第三部分 透视国际传播 5：国际传播体系

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• The United States and the Great Britain maintained for 200 years, the press almost wholly free of government influence and encouraged to serve as a “Fourth Estate” in the governing process.
Ⅰ Authoritarian theory
• Period of time came into being in the authoritarian climate of the late Renaissance, soon after the invention of printing universally accepted in the 16th and 17th centuries • Basic philosophy truth was conceived to be, not the product of great mass of people, but of a few wise; man who were in a position to guide and direct their fellows. Truth was thought to be centered near the centre of power. Thoughts from Plato to Machiavelli • Press system functioned from the top down privately owned The rulers of the time used the press to inform the people of what the rulers thought they should know and the policies the rulers thought they should support. • The press being a servant of the state responsible for much of its content to the power figures in charge of government at any given moment eliminated the most common press functions: to check on government
• The Tudors and Stuarts maintained that the press belonged to the office of king and therefore was obligated to support the royal policy. Only by special permission was private ownership of the press permitted, and this permission could be withdraw any time the obligation to support the royal policies was considered to have been dishonored. Publishing was thus a sort of agreement between power source and publisher, in which the former granted a monopoly right and the latter gave support. But the power source kept the right to set and change policy, the right to license, and in some cases the right to censor.
Ⅱ Libertarian theory
• Period of time the growth of political democracy and religious freedom, the expansion of free trade and travel, the acceptance of laissez-faire economics, and the general philosophical climate of the Enlightenment, undermined authoritarianism. Be incipient in the late 17th century, came into real being in the 18th century, and flowered in the 19th century. Basic philosophy man is no longer conceived as a dependent being to be lead and directed, but rather as a rational being able to discern between truth and falsehood, between a better and worse alternative, when faced with conflicting evidence and alternative choices. Truth is no longer conceived of as property of power. Rather, the right to search for truth is one of the inalienable natural rights of man. Thoughts from Milton, Locke, Mill and the Enlightenment Press system a partner in the search for truth The press is not an instrument of government, but rather a device for presenting evidence and arguments on the basis of which the people can check on government and make up their minds as to policy. It is imperative that the press be free from government control and influence. In order for truth to emerge, all ideas must get a fair hearing; there must be a “free market place” of ideas and information. Minorities as well as majorities, the weak as well as the strong, must have access to the press.
国际传播学 之四
透视国际传播： 透视国际传播： 国际传播体系
北京语言大学 新闻系 郭之恩
国际传播体系
• 各国的媒体体系、各国政治和政府之间的 关系 • 涉及各国政治体制和政治理念
几种理论： 几种理论： • • • • • • 1、施拉姆等四种理论 2、哈希顿的五种理论 3、阿特休尔三个世界 4、卡尔·诺登斯特伦五种范式 5、丹尼斯·麦奎尔民主参与理论 6、罗伯特·皮卡德民主社会主义理论
Ⅲ Social Responsibility theory ------ New Libertarian theory
• Period of time The time that people began to measure and assess the “communication revolution” through which they were passing. received wide publicity in connection with the reports of the Hutchins Commission, but the theory was reflected much earlier by editors and publishers themselves. • Press system no longer easy to enter the publishing business or to operate a newspaper or a radio station a trend not a academic exercise
• It reflects the system of social control whereby the relations of individuals and institutions are adjusted. social systems in which the press functions • certain basic beliefs and assumptions which the society holds 1 the nature of man, 2 the nature of society and the state, philosophy 3 the relation of man to the state, 4 the nature of knowledge and truth • Four theories • Authoritarian theory Soviet Communist theory Libertarian theory Social Responsibility theory the latter two are merely developments and modifications of the first two
百度文库
施拉姆等四种理论
《报刊的四种理论》 Four Theories of the Press
Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson, Wilbur Schramm
Four Relations For The Mass Media
• Press all the media of communication • Aim of the book why does it apparently serve different purposes and appear in widely different forms in different countries? ① the differences reflect the ability of a country to pay for its press, the mechanical ingenuity and resources that can be put behind mass communication, and the relative degree of urbanization which makes the circulation of mass media at once easier and more necessary ② the differences in the press of different countries reflect simply what people do in different places and what their experience leads them to want to read about. Basic reason the press always takes on the form and coloration of the social and political structures within which it operates.