新编英语教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 译文)
新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15)
新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15) Unit 1 恰到好处你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。
而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。
他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。
语言也是如此。
一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。
差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。
他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。
The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,”法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。
有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。
在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。
这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。
选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。
有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。
It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by thesatisfaction that finding them brings. The e某act use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we aredealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a manis so-and-so（等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite anice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to e某press what it is abouthim that you do n’t like, that constitutes（构成） hislimitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper.寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。
新编英语教程unit演示文稿
第1页，共25页。
优选新编英语教程unit
第2页，共25页。
❖ Text I ❖ Text II
❖ Oral Work
❖ Listening
第3页，共25页。
Text 1: From Composer to Interpreter to Listener
❖ Pre-reading Activity ❖ Structure ❖ Vocabulary Acquisition
Para 8.
Para 9. Para 10. Para 11.
Only a listener who really involves himself is of importance to music or the makers of music.
Sentence 1. Sentence 1. Sentence 1.
4. embody (L.7) 6. mirror (L.12) 7. epoch (L.22)
9. leeway (L.46) 12. taste (L. 75)
13. unprejudiced (L. 78)
Give a concrete form to To reflect / show as in a mirror
The interpreter is a kind of middle man in music. The interpreter exists to serve the composer.
The first real interpretative problem is presented by the notes themselves.
e.g. This paper provides a framework for future research.
新编英语教程第三版翻译所有单元翻译(包括没教过的)
TranslationUnit 11. 由于缺少资金，整个计划失败了。
(fall through)The whole plan fell through for want of fund.2. 牛顿被公认为是世界上最杰出的科学家之一。
(eminent)Newton is acknowledged as one of the world’s most eminent scientists.3. 他对生产成本的估算总是准确无误。
(invariable)He calculates the cost of production with invariable accuracy.4. 公司发言人的不负责任讲话受到了严厉指责。
(berate)The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words.5. 这名商业银行的年轻职员看出那张十英镑的假币。
(spot)The young clerk from the commercial bank spotted the counterfeit ten-pound note.6. 这个精干的经理立刻行动了起来。
(promptly)The efficient manager acted promptly.7. 请把候补名单上她的名字换成你的名字。
(substitute)Please substitute her name for yours on the waiting list.8. 她觉得她在当地综合医院任实习医师是一段宝贵的经验。
(rewarding)She found that her internship in the local general hospital was a rewarding experience.9. 不要感叹过去的不幸，振作起来向前看。
(lament)Don’t lament your past misfortunes. Keep your chin up and look to the future.Unit 21. 富兰克林在他的《自传》里力劝读者要勤俭。
【免费】新编英语教程7课文讲解(综合英语7)
A New English Course (Level 7)Unit OneText IEnglish and American Concepts of SpaceI. About the Author --- Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 ---), . anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his . degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. His works include: The Silent Language (1959), a study of nonverbal communication, and The Hidden Dimension (1966), a study of “social and personal space and man’s perception of it.” The present text, a selection from The Hidden Dimension, gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space.About the author:Down the drainEdward ’s The Hidden Dimension, perhaps the scariest book (even scarier than 1984) I ever read. Scary, because it isn’t fiction, but a rather elaborate essay on anthropology and proxemic behavior. If Hall’s right, things as disregard for other cultures, mindless urban development and demographic growth have generated a behavioral sink in which stress, crime, intolerance and physical and psychic disease grow everyday, and to make things worse, our governments take measures that only accelerate the process. We are all going down the drain.Put Ed Hall’s Insights to Work in Your World Ed Hall is one of the preeminent cultural anthropologists of all times. His works, studies, and insights into the rich modern anthropology reflect a life long passion he developed as a teenager in the 1930’s Southwest . assigned to work on white-managed WPA crews alongside Navajo workers whose cultural bearings and world views were vastly different than his own people’s views.Hidden Dimensions examines the cultural contexts of space, how people define their personal and community spaces as part of their cultural norms.How far apart or close do people of a similar culture feel comfortable standing or sitting next to one another and in what circumstances When do you feel someone is “in your space”This personal comfort zone differs culture to culture. Yours may be different than mine. Hall develops these “proxemics” (proximity) in this book by observing and visiting with peoples from around the globe, and shares the wisdom gained with you so that you might expand your own world views and spatial orientations when mixing with foreign cultures to your own.Well worth the sheckles to add this great work to your life’s library. Collect all of Hall’s works.Best of the BestA fabulous writing on how human beings react to and make use of special distance from a physical and psychological viewpoint, . the study of proxemics. The type of book that should be reissued without fail by the publisher, though it is old, since it is a classic in its field. Actual numerical distances and their effect / use / experience by humans are explained as well as much about eyesight and its abilities. Hall alsoexplains how different Euro cultures (German, French, and others) plus how Americans use space differently. I’m seldom this positive about any book but must give this one a highest rating.II. Organization and DevelopmentLike most writings of an academic nature, this article is neatly-structured. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraphand is developed in the rest of the article by contrast. Can you identify the sentence in the first paragraph that states the thesis The sentence in the 1st paragraph that states the thesis:If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemic details are marked it is in the educated English and the middle-class Americans.The contrasts Hall has made are frequently marked by words or phrases generally known as sentence adverbials or connectives. Locate such items throughout the writing and try to tell what contrast they introduce.Words or phrases used to indicate contrasts:Paragraph 1“whereas” --- contrasting space for Americans with the socialsystem for the English as a factor determining aperson’s social status“however” --- contrasting the importance of one’s address inthe United States with that of the position in thesocial system into which a person is born in Britain Paragraph 3“on the other hand” --- contrasting what is said in the 2ndparagraph with what is said in the 3rd, . theAmerican’s sense of space that can be called his ownwith the Englishman’s sense of shared space Paragraph 5“on the other hand”--- contrasting the different ways in whichAmericans and the English behave when seekingseclusionThe contrast Hall has made serves to explain the apparent clashbetween theEnglish and Americans, . why they behave differently when they have the same need to satisfy.III. Notes1.In what sense does Hall use the word “separated”in the first sentenceMade culturally different.2.What, according to the author, has really separated the English andthe AmericansNot the different ways in which the English language is used as assumed by most people, but the different ways of handling time, space and materials.munications on other levels --- Broadly speaking, communication isof two kinds: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication consists of word language and the variations in meaning which a person puts into words through the way they are said. Thus different intonation mayimpart different meanings. Nonverbal communication consists of non-word language such as gestures and bodily action, visual aids like graphs and photos, certain activities, and time, space, and materials as mentioned by the author. What the author means here is that words do not account as much for the differences of the two peoples as the other levels of communication.4. ego --- 1) self, especially as contrasted with another self or the world;2) one’s opinion of oneself; self-esteem, .: He has an enormous ego. (= thinks he is a very fine person).3) tech. (in Freudian psychology) the one of the three parts of the mind that connects a person to the outside world, because it can think and act; conscious self5. rephrase the sentence:The differences for which language gets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with English intonation (which sounds affected to many Americans) and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials.Some people complain about the English language for its being so different in the two countries. These differences, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from individual linguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particular intonation (English intonation sounds unnatural to Americans), and extend down to the way people look at the world.6. Proxemics is the study of the communicative value of space and distancein various cultures. It includes the study of the physical distance between people when they are talking to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical contact during their conversation. These factors can be looked at in relation to the sex, age, and social and cultural background of the people involved, and also their attitudes to each other and their state of mind. Of interest are such features as the physical distance considered proper or comfortable between two people engaged in conversation or standing near each other in public places. These and other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have been called “silent language” by Edward T. Hall.