2014年华东师范大学1005法语考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题
考博士英语试题及答案
考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。
2014年华师思政考博真题
2014年华师思政考博真题
马克思主义原著选读（三选二，每题50分）（招生专业：马克思主义理论）
1、请结合当前我党正在开展的群众路线教育实践活动的实际，阐述马克思主义经典作家关于思想建党的原理、思想高度及其指导意义。
2、简述马克思在《政治经济学批判（序言）》中从六个方面对资本主义的论述，阐述当前资本主义发展的现状。
3、结合马克思主义经典作家关于科学社会主义的主要论述，阐述中国特色社会主义理论对我国全面建成小康社会的指导意义。
思想政治教育学（三道题；招生专业：思想政治教育）
1、论述现代思想政治教育必须遵循的社会教育与自我教育相统一的规律。
（33分）
2、试论充分发挥思想政治教育客体的主体性对提高思想政治教育实效性的重要意义。
（33分）
3、论社会主义核心价值观和思想政治教育内容的创新。
（34分）
复试
秦在东院长考核英语口语，自己报考的导师专业提问。
华东师范大学2014年博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案)
华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
华师考博试题2001-2013
语言所博士生入学考试试题2001年试题一、现代汉语1．说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
（20分）2．说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）（1）《马氏文通》；（3）《新著国语文法》；（2）《中国文法要略》；（4）《现代汉语语法讲话》3．你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4．写短文：说“X上”。
（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
）（40分）二、理论语言学1．为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2．语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。
语法学的研究方法也应该是语言形式与语言意义相结合的研究方法。
试根据你的理解阐述这种研究方法。
（25分）3．对语言的形式的研究和功能的研究，常常形成语言学史上的不同学术流派。
当代形式语言学派的代表是乔姆斯基的转换生成语言学，功能语言学派的代表是功能语言学（包括认知语法）。
请简述乔姆斯基学派和功能语言学派在语言观和语言研究方法论上的主要差别。
（25分）4．什么是“语言习得”（Acquisition）？什么是“语言学得”（Learning）？了解这两种语言学习方式的不同，对语言教学（母语教学，第二语言教学等）有何意义？（25分）5．你对应用语言学的哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你最感兴趣的那个应用语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
（25分）6．有些学者认为，中国语言学必须形成自己的研究特色。
有些学者认为，中国语言学应尽快同国际接轨。
就这两种观点谈谈你的看法。
（25分）（说明：上面六题，考生任选四题）2002年试题一、现代汉语1．《中国语文》2002年第一期发表了屈哨兵的文章《“由于”句的语义偏向》，屈哨兵是我校汉语言文字专业在读博士研究生。
他在文章中认为：“由于”所引领的句子常常会带有不愉快、不如意、消极或贬斥一类的语义偏向，“由于”所引领的格式在现代汉语中基本上是一个“不愉快格式”。
华东师范大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题(教育学)
华东师⼤大2010年⽐比较教育1.试述⾯面向新世纪世界教育改⾰革的基本趋势，你觉得有何重⼤大意义。
2.谈谈你对“教育国际化对第三世界国家教育发展的有积极作⽤用”这句话的认识。
3.你对⽇日本教育制度的弊端是怎么看的？4.美国的学前教育机构是如何利⽤用社区资源的？你认为我们的幼⼉儿教育机构可利⽤用的社区资源有哪些？应如何充分利⽤用这些资源？结合实际，谈谈你的看法。
.华东师⼤大2011年⽐比较教育1.请你总结⼀一下第⼆二次世界⼤大战前法国教育的特点,对法国的国家发展有何帮助。
2.论述：什么是中央集权制的教育体制，谈谈你的认识。
3.1947年郎之万--华伦教育改⾰革⽅方案的改⾰革六原则及其意义具体有哪些不⾜足和优点。
4.请你阐述德国教师资格证书的特点，它的推⼲⼴广对德国的教育有哪些积极意义。
华东师⼤大2012年⽐比较教育1.请你简述英国1972年《詹⺟母⼠士报告》中关于师资培训的三段试师范教育,有何重⼤大意义。
2.“现代教育和现代教育管理制度的本质特征决定着现代教育管理制度的发展趋向。
”这句话有什么意义，谈谈你的看法。
3.请你试论述英国视导制度的内容以及皇家督学的主要任务。
4.请你谈谈⽇日本⼆二⼗十世纪九⼗十年代以来的基础教育改⾰革中教师政策制定⽅方⾯面对我国教育改⾰革有何重⼤大启⽰示。
华东师⼤大2013年⽐比较教育1.法国在学前教育与⼩小学教育的衔接上采取的主要措施有哪些？你认为特别值得我们借鉴的有哪些？为什么,请你说出你的看法。
2.试论述前现代儒家传统中的⼉儿童与⻄西⽅方⼉儿童的⽐比较。
3.德国资助与指导学前⼉儿童家庭教育的措施主要有哪些？请就此谈谈你的看法.4.英国“幼⼉儿凭证计划”的基本涵义是什么？请就此谈谈你的认识。
北师⼤大2005年⽐比较教育1、我国⼀一流⼤大学与世界⼀一流⼤大学理念、制度层⾯面的差距 2、国际⽐比较视⾓角谈课程改⾰革原则3、⽐比较教育对认识教育现象规律的作⽤用4、⻄西⽅方⻢马克思主义⽐比较教育理论模式5、教育国际化对第三世界国家教育的影响。
华东师大历年考博英语真题
2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。
结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。
2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。
每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。
4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。
5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。
6、考试时间为180分钟。
华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------【考试试题】各个专业博士入学考试试题整理各个专业博士入学考试试题整理给出目录索引，方便大家查找北京大学——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm北京大学——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东师范大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东政法大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm理工大学工程兵工程学院——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——英语2000年5月博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京体育大学——运动生物力学、教学论2003年博士研究生入学考试.txt复旦大学——广播电视理论与实务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播理论与历史2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播实务2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻业务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——景观生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——种群生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——材料科学基础专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子化学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子物理2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2002年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度秋博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中国农业大学——饲料学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学经济学院——经济计量学2005博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——历史文化2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——魏晋隋唐2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