二手物品交易网站毕业设计外文翻译(译文)
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
毕业设计外文翻译译文
1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。
如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。
第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。
那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。
那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。
2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。
许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。
这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。
3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。
另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。
量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。
这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。
4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。
机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。
他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。
工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。
从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。
5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。
到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。
这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。
我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。
每种工程领域之内都有细分。
6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。
机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求(模板)
成都东软学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印，幅面A4。
外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。
二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。
2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。
3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。
译文格式参见《译文格式要求》，宋体五号字，单倍行距。
纸张纸张为A4纸，页边距上2.54cm、下2.54cm、左3.17cm、右3.17cm。
装订外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后封面封面的专业、班级、姓名、学号等信息要全部填写正确。
封面指导教师必须为讲师以上职称，若助教则需要配备一名讲师协助指导。
讲师在前，助教在后。
指导教师姓名后面空一个中文空格，加职称。
页眉页眉说明宋体小五，左端“XX学院毕业设计（论文）”，右端“译文”。
页眉中的学院名称要与封面学院名称一致。
字数本科4000字。
附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页成都东软学院外文资料和译文专业：软件工程移动互联网应用开发班级：2班姓名：罗荣昆学号：12310420216指导教师：2015年 12月 8日Android page layoutUsing XML-Based LayoutsW hile it is technically possible to create and attach widgets to our activity purely through Java code, the way we did in Chapter 4, the more common approach is to use an XML-based layout file. Dynamic instantiation of widgets is reserved for more complicated scenarios, where the widgets are not known at compile-time (e g., populating a column of radio buttons based on data retrieved off the Internet).With that in mind, it’s time to break out the XML and learn how to lay out Android activities that way.What Is an XML-Based Layout?As the name suggests, an XML-based layout is a specification of widgets’ relationships to each other—and to their containers (more on this in Chapter 7)—encoded in XML format. Specifi cally, Android considers XML-based layouts to be resources, and as such layout files are stored in the res/layout directory inside your Android project.Each XML file contains a tree of elements specifying a layout of widgets and their containers that make up one view hierarchy. The attributes of the XML elements are properties, describing how a widget should look or how a container should behave. For example, if a Button element has an attribute value of android:textStyle = "bold", that means that the text appearing on the face of the button should be rendered in a boldface font style.Android’s SDK ships with a tool (aapt) which uses the layouts. This tool should be automatically invoked by your Android tool chain (e.g., Eclipse, Ant’s build.xml). Of particular importance to you as a developer is that aapt generates the R.java source file within your project, allowing you to access layouts and widgets within those layouts directly from your Java code. Why Use XML-Based Layouts?Most everything you do using XML layout files can be achieved through Java code. For example, you could use setTypeface() to have a button render its textin bold, instead of using a property in an XML layout. Since XML layouts are yet another file for you to keep track of, we need good reasons for using such files.Perhaps the biggest reason is to assist in the creation of tools for view definition, such as a GUI builder in an IDE like Eclipse or a dedicated Android GUI designer like DroidDraw1. Such GUI builders could, in principle, generate Java code instead of XML. The challenge is re-reading the UI definition to support edits—that is far simpler if the data is in a structured format like XML than in a programming language. Moreover, keeping generated XML definitions separated from hand-written Java code makes it less likely that somebody’s custom-crafted source will get clobbered by accident when the generated bits get re-generated. XML forms a nice middle ground between something that is easy for tool-writers to use and easy for programmers to work with by hand as needed.Also, XML as a GUI definition format is becoming more commonplace. Microsoft’s XAML2, Adobe’s Flex3, and Mozilla’s XUL4 all take a similar approach to that of Android: put layout details in an XML file and put programming smarts in source files (e.g., JavaScript for XUL). Many less-well-known GUI frameworks, such as ZK5, also use XML for view definition. While “following the herd” is not necessarily the best policy, it does have the advantage of helping to ease the transition into Android from any other XML-centered view description language. OK, So What Does It Look Like?Here is the Button from the previous chapter’s sample application, converted into an XMLlayout file, found in the Layouts/NowRedux sample project. This code sample along with all others in this chapter can be found in the Source Code area of .<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><Button xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/button"android:text=""android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>The class name of the widget—Button—forms the name of the XML element. Since Button is an Android-supplied widget, we can just use the bare class name. If you create your own widgets as subclasses of android.view.View, you would need to provide a full package declara tion as well.The root element needs to declare the Android XML namespace:xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"All other elements will be children of the root and will inherit that namespace declaration.Because we want to reference this button from our Java code, we need to give it an identifier via the android:id attribute. We will cover this concept in greater detail later in this chapter.The remaining attributes are properties of this Button instance:• android:text indicates the initial text to be displayed on the button face (in this case, an empty string)• android:layout_width and android:layout_height tell Android to have the button’swidth and height fill the “parent”, in this case the entire screen—these attributes will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 7.Since this single widget is the only content in our activity, we only need this single element. Complex UIs will require a whole tree of elements, representing the widgets and containers that control their positioning. All the remaining chapters of this book will use the XML layout form whenever practical, so there are dozens of other examples of more complex layouts for you to peruse from Chapter 7 onward.What’s with the @ Signs?Many widgets and containers only need to appear in the XML layout file and do not need to be referenced in your Java code. For example, a static label (TextView) frequently only needs to be in the layout file to indicate where it should appear. These sorts of elements in the XML file do not need to have the android:id attribute to give them a name.Anything you do want to use in your Java source, though, needs an android:id.The convention is to use @+id/... as the id value, where the ... represents your locally unique name for the widget in question. In the XML layout example in the preceding section, @+id/button is the identifier for the Button widget.Android provides a few special android:id values, of the form @android:id/.... We will see some of these in various chapters of this book, such as Chapters 8 and 10.We Attach These to the Java How?Given that you have painstakingly set up the widgets and containers in an XML layout filenamed main.xml stored in res/layout, all you need is one statement in your activity’s onCreate() callback to use that layout:setContentView(yout.main);This is the same setContentView() we used earlier, passing it an instance of a View subclass (in that case, a Button). The Android-built