“The proxemic details” refers to facts or pieces of information related to proxemics, ., how closely two people should stand or sit apart when talking to each other, whether one should have his office door open or closed, etc.7. A public school in Britain is a private secondary boarding school witha pre-university curriculum. Admission is by entrance examination. The term “public school” emerged in the eighteenth century when the reputation of certain grammar schools spread beyond their immediate environs. They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “public schools”, in contrast to “local schools”. A public school is different from a comprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgrounds are taught together. A public school generally prepares students academically for higher education. Therefore, students who go to public schools are supposed to be better educated than those who goto comprehensive schools.8. Middle-class Americans are a heterogeneous socioeconomic grouping composed principally of business and professional people such as managers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, government officials, some farmers and skilled workers. They are characterized by a comfortable material standard of living, and respect for property. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest social class in the United States. In the most people identify themselves as “middle-class.”9. disparity --- (C,U) (between, in, of)fml(an example of) being completely different or unequal; a noticeable difference. There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women.10. What does the “social system” in England refer toThe traditional way of stratify societying into classes, which remains important / influential even today.11. Rephrase the sentence:One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are. One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big difference is that the place where one lives, to Americans, can present a symbol of one’s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one’s position in society.12. Why do you think one’s spatial location means almost as much to theAmericans as one’s social location does to the EnglishThink of the different history of the two countries. Britain has a long history of feudal social hierarchy, which had been firmly rooted and survived the bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. This system has not been completely overcome and the country is still a kingdom today. Aristocratic titles have been hereditary and are still regarded as a mark of a person’s social status. On the other hand, the United States has a short history of about 200 years, which began with a vast expanse of land that provided abundant space for people to fully exercise their imagination and develop their talent. A person’s background is far less important than what space he can find for himself and what he can achieve in that space.13. prestigious --- having prestige, . general respect or admiration felt for someone or something, because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc.14. fishmonger --- a person who owns or works in a shop (fishmonger’s) which sells fish: I bought a nice piece of cod from the fishmonger / at the fishmonger’s.15. stall --- a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place: a market stall16. allot --- give as a share or set apart for a purpose. Most of the money has already been allotted.They allotted us three weeks to finish the job.We were unable to finish it in the allotted time.17. What conclusion has the author reached by the end of the first paragraph？Spatial allocation does not have the same implication for the English and for Americans.18. How is the first paragraph related to the second oneThe last sentence of the first paragraph introduces the next two paragraphs, which illustrate differences between the English and the Americans in the allotment of space.19. den ---infml. a small quiet comfortable room in a house, where a person, usually a man, can be alone (小书斋; 小巧而舒适的私室) . Father’s in his den.--- the home of a usu. Large fierce wild animal, such as a lion --- a center of secret, esp. illegal, activity, . a den of thieves20. “the shop” --- a place where things made or repaired “工场”21. What does the author try to contrast in the second and the third paragraphHow differently space is allotted in Britain and the United States, the former having a strong sense of “shared space”and the latter of “one’s own space.”22. vacate --- give up the occupancy of; stop using; leaving (a room or place) so that it is available for someone else to use23. inconsequential --- unimportant; insignificant24. be entitled to --- possess the right to have or to do something25. Rephrase the sentence:As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office.As a result, it is hard for the English to figure out why Americans invariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.26. implication --- something that is suggested or implied by a particular situation, event, or statement27. typify --- v. 1) (not in progressive forms) be a typical example of; show all the most usual characteristics of something, . The shoe-shine boy who becomes a millionaire typifies the American Dream.2) (not in progressive forms) to be a typical mark or sign of 成为…的标记: the high quality that typifies all this work3) fml. to represent in a typical manner, . by an image, model, or likeness, . In this book we have tried to typify the main classes of verbs. 在本书中, 我们力图以明显的方式把动词分成几大类.28. strain --- a state of tension within or among people; . the current strain in relations between the two countries29. How do you interpret “experiencing strain in his relationships with Americans” in paragraph 4Having trouble getting along with Americans30. Rephrase the sentence:It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British problems that were in conflict in this case.It was not until some time later that we managed to discover the major differences that had frustrated both sides in the above story.31. How differently would the English and the Americans behave when they want to be aloneThe Americans would go to their own rooms and shut the door, whereas the English, instead of finding architectural screens to shut themselves off, would provide subtle clues to others present that they do not wish to be disturbed.32. How would the English and the Americans feel if they are not talked to by people present in the same roomAmericans would feel that they are being rejected. The English would feel happy that others have recognized the unseen barrier they have erected to keep off intrusion.33. Rephrase the sentence:They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize.They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keep them safe from disturbance when necessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.34. The article is written not by a lay person based on casual observations but by a professor of anthropology based on his research findings. Somewords the author uses has added to the academic flavor of the writing. Can you identify some of them and explain what they meanProxemic --- adj. of proxemics, a branch of sociology that studies spatial relations, people’s sense of space and their need of space in different situations, etc.Subject --- a person that undergoes scientific experimentation or investigationEgo --- the self of a personCondition --- determine, accustomSeminar --- regular meeting of a group of students under the guidance of a tutor or a professorUnit TwoTEXT ITouristsI. About the author --- Nancy Mitford (), English writer of novels, biographies, and essays, is noted for her witty novels of upper-class life. Her workers include: Pursuit of Love (1945), Vlotaire in Love (1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “The Tourist,”part of a collection published under the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Organization and DevelopmentAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete in itself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outline. Now try to restore that outline, indicating the main parts and the major subdivisions under each of them.Outline for reference:1.The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and itsbellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-mannered behavior, American-Englishmen-Germans2.Behavior of the islandersThe author’s general attitudeComparison of the island to a stageYoung men from Burano (Little Eric)Old women selling lacesThe priestThe tourists’ response3.Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld womenFather of the clover babiesThe brief description of the small island creates the impression that it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to strengthen the point the author wants to make, . the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touring.III. Notes1. Based on the author’s description, try to think of just a few words and phrases that bring out the most important features of the island Torcello.Small, ancient, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the sentence:The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minute: very small4. lagoon: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated from the sea by banks of sand, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, which was founded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleventh century. It is a Byzantine cathedral, decorated with fine Veneto-Byzantine mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus” in line 8 refer tobells ringing out7. Explain the sentence:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. --- From the campanile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of verses representing reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the nearby islands too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches”= (French) “bells, bells, divine reproaches”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804). The first verse of the poem is as follows:I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the sentence:Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grown to be a magnet for tourists from Venice.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or person11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light sailing boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveled by men or animals towing / pulling boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase much restored in line 13.The early mosaics are made to look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Madonna --- the image of Mary, mother of JesusChrist, in mosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developed by the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism. Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and nimbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “Byzantine art is an acquired taste.”One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciate Byzantine art.17. Rephrase the sentence:Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the tourists here have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. / To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from 434 . to 453 ., and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who attacked the Roman Empire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, . We had a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he comeWhat the devil is she doing now21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:Onward, Christian soldiers,Marching as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- apparently referring to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph, can you imagine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be like He should have a clear purpose when going sightseeing, be appreciative of what there is supposed to be seen; he should not litter, or do anything harmful to the environment.25. What different images has Mitford created of the Americans, the Englishmen, and the Germans with her brief description of themAmericans --- well-to-do but having no taste at allEnglishmen --- mean, not attentive to public hygieneGermans --- well-organized and well-disciplined but not appreciative26. extract --- obtain by much effort27. Rephrase the sentence:As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.They have no choice but to come into contact with the tourists throughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should not try to earn some money out of this opportunity.28. What does the word Italian in line 31 refer toThe Italian nation as a whole29. gondolier --- the boatman who propels a gondola, a long narrow flat-bottomed boat with a high prow and stern used on the canals of Venice30. sandolos --- small boats used on the Venetian canals31. Buona fortuna --- (Italian) Good luck32. trinket --- a small ornament (as a jewel or ring) of little value33. point de Venise lace --- lace that is made with a needle or needle point. Burano is known for its Venetian point lace industry.34. four-leafed clovers --- or four-leafed clovers, four-leaf clovers.A four-leafed clover is a clover plant that has a set of four leaves instead of the usual three, and is believed to bring good luck to a person who finds it.Clover –is a small usu. three-leafed plant with pink, purple, or white flowers, often grown as food for cattle.35. holy processions --- religious parades36. Rephrase the sentence:The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.The priest arranges for the religious pageant to begin the moment the ship arrives.37. flapping --- swaying loosely, and making a noise, especially when moved by wind38. Daily Mail --- name of a newspaper39. Where in paragraph 2 does Mitford reveal her attitude towards the way the islanders behaveShe is somewhat sympathetic to them. Refer to lines 29-31, “As they are obliged, whether they like it or not …from this state of affairs.”40. A metaphor runs through paragraphs 2 and 3. What is it Which sentence sets up the comparison Pick out words that continue the metaphor.The island is compared to a stage, and the activities to a play.Line 31, “The Italian is a born actor …”dress up, sweet-faced old women, apparently, organizes holy procession to coincide, the curtain, shed their jackets, let the smiles fade41. How do you understand the last sentence “Tocello is itself again” The play is over; ordinary life on the island is restored, and the islanders are their normal selves again.Unit ThreeText IThe SubwayTom WolfeI. About the AuthorThe Author --- Tom Wolfe (Thomas K. Wolfe, Jr., 1931-), . author, is one of the new journalists, who write, like journalists, about the people,the places, and the events of the contemporary world, but who write with the imagination, the personal vision, and the rhetorical flair which is usually associated with the creative writer. Wolfe’s writings appear in magazines such as Confidential and Harper’s Bazaar. Wolfe, like any good reporter, observes closely from a particular angle of vision --- often satiric --- and he projects what he feels and thinks into his description by the details he selects to show us and the words he chooses to describe them. His works include: The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965), New Journalism (1973), and In Our Time (1980).II Organization and DevelopmentThe topic sentence of paragraph 2 extends, at least in part, to paragraph 3.For paragraph 5, the following words from paragraph 4 with some modifications may serve the purpose of a topic sentence: “However, some men do fall to the state of being a bum. For example, on the East Side IRT subway line…”In paragraph 3, apart from sticking to using “he”as the subject in a series of sentences to describe the actions of the two black boys in the car, the conjunction “then”is used twice to show the chronological progression of the actions.The last four sentences of paragraph 4 all keep to “he” as the subject.III. Notes1. the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York --- the very indication that those who take the subway have a low social position2. disorientation --- confusion, loss of one’s bearings3. express stop --- a major rapid transit stop where “express trains”stop, as contrasted to a “local stop” where all trains stop4. Rephrase the following.In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol… every express stop.In New York’s underground transportation system, one finds many examples of what is low-class behavior in New York. The subway is disorganized and people move about wildly at each express stop.5. vistas --- sweeping views6. eerie --- frightening because of strangeness or gloominess7. How is the statement “The whole place is a gross assault on the senses”supported by details in the first paragraphassault on the sense of hearing --- noise of the trains, high-pitched harshness, metallic tones from recordsassault on the sense of touch --- pushing and being pushed in crowds assault on the sense of smell --- unbearable odorsassault on the sense of sight --- The sight of customers with bread flakes caked on their mouths and flatulent cheeks at lunch counters is far from pleasant.8. qualm --- feelings of uneasiness or uncertainty as to whether something is right9. What does the word “qualms”in line 7 mean What does the whole sentence containing the word implyunease, a pang or sudden feeling of doubt, esp. concerning moral conduct Pushing others in a crowded public place is considered rude, but in the . subway the passengers, when in a crowd, seem to have forgotten this basic moral norm.10. tactile --- relating to the sense of touch11. crucifying --- torment, torture12. Rephrase the sentenceYour tactile sense takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible.You are being bumped, shoved and prodded amidst the crowd more than you ever have been before / more than you ever expected.13. 45 records --- The abbreviation “ stands for “revolutions per minute.” It is a measure of the speed of a record. A 45 record goes。
