管理学(罗宾斯著)试题
管理学(罗宾斯)小测验答案
管理学（罗宾斯，第7版）小测验答案（一）(2008-07-04 23:47:57)第一章管理与组织导论1、管理者是组织中这样的成员，他告诉别人该做什么以及应该怎样去做。
很容易将管理者与非管理雇员区分开来，后者是指组织中这样的成员，他们直接从事一项工作和任务，并且没有人向他们报告。
2、组织和工作性质的变化改变了管理的者的角色，在管理者与非管理雇员之间不存在清晰的界限。
3、通常将组织中的管理者分别称为基层管理者、中层管理者和高层管理者。
基层管理者是最低层的管理者，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作。
中层管理者，包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者。
高层管理者接近或处于组织顶层，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。
4、管理是一个过程，是协调工作活动使之有效率和有效果的过程。
管理是同别人一起或通过别人使工作活动完成得更有效率和更有效果的过程。
5、效率是指以最少的投入获得最大的产出；效果是指实现组织目标的程度。
效率涉及做事的方式，效果涉及事情的结果。
6、管理当局不能只是关注达到和实现组织目标，也就是关注效果，还要尽可能有效率的完成工作。
在成功的组织中高效率和高效果是相辅相成的，而不良的管理通常既是低效率的也是低效果的，或者虽然有效果但却是低效率的。
7、所有管理者都在从事五种管理职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制。
计划包括定义组织的目标、制定战略和计划以实现组织的目标；组织包括设计结构以执行计划；领导包括激励下属、影响个体或团队、有效的沟通以及处理雇员的行为问题；最后，控制包括监督、比较和改进组织的绩效。
8、管理过程是指一组进行中的决策和行动，包括计划、组织、领导和控制。
当管理者进行管理时，他们的工作通常以连续的方式也就是以过程的方式体现出来。
9、亨利?明茨伯格得出结论，管理者在履行10种不同的角色和行为。
他将它们分为三种类型，一种是关于人际关系的（挂名首脑、领导者和联络者），第二种有关信息的传递（监听者、传播者和发言人），第三种是关于决策制定的（企业家、混乱驾御者、资源分配者和谈判者）。
罗宾斯《管理学》期末考试试题
1、从管理外部环境的角度看，“企业的基础是关系”这句话意味着什么？企业应该如何管理这些“关系”？答案: 358字（1）外部环境是指能够对组织绩效造成潜在影响的外部力量与机构，包括两类要素：具体环境与一般环境。
（2分）（2）具体环境包括：顾客、供应商、竞争者和压力集团。
（2分）（3）一般环境包括可能影响组织的广泛的经济条件、政治法律条件、社会文化条件、人口条件、技术条件与全球条件。
（2分）（4）企业处于由具体环境和一般环境要素所编织的复杂网络关系之中，这其中受企业决策和行动影响并影响着企业的各类相关者就是利益相关者。
这些利益相关者与企业息息相关，构成企业生存与发展的基础。
（2分）（5）企业管理外部关系分为四个步骤：第一，确定谁是组织的利益相关者；第二，确定这些利益相关者可能存在的特殊利益或利害关系是什么？第三，确定每一个利益相关者对于组织决策和行动来说有多关键；第四，决定通过什么具体方式管理外部利益相关者关系。
（4分）2、组织中的变革一般包括哪几种类型？试结合实际论述人们抵制变革的原因以及减少变革阻力的管理策略：答案: 482字（1）变革的类型：结构、技术、人员。
结构变革包括改变职权关系、协调机制、集权化程度、职务再设计及其他结构变量；技术变革包括工作开展的方式、所使用的方法和设备的改变等；人员变革是指员工的工作态度、期望、认知和行为的改变。
（3分）（2）人们抵制变革的三个原因：不确定性、担心个人损失、顾虑变革不符合组织的利益。
（3分）（3）减少变革阻力的六项管理措施：教育与沟通、参与、促进与支持、谈判、操纵与合作、强制。
（3分）（4）以战国时秦国的商鞅变法为例，这里的变法就是组织变革。
商鞅变法的目的是让秦国富国强兵。
可是，变法的主张却招致多方面的反对。
一方面是秦国的贵族，变法触犯了他们的既得利益。
一方面是秦国的大臣，他们因循守旧，认为不变法一样可以治理好国家，他们还担心一旦实行新法，官吏、百姓对它都不熟悉，有可能会产生不良后果。
罗宾斯管理学考研简答题
罗宾斯管理学考研简答题罗宾斯管理学是许多管理学专业研究生入学考试中常见的参考教材，以下是一些可能出现在考研简答题中的题目示例：1. 简述罗宾斯提出的管理的四大职能及其内涵。
答案要点：罗宾斯认为，管理的四大基本职能包括计划（Planning）、组织（Organizing）、领导（Leading）和控制（Controlling）。
计划是指设定目标并制定实现目标的策略与行动方案；组织是指为了有效地执行计划而进行的资源分配和结构设计；领导则是激励员工，指导他们的行为以达成组织目标；控制则是通过监控、评估和纠正偏差来确保活动按计划进行。
2. 简述罗宾斯在《管理学》中提到的管理者应具备的主要技能有哪些？答案要点：罗宾斯指出管理者需要具备三种主要技能：技术技能（Technical Skills）、人际技能（Interpersonal Skills）以及概念技能（Conceptual Skills）。
技术技能涉及特定工作领域的专业知识和技能；人际技能涵盖了处理人际关系、沟通协调、团队建设等方面的能力；概念技能则指的是分析复杂问题、全局思考、战略规划等高层次的认知能力。
3. 根据罗宾斯的观点，简述影响个体工作满意度的因素有哪些？答案要点：罗宾斯研究指出，影响个体工作满意度的因素众多，其中包括：工作本身的内容和性质（如工作的挑战性、自主性等）、工作环境（如物理环境、心理环境等）、薪酬待遇、晋升机会、同事关系、上下级关系、工作与个人生活平衡等。
4.请简述管理的定义。
管理是指协调和监管他人的工作活动，从而使他们的工作可以有效率且有成效地完成。
效率意味着“正确地做事”，即不浪费资源。
在成功的组织中，通常高效率和高成效相伴。
5.请简述管理的职能。
管理者通过计划、组织、领导和控制工作来实现组织陈述的目标。
6.请简述组织结构的类型。
组织结构的类型包括机械式组织结构和有机式组织结构。
机械式组织结构具有高度正规化、集权化和标准化等特点，通常以层级和职能为基础进行划分。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题Chapter 10 – Organizational Structure and DesignTrue/False QuestionsA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia was once involved in industries rangingfrom paper to chemicals and rubber.True (moderate)2. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia has been competing in thetelecommunications industry since 1965.False (moderate)DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE3. Organizational design is the organization's formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.False (difficult)4. The concept of work specialization can be traced back a couple of centuries to Adam Smith's discussion ofdivision of labor.True (moderate)5. The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is division of labor.True (moderate)6. Historically, many organizations have grouped work actions by function departmentalization.True (moderate)7. Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow istermed customer departmentalization.False (moderate)8. Geographic departmentalization has greatly increased in importance as a result of today’s competitivebusiness environmentFalse (moderate)9. A group of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together is a cross-functional team.True (moderate)10. Authority is the individual's capacity to influence decisions.False (difficult)11. Authority is synonymous with responsibility.False (easy)12. Responsibility is the rights inherent in a managerial position.False (easy)13. A manager's span of control refers to the number of subordinates who can be effectively and efficientlysupervised.True (moderate)14. The classical view of unity of command suggests that subordinates should have only one superior to whom they report.True (easy)15. The trend in recent years has been toward smaller spans of control.False (easy)16. When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in anorganization, the organization is said to bedecentralized.True (moderate)17. Decentralization describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.False (moderate)18. In the last 35 years, there has been a trend of organizations moving toward increased decentralization.True (easy)19. Appropriate organizational structure depends on four variables: the organization's strategy, size, technology, and degree of environmental uncertainty.True (difficult)20. Standardization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent towhich employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.False (moderate)ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS21. An organic organization tends to be characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization,narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation indecision-making by low-level employees.False (moderate)22. An organic organization would likely be very flexible.True (moderate)23. Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic structure.False (easy)24. The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.False (difficult)25. Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.True (moderate)26. Woodward demonstrated that organizational structures adapted to their technology.True (moderate)27. Woodward's findings support that there is "one best way" to organize a manufacturing firm.False (moderate)28. The strength of the functional structure is that it focuses on results.False (moderate) it is the strength of divisional structure.\\\\\\\29. According to the text, a functional structure creates strategic business units.False (moderate)COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS30. Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs.False (easy)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. Accordi ng to t he company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ the organizational structure of Nokia is best described as ______________.a. mechanisticb. organic (moderate)c. centralizedd. formalized32. The factor contributing the most to Nokia’s success in the mobile phone industry according to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma‖ is ______________.a. new product development (moderate)b. government subsidiesc. national trade barriersd. weak competition33. ______________ is the process of creating an organization's structure.a. Human resource managementb. Leadingc. Organizing (moderate)d. Planninge. DepartmentalizationDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE34. According to the text, a(n) ______________ is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped, and coordinated.a. mission statementb. environmental scanc. internal resource analysisd. organizational structure (moderate)35. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?a. work specializationb. departmentalizationc. chain of commandd. bureaucratic design (difficult)e. span of control36. Work specialization is also known as ______________.a. departmentalization.b. centralization.c. span of control.d. formalization.e. division of labor. (easy)37. The term ______________ is used to describe the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided intoseparate jobs.a. work ethicsb. managerial capitalismc. social responsibilityd. work specialization (moderate)38. When did the idea of enlarging, rather than narrowing, job scope begin?a. 1950sb. 1960s (moderate)c. 1970sd. 1980se. 1990s39. Which of the following is not an example of the classical viewof division of labor?a. assembly-line productionb. Burger Kingc. Taco Belld. TQM (moderate)e. Kentucky Fried Chicken40. ______________ is the basis on which jobs are grouped inorderto accomplish organizational goals.a. Departmentalization (moderate)b. Centralizationc. Formalizationd. Coordinatione. Efficiency41. A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees whoare responsible for sales, marketing,accounting, human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?a. authorityb. chain of commandc. empowermentd. departmentalization (moderate)e. social grouping42. Grouping sporting equipment in one area, men's clothing in another area, and cosmetics in a third area, is anexample of what kind departmentalization?a. customerb. product (easy)c. geographicd. processe. outcome43. Sales responsibilities divided into the southwest, midwest, southern, northern, and western regions would bean example of ______________ departmentalization.a. productb. geographic (easy)c. processd. outcomee. customer44. Grouping activities on the basis of customer flow is______________.a. functional departmentalization.b. product departmentalization.c. geographical departmentalization.d. process departmentalization. (moderate)e. technological departmentalization.45. What type of departmentalization expects that each department will specialize in one specific phase of the process or product production?a. productb. geographicc. process (easy)d. outcomee. customer46. What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government organization where different publicservice responsibilities are divided into activities for employers, children, and the disabled?a. productb. geographicc. processd. outcomee. customer (moderate)47. Which of the following is not a form of departmentalization suggested by your text?a. functional departmentalizationb. product departmentalizationc. geographical departmentalizationd. process departmentalizatione. technological departmentalization (difficult)48. Today's competitive business environment has greatly increasedthe importance of what type ofdepartmentalization?a. geographicb. customer (difficult)c. productd. processe. outcome49. According to the text, managers are using ______________, which are groups of individuals who areexperts in various specialties and who work together.a. specialized teamsb. cross-demanded teamsc. cross-functional teams (moderate)d. simple structured teams50. Which of the following is a contemporary addition to thehistorical view of departmentalization?a. increased rigidityb. cross-functional teams (moderate)c. enhanced centralizationd. elimination of product departmentalizatione. addition of sales departmentalization51. Bringing together the company's legal counsel, research engineer, and marketing specialist for a project isan example of a(n) ______________.a. empowered team.b. process departmentalization.c. product departmentalization.d. cross-functional team. (moderate)e. continuous improvement team.52. The ______________ is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to thelowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom.a. chain of demandb. chain of command (easy)c. demand hierarchyd. continuous design structure53. To whom a worker reports concerns which aspect of organizational structure?a. chain of command (moderate)b. departmentalizationc. pay structured. line of commande. authority framework54. ______________ entitles a manager to direct the work of a subordinate.a. Responsibilityb. Legitimate powerc. Rankd. Operating responsibilitye. Authority (moderate)55. ______________ is the obligation to perform assigned activities.a. Authorityb. Responsibility (easy)c. Chain of commandd. Unity of commande. Formalization56. The ______________ principle (one of Fayol’s 14 principles of management) helps preserve the concept ofa continuous line of authority.a. unity of demandb. unity of command (moderate)c. demand structured. continuous demand57. Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?a. how much power a manager has in the organizationb. the geographic dispersion of a manager's subunits ofresponsibilityc. how many subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise (moderate)d. the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial ordere. the amount of time it takes to pass information down through a manager's line of command58. Other things being equal, the wider or larger the span of control, the more ______________ theorganizational design.a. bureaucraticb. democraticc. effectived. efficient (difficult)e. classical59. Wider spans of control may be viewed as more efficient, but eventually, wider spans tend to have whateffect on organizations?a. reduced effectiveness (difficult)b. increased turnoverc. loss of managerial powerd. customer dissatisfactione. rigid chains of command60. An organization that spends money on maintaining a well-trained work force can expect which of thefollowing span-of-control outcomes?a. increased contempt for managementb. increased voluntary turnoverc. centralized authorityd. less direct supervision (moderate)e. increased need for managerial-level employees61. A high-tech manager who supervises the development of a new computer chip needs ______________compared to a manager who supervises the mailing of unemployment insurance checks at the localgovernment office.a. about the same span of controlb. a narrower span of control (difficult)c. a wider span of controld. a more informal span of controle. elimination of the span of control62. In general, span of control is ______________ for managers.a. increasing (easy)b. decreasingc. staying the samed. significantly decreasinge. no longer important63. ______________ describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.a. Decentralizationb. Centralization (moderate)c. Transnationalismd. Cross sectional analysis64. If lower-level employees provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, theorganization is ______________.a. formalized.b. centralized.c. decentralized. (easy)d. mechanistic.e. organic.65. Recently, there has been a distinct trend toward ______________.a. smaller spans of control.b. decentralized decision-making. (moderate)c. decreased flexibility.d. emphasis on chain of command.e. mechanistic organizations.66. Which of the following factors WOULD NOT influence an organization to have a higher degree ofcentralization?a. Environment is stable.b. Company is geographically dispersed. (difficult)c. Company is large.d. Decisions are significant.e. Organization is facing a crisis.67. ______________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extentto which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.a. Standardizationb. Centralizationc. Chain of commandd. Strategye. Formalization (moderate)68. All of the following factors indicate that a decentralized organization would be most effective EXCEPTwhen ______________.a. the environment is complex.b. decisions are relatively minor.c. the organization is facing a crisis. (difficult)d. the company is geographically dispersed.e. effective implementation of strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibilityto make decisions.69. Which of the following factors describes an environment in whicha high degree of decentralization isdesired?a. Environment is complex, uncertain. (moderate)b. Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.c. Decisions are significant.d. Company is large.e. Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.70. The ______________ organizational structure is characterized by high specialization, extensivedepartmentalization, narrow spans of control and high formalization.a. mechanistic (easy)b. organicc. contingencyd. adhocracye. functional71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?a. high specializationb. wide spans of control (moderate)c. high formalizationd. limited information networke. extensive departmentalization72. What type of organizational form follows classical principles such as unity of command?a. organicb. linearc. decentralizedd. mechanistic (moderate)e. adhocracyORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS73. Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?a. wide span of controlb. empowered employeesc. decentralized responsibilityd. few rules and/or regulationse. standardized job specialties (difficult)74. All of the following are characteristics of an organic organization EXCEPT:a. narrow spans of control. (moderate)b. cross-hierarchical teams.c. free flow of information.d. low formalization.e. cross-functional teams.75. In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operatedwith few work rules was an example of what type of organization?a. bureaucraticb. mechanisticc. volatiled. nouvellee. organic (difficult)。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库13
Chapter 13 – Managing Change and InnovationTrue/False QuestionsWHAT IS CHANGE?1. Change is an organizational reality.True (easy)2. Organizational change can be alteration in people, structure, or technology.True (moderate)FORCES FOR CHANGE3. The marketplace is an external force of change.True (moderate)4. The change in demand for health care technicians is an example of an economic change.False (difficult)5. Economic changes are an internal force of change.False (moderate)6. Any manager can be a change agent.True (moderate)TWO VIEWS OF THE CHANGE PROCESS7. The "calm waters" approach to change would be consistent with Lewin's concept of unfreezing, changing,and refreezing.True (difficult)8. In the "white-water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time, and it may lastfor unspecified lengths of time.True (moderate)MANAGING CHANGE9. Change threatens the investment you've already made in the status quo.True (easy)10. One reason people resist change is that is substitutes ambiguity for uncertainty.False (difficult)11. The manager's options for change essentially fall into three categories: structure, technology, and product.False (difficult)12. Computerization is a technological change that replaces people with machines.False (moderate)13. Probably the most visible technology changes in recent years have come through managers’ efforts toexpand corporate financing.False (moderate)14. Sensitivity training is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction.True (easy)15. Organizational cultures tend to resist change.True (moderate)16. Techniques to change people and the quality of interpersonal work relationships are termed organizationaldevelopment.True (moderate)17. Cultural change is easier when the organizational culture is strong.False (easy)18. The first step in accomplishing organizational cultural change is to initiate a reorganization.False (moderate)CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MANAGING CHANGE19. Cooptation refers to covert attempts to influence.False (moderate)20. Manipulation is using direct threats.False (moderate)21. A major disadvantage of coercion is that it is frequently illegal.True (moderate)22. Negotiation refers to covert attempts to influence, twisting and distorting facts or withholding information.False (moderate)23. In cooptation, an organization seeks to "buy off" the leaders of a resistance group by giving them a key rolein the change decision.True (moderate)24. Never negotiate with employees as a means of overcoming resistance to change.False (moderate)25. The first step in changing organizational culture is to conduct a cultural analysis.True (easy)26. In process reengineering, a company drastically changes its structure, technology, and people by startingfrom scratch in reexamining the way the organization's work is done.True (moderate)27. Stress is a dynamic condition a person faces when confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demandrelated to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.True (moderate)28. In terms of organizational factors, any attempt to lower stress levels has to begin with employee selection.True (moderate)MANAGING WORKFORCE DIVERSITY29. The Paradox of Diversity is described as situations in which limitations are placed upon diverse individualsby strong organizational cultures.True (moderate)STIMULATING INNOVATION30. Creativity is the process of taking an idea and turning it into a useful product, service, or method ofoperation.False (difficult)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. According to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” whic h of the following branded productsdoes Panamerican Beverages, Inc sell in Latin America?a.Pepsib.Coca-Cola (moderate)c.Ocean Sprayd.Gatoradee.Evian32. According to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” Francisco Sanchez-Loaeza, Panamco’sChairman a nd CEO, attributes all of the following organizational factors as important to the company’s success EXCEPT:a.centralized management philosophy (moderate)b.logistical expertisec.innovative merchandising strategiesd.excellent financial stewardshipe.decentralized management philosophyWHAT IS CHANGE?33. Being a manager, with no environmental uncertainty or threat of competitors' new products, would besimple without any ______________.a. government regulations.b. unions.c. diversity.d. cultural differences.e. change. (moderate)FORCES FOR CHANGE34. Which of the following is not an external force of change?a. marketplaceb. government laws and regulationsc. technologyd. economic changese. work force (moderate)35. The Americans With Disabilities Act is an example of which of the following forms of environmentalchange?a. internalb. technologyc. government laws and regulations (moderate)d. labor marketse. economic36. Changing human resource activities to attract and retain health care specialists due to increased needs forthose workers is an example of what kind of environmental change factor?a. marketplaceb. technologyc. labor markets (difficult)d. economice. government laws and regulations37. Falling interest rates would most stimulate what change factor for a manager?a. marketplaceb. government laws and regulationsc. labor marketsd. economic (easy)e. technology38. Which of the following is not an internal force of change?a. technology (moderate)b. strategyc. work forced. employee attitudese. equipment39. What change factor did Harley-Davidson motorcycles react to in its turnaround of production qualitycontrol and modernization?a. technologyb. externalc. work forced. equipmente. strategy (difficult)40. Increasing the numbers of employed women and minorities forces managers to pay attention to whatchange factor?a. strategyb. work force (moderate)c. equipmentd. technologye. employee attitudes41. Labor strikes are an example of what change factor that may encourage a change in management thinkingand practices?a. work forceb. equipmentc. employee attitudes (easy)d. strategye. government laws and regulations42. In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume responsibility for managing the change process,are called ______________.a. change masters.b. change agents. (moderate)c. operations managers.d. charismatic leaders.e. transformational leaders.43. In an organization, who is usually the change agent?a. CEOb. executive vice-presidentc. any manager or nonmanager (difficult)d. any competitore. union leaders44. In spurring organizational change, outside consultants are usually more ______________, while internalmanagers may be more ______________.a. drastic; thoughtful (moderate)b. highly paid; riskyc. resistant; boldd. cautious; friendlye. interested; scaredTWO VIEWS OF THE CHANGE PROCESS45. Lewin's theory is consistent with which view of organizational change?a. continuousb. contemporaryc. Mayo'sd. "calm waters" (moderate)e. change in the 1990s46. Who theorized the change process involving unfreezing, changing, and refreezing?a. Druckerb. Robbinsc. Lewin (easy)d. Mayoe. Lawler47. According to Kurt Lewin, which of the following is not a stage in the change process?a.unfreezingb.changingc.refreezingd.restraining (moderate)48. According to Kurt Lewin, increasing the driving forces, which direct behavior away from the status quo, isa means of doing which of the following?a. unfreezing (moderate)b. changingc. restraining forcesd. refreezinge. melting49. Which of the following terms best describes the two primary views of the change process?a. problematic, encouragedb. occasional, continuous (difficult)c. costly, conservatived. optimistic, pessimistice. reactive, proactive50. Which of the following is the objective of refreezing, according to Lewin?a. directs behavior away from the status quob. hinders movement away from existing equilibriumc. changes to a new environmentd. eliminates the need for future changee. stabilize the new situation (moderate)51. According to the text, the ______________ is consistent with uncertain and dynamic environments.a.calm-waters metaphorb.white-water rapids metaphor (moderate)c.contemporary metaphord.continuous metaphore.cultural metaphor52. A manager who comes to work every morning expecting that today will definitely bring new challengesfrom competitors, the work force, etc., views organizational change in