view, constructed from our layout, is accessed from that code-generated R class. All of the layouts are accessible under yout, keyed by the base name of the layout file—main.xml results in yout.main.To access our identified widgets, use findViewById(), passing in the numeric identifier of the widget in question. That numeric identifier was generated by Android in the R class asR.id.something (where something is the specific widget you are seeking). Those widgets are simply subclasses of View, just like the Button instance we created in Chapter 4.The Rest of the StoryIn the original Now demo, the button’s face would show the current time, which would reflect when the button was last pushed (or when the activity was first shown, if the button had not yet been pushed).Most of that logic still works, even in this revised demo (NowRedux). However,rather than instantiating the Button in our activity’s onCreate() callback, we can reference the one from the XML layout:package youts;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.view.View;import android.widget.Button; import java.util.Date;public class NowRedux extends Activity implements View.OnClickListener { Button btn;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);btn=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);btn.setOnClickListener(this);upd ateTime();}public void onClick(View view) { updateTime();}private void updateTime() {btn.setText(new Date().toString()); }}The first difference is that rather than setting the content view to be a view we created in Java code, we set it to reference the XML layout (setContentView(yout.main)). The R.java source file will be updated when we rebuild this project to include a reference to our layout file (stored as main.xml in our project’s res/l ayout directory).The other difference is that we need to get our hands on our Button instance, for which we use the findViewById() call. Since we identified our button as @+id/button, we can reference the button’s identifier as R.id.button. Now, with the Button instance in hand, we can set the callback and set the label as needed.As you can see in Figure 5-1, the results look the same as with the originalNow demo.Figure 5-1. The NowRedux sample activity Employing Basic WidgetsE very GUI toolkit has some basic widgets: fields, labels, buttons, etc. Android’s toolkit is no different in scope, and the basic widgets will provide a good introduction as to how widgets work in Android activities.Assigning LabelsThe simplest widget is the label, referred to in Android as a TextView. Like in most GUI toolkits, labels are bits of text not editable directly by users. Typically, they are used to identify adjacent widgets (e.g., a “Name:” label before a field where one fills in a name).In Java, you can create a label by creating a TextView instance. More commonly, though, you will create labels in XML layout files by adding a TextView element to the layout, with an android:text property to set the value of the label itself. If you need to swap labels based on certain criteria, such as internationalization, you may wish to use a resource reference in the XML instead, as will be described in Chapter 9. TextView has numerous other properties of relevance for labels, such as:• android:typeface to set the typeface to use for the label (e.g., monospace) • android:textStyle to indicate that the typeface should be made bold (bold), italic (italic),or bold and italic (bold_italic)• android:textColor to set the color of the label’s text, in RGB hex format (e.g., #FF0000 for red)For example, in the Basic/Label project, you will find the following layout file:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><TextView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="You were expecting something profound?" />As you can see in Figure 6-1, just that layout alone, with the stub Java source provided by Android’s p roject builder (e.g., activityCreator), gives you the application.Figure 6-1. The LabelDemo sample applicationButton, Button, Who’s Got the Button?We’ve already seen the use of the Button widget in Chapters 4 and 5. As it turns out, Button is a subclass of TextView, so everything discussed in the preceding section in terms of formatting the face of the button still holds. Fleeting ImagesAndroid has two widgets to help you embed images in your activities: ImageView and ImageButton. As the names suggest, they are image-based analogues to TextView and Button, respectively.Each widget takes an android:src attribute (in an XML layout) to specify what picture to use. These usually reference a drawable resource, described in greater detail in the chapter on resources. You can also set the image content based on a Uri from a content provider via setImageURI().ImageButton, a subclass of ImageView, mixes in the standard Button behaviors, for responding to clicks and whatnot.For example, take a peek at the main.xml layout from the Basic/ImageView sample project which is found along with all other code samples at : <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><ImageView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/icon"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:adjustViewBounds="true"android:src="@drawable/molecule" />The result, just using the code-generated activity, is shown in Figure 6-2.Figure 6-2. The ImageViewDemo sample applicationFields of Green. Or Other Colors.Along with buttons and labels, fields are the third “anchor” of most GUI toolkits. In Android, they are implemented via the EditText widget, which is a subclass of the TextView used for labels.Along with the standard TextView properties (e.g., android:textStyle), EditText has many others that will be useful for you in constructing fields, including:• android:autoText, to control if the fie ld should provide automatic spelling assistance• android:capitalize, to control if the field should automatically capitalize the first letter of entered text (e.g., first name, city) • android:digits, to configure the field to accept only certain digi ts • android:singleLine, to control if the field is for single-line input or multiple-line input (e.g., does <Enter> move you to the next widget or add a newline?)Beyond those, you can configure fields to use specialized input methods, such asandroid:numeric for numeric-only input, android:password for shrouded password input,and android:phoneNumber for entering in phone numbers. If you want to create your own input method scheme (e.g., postal codes, Social Security numbers), you need to create your own implementation of the InputMethod interface, then configure the field to use it via android: inputMethod.For example, from the Basic/Field project, here is an XML layout file showing an EditText:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><EditTextxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/field"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:singleLine="false" />Note that android:singleLine is false, so users will be able to enter in several lines of text. For this project, the FieldDemo.java file populates the input field with some prose:package monsware.android.basic;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.widget.EditText;public class FieldDemo extends Activity { @Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);EditText fld=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.field);fld.setText("Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 " + "(the \"License\"); you may not use this file " + "except in compliance with the License. You may " + "obtain a copy of the License at " +"/licenses/LICENSE-2.0");}}The result, once built and installed into the emulator, is shown in Figure 6-3.Figure 6-3. The FieldDemo sample applicationNote Android’s emulator only allows one application in the launcher per unique Java package. Since all the demos in this chapter share the monsware.android.basic package, you will only see one of these demos in your emulator’s launcher at any one time.Another flavor of field is one that offers auto-completion, to help users supply a value without typing in the whole text. That is provided in Android as the AutoCompleteTextView widget and is discussed in Chapter 8.Just Another Box to CheckThe classic checkbox has two states: checked and unchecked. Clicking the checkbox toggles between those states to indicate a choice (e.g., “Ad d rush delivery to my order”). In Android, there is a CheckBox widget to meet this need. It has TextView as an ancestor, so you can use TextView properties likeandroid:textColor to format the widget. Within Java, you can invoke: • isChecked() to determi ne if the checkbox has been