新编英语教程(李观仪)Unit 7 练习答案.doc
Unit 7 Letter to a B StudentI1. essence: inner nature; indispensable quality; the most important part 本质，实质，精髓2. deadly sins: sins leading to damnation (In Christianity the phrase specifically refers to “theseven sins”: pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth )3. misleading: making you think or act wrongly 误导，误入歧途4. conventional task: task traditionally required of students 传统任务5. in short supply: far from enough 供给不足，缺乏II1.define2.irrelevant3.correspond to4.flunked5.rather6.makes a point of7.apt to8.go roundIII Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. His vision was nearly restored to normal after the removal (remove) of the tumor in his brain.2. The major issue of the conference was how to cope with the severe consequences resulting from the climatic (climate) changes on our planet.3. This company is in trouble and the latest plan for its salvation (salvage) has few supporters.4. It is said in the job ad that those who apply for the vacancy should have proficiency (proficient) in at least two languages.5. Don’t rely on the information she gave you — it’s pure assumption (assume) on her part.6. The age of college students normally (norm) ranges from 18 to 22.7. The government’s inaction to curb inflation and unemployment caused strong resentment (resent) among the public.8. The Sichuan earthquake turned out to be the most disastrous (disaster) one the country has witnessed in the past one hundred years.IVB DC C BD B DV. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. The essence of success is that there’s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one person’s winning must be offset by another’s losing …Synonym: balanced, compensated2. The level of your proficiency has been determined by your performance of rather conventional tasks …Antonym: unconventional3. But they are important: crucially so, because they are always in short supply.Antonym: abundant, plentiful4. If you value these characteristics in yourself, you will be valued — and far more so than those whose identities are measured only by little marks on a piece of paper.Synonym: evaluated, assessed5. There were a lot of us then: older than the norm, in a hurry to get our degrees and move on …Synonym: average6. It is important to recognize that human beings, despite differences in class and educational labeling, are fundamentally hewn from the same material and knit together by common bonds of fear and joy …Synonym: essentially, basically7. But these distinctions should never be taken seriously in human terms …Antonym: lightly, frivolously8. Even in achievement terms, your B label does not mean that you are permanently defined as a B achievement person.Antonym: temporarilyVI PrefixWrite in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word.1. interfere international ____2. transcend ___ translate3. circumstances ____ circumference4. neocolonial neoclassical5. control conform6. antibiotic antisocial7. unlock undo 8. outnumber outshine1. Explanation:inter-: betweene.g. interaction, interdependent, interconnect2. Explanation:trans-: across or beyonde.g. transplant, transform, transatlantic3. Explanation:circum-: surroundinge.g. circumcision, circumlocution, circumspect4. Explanation:neo-: new, in a later forme.g. neonatal, neo-fascist, neo-Georgian5. Explanation:con-: strengthen or reinforcee.g. convince,constrain, conquer6. Explanation:anti-: opposed to, againste.g. antiwar, antihero, antidote7. Explanation:un-: in verbs that describe the opposite of a processe.g. unfold, unload, unbend, uncut8. Explanation:out-: greater, better, further, etc.e.g. outgrow, outlive, outwit1. DisjunctA disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.More generally, the term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually appear peripherally (at the beginning or end of the sentence) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (in writing) and a pause (in speech).e.g. Honestly, I couldn’t believe it.Unfortunately, Kim has had to leave us.I Rewrite the following sentences using proper disjuncts.1.Unfortunately, we have run out of stock.2.Hopefully, the report will go out to shareholders no later than June 1.3.Oddly enough, he did not raise any objection to the plan.4.Rightly, you returned the money.5.Luckily, this had attracted the attention of TV network executives.6.Fortunately, all went well.7.Strangely enough, the burglar didn’t take the diamond away.IIDisjuncts that are used to convey the evaluation of or attitude towards what is said can be subdivided into two types: 1) those that express a judgment on what is being said as a whole and that normally apply the same judgment simultaneously to the subject of the clause, for example, rightly, correctly, justly, foolishly, wisely, cleverly, prudently, rightly and wrongly. 2) those whose judgment carries no implication to the subject of the clause, such as remarkably, amazingly, astonishingly, curiously, naturally, fortunately, happily, thankfully and sadly. Type 1 disjuncts correspond to the clauses It be…that…, It be…of…or to an infinitive clause.Type 2 disjuncts correspond to the clause It be…that…1. It was right that they protested against it. / It was right of them to have protested （或protest）against it. / They were right to have protested（或protest）against it.2. It was foolish that the boy didn’t say a single word. / It was foolish of the boy not to have said （或say） a single word. / The boy was foolish not to have said （或say）a single word.3. It was wise that John sent the man away. / It was wise of John to have sent （或send）the man away. / John was wise to have sent （或send）the man away.4. It was sad that the storm destroyed the entire tobacco crop.5. It was remarkable that Mrs. Jensen consulted her lawyer.6. It is regrettable that James refuses to speak.7. It is lucky that my assistant has arranged for the matter to be considered by an ad hoc working party.8. It is hoped that a proposal will be ready in time for our next meeting.III Relative wordsRelative words are used to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences in the way we call “relative sentences”.e.g. I know many boys who / that play rugby.The shirt which / that Carl bought has a stain on the pocket.This is the boy whose mother works for the BBC.Barnstaple has a very old covered market where I bought some lovely old plates.Sunday is the day when people usually don’t go to work.If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we usually put it at the end of the clause:e.g. The music which / that Julie listens to is good.Sometimes, the preposition can also be placed before the relative pronoun.e.g. My brother met a woman with whom I used to work.It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim.Notice that we cannot use who or that after a preposition, for the relative pronoun now serves as the object of the preposition.Key:1.which / that, when, by which2.on which3.that4.for whom5.with whom6.to whom7.of which8.at whichIV.1.where, where2.what, which3.what4.why5.where6.When7.why8.which, which, whatKey:1.However2.Whatever3.whatever4.Wherever5.Whichever6.Whoever7.However8.whenever, wheneverI1.不管我们的标准是什么，这个标准现在提高了，结果使你对自己没能得到更高的分数而感到失望。
(全新版)大学英语《综合教程》第一册Unit7
• 12. pull on: take hold of (sth.) and pull (it) with strength • Examples: The child pulled on his mother's coat wanting to leave. • Sophia pulled on the rope, shouting "help." • 13. with all one's strength: with all one's power • Examples: With all his strength he removed the piano to the next room. • She opened the door with all her strength and ran out of the house. • 14. explode: burst with a loud noise • Examples: The clap of thunder exploded overhead, which frightened the child into crying. • A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning.