what way?a. pragmaticb. continuous (moderate)c. pessimisticd. reactivee. occasional53. According to the text, managers in such businesses as wireless telecommunications, computer software,and women’s high-fashion clothing have long confronted the ______________.a.calm-waters metaphorb.white-water rapids metaphor (moderate)c.contemporary metaphord.continuous metaphore.cultural metaphorMANAGING CHANGE54. As ______________, managers should be motivated to initiate change because they are committed toimproving their organization's effectiveness.a. change agents (difficult)b. efficiency expertsc. manipulatorsd. process consultantse. reengineering specialists.55. Managers' options for change essentially fall into what three categories?a. environment, technology, and missionb. structure, technology, and people (difficult)c. mission, structure, and peopled. mission, environment, and processe. environment, attitudes, and processes56. Ac cording to the text, “changing structure” includes alteration in any of the following EXCEPT:a.authority relations.b.coordination mechanisms.c.degree of centralization.d.job redesign.e.technology (moderate)57. Which of the following is not a part of organizational structure?a. work specializationb. departmentalizationc. chain of commandd. formalizatione. work processes (difficult)58. If an organization increases the span of control, what factor is being focused on in an organizational change?a. structure (difficult)b. peoplec. technologyd. strategye. human resources59. A company that decides to decentralize its sales procedures is managing what change category?a. technologyb. peoplec. equipmentd. competitorse. structure (moderate)60. According to the text, competitive factors or new innovations within an industry often require managers tointroduce all of the following EXCEPT:a.new equipment.b.new tools.c.new operating methods.d.new employees (moderate)61. ______________ is a technological change that replaces people with machines.a. Operationsb. Organizational developmentc. Automation (moderate)d. Roboticse. Downsizing62. Probably the most visible technological changes in recent years have come through manager s’ efforts toexpand _____________.a.corporate financing.anizational culture.puterization.d.employee retention.63. When grocery stores installed scanners to read the product price, this was an example of managing whatchange category?a. technology (moderate)b. peoplec. competitorsd. structuree. laws and regulations64. If Kraft Foods hired a consultant to decrease group friction and enhance cooperative work relationships,this would be an example of managing what change category?a. technologyb. people (difficult)c. competitorsd. structuree. laws and regulations65. Techniques to change people and the quality of interpersonal work relationships are termed______________.a. operations.b. organizational development. (moderate)c. downsizing.d. robotics.e. automation.66. ______________ is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction.a. Survey feedbackb. Organizational developmentc. Sensitivity training (moderate)d. Process consultatione. Team building67. According to the text, an individual is likely to resist change because of all of the following reasonsEXCEPT:a.uncertainty.b.increased productivity. (easy)c.concern over personal loss.d.belief that the change is not in the organizati on’s best interest.68. Which of the following reactions to change is a threat to the investment you have already made in the statusquo?a. uncertaintyb. freezingc. change is not good for the organizationd. concern over personal loss (moderate)e. refreezing69. Which of the reasons for resistance to change may be beneficial to the organization?a. uncertaintyb. freezingc. change is not good for the organization (difficult)d. refreezinge. concern over personal loss70. All of the following are mentioned in the text as actions that managers can use to deal with resistance tochange EXCEPT:cation and communication.b.diversification (moderate)c.participation.d.facilitation and support.e.negotiation.71. Which of the following techniques for reducing resistance to change is based on the belief that, ifemployees receive the full facts and clarifications, they will no longer be resistant?a. education and communication (easy)b. participationc. facilitation and supportd. negotiatione. manipulation and cooptation72. If K-mart has employees serving on the committee to decide what color the new uniform colors should be,this is an example of what tactic for reducing change resistance?a. education and communicationb. manipulation and cooptationc. participation (easy)d. facilitation and supporte. coercion73. If a bank offers personal and financial counseling to employees prior to an upcoming downsizing, this is anexample of what kind of tactic for reducing change resistance?a. education and communicationb. coercionc. manipulation and cooptationd. negotiatione. facilitation and support (moderate)74. If management offers the union guaranteed wage hikes and a no-layoff promise in exchange for help inimplementing a new production process, this would be an example of what kind of tactic for reducing change resistance?a. participationb. facilitation and supportc. coerciond. negotiation (difficult)e. manipulation and cooptation75. If a state legislator purposely misrepresents public employee wages to the citizens in order to applydownward wage pressure in the collective bargaining process, this would be an example of what kind of tactic for reducing change resistance?a. negotiationb. coercionc. cooptationd. education and communicatione. manipulation (difficult)76. ______________ refers to covert attempts to influence, twisting and distorting facts or withholdinginformation.a. Negotiationb. Coercionc. Cooptationd. Education and communicatione. Manipulation (moderate)77. "Buying off" the leader of a resistance group in order to get his/her endorsement is an example of what kindof tactic for reducing change resistance?a. negotiationb. coercionc. education and commitmentd. cooptation (moderate)e. facilitation and support78. ______________ is using direct threats or force on those who resist change.a. Negotiationb. Coercion (moderate)c. Cooptationd. Education and communicatione. Manipulation79. A manager who threatens to ruin an employee's name in the company if he/she does not cooperate with animpending organizational change is using what kind of tactic for reducing change resistance?a. negotiationb. coercion (moderate)c. manipulation and cooptationd. education and communicatione. facilitation and supportMANAGING YOUR CAREER80. According to the boxed feature, “Managing Your Career,” all of the following are examples of means inwhich individuals can reinvent themselves EXCEPT:a.take advantage of continuing education or graduate courses at local colleges.b.sign up for workshops and seminars that can help enhance personal skills.c.depend on the organization to provide career development and training opportunities.(moderate)d.voice concerns in a constructive manner.81. Which of the following represents the relationship between organizational culture and change?a. Culture and change are naturally compatible.b. Culture tends to be very resistant to change. (moderate)c. Culture can change in months but not weeks.d. Culture can never be purposely changed.e. There is no relationship between culture and change.82. Which of the following is not a favorable situational condition that may facilitate change in organizationalculture?a. A dramatic crisis occurs.b. The culture is weak.c. Stock price sharply falls. (moderate)d. The organization is young and small.e. Leadership changes hands.83. Which of the following is the first step in accomplishing organizational cultural change?a. Appoint new leadership with a new vision.b. Initiate a reorganization.c. Conduct a cultural analysis. (moderate)d. Change the selection and socialization process.e. Introduce new stories and rituals to convey the new mission.84. Which of the following is the last step in accomplishing organizational cultural change?a. Make it clear that change is necessary to organizational survival.b. Introduce new stories and rituals to convey new vision.c. Appoint new leadership with a new vision.d. Change the selection, socialization, and reward system to support new values. (difficult)e. Initiate a reorganization.85. All of the following describe Continuous Quality Improvement EXCEPT:a. continuous, incremental change.b. fixing and improving.c. redesigning. (moderate)d. mostly "as is."e. works from bottom up in organization.86. Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)and reengineering?a. They are basically the same.b. CQI begins with reengineering.c. They are radically different. (difficult)d. Reengineering begins with TQM.e. Both require decentralized participative decision-making.87. In _____________, a company drastically changes its structure, technology, and people by starting fromscratch in reexamining the way the organization's work is done.a.process reengineeringb.Continuous Quality Improvement (moderate)c.team buildingd.structural realignment88. All of the following describe process reengineering EXCEPT:a. radical change.b. redesigning or starting over.c. mostly "what can be."d. fixing and improving. (moderate)e. initiated by top management.89. ______________ is a dynamic condition a person faces when confronted with an opportunity, constraint, ordemand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.a.Stereotypingb.Stress (moderate)c. A halo effectd.Creativity90. Which of the following is true concerning stress?a. It is a static condition.b. Stress is a negative reaction to an outside force.c. Stress is often associated with constraints and demands. (moderate)d. Stress limits performance.e. Stress has nothing to do with opportunity.91. Which of the following must be present for potential stress to become actual stress?a. uncertainty, importance (moderate)b. risk, valuationc. age, uncertaintyd. certainty, riske. pain, desire92. According to the text, stress symptoms can be grouped under any of the following three general categoriesEXCEPT:a.physiological.b.cultural (moderate)c.psychological.d.behavioral.93. Which of the following general categories of stress symptoms is least relevant to managers?a.physiological. (moderate)b.culturalc.psychological.d.behavioral.94. In terms of organizational factors, any attempt to lower stress levels has to begin with ______________.a. employee work loads.b. the reward system.c. the organizational leader.d. the organizational culture.e. employee selection. (difficult)95. Which of the following is the primary condition to reducing organizational stress?a. good job/person match (moderate)b. merit pay systemc. decentralizationd. caring and understanding managemente. fewer government laws and regulations96. Which of the following is true concerning stress that arises from an employee's personal life?a. A manager should offer advice.b. A manager who understands his/her subordinates can help control employee personal stressors.c. Management involvement may raise ethical concerns. (moderate)d. A caring manager can be the most effective counselor.e. There is nothing the organization should or can do to help relieve personal stressors. STIMULATING INNOVATION97. ______________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associationsbetween ideas.a. Innovationb. Imaginationc. Creativity (moderate)d. Interpretive thinkinge. CQI98. ______________ is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into a useful product, service, ormethod of operation.a. Innovation (moderate)b. Imaginationc. Creativityd. Interpretive thinkinge. CQIMANAGING IN AN E-BUSINESS WORLD99. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” which of the following best describesthe metaphor of the E-business world?a.calm-watersb.white-water rapids (moderate)c.contemporaryd.continuouse.cultural100. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” Tivoli Systems is a division of which of the following companies?a.General Motorsb.Microsoftc.IBM (moderate)d.Hewlett Packarde.Gateway101. Which of the following is an example of a variable that can foster innovation?a. mechanistic structureb. organic structure (difficult)c. few organizational resourcesd. low ambiguity acceptancee. low job security102. Which of the following is not a cultural value that supports innovation?a. acceptance of ambiguityb. tolerance for the impracticalc. high external controls (moderate)d. focus on ends, not meanse. open-system focus103. Which of the following human resource variables is supportive of organizational innovation?a. low commitment to trainingb. selection of Type A employeesc. high job security (moderate)d. unionizatione. long job tenure104. ______________ actively and enthusiastically support new ideas, build support, overcome resistance, and ensure that innovations are implemented.a.Idea champions (moderate)b.Whistle blowersc.Idea generatorsd.Idea screeners105. According to the text, all of the following are common personality characteristics of idea champions EXCEPT:a.extremely high-self-confidenceb.persistencec.energyd.risk averse (moderate)ScenariosFORCES FOR CHANGEChanging The Way (Scenario)Due to his spouse's accepting a promotion, Colin had recently left his private sector job in Kansas and accepted a new position in public service with the state of Ohio. The change had been quite a shock at first. The organizational cultures were quite different and each environment offered a different set of challenges. One new challenge Colin accepted was implementing changes into a state government system. Historically, this environment had not seen a lot of changes, and now, with the changes in Washington and the move toward privatization, change was necessary. Plus, his agency director was also new and had announced that the agency would be developing a new strategic plan. Together, Colin had been through many changes recently, and would be involved in more in the near future.106. The changes the state government was facing due to pressures put on by Washington could be referred to as a(n) ______________ force of change.a. drivingb. external (moderate)c. technologicald. internale. marketplace107. The changes Colin's agency was facing due to the new strategic plan anticipated from the new director could be referred to as a(n) ______________ force of change.a. drivingb. externalc. technologicald. internal (moderate)e. marketplace108. If Colin accepts the responsibility and acts as a catalyst for change, he could be referred to as a(n)a. change master.b. director of change.c. change agent. (each)d. change manager.e. enforcer of change.TWO VIEWS OF THE CHANGE PROCESS109. The past environment of state government, with very little change, where the status quo is considered the equilibrium state, would be consistent with all but which of the following terms?a. calm watersb. unfreezingc. refreezingd. white-water rapids (easy)e. LewinMANAGING CHANGEMaking Change Happen (Scenario)Colin was getting accustomed to his surroundings in state government. His efforts at getting people to accept change had met with a little resistance due to his and his new director's efforts and the hard work of his subordinates. But now the hard part really started, actually managing the change. What techniques could he and his agency's new director employ to most effectively implement changes that would result in increased productivity in his department? He considered changing three aspects of his agency: the structure, technology, and people.110. If the new agency director decided to remove layers in the agency and increase the span of managerial control, this would be considered changing thea. structural design.b. selection process.c. degree of centralization.d. structural components. (moderate)e. technological design.111. If the agency director decided to shift away from a functional to a product design, this would be considered changing thea. structural design. (challenging)b. selection process.c. degree of centralization.d. structural components.e. technological design.112. If Colin decided to replace some employee work time with a telephone menu system, this would be considered changing thea. organizational structure.b. technology. (moderate)c. people.d. organizational development.e. attitudes.113. Finally, Colin decided his people could benefit from ___________, a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction.a. survey feedbackb. sensitivity training (difficult)c. team buildingd. intergroup developmente. process consultationCONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MANAGING CHANGEChanging Culture (Scenario)Mandy recently returned from her two-day managerial seminar, How to Totally Change Your Management and Leadership Style in Two Days. Even though she felt the seminar was worthless (as she had predicted), it did give her a chance to think about how to change the culture of her organization. She had been brought in by the new CEO as a change agent, and her position had the authority to have impact. She felt that the recent hostile takeover by their parent company had shocked everyone, especially given that the entire organization consisted of only 150 people and had been in business for only five years. She felt this might be the time to attempt the cultural change while everyone was still thinking in terms of change. As she tossed her leadership seminar manual into the wastebasket, she considered what might be her first step and how well the cultural change would work.114. Of the following, which is an advantage that Mandy has to implement cultural change?a. her new leadership skillsb. the recent purchase of her company (difficult)c. previous stable leadershipd. her managerial levele. her change agent power115. Which of the following statements is true concerning the leadership of Mandy's company and its effect on cultural change?a. New top leadership can be an advantage. (moderate)b. New top leadership is rarely an advantage.c. It is important for the cultural change to begin with employees first.d. Leadership issues have little impact on cultural change.e. Retaining the old leadership would have been preferable for cultural change.116. Which of the following statements about her company is most advantageous to Mandy as she attempts to change the cultural leadership?a. Change would be easiest with a company that is older and has a small number of employees.b. Change would be easiest in an older company with many employees.c. Small companies that are new are easiest in which to implement change. (difficult)d. Small companies that are old are easiest in which to implement change.e. In terms of cultural change, company size and age rarely matter.117. Of the following, which statement about her company's previous culture would be most advantageous to her accomplishing a change?a. A previously strong culture is receptive to change.b. A previously nonexistent culture is receptive to change.c. A moderately strong culture is receptive to change.d. A weak culture is more receptive to change. (difficult)e. An organization with multiple cultures is receptive to change.。
罗宾斯《管理学》名校真题解析及典型题精讲精练
往题干中蕴含着答案的提示。 １ ７ ． “ 工会成员总是无中生有” 以及“ 已婚员工比单身员工更稳定” 是（ ㊀㊀） 的事例。 Ａ ． 假设相似性 【 答案】 ㊀Ｄ 【 解析】 本例可以直接选择或通过排除法选择。 １ ８ ． 相对于个人决策而言， 群体决策既有优点， 也存在着明显的缺点。因此， 必须根据所作决策的 具体情况， 决定采用相应的决策方式。以下几种情况中， （ ㊀㊀ ） 通常不采取群体决策方式。 Ａ ． 确定长期投资于哪一种股票 Ｂ ．决定一个重要副手的工作安排 Ｃ ． 选择某种新产品的上市时机 Ｄ ．签署产品销售合同 【 答案】 ㊀Ｄ 【 解析】 销售合同的签订在很多情况下争分夺秒， 决策速度慢是群体决策的重要缺点， 因此答案 选Ｄ 。 １ ９ ． 比较马斯洛的需要层次理论和郝茨伯格的双因素理论， 马斯洛提出的五种需求中， 属于保健 因素的是（ ㊀㊀） 。 Ａ ． 生理和自尊的需要 Ｃ ． 生理和安全的需要 【 答案】 ㊀Ｃ 【 解析】 略 ２ ０ ． 公司某位资深员工很有能力， 但对工作却不怎么热情， 对于该类员工， 其领导者应该采取 （ ㊀㊀） 的领导风格。 Ａ ． 告知 【 答案】 ㊀Ｂ 【 解析】 情景领导理论模型， 下属成熟度与领导风格的匹配： Ｒ １ ： 无能力而且不愿意— — —告知 ／ 命 令； Ｒ ２ ： 无能力但愿意— — —推销 ／ 说服； Ｒ ３ ： 有能力但不愿意— — —参与； Ｒ ４ ： 有能力且有意愿— — —授权。 ２ １ ．Ａ企业签订了下一季度的重要订单， 加紧招收人手以免产能不足； Ｂ企业发现产品供大于求， 价格下降， 这时决定立即减少或停止这种产品的生产。这些措施（ ㊀㊀） 。 Ａ ． 均属于前馈控制 Ｃ ． 前者属于前馈控制， 后者属于反馈控制 【 答案】 ㊀Ａ 【 解析】 略 Ｂ ．均属于反馈控制 Ｄ ．前者属于反馈控制， 后者属于前馈控制 Ｂ ．参与 Ｃ ．授权 Ｄ ． 推销 Ｂ ．安全和自我实现的需要 Ｄ ．自尊和社交的需要 Ｂ ．晕轮效应 Ｃ ．性别相似性 Ｄ ．刻板印象
罗宾斯《管理学》判断选择题集
一、判断题1.一个管理人员应具备的管理技能有领导技能、人事技能和技术技能三种。
X2.需要对环境迅速作出反映的组织应当实行集权化管理。
X3.简单型组织结构的优点是管理实行了专业化分工。
X4.在管理幅度给定的条件下，组织的规模越大则管理层次越多；在组织规模给定的条件下，管理幅度越窄则管理层次越多。
V5.领导者除了组织好信息沟通网络外，还应在日常工作中经常参与沟通过程。
V6.企业家是一种稀缺的资源，因而企业家问题也是我国经济学界所必须研究的一个问题。
V7.市场营销理论中的推销观念强调：企业的一切行为要以市场需要为出发点，以满足市场需要为归宿。
X8组织中的帮派就是一种非正式组织。
V9．控制工作力度越大、越严格，越能保证计划的实施。
X10．计划过程中必须对多种可供选择的方案进行评价和比较。
X11．领导者不应采取独裁或自由放纵的领导方式。
V12．领导是管理的首要职能。
X13．领导者之所以对部下有影响力。
全靠手中的权力，拥有权力才能有影响力，权力越大，影响力越大。
X14.根据马斯洛的需求层次理论，人的行为是由最高一级的需求所决定的。
X15．强调权力下放，主要是为了减轻领导者的工作负担。
X16．领导者的责任不能随着权力的下放而相应地全部转移给下级。
V17．企业的规章制度一旦制定出来，就必须不折不扣地加以执行。
X15．企业战略决策思想越深入人心，其战略的实施就越有效。
V19．企业员工的士气越高，企业的经济效益也必定越好。
X20．企业规模越大，其经营的风险性就越小。
X21．企业文化建设是现代企业管理不可或缺的重要组成部分。
V22．控制过程就是管理人员对下属行为进行评价考核的过程。
X23．根据产品生命周期理论，对于处于不同生命周期阶段的产品应该相应采取不同的经营策略。
V24．追求最大利润应该始终作为企业定价的惟一目标。
X25．管理控制一般可分为预先控制、现场控制与事后控制三种。
(完整word版)管理学-罗宾斯-试题
浙江大学一、单项选择题（每题3分，共30分）1 在管理过程中，“监控活动以确保它们按计划完成”的职能，属于____.A。
计划 B。
组织 C。
领导 D。
控制2 在20世纪30年代，确信管理者的工作是激励雇员做出更答努力,并首先提出组织是一个开放系统观点的学者是____。
A. 亨利？法约尔 B。
马克斯？韦伯 C. 切斯特？巴纳德 D。
埃尔顿？梅奥3 某个组织通过一次性支付或按销售提取一定费用,从而给予其他制造业组织商标、技术或产品规范的使用权,这种方式可以称为____.A。
特许经营 B。
许可证贸易 C。
合资企业 D。
独资企业4 在不确定情况下，除了有限信息的影响之外,另一个影响决策结果的因素是____.A．风险性 B。
环境的复杂性 C。
决策者心理定位 D. 决策的时间压力5 某电器公司决定采取收购方式进入家用空调产业,以分散经营风险，从战略层次或类型的角度看，该战略属于____。
A．公司层战略 B. 事业层战略 C。
职能层战略 D。
技术运作层战略6 在PERT网络图中，关键路线上的活动的松弛时间是____.A 最长活动时间 B。
最长活动时间与最短活动时间之差 C.各活动所用时间之和D。
零7 在组织设计中，用来描述组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束程度的变量或要素是____。
A．工作专门化 B. 正规化 C. 管理跨度 D. 部门化8 人们根据自己的兴趣、经验和态度而有选择地去解释所看或所听的信息，这被称为____.A．选择性知觉 B. 过滤 C。
自我认知 D。
情绪知觉9 当人们以个体所在的团体为基础来判断某人时，人们所使用的这种捷径被称为____。
A．晕轮效应 B。
对比效应 C. 选择性知觉 D。
刻板印象10 某公司形成了很强的价值观和行为规范，并有一套完整的仪式来调节和引导员工的行为。
从控制的角度来看，这属于____.A．反馈控制 B. 市场控制 C。
小集团控制 D. 官僚控制二、名词解释（每题4分,共24分）1、创业精神2、社会责任3、竞争优势4、组织承诺5、虚拟团队6、平衡计分卡三、简答题（每题6分，共42分)1、对组织及其成员而言，为什么说“强文化"比“弱文化”的影响更大？2、简述程序、规则和政策及其在决策制定过程中的作用.3、一个设计良好的目标具有哪些基本特征？4、简述部门化以及通用的部门化方式。
罗宾斯,管理学,常考题目和答案
1.In a short essay, discuss the difference between efficiency and effectiveness and include a specific example to support each concept.a. Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Because managers deal with scarce inputs—including resources such as people, money, and equipment—they are concerned with the efficient use of resources. For instance, at the Beiersdorf Inc. factory in Cincinnati, where employees make body braces and supports, canes, walkers, crutches, and other medical assistance products, efficient manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the amount of time needed to manufacture products, and lowering product reject rates. From this perspective,eff iciency is often referred to as “doing things right”—that is, not wasting resources.b. Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”—that is, those work activities that will help the organization reach its goals. For instance, at the Beiersdorf factory, goals included open communication between managers and employees and cutting costs. Through various work programs, these goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.2．In a short essay, list an explain the four basic functions of management.Answer(pg11): Planning:mangement founction that involves defining goals,estabiashing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.Organising:management founction that involves determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them,how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Leading:management founction that involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, selecting the most effective communication channels or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues.Controlling:management founction that involves monitoring actual to standard and takingaction if necessary.3．In a short essay, explain the four approaches that organisations can take with respect to environmental issues.The first approach simply is doing what is required legally: the legal approach. Under this approach, organizations exhibit little environmental sensitivity. They obey laws, rules, and regulations willingly and without legal challenge, and they may even try to use the law to their own advantage, but that’s the ext ent of their being green. This approach is a good illustration of social obligation: These organizations simply are following their legal obligations of pollution prevention and environmental protection. As an organization becomes more aware of and sensitive to environmental issues, it may adopt the market approach. In this approach, organizations respond to the environmental preferences of their customers. Whatever customers demand in terms of environmentally friendly products will be what the organization provides. Under the next approach, the stakeholder approach, the organization chooses to respond to multiple demands made by stakeholders. Under the stakeholder approach, the green organization will work to meet the environmental demands of groups such as employees, suppliers, or the community. Both the market approach and the stakeholder approach are good illustrations of social responsiveness. Finally, if an organization pursues an activist approach, it looks for ways to respect and preserve the earth and its natural resources. The activist approach exhibits the highest degree of environmental sensitivity and is a good illustration of social responsibility.4.List the factors that influence the strength of an organization’s culture and discuss the impact of a strong culture on employees.a.size of the organizationb.how long it has been aroundc.how much turnover there has been among employeesd.intensity with which the culture was originatede.clear to employees what is important and what is not importantpare and contrast the ideas social obligation an social responsiveness.The more employees accept the organization’s key values and the greater their commitment to those values, the stronger the culture is. Strong cultures have a greater influence on employees than do weak cultures and are associated with high organizational performance. Strong culture also enhances performances Explanation of this is that if values are clear and widely accepted, employees know what they’re supposed to do and what’s expected of them so they can act quickly to take care of problems, thus preventing any potential performance decline.6.In a short essay, discuss the assumption of raionality and the validity of those assumption.