checked• setChecked() to force the checkbox into a checked or unchecked state • toggle() to toggle the checkbox as if the user checked itAlso, you can register a listener object (in this case, an instance of OnCheckedChangeListener) to be notified when the state of the checkbox changes.For example, from the Basic/CheckBox project, here is a simple checkbox layout:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><CheckBox xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/check"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="This checkbox is: unchecked" />The corresponding CheckBoxDemo.java retrieves and configures the behavior of the checkbox:public class CheckBoxDemo extends Activityimplements CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener { CheckBox cb;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);cb=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.check);cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);}public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView,boolean isChecked) {if (isChecked) {cb.setText("This checkbox is: checked");}else {cb.setText("This checkbox is: unchecked");}}}Note that the activity serves as its own listener for checkbox state changes since it imple ments the OnCheckedChangeListener interface (via cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this)). The callback for the listener is onCheckedChanged(), which receives the checkbox whose state has changed and what the new state is. In this case, we update the text of the checkbox to reflect what the actual box contains.The result? Clicking the checkbox immediately updates its text, as you can see in Figures 6-4 and 6-5.Figure 6-4. The CheckBoxDemo sample application, with the checkbox uncheckedFigure 6-5. The same application, now with the checkbox checkedTurn the Radio UpAs with other implementations of radio buttons in other toolkits, Android’s radio buttons are two-state, like checkboxes, but can be grouped such that only one radio button in the group can be checked at any time.Like CheckBox, RadioButton inherits from CompoundButton, which in turn inherits fromTextView. Hence, all the standard TextView properties for font face, style, color, etc., are available for controlling the look of radio buttons. Similarly, you can call isChecked() on a RadioButton to see if it is selected, toggle() to select it, and so on, like you can with a CheckBox.Most times, you will want to put your RadioButton widgets inside of aRadioGroup. The RadioGroup indicates a set of radio buttons whose state is tied, meaning only one button out of the group can be selected at any time. If you assign an android:id to your RadioGroup in your XML layout, you can access the group from your Java code and invoke:• check() to check a specific radio button via its ID (e.g., group.check(R.id.radio1))• clearCheck() to clear all radio buttons, so none in the group are checked• getCheckedRadioButtonId() to get the ID of the currently-checked radio button (or -1 if none are checked)For example, from the Basic/RadioButton sample application, here is an XML layout showing a RadioGroup wrapping a set of RadioButton widgets: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RadioGroupxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:orientation="vertical"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent" ><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio1"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Rock" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio2"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Scissors" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio3"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Paper" /></RadioGroup>Figure 6-6 shows the result using the stock Android-generated Java forthe project and this layout.Figure 6-6. The RadioButtonDemo sample application Note that the radio button group is initially set to be completely unchecked at the outset. To pre-set one of the radio buttons to be checked, use either setChecked() on the RadioButton or check() on the RadioGroup from within your onCreate() callback in your activity.It’s Quite a ViewAll widgets, including the ones previously shown, extend View, and as such give all widgets an array of useful properties and methods beyond those already described.Useful PropertiesSome of the properties on View most likely to be used include:• Controls the focus sequence:• android:nextFocusDown• android:nextFocusLeft• android:nextFocusRight• android:nextFocusUp• android:visibility, which controls wheth er the widget is initially visible• android:background, which typically provides an RGB color value (e.g., #00FF00 for green) to serve as the background for the widgetUseful MethodsYou can toggle whether or not a widget is enabled via setEnabled() and see if it is enabled via isEnabled(). One common use pattern for this is to disable some widgets based on a CheckBox or RadioButton selection.You can give a widget focus via requestFocus() and see if it is focused via isFocused(). You might use this in concert with disabling widgets as previously mentioned, to ensure the proper widget has the focus once your disabling operation is complete.To help navigate the tree of widgets and containers that make up an activity’s overall view, you can use:• get Parent() to find the parent widget or container• findViewById() to find a child widget with a certain ID• getRootView() to get the root of the tree (e.g., what you provided to the activity via setContentView())Android 页面布局使用XML进行布局虽然纯粹通过Java代码在activity上创建和添加部件，在技术上是可行的，我们在第4章中做的一样，更常见的方法是使用一种基于XML的布局文件。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
毕业设计外文翻译
南京理工大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：电子工程与光电技术学院专业：电子科学与技术姓名：高航学号： 0704240113外文出处: ZTE COMMUNICATIONS 2009, 7 (4)(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文一种用于移动终端视频图像色彩增强的实时方法作者:金辉摘要:智能手机在可视通话的过程中，由于摄像头和液晶显示器等硬件性能上的一些局限性，使其在某些条件或环境下采集的视频图像光线昏暗，或者视频图像表现的颜色不够鲜艳、靓丽甚至发生偏色。
文章提出一种在硬件具体的特性和性能参数下，对视频图像的明亮可视度以及颜色进行增强的实时方法。
在智能手机上的应用和验证显示，该方法不需要额外的芯片就能够改善移动可视电话中视频图像的主观视觉效果，提高亮度、清晰度，并使颜色的表现更丰富、艳丽。
关键字:移动可视终端；色彩增强；明亮可视度增强目前，对于移动智能手机来讲，传统的话音业务已经无法满足广大消费者个性化、差异化需求，所以各项增值业务被视为新的黄金增长点。
移动可视电话作为3G的标志性核心业务，逐渐受到各方的广泛关注。
视频通话过程中视频图像的质量直接影响到业务的普及与扩展，将来也会在市场上掀起一场完美的视频应用风暴。
在对TD-SCDMA的3G终端性能测试中，视频通话是测试的关键环节之一。
大部分3G手机终端视频通话质量都有不尽如人意的地方，如延迟、拖影、马赛克等现象。
这些主要是由于网络原因造成的视频质量问题。
除此之外还有视频图像本身的质量问题，如在暗的环境下，采集的图像昏暗不清，打可视电话时色彩不够丰富亮丽等。
这些问题已受到各通信设备供应商和技术研究者的关注。
在视频处理领域中，主观视觉质量的改善是视频增强的一个主要内容。
在消费电子领域中，视频增强技术令产品对于消费者更具有吸引力和魅力。
如今许多厂商都需要拥有自主的色彩增强技术，“颜色再现增强技术”已成为一个重要的话题。
二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译
二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家或多或少都会接触过作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。
那么，怎么去写作文呢？以下是帮大家整理的二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
Second-hand transaction is enjoying an enlarging market nowadays. Some people are in favor of second-hand transaction while others take an opposite side. As far as I am concerned, we cannot afford to ignore the chance to turn the waste into treasure and access to affordable products.现在而搜交易市场的规模越来越大。
有些人喜欢二手交易，然而有些人持反面观点。
就我看来，我们不能无视变废为宝，还有买能支付得起的’产品的机会。
On the one hand, second-hand transaction obtains approval from both sellers and buyers. Firstly, in the seller’s eyes, the products which little or no use to them but still have the potential to be used by others, which turns the waste into treasure. Secondly, from the buyer’s side, some of them can not afford the new products they need urgently. Thus, buyingsecondhand goods is a very effective and provident approach. On the other hand, the demerits of second-hand products are as plain as Salisbury, and the most obvious one concerns the quality-related issue. Some of the second-hand products are of inferior quality or just fake goods that are brought from the unscrupulous businessmen.就一方面来说，二手交易能让卖家与卖家都获利。
