏹The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and thereinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.B.Cognitive theory⏹Influenced by Noam Chomsky (revival of structural linguistics)⏹Language as an intricate rule-based system⏹ A learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.⏹One influential idea of cognitive approach to language teaching is that studentsshould be allowed to create their own sentence based on their own understanding of certain rules.C.Constructivist theory⏹Jean Piaget (1896—1980)⏹The learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what is alreadyknown.D.Socio-constructivist theory⏹Vygotsky⏹“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffolding(脚手架)⏹Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher andthe learner and between learners.1.4 What are the qualities of a good language teacher?A good language teacher does not solely depend on his/her command of the language. There are a variety of elements that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These elements can be categorized into three groups: ethic devotion, professional quality and personal styles.1.5 How can one become a good language teacher?☐Wallace’s (1991) ‘reflective model’ (Figure 1.1, p.9)Stage 1: language developmentStage 2: learning, practice, reflection❖The learning stage is the purposeful preparation that a language normally receives before the practice, This preparation can include:1. Learning from others’ experience2. Learning the received knowledge3. Learning from one’s own experiences❖The practice stage (2 senses)Pseudo practice: short period of time assigned to do teaching practice as partof one’s pre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructorsThe real classroom teaching: what a teacher undertakes after he/she finishesformal education❖Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doingGoal: professional competenceUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based language teaching2.1 How is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?Language used in real life Language taught in theclassroomTo perform certain communicative functions To focus on forms (structures or patterns)Use all skills, both receptive skills and productive skills To focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.Used in a certain context To isolate language from itscontext2.2 What is communicative competence?To bridge the gap between classroom language teaching and real-life language use, one solution is to adopt CLT, the goal of which is to develop students’ communicative competence.2.2.1 Definition:Communicative competence include both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations2.2.2 Five components of communicative competence (Hedge 2000)1.Linguistic competence （语言能力）a)The knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning.2.Pragmatic competence （语用能力）a)The appropriate use of language in social context.3.Discourse competence （语篇能力）One’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them4.Strategic competence （策略能力）Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.5.Fluency （流利性）One’s ability to ‘link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue（过分的，不适当的）hesitation’2.3Implications for teaching and learningTeaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguistic competence.2.4 Principles of CLTThree principles suggest by Richard and Rodgers：1 Communication principle：Involve real communication2 Task principle：Carry out meaningful tasks3 Meaningfulness principle：Meaningful language to the learnerHowatt p roposes a weak and a strong version of CLT:Weak versionLearners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication.Strong version“Language is acquired through communication” (Howatt, 1984:279)2.5 Major Activity Types of CLTA sequence of activities represented in Littlewood (1981: 86)Pre-communicative activities✓Structural activities✓Quasi-communicative activities类似,准,半Communicative activities (PP22-23)▪Functional communication activities▪Social interaction activities2.6 Six Criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities(Main features of communicative activities?)municative purposemunicative desire3.Content, not form4.Variety of language5.No teacher intervention6.No materials control2.7 What is Task-based Language Teaching?TBLT is a further development of CLT. It shares the same belief in the use of language in real life, but stresses the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.2.7.1Four components of a task1. A purpose2.A context3.A process4.A product2.7.2 Exercises, exercise-tasks and tasksExercise-tasks are halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualized practice of language item.2.8 Differences between PPP and TBLT1 The way students use and experience language in TBLT is radically different from PPP.1.Free of language control2. A genuine need to use language to communicate3. A free exchange of ideas4.Appropriateness & accuracy of language form in general, not production of a single form5. A genuine need for accuracy and fluency2. TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is different in this aspect:1. A task-established context2.Encouraged to think, analyze, not simply to repeat, manipulate and apply3. A more varied exposure to natural languagenguage forms not pre-selected for focus5.Learner-free selection of language6.TBL cycle lead from Fluency to accuracy (+fluency)7.In TBL Integrated skills practiced2.9 How to design tasks?Step 1 Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilities→Step 2 Brainstorm possible tasks→Step 3 Evaluate the list→Step 4 Choose the language items→Step 5 Preparing materials2.10 CLT and TBLT in the Chinese context☐Problems with CLT1. The very first and forceful argument is whether it is culturally appropriate2. The second problem of CLT relates to the design the syllabus for teaching purpose in the classroom.3. The third problem is that whether such an approach is suitable for all age level of learners or all competence level of learners.⏹Constraints of TBLT⏹The first is it may not be effective for presenting new language items⏹The second constraint is Time as teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully.⏹The third is the culture of learning⏹The forth is Level of difficultyUnit 33.1 A brief history of foreign language teaching in China1. A phase of restoration (1978-1985)2. A phase of rapid development (1986-1992)3. A phase of reform (1993-2000)4. A phase of innovation from 20003.2 Designing principles for the National English Curriculum1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality-oriented education.2) Promote learner-centeredness, and respect individual differences.3) Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.4) Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.5)Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6) Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.3.3 Goals and objectives of English language teachingThe new curriculum is designed to promote students’ overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learningstrategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub -categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learners’ positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life -long learning along with cross -cultural knowledge, awareness and capabilities.The overall language ability required in the 2001 National English Curriculum includes the following aspects language knowledge, language skills, learning strategies, affects and cultural understanding.3.4 Design of the National English Curriculum3.5 The standards for different levelsof competence3.6 Challenges facing English language teachers1) English language teachers are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication.2) English language teachers are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi -role educator.3) English language teachers are expected to use more task -based activities and put the students at the center of learning.4) English language teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests.5) English language teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language.Unit 4. Lesson Planning 备课4.1 Why is Lesson Planning Important A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.Proper lesson plan is essential for both novice and experienced teachers. Language teachers benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways.1. Makes teachers aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson, so as to plan the activities and choose the techniques accordingly;2. Helps teachers distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficulty levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another;3. Gives teachers the opportunity to anticipate potential problems so that they can be prepared;4. Gives teachers, esp. novice ones, confidence in class;5. Raises teachers’ awareness of the teaching aids needed;6. Planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.Teachers benefit from proper lesson plans in a number of other ways:☐ To enable the teacher to improve class timing;☐ Lesson plans are also an aid to continuing development(plan ←-→practice ←-→reflection)4.2 Principles for Good Lesson Planning1. Aim: the realistic goals for the lesson; what students are able to do by the end of the lesson;2. Variety: different types of activities; a wide selection of materials;3. Flexibility: preparing some extra and alternative tasks and activities4. Learnability: the contents and tasks planned should be within the learning capability of the studentsDoing things that are beyond or below the students’ coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999)5. Linkage: the stages and the steps within each stage are linked with one another.4.3 What are macro planning and micro planning?Macro planningPlanning over a long period of time which is often done by a group of teachers, it provides a general guidance for language teachersMicro planningPlanning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively. Micro planning is often an individual activity and different teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans.❑ Macro planning involves the following ：Knowing about the profession Knowing about the institutionKnowing about the learners Knowing about the curriculum/syllabusKnowing about the textbook Knowing about the objectivesA lesson plan usually has the following components:Background information Teaching aims Teaching content and skillsStages and procedures Teaching aids End of lesson summaryOptional activities and Assignment After lesson reflectionUnit 5 Classroom Management有助于)interacting in English in meaningful ways (Gebhard, 1996).Efficient classroom management can be achieved when the following six conditions are met:1. The teacher plays appropriate roles.2. The teacher provides clearer instructions.3. Students are grouped in a way suitable for the learning activities.4. There is discipline as well as harmony inthe class.5. The teacher asks appropriate questions.6. The students’ errors are treated properly5.2 What roles does the teacher play?1. Controller (what to learn; how to learn)2. Assessor (correcting mistakes; organizing feedback)4. Prompter (when Ss don’t know what todo…)5. Participant (in Ss’ activities)⏹ use various strategies to motivate learners, guide⏹ prior knowledge; find individual interests and explore potentialcapabilities; acknowledge and respect individual differences; give each equal opportunity in-round perspective…⏹To observe a problem, reflect on the reasons, think about possible solutions, implement thesolutions and evaluate the results…Q: How much control is needed?⏹Appropriate degree of control⏹Different activities need different degrees of control.⏹The more communicative an activity is, the less control it needs.Q: What does the teacher do as an assessor?1.Correcting mistakes⏹The correcting should be gentle, not harsh.anizing feedback⏹The feedback should be focused on students’ success or progress so that a success-orientedlearning atmosphere can be created.Q: How to organise?⏹Before the activity: what the activity is going to be like, anticipated problems; clearinstructions given to students (with T’s demonstration)⏹During the activity: overhear what the students are saying, rectify wrong practices; take notesfor later feedbackQ: When to prompt?⏹When students are not sure how to start an activity, or what to do next, or what to say next…⏹When a student doesn’t seem to be ready for an answer,…⏹When a student finishes with a very short answer,…Q: why to participate in student’s activities?⏹Monitoring + participating changes the role from an authority to a conversationalist, agood chance for students to practice English with a superior…Q: What do you think of the jug-and-mug metaphor?Although the jug-and-mug method has been widely criticized, the teacher is still considered a good and convenient resource for the students.”A “jug and mug” theory of education是罗杰斯提出来的，也是他强烈批判的。