• 6. out of the way: at a distance from the usual route; in a state or condition so as not to hinder (used after a verb) • Examples: Step out of the way and let me handle the stone. • The house is well out of the way on the back road. • 7. resume: begin (sth. or doing sth.) again after a pause • Examples: The search for the missing pilot is expected to resume early today. • We'll stop now and resume (working) at two o'clock. • They stopped talking for a moment to see where the noise was coming from and then resumed their conversation. • 8. mess around / about: (infml) spend time playing or doing things with no particular purpose • Examples: He spends his weekends messing around in his boat on the Thames. • The kids spent all day Sunday just messing around.
新编英语教程（基础英语）第三版第四册课文翻译Book4Unit7从作曲家到口译员再到听众_英中对照
新编英语教程（基础英语）第三版第四册课⽂翻译Book4Unit7从作曲家到⼝译员再到听众_英中对照Unit Seven第七单元电影剪辑Watch the movie clip and answer the following questions.观看电影剪辑并回答以下问题。
What comments does Sire make on Mozart's music performed tonight?陛下对今晚演奏的莫扎特的⾳乐有何评论？He says it shows something quite new, but occasionally it seems to have too many notes. 他说它展⽰了⼀些相当新的东西，但是偶尔它似乎有太多的⾳符。
According to Mozart's landlady Frau Weber, who is Constanze?根据莫扎特的⼥房东韦伯夫⼈，谁是康斯坦茨？She is the fiancée of Herr Mozart.她是莫扎特先⽣的未婚妻。
Discussion:讨论:How much do you know about Mozart and his music?Do you like classical music or pop music?State your reasons.你对莫扎特和他的⾳乐了解多少？你喜欢古典⾳乐还是流⾏⾳乐？陈述你的理由。
(This is an open question.)(这是⼀个开放的问题。
)Script脚本(From Amadeus)(来⾃阿马德乌斯)- Brava, Madame!You are an ornament to our stage.-布拉⽡，夫⼈！你是我们舞台的装饰品。
- Your Majesty.-陛下。
- Well, Herr Mozart.A good effort.Oh well, decidedly that.An excellent effort!You have shown us something ...quite new tonight.莫扎特先⽣。
新编英语教程Unit Five The Santa Ana Joan Didion圣安娜飓风
新编英语教程7 (Unit 5-12 Text I 译文)Unit Five The Santa Ana Joan Didion圣安娜飓风洛杉矶今天下午的空气中存有某种不安，某种不自然的平静，某种紧张的气息。
言下之意,今晚将刮起圣安娜飓风。
这股热风将从东北呼啸而下，穿过克侯恩关口和圣哥根尼奥关口，沿着66号高速公路吹起一场沙尘暴，将沿途的山林干化到燃点。
不消几天我们将能看到峡谷里的浓烟，听到夜里的警报。
虽然我没有听说或者读到圣安娜飓风要来了，可是我知道它会来，而且我今天见到的所有人几乎都知道。
我们之所以知道是因为人人都有切身感受。
婴儿会烦躁。
女佣会愠郁。
而我则重燃了一场和电话公司之间本要熄灭的口舌之战，然后收拾败局躺了下来，彻底臣服于空气之中的某种莫名其妙的气氛。
和圣安娜飓风一起生活就得接受它，不管是有意还是无意地看，这都是种顽固的人类行为机械论。
我想起当我初次搬到洛杉矶，住在一个孤单的海滩旁时，有人告诉我，说过去本地的印第安土著会在这种恶风刮起的时候投身大海。
我可以想见原因。
在圣安娜飓风期，太平洋会泛起不祥的光泽，而且在夜晚人们不但会因为橄榄树上孔雀的尖叫声，而且会因为那没有风浪的怪诞海面感到烦躁不能入眠。
热度出乎人们的常识。
天空泛着一层黄光，这种光有时叫做―地震天气‖。
我那唯一的邻居好多天都不肯出门，夜晚也没有灯，她丈夫带着把弯刀在附近走动。
一天他跟我说他听到非法入境者的声音，第二天说是条响尾蛇。
在那样的夜晚，雷蒙德·查恩德乐曾经写过圣安娜飓风的情况，―每一个聚众酗酒的集会最后都演变成了一场斗殴，原本温和的小妻子会摸着餐刀的刀刃研究研究丈夫的脖子。
什么事都可能发生。
那就是这种风带来的影响。
我当时还不明白飓风对我们大家带来的影响有什么依据，可是最终它证明来自民间的智慧中存在着科学道理。
圣安娜飓风是以它经过的一个峡谷的名字命名的，它是一种焚风，就象奥地利和瑞士的焚风一样，或者象以色列的哈姆辛风（译者注：春季从沙哈拉大沙漠吹向埃及的干热风）。
新编英语教程1Unit 7
e.g., He usually goes to school by bus, but today he rode a bike for a change. 4. Do in China as the Chinese do.→When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 5. my primary means of transportation (most important, main/major) e.g., 我目前最重要的任务就是学到尽可能多的知识。 At present, my primary concern is to learn as much knowledge as possible. 6. to do my bit for the protection of the environment
do one’s bit (informal): do one’s share of the work that needs to be done 7. They don’t feel like they are in charge of their lives unless they are in charge of the wheel. be in charge of: be responsible for; control 8. drive-in: a place, esp a restaurant, a cinema which allows you to enjoy the service provided without leaving your car免下车餐馆, 免下车电影 院(顾客可坐在自己的车上购物、进餐、看电影等 等)
Multiple-choice questions:
新标准大学英语综合教程(第二版)UNIT 7 A篇练习答案+课文翻译
Text
5 “Yes, yes, of course,” murmured the company, more and more agitated.
6 “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its – oysters.”
Warming Up
HARRY TRUMAN: “The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. We won the race of discovery against the Germans. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan’s power to make war.” American planes dropped one of the bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and another on Nagasaki 3 days later. Exactly how many people in those 2 cities died from the force and heat of the blasts or later from radiation may never be known. The Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Japan estimates that between 150,000 and 246,000 died within 2 to 4 months of the bombings. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, 6 days after the Nagasaki bombing.
新编英语教程7unit_1_concepts_of_space 习题讲解
• 10. We must observe the paintings of the early Chinese
people as if we were up in the air, or we cannot
properly appreciate them. These painters usually
reasons
Who; When; Where; What; Why
American to be alone
British to be alone
Which of the following do you think best states the main idea of the passage? A. The difference between the English and the Americans
• 5. Since the nature of a product or service usually
determines the extent of its market, one would expect
laundries to be _________.
A. confined to local communities B. poor investments
C. profitable
D. statewide in their operations
• 6. Society is full of the mentally infirm and cheerfully gullible who incessantly call upon others to _____. A. do their thinking for them B. help them with their physical labor C. accept them as equals D. share their opinions
新标准大学英语综合教程网上作业u1-u10翻译及unit test
目录Unit 1 (1)Unit test (3)Unit2 (12)Unit test (14)Unit3 (21)Unit test (23)Unit 4 (34)Unit test (36)Unit 5 (45)Unit test (47)Unit 6 (56)Unit test (57)Unit 7 (65)Unit test (66)Unit 8 (75)Unit test (77)Unit 9 (84)Unit test (86)Unit 10 (95)Unit test (96)Unit 11. Finally, with my mother red in the face and short of breath, we find Room 8, I unlock the door, and we all walk in.Suggested answer:等我们终于找到8号房间的时候，妈妈已经涨红了脸，累得上气不接下气。
我打开门锁，我们都走了进去。
2. She impresses me, and I feel so ignorant that I shouldn't even breathe the same air as her.Suggested answer:她给我留下了深刻的印象，我觉得自己太无知了，甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的空气。
3. I don't know why I have to be introduced to literature but the woman in the admissions office says it's a requirement even though I've read Dostoyevsky and Melville and that's admirable for someone without a high school education Suggested answer:我不知道为什么我非得了解文学。
李观仪《新编英语教程》学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】-unit10~unit12
Unit 10一、词汇短语Text I1. fuss n. needlessly nervous or useless activity.忙乱，大惊小怪e.g. The oldlady soon got into a fuss. 老妇人很快就紧张起来。
2. overpopulate v. to fill (an area) with excessivepopulation. 使(一地区)人口过剩,使人口过密e.g. The downtown is beingoverpopulated. 闹市区的人口越来越稠密了。
3. n. a situation, specially a bad or unfortunate one. 情况，状态，困境，盟誓(婚姻)4. counterpart n. one that closely resembles another. 副本，极相似的人或物，配对物5. n. unable to read and write. 文盲；adj. 不识字的，没受教育的e.g. A large percentage of the population is illiterate. 人口中文盲的比例相当高。
6. assist v. to gor supplement. 援助，帮助；通常用作assist sb. in doing sth. 或assist sb. with sth.即“帮助某人做某事”。
7. interrogate v.to examine by questioning formally orofficially. 审问，询问e.g. I interrogated everyone even slightly involved. 我审问了每个人，即便是稍有关联的人也在其中。
8. prying adj. insistently or impertinently curious or inquisitive. 窥视的，窥探的，爱打听的e.g. You are such a prying student. 你真是个爱打听的学生。
全新版大学英语综合教程-1-Unit1-课文正文电子书及翻译
When we are writing we are often told to keep our readers in mind, to shape what we say to fit their tastes and interests. But there is one reader in particular who should not be forgotten. Can you guess who? Russell Baker surprised himself and everyone else when he discovered the answer.我们写作时常常被告诫，脑子里要有读者，笔者所云一定要符合读者的口味和兴趣。
但有一位读者特别不该忘记。
你能猜出是谁吗？当拉塞尔·贝克找到这个问题的答案时，他自己和别人都感到大为惊讶。
Writing for MyselfRussell Baker 1 The idea of becoming a writer had come to me off and on since my childhood in Belleville, but it wasn't until my third year in high school that the possibility took hold. Until then I've been bored by everything associated with English courses. I found English grammar dull and difficult.I hated the assignments to turn out long, lifeless paragraphs that were agony for teachers to read and for me to write.为自己而写拉塞尔·贝克从孩提时代，我还住在贝尔维尔时，我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头，但直等到我高中三年级，这一想法才有了实现的可能。
实用英语新编教程2（第三版）unit14课后翻译
Unit one美国人一般早早就安排好他们的退休生活。
Americans usually make a plane for their retirement well in advance.他们通常被看成最有希望的歌手。
They are commonly regarded as the most promising singers.我从你的推荐人那里听说雇主曾给他们打过电话I have heard from references that your employer had called them.告诉我们具体时间，以便我们做好适当的准备。
Please inform us the exact time so that we can make proper arrangements.我们对出席派对人数的估计与实际来的人数差了一大截。
Our estimate of how many people would show up at the party只要不成为阅读负担，你的报告可以包括足够多的细节。
Your report can include enough details as long as it will not be a burden to read.Unit two就个人而言，我将永远都习惯不了退休。
Personally ,I will never get used to being retired你想找个机会去中国的西南部发现一个神奇又美丽的地方吗？Would you like the chance to discover a place of mystery and beauty .你学习英文时，会发现把英文句子逐字翻译成自己的母语并不是聪明的办法。
When you are leaning English ， you well find out that it is not clever to translate put the English sentences word for word into your own language . 如果我可以重提我们刚才讨论过的问题的话，我认为我们应该尽一切努力保护大熊猫。
新编英语教程7Unit10
Water, land, forest, minerals, animals, plants ect. are nature resources for the human beings, or the world. We must protect and value them. The loss of natural resources means the difficulty of human life. The more we waste/destroy the natural resources, the harder our life would be.