二手物品交易网站外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含: 英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Jens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink2, Lorenz Erdmann, Christine Henseling .Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency: An Empirical Study of eBay Users [J].Sustainability, 2010, 2: 10-30.英文原文Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency:An Empirical Study of eBay UsersJens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann and ChristineHenselingAbstractThis paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading.A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized.Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers.Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact.The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from theenergy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods.The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer rmation about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers.Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption1.IntroductionOnline auction and trading platforms are increasing the opportunities for sustainable consumption.The potential of online based second-hand trading lies largely in the opportunity to extend the life span of products, thereby avoiding additional environmental stresses due to the purchase of new goods.To date, private households often failed to exploit the potentials for reusing products because of high transaction costs.Trade in second-hand goods remained limited to regional markets.These barriers frequently prevented local and regional used goods markets from attaining critical mass and becoming attractive for both buyers and sellers.In recent years, however, rapidly increasing use of the Internet and trading platforms, such as eBay, have fundamentally transformed the underlying conditions of such markets.Online markets have not only significantly increased the numbers of market participants; they have also changed the roles traditionally assigned to consumers and producers.Exchange sites, auction platforms and other Internet-based trading models where users are not merely buyers, but at the same time, also active sellers of products or services, have shifted the role of consumers.Against this background, this article examines consumption processes using the example of eBay, the world’s largest online trading platform for used goods, by focusing on the following question: Which sustainability potentials are connected with the electronic trading of used goods, and how can these potentials be exploited? This question lies in the center of the research project “From Consumer to Prosumer—Development of new trading mechanisms and auction cultures to promote sustainable consumption.”The project is intentionally linked with various streams of research and insights, especially concerning the intensification of use, lifestyle research, and life-cycle assessment, in the fields of information technology and telecommunications, and integrates them from the perspective of the research guiding question.After giving an overview of the scientific work on environmental attitudes and behavior in the context of internet based used goods trading, and an empirical look on internet usage in Chapter 2, the empirical results of an online survey on online trading and sustainability are presented inChapter 3.Chapter 4 draws conclusions from the empirical study and Chapter 5 focuses on the ecological assessment of used goods trading.The paper concludes with some remarks on the consequences of second-hand trade, online platforms, and consumer policy.2.Internet-Based Used Goods Trading from a Subjective PerspectiveSustainability researchers in the social sciences assume that environmentally-oriented behavior is supported to a non-negligible degree by positive attitudes toward the environment and by knowledge about the environment [1-7].Time and again, however, representative surveys of the population provide evidence for a discrepancy between concern about increasing environmental devastation and its consequences, as well as knowledge about the environment on the one hand, and environmental behavior that is in line with such knowledge on the other.It is possible to identify groups of individuals who display environmentally-friendly behavior, but not the corresponding attitudes toward the environment (e.g., older single women), just as there are groups of individuals who display a high degree of ecological awareness, but whose behavior is nonetheless not consistently environmentally oriented (e.g., families whose environmentally-friendly behavior is organized to the hilt, but who still drive a family car).Three bundles of characteristics that influence the sustainability of styles of consumption have emerged in the research [8]: the household’s social situation(socio-demographic characteristics and time resources), consumer preferences (subjective preferences relating to the selection of products and behaviors), and actual consumption behavior.Socio-demographic characteristics that substantially influence differences in terms of sustainable consumption patterns include age, educational level, gender, marital status, and income, with women, well educated people, and parents striving for consistency of attitudes and behavior.Grunenberg and Kuckartz [1] were able to identify the group they called the “environmentally committed”in their study, which was representative for Germany.“[A group] that takes environmental problems more seriously and is actively committed to solving them.Entirely consistent pro-environment behavior is not demanded of this group; that would require, for example, that these individuals would not just eat exclusively organically-grown food, but would also sell their cars and take bicycling vacations.”(Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).The following indicators were used to define the group of environmentally-committed individuals: membership in an organization promoting conservation or environmental protection; donation to such an organization in the previous year; familiarity with the term “sustainable development;”high willingness to pay for improved environmental protection; frequenting of information about environmental problems from specialist periodicals; environmental mentality type 1 (motto: “Be arole model when it comes to environmental protection!”); declared shared responsibility for environmental protection (statement: “It isn’t difficult for an individual person to do something for the environment!”) (Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).Members of this group are often in the familial phase of life, have a relatively high level of education, often live in major cities or small communities, seldom in medium-sized towns or villages, tend to come from West Germany, as a rule have a higher professional position (senior staff, upper-middle-level or upper-level civil servants, the professions), have a medium to high, but not very high income, and tend to live in quiet neighborhoods in single- or two-family houses.Regarding their political preferences, the authors ascertained a more pronounced interest in politics in general, and a clear focus on post-materialist values.As to trading in used goods as a specific area of consumption, a study of West Berlin showed that buying and selling used goods is linked fairly rarely to ecological motives [9].Pragmatic reasons for selling used goods are mentioned more frequently, for instance “making room”or “getting rid of items we no longer need.”In contrast, when purchasing used goods, financial motives are more important.The proportion of men who buy and sell used goods is somewhat higher than that of women.The average age is 36.More than two-thirds of those offering goods on the second-hand market have a job.Housewives and students comprise 10%of sellers each, the unemployed and pensioners about 5% each.The sellers often live in multi-person households, and live less commonly alone.Among the buyers of second-hand goods, 29.4% are in the 19- to 25-year age group and 35.7% are in the 26- to 35-year group.Most people have a job (61%), and students form 15% of the buyers, which is substantially higher than their proportion of the cational levels are above-average among buyers, too, as is the proportion of individuals living in multi-person households.3.Online Trading and Sustainability—Empirical ResultsTaking the example of eBay, the above mentioned relationships were more closely looked at with an online survey that was carried out by the authors in November, 2008.The survey was intended to gain insight into eBay users’consumption patterns, their attitudes, and their ways of dealing with used products on eBay.The survey was directed to private eBay users who use the site, both for buying and selling, and who carried out at least one transaction during the preceding 12 months.In total, 2,511 valid questionnaires were analyzed.In contrast to Germany’s total population, more men (57.1%) than women responded, more persons who live with their partners (73.4%), and more people living in households of three or more (52.4%).The sample also displays a relatively high educational (49.4% level A) and employment status (49.2% working full time), and the respondents tend to live in or near urban areas.The agedistribution of the respondents (biggest cluster 40–49 years old; 29.8%) and their income