教学法Unit1

3. Foreign Language Teaching Methodology
外语教学法茹克叶·穆罕默德主编，知识产权出版社，2012. 3 4. Harmer，J. How to teach English 怎样教英语外语教学与研究出版社, 2000. 8 5. 胡春洞，《英语教学法》，高等教育出版社， 1990.
Natural Approach
• The Natural Approach emphasizes natural communication rather than formal grammar study and is tolerant of learners’errors. The core of the Natural Approch is language acquisition which is considered a subconscious process, dependent on two factors: the amount of comprehensible input the students get and the amount of input the students “allow in”.
在个体的认知发展上他将学习者现有能力和未来能学得能力之间的差距称为最近发展区zoneofproximaltdevelopmentzpd这也就是学习者已有能力与潜在能力之间的距离
A Course in English Language Teaching
Duration : two semesters This Semester : 16 weeks
• Functional view: not only a linguistic system, but also a means for doing things; such functional activities—greeting, expressing thanks, making invitations

英语教学法教程教案（王蔷）

英语教学法教程教案（王蔷）英语教学法教程教案A Course in English Language Teaching主讲：姚向礼教材：《英语教学法教程》主编：王蔷出版社：高等教育出版社绪论外语教学法主要流派Teaching approaches & MethodsApproaches & methods of Language Teaching众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。

并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。

①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。

它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。

先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。

这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670)①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。

认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可靠的。

词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。

二、联结性的教学法学派特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。

王蔷-英语教学法教程-英汉对照-A Course in English Language Teaching

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英语教学法教学法教程(王蔷-第二版)重点总结

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