Pre-Reading Questions: 1. Why do we do physical exercises(e.g. running, jumping, ball games, Kungfu, Qigong, Taijiquan, Taiji soft ball太极柔力 球 tennis racket )? 2. Why does the author relate jogging to a fear of dearth (the loss/exhaustion of natural resources)?
Part Ⅱ. (para.3-10) the causes of jogging Para (3) some disparate reasons of individuals. Para (4-8)-deeper causes given by 3 groups of theorists (a fear of death) Para (9)-the author’s suggestion of further reason (a fear of dearth).
新编英语教程7 课后paraphrase 答案
新编英语教程7 上海外语教育出版社李观仪课后paraphrase 答案（Unit 1，2，3，4，5，9，10）Unit11. The differences for which language gets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with English intonation (which sounds affected to many Americans) and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials.(11. 2-5)Some people complain about the English language for its being so different in the two countries. These differences, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from individual linguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particular intonation (English intonation sounds unnatural to Americans), and extend down to the way people look at the world.2. One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are. (11. 7-9)One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big difference is that the place where one lives, to Americans, can present a symbol of one’s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one’s position in society.3. As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office. (11. 41 -43) ’.As a result，it is hard for the English to figure out why Americans invariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.4. It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British problems that were in conflict in this case. (11. 59-60)It was not until some time later that we managed to discover the major differences that had frustrated both sides in the above story.5. They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize. (11. 66-67)They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keep them safe from disturbance when necessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.Unit21. The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them. (11. 1-2)Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.2. Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.(11. 9-10)Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grown to be amagnet for tourists from Venice.3. Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it. (11. 14-15)To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.4. As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.(11. 29-31)They have no choice but to come into contact with the tourists throughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should try to earn some money out of this opportunity.5. The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.(11.43-44)The priest arranges for the religious pageant to begin the moment the ship arrives.Unit31. In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New Y ork. There is a sense of madness and disorientation at almost every express stop. (11. 1-3)In New York’s underground transportation system, one finds many examples of what is low-class behavior in New York. The subway is disorganized and people move about wildly at each express stop.2. Your tactile sense takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible. (11. 7-8)You are being bumped撞击, shoved挤,推and prodded刺或戳amidst the crowd more than you ever expected3. Also beggars. And among the beggars New York's status competition is renewed, there in the much despised subway. On the Seventh Avenue IRT line the competition is maniacal. Some evenings the beggars ricochet off one another between stops, calling one another-s and -s and telling each other to go find their own-car. (11. 19-23)In New York’s much-hated subway, beggars compete against each other, which demonstrates New York’s status competition. On the Seventh Avenue IRT line, the competition grows so fierce that it borders on craziness. Some evenings when beggars spot one another between stops, they fight against each other, curse one another, and warn one another to stay away from where they are.4. So today he does much better. He seems to make a living. He is no idler, lolly gagger or bum. He can look with condescension upon the states to which men fall. (11. 45-47)Since he has perfected this strategy, he makes ends meet today --- people tend to give him money; he really is not a bum --- he has a job. He is now in a position to look down upon others who have unfortunately become bums.5. Everyone stares at him briefly, at his congealed Wheatena-and-lint carcass, but no one breaks stride; and who knows how long it will be before finally two policemen have to come in and hold their breath and scrape him up out of the gloom and into the bosom of the law,’ from which he will emerge with a set of green fatigues, at least, and an honorable seat at night on the subway bench. (II. 57-62)People briefly look at his body, which is covered with lint and dirt, but walk right on by him. No one knows how long it will be before two policemen spot. They will have to hold their breath from his stench恶臭, 臭气when they take him to the police station. They will give him a set of green work clothes which will make him more presentable像样的；中看的--- presentable enough to have a seat on the subway at night next to other presentable people.Unit41. Part of the intricacy of co-ordination in using language lies in the different constraints operating in speech and writing. (11. 1-3)What makes the use of a language complicated can partly be explained by the fact that there are many restrictions upon the spoken and written forms (of the language).2. The stylistic range of English is wide and ultimately the gradations are infinite. (H. 4-5) The ways of expressing thoughts through the use of the English language vary so much that it is practically impossible to classify them neatly.3. It may seem paradoxical to lay such stress on being conventional in the use of English when we may well feel that the big prizes go to people who are original and unconventional in their English. (11. 9-11)It probably sounds contradictory that while we seem to be so particular about the accepted rules that govern the formal use of the language, some are trying to encourage people to be creative in their application of the English language.4. Without a norm, it is difficult to recognize or practise originality. (1. 18)It is in no sense easy for us even to tell what creativeness really is or how creativeness is to be achieved, unless we have some criterion to base our judgment on.5. ... we may not feel any of htat distaste that constitutes reaction to a clichéWe may not think it at all disagreeable or offensive, which is typical of our feeling about a cliché.Unit51. To live with the Santa Ana is to accept, consciously or unconsciously, a deeply mechanistic view of human behavior. (11. 9-11)When confronted by the Santa Ana, one has to believe, willingly or unwillingly, that people's acts are controlled by natural forces.2. That was the kind of wind it was. (1.. 23-24)That was the type of impact brought about by the wind.3. I did not know then that there was any basis for the effect it had on all of us, but it turns out to be another of those cases in which science bears out folk wisdom. (11.24-25)I was not able to figure out at that time how such an impact could have been possible, but it is yet one more instance where science has proved man's instinctive wiseness in his hypothesis that anything can happen in a natural calamity like this.4. Just to watch the front-page news out of Los Angeles during a Santa Ana is to get very close to what it is about the place. (11. 57-58)Read the cover page of any newspaper about Los Angeles when it has been hit by a Santa Ana, and you will be able to understand/will not fail to imagine what has become of the city.5. It is hard for people who have not lived in Los Angeles to realize how radically the Santa Ana figures in the local imagination.Only those who have lived in Los Angeles can possibly picture how vividly people feel about a Santa Ana.Unit91. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it. (11. 1-2)We are living in a world which is quite unfamiliar to us, and we have no idea as to how to adapt ourselves to this new environment.2. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. (11.—22-23) They were spared from perceiving that the purpose of their living in this world was to satisfy themselves only/their personal needs.3. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the foremost object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were obscured to the point of disappearing. (11. 36-38)People expected that their government would offer them material comforts; with this major objective achieved, other goals like democracy, self-dependence and social obligations seemed almost of no concern for them.4. She reached the point when the freedom she wanted was freedom from responsibility.(11.41-42)Freedom started to disappear when Athenians wanted to get away from responsibility for the common welfare.5. But, “the excellent becomes the permanent," Aristotle said.However, Aristotle remarked that whatever people viewed as superior would exist forever.Unit101. For me, the pace is wrong for contemplation of either ideas or vistas. (11. 3-4)As far as I am concerned, the rate at which I jog just will not allow me to think deeply or enjoy the view around me.2. From the listless looks of some fellow trotters, I gather I am not alone in my unenthusiasm. (11.7-8)The languid (疲倦的) faces of my fellow joggers have convinced me that I am not the only one who has not developed an interest in jogging.3. Weekend worship is less compulsory. (11. 30-31)People no longer feel it obligatory to go to church over the weekend.4. It is our modern irreligion, our lack of confidence in any hereafter, that makes us anxious to stretch our mortal stay as long as possible. (11. 37-39)Today, our faith in an afterlife has diminished, and this encourages our desperate efforts to live longer in this world.5. Like a hairshirt or a bed of nails, the more one hates it, the more virtuous it makes one feel. (11. 57-58)Like the acceptance of a penance as a way of attaining virtue, one is even more prepared to embrace jogging, the more it proves itself to be boring-。
unit 4 style and purpose
P3 Without a norm, it is difficult to recognise or practise
originality.