distribution (40% medium to low income) are comparable with the overall population.More women (45.1%) than men (34.0%) of the sample live in households with children; the proportion of men increases with increasing age.The women who buy or sell on eBay have lower incomes.48.7%, of all female eBay buyers earn less than 2,000 Euros per month compared to 39.8% of all male eBay pared to the group of Internet users mentioned above, the sample analyzed here differs only in relation to income, with Internet users displaying higher incomes.The following subjects will be approached: Attitudes toward the environment and motives for trading on eBay, attitudes of eBay users regarding used products and their handling of used products.Then, a typology of consumer patterns of eBay users that was derived from the data will be presented.4.Conclusions from the Empirical StudyThe results of the survey show that environmental aspects play only a minor role for the majority of the surveyed eBay users when trading used products.When concerning their motivations in particular, other aspects have been more important to date: practical and financial considerations, as well as having fun trading on eBay.Opportunities to make trading on eBay more environmentally friendly lie in providing information about the environmental relevance of used goods trading, e.g.,directly on the eBay platform.In addition, the broad range of motivations that eBay speaks to offers good starting points for creating alliances of motivations that connect ecological aspects with other aspects of use.A concrete strategic point of intervention is the option to provide opportunities for climate-neutral shipping on the eBay platform, and eBay users have indicated a high willingness to use such an option.The survey also made it possible to identify various starting points for intensifying used goods trading.When developing communications strategies in this regard, the value of used goods for others should be emphasized more strongly.This could happen, for example, by pointing more clearly to the quality, as well as the monetary value, of used products in such communications.Interesting approaches that take this direction include quality tests of used products, as well as tools with which users can learn about the prices they can get for used products.The test lab introduced by eBay in mid-2008 is an interesting approach.Certain used products were tested here to show their value in relation to the value of new products.The results highlight the significance of situations of change in life for trading used products.Such phases, for example, the birth of one’s first child or retirement can (under certain circumstances) function as times when people start trading used goods, or they can be situations in which the willingness to buy and to sell second-hand products is especially high.An important aspect for used goods trading is that the effort invested in selling the product must be financially worthwhile.The responses showed, however, that this is not always the case.This aspect must be taken into account when developing measures to intensify used goods trading.Another finding: a central problem of used goods trading lies in the fact that many buyers are unsure of the quality of the products for sale (lack of warranties, doubts about whether the products are in fact in proper working order).In order to address this concern, it is important to develop mechanisms that increase trust in second-hand products and reflect their quality.Initial starting points include initiatives to refurbish used products.One example for this is the initiative which purchases, refurbishes and then resells used cell phones and provides a warranty.Identification of the five consumption patterns in online used goods trading contributed to structuring the various behavior patterns of private eBay users.Above all, the fact that the respondents’differences in socio-demographic characteristics are very small is remarkable.The five types do differ significantly, however, regarding their attitudes and their behavior on eBay.They also differ with respect to their concern for the sustainability-related contexts of eBay trading.The environmentally oriented buyers of used goods and the prosumers, as different as they may be, are those upon whom we pin our hopes for sustainability.Although the former group displays a certain consistency in terms of attitudes andbehavior, which is also characterized by increasing awareness of sustainability, it is the prosumers who treat new and used products with care in order to resell them, thereby contributing to lengthening of the life spans of products, even if they are not aware of this effect.中文译文二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献:eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响(对可持续发展的贡献,减少对环境的不利影响) 。
网站毕业设计外文翻译
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
校园电子商务—二手交易网站(英文)
Campus E-commerce - Second-hand Exchange WebsitePosted:2008-12-29 13:04:00 Browse:6523 作者：付长青[Abstract] online shopping has become more prevalent, the students can not be ignored is an online shopping group, the campus has a large secondary market and potential for development. This paper analyzes the significance of the establishment of the campus secondary trading networks, introducing secondary trading of the campus main functions of the site.[Keywords:] secondary market secondary campus e-commerce trading networks1 Introductioncations in the growing popularity worldwide in many Web services, Web gives refreshing feeling, but it is here where the growing popularity of online shopping has been a lot of people through network shopping. The benefits of online shopping is that it can not pay rent, do not hire guys 24 hours a day at any time be able to carry out services. Currently the Internet has become an integral part of college life, college students an average Internet penetration rate of 92%, of which more than 10 hours a week online students accounted for more than one-third of the total number of students in school. Now college students basically BBS-based online trading, BBS although many users, but because it is not a stand-alone site, providing limited functionality, the user can not be a detailed understanding of Information goods can not be quickly and easily check goods, can not be to meet the needs of the students in the actual transactions. Second-hand trading sites on campus college students in the school to provide a supply-demand platform, students can do their own things on the Web, also available on the web to find they need something inexpensive to achieve win-win situation.Second, the characteristics of second-hand trading site1. Information and practical, to facilitate studentsUsed Web site provides a number of items to facilitate student learning and living information, such as being out of the modern family, especially semi-new and old, the price is low the small size of TV sets, widely popular in the college students. Dormitories no television, in order to make rich and colorful life after school, several friends have to pay a joint venture with the homes, from buying one, do not underestimate the 'TV', a soccer match to go to war, and many students sitting on its side, enough to look at out of its 'fascinating', there is. The end of university life, but also sold to low-grade classmates.'Used the old bike' in a very much sought-after college students, university campus 'big', and some even sub-several campuses, a day school, doing experiments, ran really hard, and sometimes even the occasional stroll along the streets, go out together nature of the bike needs a lot of fun. Buy a new, high prices are prone to being 'locked in', or 'used' the good. 5 with a three set, then lower hands, even if the throw is also cost-effective. Semester, many students will not go to buy new books, but to the site search for the same teaching materials and curriculum requirements, which in college students is widespread. If grade exam tutorials, book 40 yuan, while the second-hand book is only 10 yuan, Moreover, in the books also includes a high-grade notes, and more practical. Web site of beautiful commodities, computers, MP3, removable disk, lamps, tape recorders, racks, rackets, fitness, etc., abound.2. To develop students awareness of the businessOver the past one to the end of, or close to graduation, books, household items are treated as waste, it is cheaper to sell waste received, and now, students can hang these items of information used in the campus Web site so that students can choose between the two-way, creating a certain The Economic value, and some students have to collect, collate the information and materials to carry out operations, try to do 'the boss' feelings。