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she would carefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be ma ximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests. Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: the manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited; the time pressures are minimal; the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low; the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking; and outcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world don’t meet all of those tests.7.In a short essay, discuss bounded rationality and satisficing.AnswerDespite the limits to perfect rationality, managers are expected to follow a rational process when making decisions. However, certain aspects of the decision-making process are not realistic as managers make decisions. Instead, managers tend to operate under assumptions of bounded rationality; that is, they behave rationally within the parameters of a simplified decision-makingpr ocess that is limited by an individual’s ability to process information. Managers satisfice, rather than maximize, because they can’t possibly analyze all the information on all of the alternatives. That is, they accept solutions that are “good enough.” Th ey are being rational within the limits of their information-processing ability.8.In a short essay, list and discuss the three levels of strategy that a large organization must develop.Answera.Corporate strategy—this strategy seeks to determine what businesses a company should be in or wants to be in. Corporate strategy determines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will plan in pursuing that direction.b.Business strategy—this strategy seeks to determine how an organization should compete in each of its businesses. For a small organization in only one line of business or the large organization that has not diversified into different products or markets, the business strategy typically over laps with the organization’s corporate strategy. For organizations with multiple businesses, however, each division will have its own strategy that defines the products or services it will offer and the customers it wants to reach.c.Functional strategy—this strategy seeks to determine how to support the business strategy. For organizations that have traditional functional departments such as manufacturing, marketing, human resources, research and development, and finance, these strategies need to support the business strategy.9.In a short essay, list the tree traditional organizational designs. Describe the characteristics that are commonly associated with each. (P309)10.In a short essay, discuss the concept of competitive advantage. Include specific examples of companies and their respective competitive advantages to support your answer.AnswerCompetitive advantage is what sets an organization apart, that is, its distinctive edge. That distinctive edge comes from the organization’s core competencies, which might be in the form of organizational capabilities—the organization does something that others cannot do or does it better than others can do it. For example, Dell has developed a competitive advantage based upon its ability to create a direct-selling ch annel that’s highly responsive to customers. Southwest Airlines has a competitive advantage because it is skilled in giving passengers what they want—quick, convenient, and fun service. Or those core competencies that lead to competitive advantage also can come from organizational assets or resources—the organization has something that its competitors do not have. For instance, Wal-Mart’s state-of-the-art information systems allows it to monitor and control inventories and supplier relations more efficiently than its competitors, which Wal-Mart has turned into a price advantage.11.In a short essay, define management by objectives (MBO) and list four elements of this type of goal setting. What are some problems associated with this approach?AnswerManagement by objectives (MBO) is a management system in which specific performance goals are jointly determined by employees and their managers, progress toward accomplishingthese goals is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on the basis of this progress. Rather than using goals only as controls, MBO uses them to motivate employees as well. Management by objectives consists of four elements: goal specificity, participative decision making, an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Its appeal lies in its focus on employees working to accomplish goals they have had a hand in determining. One problem is that MBO may not be as effective in times of dynamic environmental change. Under an MBO program, employees need some stability to work toward ac complishing the set goals. If new goals must be set every few weeks, there’s no time for employees to work on accomplishing the goals and measuring that accomplishment. Another problem of MBO programs is that an overemphasis by an employee on accomplishing his or her goals without regard to others in the work unit can be counterproductive. A manager must work closely with all members of the work unit to assure that employees aren’t working atcross-purposes. Finally, if MBO is viewed simply as an annual exercise in filling out paperwork, employees won’t be motivated to accomplish the goals.12.In a short essay, list and discuss the five needs that are based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.Answera.Physiological needs: food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction, and other physical requirements.b.Safety needs: security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met.c.Social needs: affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.d.Esteem needs: internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention.e.Self-actualization needs: growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.1.In a short essay, explain the difference between a multinationalcorporation (MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC), and a borderless organization. Include examples of companies for each of the types of organizations discussed.Answera. Multinational corporation—these organizations—which maintain significant operations in multiple countries but are managed from a base in the home country—inaugurated the rapid growth in international trade. With its focus on control from the home country, the MNC is characteristic of the ethnocentric attitude. Some examples of companies that can be considered MNCs include Sony, Deutsche Bank AG, ExxonMobil, and Merrill Lynch. Although these companies have considerable global holdings, management decisions with company-wide implications are made from headquarters in the home country.b. Transnational corporation (TNC)—this company maintains significant operations in more than one country but decentralizes management to the local country. This type of organization doesn’t attempt to replicate its domestic successes by managing foreign operations from its home country. Instead, nationals typically are hired to run operations in each country, and marketing strategies for each country are tail ored to that country’s unique characteristics. This type of global organization reflects the polycentric attitude. For example, Switzerland-based Nestlé, the world’s largest food company, can be described as a transnational. With operations in almost every country on the globe, its managers match the company’s products to its consumers. In parts of Europe, Nestlé sells products that are not available in the United States or Latin America.c. Borderless organization—because of the increasingly global environment, many largewell-known companies are moving to more effectively globalize their management structure by eliminating structural divisions that impose artificial geographical barriers. The borderless organization approaches global business from a geocentric attitude. For example, IBM dropped its organizational structure based on country and reorganized into 14 industry groups. Borderless management is an attempt by organizations to increase efficiency and effectiveness in a competitive global marketplace.2.In a short essay, define organizational culture and discuss the three implications of culture as discussed in the textbook.AnswerOrganizational culture is a system of shared meaning and beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in large degree, how they act. It represents a common perception held by the organization’s members. In every organization, there are systems or patterns of values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practices that have evolved over time. These shared values determine, to a large degree, what employees see, and how they respond to their world. When confronted with problems or work issues, the organizational culture influences what employees can do and how they conceptualize, define, analyze, and resolve these issues.This definition of culture implies several things. First, culture is a perception. Individuals perceive the organizational culture on the basis of what they see, hear, or experience within the organization. Second, even though individuals may have different backgrounds or work at different organizational levels, they tend to describe the organization’s culture in similar terms. That is the shared aspect of culture. Finally, organizational culture is a descriptive term. It’s concerned with how members perceive the organization, not with whether they like it. It describes rather than evaluates.3.In a short essay, list and briefly explain the steps, processes, and best practices managers typically utilize in the control process. Provide examples where appropriate.Answera.Measuring—the first step in the control process is measuring. Most jobs and activities can be expressed in tangible and measurable terms. However, managers frequently use a variety of sources of information to measure actual performance, such as personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports, and written reports. For most managers, using a combination of approaches increases both the number of input sources and the probability of getting reliable information.paring—the second step involves determining the degree of variation between actual performance and the prespecified standard. Some variation is to be expected. However, it is important for managers to determine the acceptable range of variation.c.Taking managerial action—managers can choose among three possible courses of action: do nothing, correct the actual performance, or revise the standards. Examples of corrective actions might include changing strategy, structure, compensation plans, training programs, redesigning jobs, or firing employees. Revising standards is an appropriate response if the variance was the result of unrealistic expectations. However, revising standards downwards can be troublesome when an employee or work unit fall short of reaching a goal. If they don’t meet the standard, their natural response is to attack the standard. If the manager believes the standard is fair, they should explain their position, reaffirm their desire for the employee or work unit to meet the standard, and then take necessary corrective action to turn that expectation into reality.4.In a short essay, list and discuss three of the main performance control tools used for monitoring and measuring organizational performance.Answera.Feedforward, concurrent, and