P4, 5 The order of events in our strategy insist on the central importance of keeping in line with actual usage.
15
高级英语3 A New English Course 7 Unit 4 Style and Purpose
P1
see: make sure 确保 see (that) e.g. It’s up to you to see that the job is done. Please see that the windows are closed when you leave. Don’t worry. I’ll see to it.
14
高级英语3 A New English Course 7 Unit 4 Style and Purpose
P1
ultimately: therefore
gradation: degrees, changes The stylistic range of English is wide and ultimately the gradations are infinite. paraphrase? There are so many different styles in English that it is impossible to classify them neatly. be congruous with / to: be conforming to, be consistent with 与……一致
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Unit One English and American Concepts of Space Edward T. Hall英国人和美国人的空间概念人们说英国人和美国人是被同一种语言分离开的两个伟大的民族。
英美民族之间的差异使得英语本身受到很多指责，然而，这些差异也许不应该过分归咎于语言，而应该更多的归因于其他层面上的交流：从使很多美国人感到做作的英式语音语调到以自我为中心的处理时间、空间和物品的不同方法。
如果说这世上有两种文化间的空间关系学的具体内容迥然不同，那就是在有教养(私立学校)的英国人和中产阶级的美国人之间了。
造成这种巨大差异的一个基本原因是在美国人们借助空间大小来对人或事加以分类，而在英国决定你身分的却是社会等级制度。
在美国，你的住址可以很好的暗示你的身分（这不仅适用于你的家庭住址，也适用于你的商业地址）。
住在纽波特和棕榈滩的人要比布鲁克林和迈阿密的人高贵时髦得多。
格林尼治和科德角与纽华克和迈阿密简直毫无类似之处。
座落在麦迪逊大道和花园大道的公司要比那些座落在第七大道和第八大道的公司更有情调。
街角办公室要比电梯旁或者长廊尽头的办公室更受尊敬。
而英国人是在社会等级制度下出生和成长的。
无论你在哪里看到他，他仍然是贵族，即便是在鱼贩摊位的柜台后面。
除了阶级差异，英国人和我们美国人在如何分配空间上也存在差异。
在美国长大的中产阶级美国人觉得自己有权拥有自己的房间，或者至少房间的一部分。
当我让我的美国研究对象画出自己理想的房间或办公室时，他们毫无例外的只画了自己的空间，而没有画其他人的地方。
当我要求他们画出他们现有的房间或办公室时，他们只画出他们共享房间里自己的那部分，然后在中间画一条分隔线。
无论是男性还是女性研究对象，都把厨房和主卧划归母亲或妻子的名下，而父亲的领地则是书房或休息室，如果有的话；要不然就是工场，地下室，或者有时仅仅是一张工作台或者是车库。
美国女性如果想独处，可以走进卧室、关上门。
关闭的门是“不要打扰”或“我很生气”的标志。
如果一个美国人家里或办公室的房门是开着的，则说明他现在有空。
在这样的暗示下，人们不会认为他想把自己关闭起来，而会认为他正处于一种随时响应他人的准备就绪的状态中。
关闭的门是用于会议、私人会谈、生意往来、需要集中精力的工作、学习、休息、睡觉、穿衣服和性的。
相比之下，中产阶级和上流阶级的英国人从小是在和兄弟姐妹共享的儿童室里长大的。
最大的孩子一般独占一个房间，直到他9岁10岁左右去上寄宿学校时再空出来。
拥有自己的房间和很早就习惯于共享房间之间的差异似乎并无重大意义，但这却对英国人对待自己空间的态度有着重大的影响。
一个英国人可能从来都不曾有过永久的属于自己的房间，他也很少会去企盼或者认为自己应该有权拥有这样的房间。
即使是下议院的议员也没有自己的办公室，他们通常在俯瞰泰晤士河的阳台上处理事务。
所以英国人会对美国人需要一个安稳的地方去工作（即办公室）这样的需求感到困惑不解。
在英国工作的美国人如果没得到他们认为适当的封闭的工作空间，也许会非常生气。
就出于保护自我的目的而将墙壁作为屏蔽物的需求而言，美国人应位列德国人和英国人之间。
英国人和美国人的行为特点之间的显著差别有着极其重要的意义，尤其是在我们假设人和其他动物一样，有时也有一种内在的封闭自己的需求的情况下。
我的研讨班的一个学生生动的刻画了当这种看不见的行为特点之间产生冲突时可能发生的情状。
很显然他在和美国人交往中承受了很大的压力。
仿佛没有什么是正常的，而且从他的评论里可以清楚地了解到他认为我们美国人不知道如何举止得体。
通过分析他的抱怨，我们发现他烦闷的一个根源是似乎没有哪个美国人能够辨别出这样的细微的暗示：即有时他不想让别人扰乱他的思绪。
正如他自己所说的：“我在公寓里漫步，好像每次当我想独处的时候我的室友就会和我搭话。
很快他就在问‘你怎么了?’而且想知道我是否生气了。
这时我真的生气了，然后就会冲他说些什么。
”尽管需要花费一些时间，但最终我们还是能够分辨出在这个事例的冲突中，美国人和英国人各自所遇到的不同的麻烦，以及这些特征之间的明显差别。
当美国人想独处时，他会进到自己的房间里并且关上门——他借助于建筑物来屏蔽他人。
对美国人来说，拒绝同在场的人谈话，对其采取“冷处理”，是最极端的拒绝形式，同时也是非常不高兴的明显的表示。
而另一方面，英国人由于从小就没有自己的房间，从来没有利用空间作为躲避他人的避难所的习惯。
他们实际上在潜意识里设立了一系列的屏障，他们认为这些屏障其他人应该能够理解或辨别。