基于JSP校园二手交易系统的设计与实现外文翻译
1. SimpleWe wanted to build a system that could be programmed easily without a lot of eso-teric training and which leveraged today’s standard practice. So even though we found that C++ was unsuitable, we designed Java as closely to C++ as possible in order to make the system more comprehensible. Java omits many rarely used, poorly understood, confusing features of C++ that, in our experience, bring more grief than benefit.The syntax for Java is, indeed, a cleaned-up version of the syntax for C++. There is no need for header files, pointer arithmetic (or even a pointer syntax), structures, unions, operator overloading, virtual base classes, and so on. (See the C++ notes interspersed throughout the text for more on the differences between Java and C++.) The designers did not, however, attempt to fix all of the clumsy features of C++. For example, the syn-tax of the switch statement is unchanged in Java. If you know C++, you will find the tran- sition to the Java syntax easy. If you are used to a visual programming environment (such as Visual Basic), you will not find Java simple. There is much strange syntax (though it does not take long to get the hang of it). More important, you must do a lot more programming in Java. The beauty of Visual Basic is that its visual design environment almost automatically pro-vides a lot of the infrastructure for an application. The equivalent functionality must be programmed manually, usually with a fair bit of code, in Java. There are, however, third-party development environ ments that provide “drag-and-drop”-style program development.2.Object OrientedSimply stated, object-oriented design is a technique for programming that focuses on the data (= objects) and on the interfaces to that object. To make an analogy with carpentry, an “object-oriented” carpenter would be mostly concerned with the chair he was building, and secondarily with the tools used to make it; a “non-object-oriented” carpenter would think primarily of his tools. The object-oriented facilities of Java are essentially those of C++.Object orientation has proven its worth in the last 30 years, and it is inconceivable that a modern programming language would not use it. Indeed, the object-oriented features of Java are comparable to those of C++. The major difference between Java and C++ lies in multiple inheritance, which Java has replaced with the simpler concept of interfaces, and in the Java metaclass model.work-SavvyJava has an extensive library of routines for coping with TCP/IP protocols like HTTP and FTP. Java applications can open and access objects across the Net via URLs with the same ease as when accessing a local file system.4.RobustJava is intended for writing programs that must be reliable in a variety of ways. Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for possible problems, later dynamic (runtime) checking, and eliminating situations that are error-prone. . . . The single biggest difference between Java and C/C++ is that Java has a pointer model that elim- inates the possibility of overwriting memory and corrupting data.5.SecureJava is intended to be used in networked/distributed environments. Toward that end, a lot of emphasis has been placed on security. Java enables the construction of virus-free, tamper-free systems.From the beginning, Java was designed to make certain kinds of attacks impossible,among them:•Overrunning the runtime stack—a common attack of worms and viruses•Corrupting memory outside its own process space•Reading or writing files without permission6.Architecture NeutralThe compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format—the compiled code is executable on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime sys-tem. The Java compiler does this by generating bytecode instructions which have nothing to do with a particular computer architecture. Rather, they are designed to be both easy to interpret on any machine and easily translated into native machinecode on the fly.7.PortableUnlike C and C++, there are no “implementation-dependent” aspects of the specifi- cation. The sizes of the primitive data types are specified, as is the behavior of arith-metic on them.For example, an int in Java is always a 32-bit integer. In C/C++, int can mean a 16-bit integer, a 32-bit integer, or any other size that the compiler vendor likes. The only restriction is that the int type must have at least as many bytes as a short int and cannot have more bytes than a long int. Having a fixed size for number types eliminates a major porting headache. Binary data is stored and transmitted in a fixed format, eliminating confusion about byte ordering. Strings are saved in a standard Unicode format..8.InterpretedThe Java interpreter can execute Java bytecodes directly on any machine to which the interpreter has been ported. Since linking is a more incremental and lightweight process, the development process can be much more rapid and exploratory.9.High PerformanceWhile the performance of interpreted bytecodes is usually more than adequate, there are situations where higher performance is required. The bytecodes can be translated on the fly (at runtime) into machine code for the particular CPU the application is running on.10.Multithreaded[The] benefits of multithreading are better interactive responsiveness and real-time behavior.11.DynamicIn a number of ways, Java is a more dynamic language than C or C++. It was designed toadapt to an evolving environment. Libraries can freely add new meth- ods and instance variables without any effect on their clients. In Java, finding out runtime type information is straightforward..This is an important feature in those situations in which code needs to be added to a running program. A prime example is code that is downloaded from the Internet to run in a browser. In Java 1.0, finding out runtime type information was anything but straightforward, but current versions of Java give the programmer full insight into both the structure and behavior of its objects. This is extremely useful for systems that need to analyze objects at runtime, such as Java GUI builders, smart debuggers, pluggable components, and object databases.Common Misconceptions about Java1.Java is an extension of HTML.Java is a programming language; HTML is a way to describe the structure of a web page. They have nothing in common except that there are HTML extensions for placing Java applets on a web page.2.I use XML, so I don’t need Java.Java is a programming language; XML is a way to describe data. You can process XML data with any programming language, but the Java API contains excellent support for XML processing. In addition, many important third-party XML tools are implemented in Java. See V olume II for more information.3.Java is an easy programming language to learn.No programming language as powerful as Java is easy. You always have to distinguish between how easy it is to write toy programs and how hard it is to do serious work. Also, consider that only four chapters in this book discuss the Java language.4.Java will become a universal programming language for all platforms.This is possible, in theory, and it is certainly the case that every vendor but Microsoft seems to want this to happen. However, many applications, already working perfectly well on desktops, would not work well on other devices or inside a browser. Also, these applications have been written to take advantage of the speed of the processor and the native user interface library and have been ported to all the important platforms any-way. Among these kinds of applications are word processors, photo editors, and web browsers. They are typically written in C or C++, and we see no benefit to the end user in rewriting them in Java.5.Java is just another programming language.Java is a nice programming language; most programmers prefer it over C, C++, or C#. But there have been hundreds of nice programming languages that never gained wide- spread popularity, whereas languages with obvious flaws, such as C++ and Visual Basic, have been wildly successful.Why? The success of a programming language is determined far more by the utility of the support system surrounding it than by the elegance of its syntax. Are there useful, convenient, and standard libraries for the features that you need to implement? Are there tool vendors that buildgreat programming and debugging environments? Does the language and the toolset integrate with the rest of the computing infrastructure? Java is successful because its class libraries let you easily do