feedback controls—the most desirable type of control—feedforward control—prevents anticipated problems since it takes place before the actual activity. Concurrent control, as its name implies, takes place while an activity is in progress. The most popular type of control relies on feedback. In feedback control, the control takes place after the activity is done.b.Financial controls—one of the primary purposes of every business firm is to earn a profit. In pursuit of this objective, managers need financial controls. They might perform several financial ratio tests to ensure that sufficient cash is available to pay ongoing expenses, that debt levels haven’t become too high, or that assets are being used productively. Or, they might look at some newer financial control tool s such as Market Value Added (MVA) to see if the company’s market value is greater than the capital invested in it.rmation controls—information can be critical to monitoring and measuring an organization’s performance. Managers need the right informat ion at the right time and in the right amount. Inaccurate, incomplete, excessive, or delayed information will seriously impede performance.d.Balanced scorecard—this is a performance measurement that was introduced as a way to evaluate organizational performance from more than just the financial perspective. The balanced scorecard is a performance measurement tool that looks at four areas—financial, customer, internal processes, and people/innovation/growth assets—that contribute to a company’s performance. According to this approach, managers should develop goals in each of the four areas and measure to determine if these goals are being met.e.Benchmarking of best practices—benchmarking is the search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance. At its most fundamental level, benchmarking means learning from others. As a tool for monitoring and measuring organizational performance, benchmarking can be used to help identify specific performance gaps and potential areas for improvement.。
罗宾斯(第9版)管理学习题7-13章
第七章一、选择题1·( )是正式计划而非非正式计划的特征。
a．组织内部很少或没有共同目标 b．计划工作是普遍的c．为实现目标存在具体的行动计划 d．关注结果2·( )属于计划工作的四个原因之一。
a．计划自动地增加灵活性 b．计划减少不确定性c．计划即使不确定也具有价值d·计划不是件容易的工作，需要经过高强度训练才能制定好的计划3·( )是个体、群体和整个组织期望的产出。
a．计划 b．目 c．战略 d．政策4·( )是组织向外界宣称的试图使各种利益相关群体相信的正式的陈述。
a．真实目标 b．陈述目标c·目标管理 d．方向性计划5．不是融资目标例子的是( )。
a．较大的现金流 b．较高的分红、c·较高的红利和较好的信用等 d．较大的市场份额6·( )构成了组织的整体目标，( )具体表明整体目标怎样达到。
a．战略计划；运营计划 b．长期计划；短期计划c．具体计划；方向性计划 d．持续性计划；一次性计划7．长期计划的时间框架是( )。
a·小于一年 b．大于一年c·超过两年 d．超过三年8·短期计划的时间框架是( )。
a．一年左右 b．两年左右 c．三年左右 d．四年左右9·制定一般指导原则的灵活性计划是( )。
a·运营计划 b．战略计划 c．具体计划 d．方向性计划l0·当环境的不确定性很高时，( )更好。
a·战略计划 b．方向性计划c·运营计划 d．持续性计划11为满足特定情况需要，对非程序性决策作出反应而制定的计划是L )。
a·短期计划 b．具体计划 c．方向性计划 d．一次性计划12·( )计划提供了对重复进行的活动的持续指导。
a·方向性 b．持续性c·运营 d．一次性13‘窑三…：中j首先设立组织的最高目标，然后将其分解为每一个组织层次的子目标。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库
Chapter 7 – Foundations of PlanningTrue/False Questions4. Research indicates that managers who plan always outperform managers who do not plan.False (moderate)9. Plans that specify the details of achievement of the overall objectives are calledoperational plans.True (difficult)10. Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.False (moderate)12. Standing plans are created in response to programmed decisions that managers make andinclude policies, rules, and procedures.True (moderate)13. The greater the environmental certainty, the more plans need to be directional andemphasis placed on the short term.False (moderate)22. An organization's real goals are what they actually plan on accomplishing, rather thanwhat they hope to accomplish.False (moderate)24. Real goals are official statements of what an organization says its goals are.False (easy)Multiple Choice36. One purpose of planning is that it minimizes ______________ and ______________.a. cost; timeb. time; personnel needsc. waste; redundancy (difficult)d. time; wastee. mistakes; cost38. What does the evidence suggest about organizations that plan compared to organizationsthat do not plan?a. Planning organizations always outperform nonplanning organizations.b. Nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations.c. Planning organizations generally outperform nonplanning organizations (easy)d. Nonplanning organizations generally outperform planning organizations.e. They generally perform at about the same level.45. Which of the following is the foundation of planning?a. employeesb. goals (easy)c. outcomesd. computerse. the planning department46. According to the text, _____________ are documents that outline how goals are going tobe met and which typically describe resource allocations, schedules, and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals.a.strategiesb.goalsc.plans (moderate)d.policiese.procedures50. Which of the following is true concerning an organization's stated objectives?a. They issue identical objectives to all constituents.b. Organizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives.c.They may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers, employees, and thepublic.(moderate)d. It is illegal to issue conflicting stated objectives.e. Stated objectives are usually in line with short-term actions.54. What should a person do to understand what are the real objectives of the organization?a. observe organizational member actions (moderate)b. attend a stockholders annual meetingc. read their statement of purposed. read their annual reporte. watch television news reports59. When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by______________.a. breadth.b. specificity.c. frequency of use. (easy)d. depth.e. time frame.61. Based on the information presented in the text, ______________ are short term,specific, and standing.a. operational (moderate)b. long-termc. strategicd. specifice. directional67. An organizational plan that has a 6-year time frame would be considered what type ofplan?a. operationalb. short-termc. strategicd. intermediatee. long-term (moderate)68. Strategic plans tend to include a time period of usually ______________.a. 1 year.b. 1-3 years.c. 3 years or more. (moderate)d. 5 years or more.e. at least 10 years.71. Compared to directional plans, what type of plan has clearly defined objectives?a. strategicb. single-usec. short-termd. specific (moderate)e. standing76.Planning accuracy with a high degree of environmental change tends to produce which ofthe following results?a. Planning accuracy is likely.b. Planning accuracy becomes much more important.c. Planning accuracy becomes less important.d. Planning accuracy is less likely. (moderate)e. Planning accuracy occurs in the long-run.78. A ______________ plan is a one-time plan designed to meet the needs of a uniquesituation and created in response to nonprogrammed decisions that managers make.a. single-use (easy)b. short-termc. directionald. standinge. strategic79. A small town's preparation for a visit by the President of the United States would beconsidered what type of plan?a. strategicb. directionalc. standingd. long-terme. single-use (moderate)81. A city's policy concerning skateboarding on downtown sidewalks providing guidance forpolice action would be considered what type of plan?a. standing (difficult)b. contingencyc. directionald. single-usee. strategic84. Where in the organizational hierarchy are traditional goals determined?a. front-line employeesb. team leadersc. lower-level managersd. middle managerse. top managers (moderate)89. A management system in which specific performance goals are jointly determined byemployees and their managers is known as ______________.a.management by objectives. (moderate)b.means-ends chain.c.traditional goal setting.d.management by opinions.91. Which of the following is not one of the four common elements of Management ByObjectives (MBO)?a. goal specificityb. participative decision-makingc. an explicit time periodd. a systems loop (difficult)e. performance feedback93. Management By Objectives (MBO) can be described by which of the following statements?a. an autocratic systemb. a "bottom up" systemc. a "top down" systemd. both a "top down" and a "bottom up" system (difficult)e. a static system105. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” probably the biggest change for planning in e-business is that ______________.a.the environment is more stable.b.customers are calling the shots. (moderate)c.employees are making the demands.d.only a few competitors exist.Essay Questions122. In a short essay, list and discuss the four reasons for planning.Answera.Planning establishes coordinated effort. It gives direction to managers andnonmanagers alike. When employees know where the organization or work unit aregoing and what they must contribute to reach goals, they can coordinate theiractivities, cooperate with each other, and do what it takes to accomplish thosegoals. Without planning, departments and individuals might be working at cross-purposes, preventing the organization from moving efficiently toward its goals.b.Planning reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change,consider the impact of change, and develop appropriate responses. It alsoclarifies the consequences of actions managers might take in response to change.Even though planning can’t eliminate change, managers plan in order to anticipatechanges and develop the most effective response to them.c.Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities.When work activities arecoordinated around established plans, wasted time and resources and redundancy canbe minimized. Furthermore, when means and ends are made clear through planning,inefficiencies become obvious and can be corrected or eliminated.d.Planning establishes goals or standards that are used in controlling. If managersare unsure of what they are trying to accomplish, they will be unable to determinewhether or not the goal has actually been achieved. In planning, goals and plansare developed. Then, through controlling, actual performance is compared againstthe goals, significant deviations are identified, and necessary corrective actionis taken. Without planning, there would be no way to control.(moderate)127. In a short essay, list and discuss five characteristics of well-defined goals.Answer(1) A well-designed goal should be written in terms of outcomes rather than actions.The desired end result is the most important element of any goal and, therefore, thegoal should be written to reflect this. (2) Next, a goal should be measurable and quantifiable. It’s much easier to determine if a goal has been met if it’s measurable. In line with specifying a quantifiable measure of accomplishment, (3) a well-designed goal should also be clear as to a time frame. Although open-ended goals may seem preferable because of their supposed flexibility, in fact, goals without a time frame make an organization less flexible because a manager is never sure when the goal has been met or when he or she should call it quits because the goal will never be met regardless of how long he or she works at it. (4) Next a well-designed goal should be challenging but attainable. Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainable even with exceptional effort.(5) Next, well-designed goals should be written down. Although actually writing downgoals may seem too time consuming, the process of writing the goals forces people to think them through. In addition, the written goals become visible and tangible evidence of the importance of working toward something. (6) Finally, well-designed goals are communicated to all organizational members who need to know the goals.Making people aware of the goals ensures that they’re “on the same page” and working in ways to ensure the accomplishment of the organizational goals.(moderate)128. In a short essay, list and discuss the five steps in the goal-setting process.Answera.Step 1: Review the organization’s mission, the purpose of the organization.These broad statements of what the organization’s purpose is and what it hopes toaccomplish provide an overall guide to what organizational members think isimportant. It’s important to review these statements before writing goals becausethe goals should reflect what the mission statement says.b.Step 2: Evaluate available resources. A manager doesn’t want to set goals thatare impossible to achieve given the available resources. Even though goals shouldbe challenging, they should be realistic. If the resources a manager has to workwith doesn’t allow for the achievement of that goal no matter how had the managertries of how much effort is exerted, that goal shouldn’t be set.c.Step 3: Determine individually, or with input from others, the goals. These goalsreflect desired outcomes and should be congruent with the organizational missionand goals in other organizational areas. These goals should be measurable,specific, and include a time frame for accomplishment.d.Step 4: Write down the goals and communicate them to all who need to know.Writing goals down forces people to think them through and also makes those goalsvisible and tangible evidence of the importance of working toward something.e.Step 5: Review results and whether goals are being met. Make changes, as needed.Once the goals have been established, written down, and communicated, a manager isready to develop plans for pursuing the goals.(difficult)129. In a short essay, list and discuss the three contingency factors that affect planning.Answera.Level in the organization–for the most part, operational planning dominatesmanagers’ planning efforts at lower levels. At higher organizational levels, theplanning becomes more strategy oriented.b.Degree of environmental uncertainty–when environmental uncertainty is high,plans should be specific, but flexible. Managers must be prepared to reword andamend plans as they’re implemented. At times, managers may even have to abandon their plans.c.Length of future commitments –the more that current plans affect futurecommitments, the longer the time frame for which managers should plan. This commitment concept means that plans should extend far enough to meet those commitments made when the plans were developed. Planning for too long or for too short a time period is inefficient and ineffective.(moderate)。