因此，当英国人和美国人在一起时，他越不想和这个美国人说话，这个美国人就越可能找他说话，因为他想确保一切正常。
这种冲突会一直持续下去，直到这两个人开始互相了解彼此。
重要的是双方对空间和建筑的需求并不一样。
Unit Two Tourists Nancy Mitford游客我所做过的关于游客的最透彻的研究是在Torcello完成的，在那里你根本没法避开他们。
Torcello是威尼斯泻湖上一个很小的岛屿：这里的葡萄园和野花间散布了大概三十间村舍，环绕着建立于征服者威廉到达英国时期的一座大教堂。
一座运河和一条小道将泻湖和村庄连结起来；运河蜿蜒而过将葡萄园隔开；红色和黄色的船帆缓慢地穿梭于葡萄藤之间。
钟楼每天三次鸣响谴责曲，届时周围岛屿的钟声也会响起，组成一曲大合唱。
我曾花费一年夏天的时间住在一间小旅馆写作，同时观察形形色色的游客。
曾经孤独如一片浮云的Torcello最近成为从威尼斯出发的短途旅游热点。
游客之多远远超出了Torcello的正常接待能力：他们跳下定期汽轮、跳下租借的摩托艇、跳下豪华游艇，蜂拥而至；他们整天都在运河边的小路上漫步，到底在寻找什么？大教堂由早期的马赛克装饰，很好的重现了地狱般风格，其间还有一尊巨大的神情悲伤而严峻的圣母像；拜占庭艺术品味需要后天培养，而真正能够欣赏的游客可能还不到十分之一。
他们步入教堂，漫无目的地四处张望。
他们走进村庄的绿地中，坐在据说是匈奴王阿提拉坐过的一张石椅上互相拍照。
他们无情地将野玫瑰摘走，很多人曾经见过这些玫瑰含苞时的样子，并且渴望着看到它们盛开时的景象，而且它们曾经在一天内就让整个小岛遍布花香。
一经摘取，这些玫瑰很快凋零，随后就被丢弃至运河内。
美国人到餐馆里吃喝。
英国人声称他们负担不起这样的花费，他们将自带的食物拿到葡萄园里，我很遗憾地说他们留下一片狼藉。
每周四德国人沿运河边的小路上来，跟着导游，就像奔赴战场一样。
在餐馆里他们总会要50桌正餐；在他们吃饭时，他们的导游通过扩音器向他们演讲。
午餐后他们长驱直入到教堂内，再听取导游的另一次讲座。
至少他们知道他们在看什么。
随后他们整齐划一地退回到他们的船上。
他们很整洁；不留任何垃圾。
然而岛上居民的行为比游客更有趣。
由于他们被迫整个夏天都生活在公众视野之下，无论他们喜爱与否，他们很自然的想从这样的状况中极力获取一些经济利益。
意大利人是天生的演员；上午11点从威尼斯开来第一班船，下午6点普通的游客会乘最后一班船离开，在此期间，整个小岛变成一个所有本地人都参与进来的一个大舞台。
隔壁的布拉诺岛年轻人装扮成刚朵拉船（Gondola）的船夫，用桑德拉船（Sandolo）将游客从汽轮摆渡到岛上的村子来。
其中一人带着他名叫艾瑞克的令很多人很讨厌的弟弟，他纠缠所有人让他们买漆成金黄色的海马的死尸。
他嘴里不断重复着意大利语的“祝您好运”。
我很喜欢艾瑞克。
面色和蔼的上了年纪的女人们坐在村舍的门口卖明信片和小装饰品，而且很显然她们也在做针绣缎带。
而实际上，她们是通过关系从布拉诺岛批发或回收过来的，那里的年轻姑娘们制作了这些缎带。
上了年纪的女人是无法用她们饱经风霜的手做出如此精细的活计的。
一般认为游客看到这些缎带是现做的话会更愿意购买，但实际上似乎很少有人欣赏缎带的不同凡响的质地。
极小的小孩子们步伐蹒跚的四处走动，将有四片叶子的三叶草递到人们面前，希望能够得到一些小费。
这时会有更多的意大利语的“祝您好运”四下响起。
在汽轮到来的同时，神父开始组织神圣的宗教游行。
这出戏就这样继续下来。
游客们几乎都吝啬的让人难以置信，除了空的烟盒和窸窣作响的《每日邮报》，他们几乎什么都不留下。
缎带很昂贵，但是他们也许会买一些明信片或贝壳项链，给小孩子几分钱；他们的心似乎是石头做的。
这出戏的大幕随着最后一班船的离去降了下来。
那些“刚朵拉船夫”脱下他们的白色亚麻外套和傻气的草帽回到布拉诺去了，他们带着艾瑞克一起，艾瑞克对他的收入极为不满，他说如果继续这样的话他将会饿死。
那些面色和蔼的老太太们收起她们的笑容，把她们假装用来绣东西的枕头放到一旁，回复到诸如淹死小猫之类的正常的乡村生活。
那些三叶草小孩们的父亲跪在地上到处搜寻有四片叶子的三叶草，以备第二天使用。
晚钟鸣响，月影乍现，飞舞的《每日邮报》落入湖面。
Torcello又回复了本来面目。
Unit Three The Subway Tom Wolfe地铁在某种程度上，地铁无疑是纽约所有缺乏身分的因素的生动象征。
几乎每一站都有疯狂和令人迷失方向的气息。
地铁站的天花板很低，远景很长，没有什么标志性建筑，荧光灯管、电灯泡和霓虹广告的光线融合成光怪陆离的混合体。
整个站台对人的感观是极大的伤害。
列车停止和转弯时发出的噪音之尖锐刺耳实在让人无法描述。
人们在感到拥挤时毫无顾忌地乱推乱搡。
你的触觉会感受到前所未有的煎熬。
当天气暖和时，气味会让人无法忍受。
在站台之间，唱片行会播放45转/分的重金属唱片，供应午餐的柜台会提供热狗，如果你咬下去一口，你会先感受到有如橡皮般有弹性的外壳，然后会吃到柔软多油的棉籽饭般的中心部分。
顾客们坐在那里，嘴边糊满了热狗皮和面包屑之类的东西，他们会不时打个饱嗝，而他们的腮帮子也会随之不时鼓起。
地下的空间似乎能够吸引每一种怪异的激情。
一个身材矮小、穿着古旧的人总会拿本圣经、带着一面美国国旗和一个扩音器出入于曼哈顿的地铁。
他会翻开圣经，用沧桑而又单调的声音引述上面的经文。
因为周围的噪音太大以至于他的正常嗓音不能被人很好的听见，他在每一站都使用扩音器，并且总是号召人们进行救赎。
还有乞丐。
在这令人无比厌恶的地铁上，在乞丐之间，纽约的身份竞争得到了光大和发扬。
这种竞争在第七大道的城际快车上达到了癫狂的程度。
在一些夜晚，一些乞丐互相撕斗，相互咒骂并且互相警告对方滚回到自己的车厢去。
一个拿着拐杖和杯子的普通盲人只能算是平庸的乞讨者。
人们需要的是娱乐表演。
有两个男孩，其中一个拿着一只小手鼓，上了车。
大点的男孩在列车起步时开始击打手鼓，小点的男孩就开始跳通常认为是土著舞的舞蹈。
然后，如果车厢内有空间的话，他会开始进行空翻表演。
他从车厢的一头跑到另一头，先顺着车行驶的方向在空中来一个完整的空翻，双脚着地。
然后他会逆着车行驶的方向奔跑，再来一个空翻。