things that were hard before, such as networking and multithreading. The fact that Java reduces pointer errors is a bonus and so programmers seem to be more productive with Java, but these factors are not the source of its success.6.Now that C# is available, Java is obsolete.C# took many good ideas from Java, such as a clean programming language, a virtual machine, and garbage collection. But for whatever reasons, C# also left some good stuff behind, in particular security and platform independence. If you are tied to Windows, C# makes a lot of sense. But judging by the job ads, Java is still the language of choice for a majority of developers.7.Java is proprietary, and it should therefore be avoided.Sun Microsystems licenses Java to distributors and end users. Although Sun has ulti- mate contr ol over Java through the “Java Community Process,” they have involved many other companies in the development of language revisions and the design of new libraries. Source code for the virtual machine and the libraries has always been freely available, but only for inspection, not for modification and redistribution. Up to this point, Java has been “closed source, but playing nice.”8.Java is interpreted, so it is too slow for serious applications.In the early days of Java, the language was interpreted. N owadays, except on “micro”platforms such as cell phones, the Java virtual machine uses a just-in-time compiler. The“hot spots” of your code will run just as fast in Java as they would in C++, and in some cases, they will run faster.Java does have some additional overhead over C++. Virtual machine startup time is slow, and Java GUIs are slower than their native counterparts because they are painted in a platform-independent manner.People have complained for years that Java applications are too slow. How ever, today’s computers are much faster than they were when these complaints started.A slow Java program will still run quite a bit better than those blazingly fast C++ programs did afew years ago. At this point, these complaints sound like sour grapes, and some detrac- tors have instead started to complain that Java user interfaces are ugly rather than slow.9.All Java programs run inside a web page.All Java applets run inside a web browser. That is the definition of an applet—a Java program running inside a browser. But most Java programs are stand-alone applications that run outside of a web browser. In fact, many Java programs run on web servers and produce the code for web pages.10.Java programs are a major security risk.11.JavaScript is a simpler version of Java.JavaScript, a scripting language that can be used inside web pages, was invented by Netscape and originally called LiveScript. JavaScript has a syntax that is reminiscent of Java, but otherwise there are no relationships (except for the name, of course). A subset of JavaScript is standardized as ECMA-262. JavaScript is more tightly integrated with browsers than Java applets are. In particular, a JavaScript program can modify the document that is being displayed, whereas an applet can only control the appearance of a limited area.12.With Java, I can replace my computer with a $500 “Internet appliance.”When Java was first released, some people bet big that this was going to happen. Ever since the first edition of this book, we have believed it is absurd to think that home users are going to give up a powerful and convenient desktop for a limited machine with no local storage. We found the Java-powered network computer a plausible option for a “zero administration initiative” to cut the costs of computer ownership in a business,but even that has not happened in a big way.On the other hand, Java has become widely distributed on cell phones. We must confess that we haven’t yet seen a must-have Java application running on cell phones, but the usual fare of games and screen savers seems to be selling well in many markets.1.简单性人们希望构建一个无需深奥的专业训练就可以进行编程的系统，并且要符合当今的标准惯例。
(最新版)_毕业设计外文翻译_27413
南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院专业学生姓名班级学号外文出处附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文指导教师评价：1．翻译内容与课题的结合度：□优□良□中□差2．翻译内容的准确、流畅：□优□良□中□差3．专业词汇翻译的准确性：□优□良□中□差4．翻译字符数是否符合规定要求：□符合□不符合指导教师签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文非常1.1Web 部署项目当ASP 第一次发布时，Web 编程还比较困难，因为需要 IIS 来处理 ASP 页。
后来， 2.0 和Visual Studio® 2005 通过引入网站开发模型使一切工作都变得容易了。
借助该网站模型，您不必在 Visual Studio 中创建新项目，而是可以指向一个目录并开始编写网页和代码。
此外，您还可以使用内置的 Development Server 快速测试站点， Development Server 将 寄宿在一个本地进程中，并消除了必须安装 IIS 才能进行开发这一先决条件。
该网站模型的魅力在于您在开发 Web 应用程序时无需考虑打包和部署。
需要其他类时怎么办？向 App_Code 目录添加一个 .cs 文件即可开始编写。
希望将可本地化的字符串存储在资源文件中时怎么办？向App_GlobalResources 目录添加一个 .resx 文件并键入字符串。
一切都顺顺当当；您根本就不必考虑编译和部署方面的事情。
在准备进行部署时，您有多种可选方案。
最简单的方案是将文件复制到主运行服务器并按要求编译每一个文件（和在测试环境中一样）。
第二种方案是使用aspnet_compiler.exe 实用工具将应用程序预编译为二进制版本，之后将只剩下要放到服务器上的一组程序集、静态内容和配置文件。
第三种方案也使用 aspnet_compiler.exe，但要创建一个可更新的二进制部署，其中 .as*x 文件保持不变（并且可修改），而所有代码文件都编译为二进制程序集。
基于Web的校园二手物品交易网站的设计与实现
本科毕业设计（论文）任务书摘要伴随着科技不断地的发展，技术的迭代升级，5G时代马上将要来临，网络购物越来越成为当代人们的生活组成中密不可分的一部分。
我们西安交通大学城市学院主要的人群是大学生，很多人都是第一次自己管理财务，就难免会出现一些冲动消费，即兴消费。
就会产生很多闲置物品，若能将这些闲置物品重新流通就能产生很大的经济效益。
Web网站现在是一种非常方便的技术，自从Tim Berners-Lee将万维网技术开源之后，他便认为Web是一项方便人们的技术，现实也的确如此。
现在Web已经发展到了3.0的时代，Web3.0是以网络化和个性为特征，可以提供更多人工智能服务，用户可以实时参与。
Web技术使得相距遥远的人们可以随时通过网络来相互连接交流。
二手商城是指人们在互联网上通过网络服务销售和购买物品，卖家按照买家订购的地址亲自配送到寝室。
现在利用Web商场进行物品买卖，大大便利了大学生之间的物品交易，可以让用户随时随地都可以享受方便快捷的购买服务。
本网站的结构是经典的MVC架构，其技术实现主要用到的关键技术有：SpringBoot，MySQL,Vue，Thymelea，MyBatis-plus，JQuery，Easy-UI，Redis，Shiro等等。
本篇论文就以这个二手物品交易网站的实现过程进行详细的描述。
关键词：闲置物品；网上商城；线下交易ABSTRACTWith the continuous progress of science and technology, the 5G era will soon come, the network and people's life has been inseparable, everyone can access the network anytime and anywhere.Our xi 'an jiaotong university city college of the main crowd is a college student, because a lot of people is the first time their financial management, waste often prone to spend money, a lot of things is idle, and the business is not very convenient, very need a second-hand website to facilitate our school to second-hand transaction.Web site now is a very convenient technique, since Tim berners-lee the world wide Web technology open source, he believed that the Web is a convenient technique, the reality is that's true, now the Web has grown by 3.0 times, Web3.0 based on network and personality characteristics, can provide more artificial intelligence service, the user can realize real-time involvement.Web technology enables people far away from each other to connect and communicate with each other through the network at any time.Second-hand mall refers to the way that people buy their goods on the Internet through online clothing sellers, and the sellers deliver them to their dormitories in person according to the address ordered by the buyers.Now the use of Web shopping mall for goods trading, greatly facilitate the goods trade between college students, users can enjoy convenient and fast purchase services anytime and anywhere.The structure of this website is the classic MVC architecture, and the key technologies used in its technical implementation are: SpringBoot, MySQL,Vue, Thymelea, Mybatis -Plus, jQuery, Easy-UI, Redis, Shiro and so on.This paper on the second-hand goods trading website to achieve a detailed description of the process.KEY WORDS: Idle Items; E-Shopl; Offline Trading目录1 绪论 (1)1.1选题的目的及意义 (1)1.2研究现状 (1)1.3本系统要实现的基本目标和研究内容 (1)2 系统的可行性研究及需求分析 (3)2.1经济上的可行性 (3)2.2技术上的可行性 (3)2.3操作上的可行性 (3)2.4功能模块需求分析 (4)2.5本章小结 (5)3 系统设计 (6)3.1系统设计原则 (6)3.2设计思想 (6)3.3系统数据流分析 (7)3.4系统用例图 (7)3.4.1 买家用例图 (7)3.4.2 卖家用例图 (8)3.5系统流程图 (9)3.6模块流程图 (10)3.6.1 登录模块 (10)3.6.2 购买模块 (11)3.7数据表设计 (11)3.8本章小结 (14)4 系统实现 (15)4.1搭建开发环境 (15)4.2架构选择 (14)4.3SpringBoot的主启动类 (15)4.4功能实现 (16)4.4.1 页面显示 (16)4.4.2 登录注册功能 (17)4.4.3 商品展示功能 (18)4.4.4 购物车 (18)4.4.5 用户信息 (20)4.4.6 发布商品 (20)4.5缓存模块 (21)4.6本章小结 (21)5 软件调试与测试 (22)5.1程序调试 (22)5.2一般程序的测试 (22)5.2.1 系统测试的相应步骤 (22)5.2.2 相应测试的主要内容 (23)5.3本章小结 (26)6 结论与展望 (27)致谢 (28)参考文献 (29)外文文献及翻译 (30)1绪论1.1选题的目的及意义在校大学生年龄层次一般处于18岁到24岁之间。
毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学专业：电子信息工程学生姓名： xx学号： xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名： xxxx职称： xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。
校园电子商务—二手交易网站(英文)【范本模板】
Campus E—commerce - Second—hand Exchange WebsitePosted:2008-12-29 13：04：00 Browse：6523 作者:付长青[Abstract] online shopping has become more prevalent, the students can not be ignored is an online shopping group, the campus has a large secondary market and potential for development. This paper analyzes the significance of the establishment of the campus secondary trading networks, introducing secondary trading of the campus main functions of the site。