罗宾斯管理学习题5-6章
口选择题1．认为通过实现利润最大化保护利益相关群体的利益是管理者的主要职责的观点是( )a ．古典观点b ．社会经济学观点 C ．社会责任 d ．问题强度 2．认为企业应该为其所处的更大社会环境承担自己的社会责任的观点反映的是( )a ．古典观点b ．社会经济学观点 C ．社会义务 d ．问题强度 9．对组织决策和活动与组织对自然环境的影响之间的紧密联系的意识称 为( ) 。
a ．联结点理论 b ．管理的绿色化c ．生态意识d ．利益相关群体的授权 10．以绿化美国为目标的环境敏感度的最高层次是 ( ) 。
a ．法律方式b ．活动家方式c ．市场方式d ．利益相关群体方式 11．当意识到管理应绿色化时，大多数组织在第一阶段采取的是 ( ) 。
a ．法律方式b ．市场方式c ．利益相关群体方式d ．活动家方式 12．管理者建立、推行和实践组织共享价值观的管理方式是 ( ) 。
a ．社会响应b ．以价值观为基础的管理 C ．绿色管理 d ．利益相关群体管理 13．管理者发展共享价值观的目标包括( ) 。
a ．减少成本 b ．提高生产率和产品质量 c ．影响竞争对手的生产率 d ．塑造雇员行为 14．美国管理协会的调查表明， 64％的被访者认为公司的价值观与 ( ) 相关。
a .行业标准b .职业道德准则c .绩效评价和薪酬d . MBO 目标15． ( ) 是规定行为是非的原则和观念。
a- 社会责任 b ．道德 c ．利益相关群体 d ．控制点 16．道德发展的第一水平是 ( ) 。
在这个水平上，一个人的是非选择建立在个人后果的基础上。
a ．前习俗水平b ．习俗水平c ．原则水平d ．前认知水平 17．当公司向第三世界国家销售不利于健康的、焦油含量较高的香烟时，具有较高自我强度的管理者很可 能会 ( ) 。
a ．认为，因为香烟不利于健康，所以公司不应该销售，并积极阻止公司出售这种香烟b ．认为，因为香烟不利于健康，所以公司不应该销售，但不采取措施阻止公司出售这种香烟c ．不说出自己的想法，只是非正式地建议公司停止出售这种香烟d ．不采取任何措施改变公司的现行做法，尽管也认为这种香烟不利于健康18．具有 ( ) 的人认为自己能掌握命运。
管理学-罗宾斯版 名词解释及问答题
1 管理者2 计划/组织/领导/控制3 管理角色（人际关系/信息传递/决策制定）4 管理5 效率/效果6 管理原则7 官僚行政组织8 劳动分工9 组织行为10 霍桑研究11 创业精神12 学习型组织13 知识管理14 质量管理15 管理的万能论/象征论16 组织文化/强文化/弱文化17 外部环境/具体环境18 环境的不确定性/复杂性19 利益相关者20 多国公司/跨国公司/无国界组织21 许可证贸易/特许经营/战略联盟/合资企业22 民族文化/个人主义/集体主义/权利差距/不确定性规避23 社会义务/社会响应/社会责任24 管理的绿色化25 价值观26 道德准则27 控制点28 自我强度29 道德的功利观/公平理论观/权力观/社会契约整合理论30 理性决策制定31 有限理性32 承诺升级33 直觉决策34 结构问题/程序化决策35 程序/规则/政策36 非结构问题（确定性/不确定性/风险性）37 命令型/分析型/概念型/行为性38 计划工作39 目标40 计划41 战略计划/运营计划42 长期计划/短期计划43 具体计划/方向性计划44 一次性计划/持续性计划45手段目标链46 目标管理47 使命48 承诺概念49 战略管理50 战略管理过程51 SWOT52 核心能力53 公司层/事业层/职能层战略54 相关多元化/非相关多元化55 稳定型战略/紧缩战略56 BCG矩阵57 战略业务单位58 竞争优势59 成本领先战略/差异化战略/聚焦战略60 盈亏平衡分析61 项目管理62 组织工作63 组织结构64 组织设计65 工作专门化/部门化/职能化/产品部门化/地区部门化/过程部门化/顾客部门化66 跨职能团队67 指挥连68 职权/职责69 统一指挥70 管理跨度71 集权化/分权化72 授权73 正规化74 机械式组织/有机式组织75 简单结构/职能型结构/事业部结构/基于团队的结构/矩阵型结构/项目型组织/无边界组织/虚拟组织/网络化组织/标准化组织/学习型组织76 沟通77 人际沟通78 组织沟通79 非语言沟通80 正式沟通/非正式沟通81 人力资源管理过程82 人力资源规划83 职务分析84 职务说明书85 职务规范86 甄选过程87 效度/信度88 绩效管理系统89 关键事件法/360反馈法90 组织变革91 组织发展92 创造/创新93 组织行为94 组织公民行为95 工作满意度96 工作投入97 组织承诺98 认知组织支持99 归因理论100 刻板印象101 晕轮效应102 社会学习理论103 行为塑造104 群体/正是群体/非正式群体105 角色/规范106 群体思维107 冲突108 群体内聚力109 工作团队110 职能型团队/自我管理团队/跨职能团队/虚拟工作团队111 动机/需要112 需求层次理论113 X/Y理论114 激励-保健理论115 三种需要理论116 目标设置理论117 工作设计118 工作特征模型119 工作反馈120 公平理论121 期望理论122 领导/领导者123 行为理论124独裁型/放任型/民主型125 管理方格理论126 路径目标理论127 事务性/变革性/领袖魅力型/愿景规划型128 控制（市场控制/官僚控制/小集团控制）129组织绩效130 组织有效性131 前馈控制/同期控制/反馈控制132 EV A/MPV133 标杆比较134 作业管理135 价值链管理136 价值链137 管理信息系统（MIS）138 平衡计分卡问答题1 效率与效果在管理的理解2 管理的职能和过程3 管理角色分类？4 管理的技能分类5 管理系统（定义，分类，作用）6 管理的权变观点（定义。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-8
Chapter 8 - Strategic ManagementTrue/False Questions3. The first step in the strategic management process is analyzing the external environment.False (difficult)6. Within an industry, an environment can present opportunities to one organization and pose threats to another.True (moderate)The final step in the strategic management process is implementing the objectives.False (difficult)TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES11.Corporate-level strategics arc developed for organizations that run more than one type of business.True (moderate)The business group that is characterized by having low growth but high market share is known as a cash cow.True (moderate)According to the Boston Consulting Group matrix, question marks are businesses that generate large amounts of cash, but their prospects lor future growth are limited?False (moderate)According to Porter's competitive strategies framework, the cost leadership strategy would result in the best quality product at a justifiable cost.False (difficult)Multiple Choice38.The strategic management process is divided into which of the following sections?a.planning, implementation, and evaluation (easy)b.problem identification, planning, and implementationc.implementation, evaluation, and restructuringd.mission statement, environmental evaluation, and specific goalse.mission statement, environmental scoping, and evaluationIn the strategic management process, the defines the organizational purpose and answersthe question: "What is our reason for being in business?" a. objective b. evaluation c. strategyd.mission (easy)e.values statement41. Which of the following is not an example of an organization's mission?a.We believe our first responsibility is to doctors, nurses and patients, to mothers and all others who use ourproducts and services. (Johnson & Johnson).b.AMAX's principal products are molybdenum, coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, petroleum and natural gas,potash, phosphates, nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, and magnesium.c.We at Xeren want to increase market share by 10% during the next fiscal year, (difficult)d.Wc are dedicated to the total success of Corning Glass Works as a worldwide competitor.e.Hoover Universal is a diversified, multi-industry corporation with strong manufacturing capabilities,entrepreneurial policies, and individual business unit autonomy.44.Which of the following is not part of the organization's external environment?a.what competition is doingb.pending legislation that might affect the organizationc.consumer trendsd.employees* education level (moderate)bor supplyWhat step in the strategic management process follows analyzing the external environment?a.identifying opportunities and threats (moderate)b.mission statementc.evaluationd.identifying strengths and weaknessese.formulating strategiesWhat step in the strategic management process follows analyzing the organization's resources?a.identifying opportunities and threatsb.formulating strategyc.mission statementd.implementing strategye.identifying strengths and weaknesses (easy)In the strategic management process, what step comes prior to evaluating results?a.identifying strengths and weaknessesb.formulating strategiesc.identifying opportunities and threatsd.implementing strategies (easy)f.analyzing the organization's resourcesWhat is the final step in the strategic management process?a.mission statementb.identifying opportunities and threatsc.implementing strategicsd.analyzing the organization's resourcese.evaluating results (easy)Which of the following is one level of strategic planning in large companies?a.management levelb.financial levelc.staff leveld.corporate level (easy)e.systems levelLower level managers in an organization are typically responsible for which of the following types of strategies?a.functional-level strategiesb.business-level strategiesc.corporate-level strategiesd.mergers and acquisitionsWhich of the following is associated with corporate-lcvcl strategies?a.They are needed if your organization is in more than one type of business, (moderate)b.They answer: "How should our business compete?"c.They represent a single business.d.They arc a method of support for the business-level strategics.e.They determine the operations of a single business unit.65.When PepsiCo seeks to integrate the strategies of Pepsi, 7-Up International, and Frito-Lay, it is developingwhat level of business strategy?a.functionalb.systemc.managementd.businesse.corporate (moderate)Examples of a corporate-level stability strategy include all of the following EXCEPT:a.continuing to serve the same clients by offering the same product or service.b.maintaining market share.c.sustaining the organization's return-on-investment results.d.implementing vertical or horizontal integration, (moderate)When should management pursue a stability strategy?anizational performance is slipping.b.The environment is changing.c.The organization's performance is satisfactory and the environment is stable, (moderate)d.The firm has valuable strengths.e.There are abundant environmental opportunities.76.In, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier.a.forward vertical integrationb.backward vertical integration (moderate)c.horizontal integrationd.related diversificatione.unrelated diversificationWhich of the following describes a company growing by combining with other organizations in the same industry?a.forward vertical integrationb.backward vertical integrationc.horizontal integration (moderate)d.related diversificatione.unrelated diversificationWhich of the four business groups in (he corporate portfolio matrix has high growth and high market share?a.cash cowb.stars (difficult)c.question marksd.dogse.elephantsMichael Porter's competitive strategies framework identifies three generic competitive strategies: cost leadership, differentiation, and.a.depth.b.breadth.c.revenue growth.d.focus, (moderate)e.acquisition.102.Porter's competitive strategies framework describes a strategy whereby an organizationwants to be unique in its industry along dimensions widely valued by buyers.a.differentiation (moderate)b.fbcusc.cost leadershipd.depthe.defenderAccording to the boxed feature, "Managing in an E-Business World? all of the following are mentioned as major implications of the increasingly dynamic and uncertain environments on e-business strategies EXCEPT:a.environmental analysis will become an important part of everyone's job.b.strategy will become increasingly long term in orientation, (moderate)c.barriers to entry are practically nonexistent.d. a sustainable competitive advantage will be harder to achieve.ScenariosA Large Taco (Scenario)It is now ten years later and, as the original owner of Taco Rocket, you have seen your business holdings grow substantially. You now need to decide how to best manage and utilize the large number of assets represented by the companies you own. You called the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), and they have offered you some advice based on their corporate portfolio matrix.117.Your oldest holding, Taco Rocket, has not grown much in recent years but, due to low debt, generates a hugeamount of cash. Taco Rocket would be considered, according to BCG, a.a.cash cow. (moderate)b.star.c.question mark.d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Recently, you also purchased a company that manufactures a new satellite dish, allowing you to enter into the cable television market. The business is profitable and growing, but the technological unknowns make it risky. BGC considers it a.a.cash cow.b.star.c.question mark, (moderate)d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Another purchase you made was to acquire a local coffee-cart chain with thirty locations around the city. You don't see it growing very much, bui then, ii doesn't cost much (o operate. BGC has labeled this venturea.cash cow.b.star.c.question mark.d.dog. (moderate)e.does not fit with their matrix118.You also got somewhat lucky with an investment made a few years ago. You were an original investor in a computer chip company that took off quickly and now dominates the market. While growing quickly, it docs not tend to generate positive cash flow and is in continuous need of reinvestment of equipment and product development. BGC considers this a. a. cash cow.b.star, (moderate)c.question mark.d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Essay QuestionsTHE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESSIn a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the strategic management process.123.In a short essay, list and discuss the three levels of strategy that an organization must develop.Answer Corporate-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine what businesses a company should be in or wants to be in. Corporate-level strategy determines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will plan in pursuing that direction.a.Business-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine how an organization should compete in each ofits businesses. For a small organization in only one line of business or the large organization that has not diversified into different products or markets, the business-level strategy typically overlaps with (he organization's corporate strategy. For organizations with multiple businesses, however, each division will have its own strategy that defines the products or services it will offer and the customers it wants to reach.b.Functional-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine how (o support (he business-level strategy. Fororganizations (hat have traditional functional departments such as manufacturing, marketing, human resources, research and development, and finance, these strategies need to support the businesslevel strategy(moderate)In a short essay, discuss the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix and explain its usefulness in segmenting businesses. Include a discussion of the characteristics for each of the four categories based on the BCG matrix.Answer The Boston Consulting Group matrix introduced the idea that an organization's businesses could be evaluated and plotted using a 2 x 2 matrix to identify which ones offered high potential and which were a drain on organizational resources. The horizontal axis represents market share, which was evaluated as either low or high; and the vertical axis indicates anticipated market growth, which also was evaluated as either low or high. Based on its evaluation, the business was placed in one of four categories:a.Cash cows (low growth, high market share) - businesses in this category generate large amounts of cash,but they prospects for future growth are limited.b.Stars (high growth, high market share) - these businesses are in a fast-growing market, and hold a dominantshare of that market. Their contribution to cash flow depends on their need for resources.c.Question marks (high growth, low market share) - these businesses are in an attractive industry, but holda small market share percentage.d.Dogs (low growth, low market share) - businesses in this category do not produce, or consume, much cash.However, they hold no promise for improved performance.(easy)In a short essay, list and discuss the five competitive forces, according to Porter, which determine industry attractiveness and profitability.Answer Threat of new entrants - determined by the height of barriers to entry which includes factors such as economies of scale, brand loyalty, and capital requirements determine how easy or difficult it is for new competitors to enter an industry.a.Threat of substitutes - factors such as switching costs and buyer loyalty determine the degree to whichcustomers are likely to buy a substitute product.b.Bargaining power of buyers - factors such as number of customers in the market, customer information,and the availability of substitutes determine the amount of influence that buyers have in an industry.c.Bargaining power of suppliers - factors such as the degree of supplier concentration and availability ofsubstitute inputs determine the amount of power that supplier have over firms in the industry.d.Existing rivalry - factors such as industry growth rate, increasing or falling demand, and product differencesdetermine how intense the competitive rivalry will be among firms in the industry.(moderate)In a short essay, list and discuss the three competitive strategics, according to Porter. Include specific examples of companies that pursue each of the three competitive strategies.Answer Cost leadership strategy - when an organization sets out to be the lowest-cost producer in its industry, it's following a cost leadership strategy. A low-cost leader aggressively searches out efficiencies in production, marketing, and other areas of operation. Overhead is kept to a minimum, and the firm does everything it can to cut costs. For example, Wal-Mart,s headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, office furnishings are sparse and drab but functional. Although low-cost leaders don't place a lot of emphasis on "frills,“ the product or service being sold must be perceived as comparable in quality to (hat offered by rivals or al least be acceptable (o buyers. Examples of companies that have used the low-cost leader strategy include Wal-Mart, Hyundai, and Southwest Airlines.a.Differentiation strategy - the company that seeks to offer unique products that are widely valued bycustomers is following a differentiation strategy. Sources of differentiation might be exceptionally high quality, extraordinary service, innovative design, technological capability, or an unusually positive brand image. The key to this competitive strategy is that whatever product or service attribute is chosen for differentiating must set the firm apart from its competitors and be significant enough to justify a price premium that exceed the cost of differentiating. Practically any successful product or sen ice can be identified as an example of the differentiation strategy: Nordstrom's (customer service); Sony (reputation for quality and innovative design); Coach handbags (design and brand image); and Kimberly-Clark's Huggies Pull-Ups (product design).b.Focus strategy - the aim of the focus strategy is at a cost advantage or a differentiation advantage in anarrow segment. That is, managers select a market segment or group of segments in an industry and don't attempt to serve the broad market. The goal of a fbcus strategy is to exploit a narrow segment of a market.These segments can be based on product variety, type of end buyer, distribution channel, or geographical location of buyers. Research suggests (hat (he focus strategy may be (he most effective choice lor small businesses because they typically do not have the economies of scale or internal resources to successfully pursue one of the other two strategies.(moderate)。
罗宾斯(第9版)管理学习题1-4章
第一章口选择题1·治理者是()。
a．不需要补偿的雇员b·为实现组织目标协调工作活动的人c．组织的首脑d．一线工人2·地区经理、工程主管和事业部经理都能够被称为()。
a．基层治理者b．非治理雇员c．中层治理者d．高层治理者3·玛丽向营销副总裁上报工作内容，同时她又是监督者，一些小时工雇员直截了当向她汇报，那么玛丽是()。
a．基层治理者b．中层治理者c．高层治理者d．执行者4·那些负责作出组织层面的决策，并为整个组织制定方案和目标的治理者被定义为()。
a·高层治理者b．中层治理者c．基层治理者d．非治理雇员5·以下能区不治理职位和非治理职位的是()。
a·工资金额的多少b．是否协调他人的工作c·是否组织新的工程d．是否拥有技术技能6·假如比安卡的工作专注在减少白费上，那么她更应该是()治理者。
a·有效率的b．有效果的c．目标导向的d．拥有技术技能的7．效果通常被描述为()。
a．工作活动有助于关心组织实现其目标b．委任尽可能多的责任c．通过自己来治理过程d．通过资金情况来定义一个工程的结果8·()可被理解为正确地做事，()可被理解为一种结果，或者到达组织目标。
a．效果；经济b．效果；效率c．效率；效果d．经济；效率9．方案包括()。
a．指导和鼓舞他人b．适时监控以确保完成任务c．决定某事需要由谁来做d．确定目标、制定策略10．当一个治理者决定需要做什么以及怎么样完成时，他是在()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵11．将实际业绩和预先设定的目标进行比照可视为()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵12·珍妮弗的上司要求她解释其所属部门的实际开支与公司预算数额不符之处。
在那个地点，上司执行的是()治理职能。
a．方案b．组织c．领导c1．操纵13·在组织成员之间选择最有效的沟通渠道应属于()治理职能。
罗宾斯管理学习题集判断题
第一章：管理与组织导论1. 一个管理人员应具备的管理技能有领导技能、人事技能和技术技能三种。
（×）2. 管理的目的在于“有效地”作出决策，提高组织活动的成效。
（×）3. 领导是管理的首要职能。
(×)4. 在管理的定义中，效率是指实现组织目标的程度，效果是指以最少的投入获得最大的产出。
（×）5. 亨利·明茨伯格认为管理者实际上在扮演10种不同的角色，分别为人际关系、信息传递和决策制定。
（√）6. 管理是同别人一起或通过别人使工作活动完成得更为有效和更有效果的过程。
（√）7. 组织是一种实体，它具有明确的目的，包含各种资源以及各种精细的结构。
（×）8. 传统的组织是根据任务定义工作，而新型的组织的根据职位定义工作（×）第二章：管理的昨天和今天1.梅奥认为，在共同的工作过程中，人们必然发生相互之间的联系，产生感情，自然形成一种行为准则或惯例，要求个人服从，这就形成了正式组织。
（×）2.从19世纪末期到20世纪初期，诸多学者提出比较系统的管理理论，比如，泰罗的科学管理理论，法约尔的行政管理理论。
（×）3. 韦伯提出的行政性组织用在低效率的公共行政管理部门。
（×）4. 切斯特·巴纳德提出了一个理想的工作场所，并主张花在改进劳动力状况上的金钱是一种民智的投资（×）5. 全面质量管理理论认为低成本是提高生产率的唯一途径。
（√）6. 创业精神包括发现机会和调动资源去开发这些机会。
（√）第三章：组织文化与环境：约束力量1. 一般环境对组织的影响是直接的、长期的、潜在的。
（×）2. 管理的基本问题就是要在应付变动的外部环境中进行有效的资源配置。
（√）3. 组织的领导层一旦变动，组织文化一般会受到很大影响，甚至立即消失。
（×）4. 组织文化由创新与风险承受力、关注细节、成果导向、员工导向、团队导向、进取性等六个维度。
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第一套《管理学》期末考试试卷（第一套试卷Ａ卷）一、选择题（每题 1 分，共10 分）1. 西方权变理论学派的代表人物是（）。
A 孔茨B 西蒙C 梅奥D 伍德沃德2 ．管理跨度原则可以理解为（）。
A 职位的职权和职责对等一致B 领导者所管理的人员数目应当适当C 管理人员要求与分工、协作相一致D 应当授予管理人员一定的职权3 ．美国学者梅奥曾经带领一批研究人员进行了有名的霍桑试验，开创了（）的早期研究。
A 行为科学学派B 管理科学学派C 社会系统学派D 经验主义学派4. 确定合理的管理幅度是进行组织设计的一项重要内容。
关于什么是合理的管理幅度，对于下列四种说法，你最赞同哪一种？( )。
A管理幅度越窄，越易控制，管理人员的费用也越低。
B管理幅度越宽，组织层次越少，但管理人员的费用会大幅度上升。
C管理幅度应视管理者能力、下属素质、工作性质等因素的不同而定。
D管理幅度的确定并不是对任何组织都普遍重要的问题，无须过多考虑。
5 ．在计划类型中，按照计划制定者的层次可将计划分为（）。
A 战略计划、管理计划、作业计划B 指令性计划、指导性计划C 综合计划、项目计划D 销售计划、生产计划、劳动人事计划、技术改造计划6 ．在管理控制活动中，有一种控制是用过去的情况来指导现在和将来 ,这种控制是（）。
A 前馈控制B 反馈控制 C过程控制 D 间接控制7.根据领导生命周期理论，当下属的成熟度处于成熟阶段应采取的领导方式是：( )。
A 高关系低工作B 命令式C 参与式D 低工作低关系8 当人们认为自己的报酬与劳动之比，与他人的报酬与劳动之比是相等的，这时就会有较大的激励作用，这种理论称为：( )。
A、双因素理论B、效用理论C、公平理论D、强化理论8在管理方格图中，团队式管理的方格是处于( )。
A 9.1B 9.9C 1.9D 1.110 ．心理学家马斯洛将人的多种需求概括为五个层次的需要，依次是：（）。
A 社交的需要、尊重需要、安全需要、生理需要、自我实现需要B 生理需要、安全需要、尊重需要、社交的需要、自我实现需要C 生理需要、安全需要、社交的需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要D 生理需要、社交的需要、安全需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要二、多项选择题（每题2分，共12分）1. 领导者在建立和健全科学决策支持系统时，主要应注意建立（）。
A 信息系统B 咨询系统 C决策系统D 组织系统E 执行系统F 反馈系统2. 现代管理的主要职能包括（）。
A 计划职能B 组织职能 C创新职能 D 控制职能E 激励职能F 领导职能 G协调职能3 ．能体现我国朴素的辩证思想的理论有（）。
A 物极必反B 以逸待劳 C将欲弱之，必固强之 D 知己知彼，百战不殆 E 治国之道，务在举贤4.勒温的领导作风理论提出了三种极端的领导工作作风，即（）。
A专制作风 B 集权作风 C仁慈作风 D民主作风E放任自流作风 F 权变作风5.企业文化的结构大致可以分为以下几个层次：（）。
A 目标层B 哲学层 C精神层 D道德层 E制度层 F器物层6. 管理思想发展史的第三阶段为中期的管理思想，主要代表人物（）。
A 梅奥B 法约尔C 巴纳德D 伯法E 卡斯特四、简答题（每题5分，共40分）•控制过程一般有哪些步骤？•什么是人际关系平衡？其种类有哪些？•管理思想的发展可分成几个阶段？•何谓组织生命周期理论？•为什么说管理学既是科学又是艺术？•双因素理论的主要内容是什么？•费德勒模型的主要内容是什么？•现代计划方法主要有哪些？五、论述题（每题10分，共20分）•为什么强调正激与负激相结合，但应以正激为主？试举例说明。
•评述您学过的领导理论，谈谈管理学中的领导理论对提高领导艺术的作用。
【答案】一、单项选择题１．Ｄ２．Ｂ３．Ａ４．Ｃ５．Ａ６．Ｂ７．Ｄ８．Ｃ９．Ｂ１０．Ｃ二、多项选择题１．ＡＢＣＥＦ２．ＡＢＤＥＦＧ３．ＡＢＣＤ４．ＡＤＥ５．ＣＥＦ６．ＡＣ四、简答题•答：①限定子系统的范围。
②识别所要测量的特性。
③订立标准。
④收集数据。
⑤衡量绩效。
⑥诊断与更正。
（答对５条给满分。
）•答：所谓人际关系平衡是指交往双方的需要和这种需要的满足程度以及人际吸引的程度保持平衡。
（２分）种类有：自觉平衡，主动平衡，消极平衡。
（３分）•答：第一阶段，早期的管理思想。
第二阶段，古典的管理思想。
以泰勒、法约尔等人的思想为代表。
第三阶段，中期的管理思想。
以梅奥与巴纳德等人的思想为代表。
第四阶段，现代管理思想。
•答：组织象任何有机体一样有其生命周期。
格林纳认为一个组织的成长大致可分为创业、聚合、规范化、成熟、再发展或衰退五个阶段。
每阶段的组织结构、领导方式、管理体制和职工心态都有其特点。
•答：管理学是一门科学，这是因为它具有科学的特点，如客观性，实践性，理论系统性，真理性，发展性，是一种反映客观规律的综合的知识体系。
管理学又是一门艺术，是因为艺术的含义是指能够熟练地运用知识，并且通过巧妙的技能来达到某种效果。
而有效的管理活动正需要如此。
•答：双因素理论由赫兹伯格首先提出。
他认为，使职工感到不满意的因素（保健因素）往往由外界环境引起，如，公司政策、行为管理和监督方式、工作条件、人际关系、地位、安全等，使职工感到满意的因素通常是由工作本身产生的（激励因素），如，工作富有成就感、工作成绩能得到认可、工作本身具有挑战性、负有较大的责任等。
•答：费德勒提出了有效领导的权遍模型，他认为任何领导形态均可能有效，其有效性完全取决于所处的环境是否适应。
影响领导形态有效性的环境因素有：领导者和下级的关系，职位权力，任务结构。
费德勒以一种被称为“你最不喜欢的同事”（ＬＰＣ）的问卷调查来反映和测定领导者的领导风格。
•答；①滚动计划法②网络分析技术③线性规划方法④投入产出法⑤计量经济学方法五、论述题１．答：所谓正激就是对职工的符合组织目标的期望行为进行奖励，以使得这种行为更多的出现，即职工积极性更高；（２分）所谓负激就是对职工的违背组织目的的非期望行为进行惩罚，以使得这种行为不再发生，积极性向正确方向转移。
（２分）正激和负激都是必要而有效的，不仅作用于当事人，而且会间接地影响周围其他人。
（１分）但鉴于负激具有一定的消极作用，容易产生挫折心理和挫折行为，应该慎用。
因此，领导者在激励时因该把正激与负激巧妙地结合起来，而坚持以正激为主，负激为辅。
（３分）举例参考：领导者应该把严格管理和思想工作相结合。
（２分）２．答：（ 1）领导理论的主要内容包括：领导特质理论、领导行为理论和领导权变理论。
（３分）（ 3）领导行为理论包括：包括勒温的三种极端理论、连续统一体理论、管理系统理论领导行为四分图、管理方格理论等。
（２分）（ 4）领导的权变理论：包括费德勒模型，领导生命周期模型和途径-目标理论。
这些理论分别从不同的方面来论述领导的有效性和相关情境的关系。
（２分）（ 5）总之，领导理论从领导应具备的素质、可供选择的领导形态以及在不同情境下合适的领导形态等方面进行了科学的总结。
这些领导理论，是一种反映了客观规律的综合的知识体系。
反映了领导活动中的规律性，具有科学性，而艺术的含义是能够熟练地运用知识，并通过巧妙的运用来达到某种效果。
所以，领导理论为指导管理者的素质培养和管理行为的选择提供了基本素材，是提高领导艺术性的基础。
（3分）第二套一、单选题（每小题3分，共18分）1.管理的核心是( D )A.决策B.领导C.激励D.处理好人际关系2.霍桑实验的结论中对职工的定性是（ B ）A．经济人 B．社会人C．自我实现人 D．复杂人3.古典管理理论阶段的代表性理论是( A )A.科学管理理论 B 行政组织理论C.行为科学理论 D.权变理论4.直线型组织结构一般只适用于（ B ）A．需要按职能专业化管理的小型组织 B．没有必要按职能实现专业化管理的小型组织 C．需要按职能专业化管理的中型组织 D．需要按职能专业化管理的大型组织5.双因素理论中的双因素指的是（ D ）A.人和物的因素B.信息与环境C. 自然因素和社会因素D.保健因素与激励因素6.专业化管理程度高,但部门之间协调性比较差,并存在多头领导现象.这是哪类组织结构类型的特点？（B）A.直线制B.职能制C直线职能制 D.事业部制E.矩阵制二、判断题（每小题2分，共20分）1.权变理论是基于自我实现人假设提出来的. (×)2.需求层次论是激励理论的基础理论。
( √ )3.决策最终选择的一般只是满意方案，而不是最优方案。
( √ )4.管理幅度是指一个管理者直接指挥下级的数目. 管理幅度应该适当才能进行有效的管理. ( √ )5.冲突对组织都是有害的,冲突管理就是要尽可能减少或消除冲突. (×)6.管理的效益原理认为:管理工作都应该力图以最小的投入和消耗,获取最大的收益. ( √ )7.最小后悔值决策方法中的后悔值就是机会损失值. ( √ )8.公平理论认为一个人的公平感觉取决于其每次的投入与报酬之间是否对等. (×)9.高语境文化中的人们更加倾向于坦率的和直接的交流方式 (×)10. “胡萝卜加大棒”是泰勒制的管理信条。
( √ )三、多选题（每小题5分，共30分）1.管理的二重性是指管理的( AD )A.自然属性B.艺术性C. 科学性D.社会属性E.实践性2.管理的主要职能包括 ( ABEF )A.计划B.组织C.指挥D.协调E.领导F.控制3.管理的主要技能包括 ( ACD )A.人际B.诊断C.概念D.技术4.电子会议决策方法的主要优点有( ACD )A.诚实B.先进C.匿名D.高效5.目标管理的特点包括有 ( ACD )A.以目标我中心B.严格监督C.自我参与 D自我控制6.控制工作的基本工作内容包括（ ABC )A.确定控制标准B.衡量工作绩效C.纠正工作偏差四、简答题（每小题16分，共32分）1、现代管理理论的发展趋势是怎样的？答：现代管理理论的发展趋势，现简述如下：(1）、战略管理步入了新的发展阶段；（2）、人本管理的思想得到极大的丰富的发展；（3）、组织的变更具革命性；（4）、管理信息化成为企业和社会普遍追求的目标；（5）、知识管理将成为新时代管理的焦点。
2、如何理解人本原理？如何实现以人为中心的管理？答：管理作为一种社会活动，是以人为本来进行的。
人是管理中最活跃的因素，人既是管理的主体，又是管理的客体，人的积极性和创造性的充分发挥，是现代管理活动成功的保证。
因此，一切管理工作均应以调动人的积极性、做好人的工作为根本。
这就是现管理的人本原理。
人是管理的中心，人是管理的目的，民主管理是实现“以人为中心”管理的最佳途径，它是以民主集中制的形式出现的，具体做法为：先民主，再集中。
（1）创造条件让职工通过正常的渠道，对本单位的管理活动提出合理化的建议，参加组织决策；（2）让员工参加管理工作；（3）职工监督管理机构和按理说者。