[Keywords：] secondary market secondary campus e-commerce trading networks1 Introductioncations in the growing popularity worldwide in many Web services，Web gives refreshing feeling，but it is here where the growing popularity of online shopping has been a lot of people through network shopping. The benefits of online shopping is that it can not pay rent, do not hire guys 24 hours a day at any time be able to carry out services。
二手物品交易网站毕业设计外文翻译(译文)
河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献:eＢay用户的实证研究院（系、部）名称 :专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师:201６年03月０8日ﻬ二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBａｙ用户的实证研究ﻩJenｓClaｕsen ，Bｉrgｉt Blättel－Minｋ, Ｌｏrenz Erｄmann ，Ｃhristine Henseｌing摘要：本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响(对可持续发展的贡献，减少对环境的不利影响). eＢay用户的一项调查显示，二手商品交易和自然资源的保护之间的联系很难实现。
其次,保护环境的动机和以可持续的方式采取行动的消费者群体之间的差别很大。
鉴于这些结果，从用户的角度考虑,本文试图寻找网上的二手交易对环境影响的一些客观提示.由于交易所造成的温室气体排放量似乎比生产新产品的排放量要低得多。
本文的结论与二手交易和消费政策的一套建议有关。
购买二手商品的可持续性利益的信息应包括在一般消费者的信息，并且行为变化的参数应该是针对不同的消费者群体。
关键词:网上市场，在线拍卖，消费者，电子商务,应用产品，二手市场，可持续消费1.介绍在线拍卖和交易平台增加了可持续消费的机会。
基于网络的二手交易的潜力很大程度上来说是在延长产品的寿命,从而避免了由于购买新产品产生额外的环境压力。
到目前为止，私人家庭往往因为高交易成本未能利用二手物品的潜力。
二手货物贸易仍然局限于区域市场，这些障碍经常阻止本地区二手商品市场达到临界质量并阻止他们成为有吸引力的买家和卖家。
然而近年来，互联网和交易平台的迅速增加，比如ｅＢａy网，已经从根本上改变了这种市场的基本条件。
在线市场不仅大大增加了市场参与者的数量，也改变了传统分配给消费者和生产者的角色。
交换网站、拍卖平台和其他以互联网为基础的交易模式，用户不仅是买家,而且在同一时间，也成为了活跃产品或服务的卖家,这些已经改变了消费者的作用。
外文文献翻译-校园二手书交易平台系统
1．外文资料翻译译文@Java：带来更丰富的注解模型的Java1.介绍计算反射是一种系统的理性和自身结构进行操作的能力。
具有反射能力的编程语言编译器隐产生的元数据描述节目本身的结构和该程序操纵的对象的结构。
举个例子,一个Java类的二进制形式包括它扩展的类的元数据，它可以实现接口,方法和它定义字段和类型的签名所述方法和字段。
许多反射功能的编程语言（从第5版的Java和C＃）也允许程序员明确地附加任意元数据的一些代码片断。
Java 注解是此类元数据的一个例子。
Java注释使人们有可能来装饰方法，场与类声明通过添加自定义的信息片段，可能是在编译时，甚至在运行时。
每个标注在其自己单独的类文件中定义，一个程序员还可以指定它的保留策略：即，无论它是否可以运行。
当它们被保留在运行时,注释也可以使用反射API检查。
C＃允许任意数据存储在组件为好，使用自定义属性。
和Java相似，属性可以修饰方法，类和字段声明。
它们被序列化到在编译时的组装和运行时系统忽略，但是，他们仍然可以使用该平台的本地反射API检索。
无论C＃属性和Java注释显示常见的限制：1)他们只有有限的粒度：虽然可以装饰任何种类的元数据的声明（例如，类和字段声明），这是不可能来装饰一个通用的说法，表达式或代码块。
换句话说，这类元数据不能出现在一个方法的主体。
2)他们接受的类型只有一个严格的子集：特别是，Java注解只能认为可以静态地解析（例如，它是不可能的分配方法调用的返回值）的值，而唯一可以接受的类型是基本值，字符串，类，枚举，注释，和前面类型的数组。
3)他们持有的值必须解析一个静态背景：他们不能认为是在运行时才知道（方法调用的结果）值。
许多Java工具，克服了使用非标准的语言注释模式的局限，自定义扩展，并采用变通方法，如程式化的意见。
在大多数情况下，所提供的注释是经常预定义和特定于特定的目的;此外，由于更丰富的注解结构是非标准的，他们往往是相互不兼容;最后，只允许静态值或任意类型的约束只能围绕工作。
本科毕业设计文献综述校园二手物品交易网站的设计与实现
本科毕业设计文献综述校园二手物品交易网站的设计与实现院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年3月15日1目的与意义随着社会的发展，低碳经济已成为当今世界发展的主题，物品循环利用、回收再造成为了社会关注的焦点。
调查发现，随着大学生购买力的增强，产品的升级换代更新加快，大学校园存在着大量的闲置物品，如书籍、衣物、电子产品等。
但对于这些闲置物品的处理，却普遍缺乏便捷、有效的途径，造成了大量不必要的浪费。
因此，基于互联网网络构建二手物品交易网站为这一问题的解决提供了很好的思路，同时也迎合了当代大学生热衷网络这一特点。
由于校园二手物品交易网站专为大学生服务，与传统二手物品交易网相比，具有市场细分更明确、服务针对性更强的特点，更容易获得学生群体的认可，有利于培养学生的低碳意识和社会责任感，不仅具有广泛的经济效益，更具有深远的社会效益[1]。
校园电子商务作为一种新型的电子商务，是指在校园范围内, 以校园网为依托服务于广大师生员工,并由学生自主经营，满足校园内单位、企业或个人进行商务、工作、学习、生活各方面活动需要的一种商务形式，具有范围小、可信度高、操作性强等特点。
且依据消费者不同的商品需求类型，可以建立多种校园电子商务网站[2]。
所以我们要建立一个小型的二手物品交易网站，以满足在校学生对于二手物品的需求。
2发展前景党的十八大报告要求继续深化生态建设，将我国建设成节约型社会，而节约型社会呼唤节约型校园，建设节约型校园是落实科学发展观、建设和谐校园的客观要求，而校园二手物品交易网站的建设便是推进实现校园闲置物品循环利用，促进和谐校园建设的重要环节[3]。
随着我国社会经济的发展和人民收入水平的提高，广大消费者的购买力也逐年增强。
大学生是家庭的骄傲，也是家庭的希望所在，很多父母宁愿自己节衣缩食也不愿苦了孩子，给孩子的生活费总是尽己所能满足。
大学里不少学生的手机明显好于很多老师所用的手机，大学生物质消费水平的增速明显高于社会平均的平均增速。
英语作文模板二手
英语作文模板二手英文回答：Introduction。
In a rapidly evolving world where technology and innovation are constantly reshaping the landscape, the concept of a "secondhand" product has undergone asignificant transformation. While traditionally associated with notions of inferiority or obsolescence, the secondhand market has witnessed a remarkable resurgence in recent years, driven by a confluence of factors such as sustainability, affordability, and uniqueness.This essay will delve into the multifaceted aspects of the secondhand market, examining its historical evolution, the various motivations for buying and selling secondhand goods, its environmental impact, and the challenges and opportunities it presents in the contemporary era. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we will explore the cultural,economic, and environmental implications of secondhand consumption, drawing insights from diverse fields such as sociology, economics, and environmental science.The Historical Evolution of the Secondhand Market。
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河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年03月08日二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要：本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响（对可持续发展的贡献，减少对环境的不利影响）。
eBay用户的一项调查显示，二手商品交易和自然资源的保护之间的联系很难实现。
其次，保护环境的动机和以可持续的方式采取行动的消费者群体之间的差别很大。
鉴于这些结果，从用户的角度考虑，本文试图寻找网上的二手交易对环境影响的一些客观提示。
由于交易所造成的温室气体排放量似乎比生产新产品的排放量要低得多。
本文的结论与二手交易和消费政策的一套建议有关。
购买二手商品的可持续性利益的信息应包括在一般消费者的信息，并且行为变化的参数应该是针对不同的消费者群体。
关键词：网上市场，在线拍卖，消费者，电子商务，应用产品，二手市场，可持续消费1.介绍在线拍卖和交易平台增加了可持续消费的机会。
基于网络的二手交易的潜力很大程度上来说是在延长产品的寿命，从而避免了由于购买新产品产生额外的环境压力。
到目前为止，私人家庭往往因为高交易成本未能利用二手物品的潜力。
二手货物贸易仍然局限于区域市场，这些障碍经常阻止本地区二手商品市场达到临界质量并阻止他们成为有吸引力的买家和卖家。
然而近年来，互联网和交易平台的迅速增加，比如eBay网，已经从根本上改变了这种市场的基本条件。
在线市场不仅大大增加了市场参与者的数量，也改变了传统分配给消费者和生产者的角色。
交换网站、拍卖平台和其他以互联网为基础的交易模式，用户不仅是买家，而且在同一时间，也成为了活跃产品或服务的卖家，这些已经改变了消费者的作用。
在此背景下，本文通过探讨世界上关于二手物品最大的在线交易平台易趣网这个例子，聚焦了以下问题：可持续发展潜力与所使用的商品的电子交易连接的消费过程是怎么样的，以及如何利用这些潜力？这个问题在于研究项目“从消费者到新的交易机制和拍卖文化产消发展促进可持续的消费中心”。
该项目是故意用各种数据流的研究和见解的联系，尤其是关于使用和强化生活方式的研究，以及生命周期评估，在信息技术和电信领域将他们从研究问题的角度进行指导。
在给出关于在基于互联网的二手商品交易的情况下，并从互联网使用经验看完第2章环境的态度和行为的科学工作的概述后，对网上交易和可持续性的在线调查的实证结果在第三章介绍。
第四章从实证研究得出的结论，第五章的重点是二手货交易的生态评估。
本文包括了关于二手交易、在线平台和消费政策的一些结论。
2.从主观角度看以互联网为基础的二手货交易社会科学的研究者认为，通过对环境积极态度和环境知识的了解，环境可持续性导向的行为是不可忽略的。
然而有代表性的人口调查屡次三番的提供了关于增加环境破坏及其后果之间差异的证据，以及在另一方面关于环境的知识和环境行为是符合其他知识的。
它可以识别那些显示环保行为的群体，但没有对环境相应的态度（例如，大龄单身女性），正如有人表现出高度的生态意识，但他们的行为仍然是不一致的（例如，一个环保行为是尽全力组织的家庭还有人开家庭轿车）。
在这个研究中，影响消费风格可持续性的三个特点已经出现：家庭的社会状况（社会人口特征和时间资源），消费者的喜好（主观偏好有关的产品和行为的选择）和实际消费行为。
实质上影响可持续消费模式差异的社会人口特征，包括年龄、教育程度、性别、婚姻状况和收入，伴随着妇女、受过良好教育的人和父母对态度和行为的一致性的争取。
格拉恩伯格和库卡茨能够识别出在他们的研究中代表德国的“环保承诺”群体。
“A群体更重视环境问题，并积极致力于解决这些问题。
完全一致的亲环境行为不是这个组的要求；这就要求，例如这些人不仅仅是只吃有机食品，也会出售他们的汽车然后骑自行车旅行。
”（格拉恩伯格/库卡茨，p. 204）。
以下指标被用来定义环境承诺人群组：是一个促进避免浪费或环境保护组织中的会员；过去的一年内像这样的一个组织捐款；对“可持续发展”的熟悉程度；有高意愿为改善环境付款；常从专业期刊了解关于环境问题的信息；环境意识1型（座右铭：“是一个榜样，当它涉及到环境保护！”）；声明共同的环境保护责任（声明：“每个人做一些对环境做些什么并不困难！”）（格拉恩伯格/库卡茨，p. 204）。
这一群体的成员往往是在家庭生活的阶段，有一个相对较高的教育水平，往往生活在大城市或小社区，很少在中等城市或村庄，往往来自西德，有较高的专业地位（高级工作人员，高级中等或上层公务员职业），有一个中等至高但不是很高的收入，并倾向于生活在安静的社区，有单一或两家的房子里。
关于他们的政治偏好，作者确定了一个更为明显的政治利益，和重点放在后唯物主义的价值观。
二手商品交易作为一个特定的消费领域，柏林西部的一项研究表明，购买和销售二手商品是相当少的生态动机。
对于销售二手货的原因，更多更多情况下是比如说“造房”或者“我们不再需要的东西”。
相比之下，当购买二手货时，财务动机更重要。
买卖二手货的男人的比例略高于女性，平均年龄为36岁。
超过三分之二的向二手市场提供商品的人有一个工作。
卖家包括10%的家庭主妇和学生，5%左右的失业和退休人员。
卖方通常住在多人的家庭，一般不单独居住。
在二手商品的买家中，29.4%是在19-25岁的年龄组，35.7%是在26 – 35年龄组。
大多数人有一份工作（61%），与学生形成15%的买家，这明显高于卖方的比例。
在下一步，有必要从二手物品的角度详细说明什么是以互联网为基础的交易。
拍卖文化研究的目标有确定的潜力，以互联网为基础的二手商品交易在德国委托易趣网，并分析了一个非常流行的趋势，有关人民的消费和他们的财产的处理。
作者确定，个人的期货交易是越来越稳定的存在。
他们发现短寿命的产品周期和“向往高品质的产品和高端品牌”是这一发展的发动机。
产品特性“新”和“二手”的关系由于提高生活质量的原因变得不那么重要。
这种依靠使用二手物品来提高生活质量的手段被描述成“提升”。
更高质量的产品似乎越来越令人满意。
这种发展受到基本技术条件（互联网为基础的交易）的鼓励，显着减少寻找特定的二手商品（例如，时间和运输成本去二手商店，古董店等）和采购交易本身所需的时间和精力。
此外，一个人的生活方式的灵活性变得越来越重要。
社会、情感和专业的关系在时间上是越来越支持“临时所有权观念”。
在现代社会，这个时代的“拍卖”文化（始于2000）一直遵循“文化积累”（50年代至70年代）和“一次性社会”（上世纪80和90年代）。
该研究确定了五个“拍卖文化类型”的人：“相信拍卖的参与者”、“品牌为主的经销商”、“开明的二手买家”、“信誉意识的新商品购买者”和“远离消费的人”。
这些拍卖类型不同的社会人口学系也有购买二手货的动机。
同时，例如“全心全意的拍卖参与者”（年轻的年龄组中，男性比例高，受过高等教育，拥有一份工作），他们深入使用互联网，也活跃在易趣网，喜欢惊喜，喜欢买卖二手货；“豁达的二手买家”（媒介时代，女性多于男性，受过良好的教育，更多的兼职工作）也非常频繁的使用互联网，但很少在易趣网上交易，他们的动力包括意义和务实、理性的价值以及发现个别对象的方法。
让我们以一个最后的经验看互联网的使用。
互联网用户是如何不同于其他的拍卖文化类型和以环境为导向的消费类型的？互联网用户的数量在1993年就已经在以万维网为形式的现代互联网中不断突破成长。
例如第（n）网络阿特拉斯D21 E V目前确定65.1%的互联网用户是主动产生的，相比之下29.9%的人不使用互联网，还有4.9%的人打算用它。
互联网使用的性别差距已经关闭了好几年，但是它最近再次增长，有72.4%的男性和58.3%的女性在德国使用互联网。
年龄组分析显示，年龄在14 - 19（93.7%），20 - 29（89.8%），30 - 39（85.4%）的人是比例相当高的互联网使用群体。
在老年人群中，百分比下降：40 - 49岁年龄组有63.5%，69岁年龄组有41.6%，50岁年龄组有78.2%，，年龄在70岁以上的只有16.3%。
然而，这一数据并没有采取总人口的年龄分布。
因此，年轻群体可以给予太多的重量。
因此，从以不同的角度来说30–39年龄组是互联网用户的最大群体，其次是40–49岁（21.1%）和20–29岁（17.2%）（基于2002数据）。
在线活动增加了教育水平（活跃在线的受访者中有33.3%具有较低的教育水平然后又66%的个人具有较高的教育水平）。
在线活动也随着收入的增加而显著增加。
月收入在1000和1500欧元之间的家庭只有27.4%使用互联网，然而活跃使用互联网的家庭有62.8%每月净收入超过2500欧元。
互联网用户更多的是有工作的人（57%），比家庭主妇（31.1%）或失业人员（18.9%）都要高。
做培训展示的是网民比例最高的人（71.3%）。
家庭规模也是一个相关因素：单身家庭中的互联网用户（33.4%）比家中有三到四户人口（约56.7%）的少。
网上购物，特别是网上拍卖，被认为是最重要的互联网用途。
二零零九年十月约有2200万的德国人访问易趣网的网站，每个人平均花了2小时49分钟在这个网站上。
在线买家的社会人口特征是有趣的：生活在农村地区的人更倾向于使用网上购物网站，而不是生活在城市或城市附近的。
在教育程度上，作者表明，网上购买是依赖于教育程度的，正如互联网本身的使用。
通过在线买家的社会人口统计与互联网用户的社会人口统计数据。
对于网上购物的频率，格罗博和格尔克表明在线采购更可能是已经使用互联网较长时间的人，而网上采购的增加而不断增加的在线体验的频率。
网上购买的理由是什么？受访者最强烈同意的是“购物的时钟”，“方便购物”排名第二。
他们以大致相同的程度同意了可能的动机“节省时间”、“容易比较价格和产品”、“容易找到某些产品和服务”和“容易找到有关产品的信息”。
“买一个低价位的产品”或“有购物的乐趣”的动机很少提及。
便利性和灵活性似乎是更重要的动机，比起价格这是经常被讨论的在线购买的动机。
如果我们考虑到目前为止所获得的见解，就可以了解一些关于使用商品和可持续消费的网上交易之间关系的假设。
1．使用的商品（线下以及网上交易）是松散耦合的环境意识和环境动机。
2．通过互联网销售和购买二手商品的动机是多方面的。
3．社会人口统计方面发挥着模糊的作用，例如，和男人相比女人很少成为网上上的“积极分子”，但是女人更环保。
此外，教育水平也在使用的商品在线交易方面有作用。