——文史哲综合2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——哲学综合知识2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南京大学——历史系中国古代史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——社会学理论与方法2001～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——政治经济学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南开大学——古代文学考试文学史2004年博士研究生入学考试南开大学——古代文学专业批评史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学——中国文学史试题2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——经济学2004博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——2000博士研究生入学考试试题.txt武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt西北大学——西方经济学2004年年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——西方经济学2003年秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术史2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——自然科学知识综合试卷2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国人民大学——民法2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——民诉1993～2004年博士研究生入学考试试北京大学医学部——病理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——生物化学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学医学部——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——影像学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 第三军医大学——心内2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt第三军医大学——影像1999～2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt河北医科大学——神经病学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 华东师范大学——生理生态学2000年、生态学原理2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华中科技大学同济医学院——骨科2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt吉林大学——神经科2003博士研究生入学考试试题.txt解放军总医院——泌尿外科2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 军事医学科学院——细胞生物学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南方医科大学——免疫学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南方医科大学——细胞生物学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 山东大学医学院——妇产科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——内分泌学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——普通外科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——消化内科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——考试口腔颌面外科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——考试口腔解剖生理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——生化2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 上海第二医科大学——心内科专业2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海交通大学——内科学、病生2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——解剖学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——局部解剖学2001～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——普外2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt苏州大学——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt天津医科大学——眼科学2002～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——儿科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——脑外2001～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 同济大学——普外、骨外、神外、泌外、儿外、器移、胸心外2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——心内2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——诊断学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——专业基础病理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 武汉大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt武汉大学——消化内科、病生2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt协和医科大学——耳鼻喉（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt协和医科大学——免疫（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——病理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——免疫学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——神经外科2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——消化内科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——肿瘤学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育生物学所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——分子遗传学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1994年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学——精神病学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中南大学湘雅医学院——骨科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——泌尿外科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——神经解剖1999～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——内科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——神经病学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——眼科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——药理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt。
2014华中师范大学语言研究所考博真题
汉语语法学
1. 举例说明非谓语形容词的语法特性。
（25’）
2. 方位词有哪些？说说汉语方位词的语法特征和语义特征。
（25’）
3. 说“好像”。
（25’）
4. 从语用学的角度，讨论下面的例子。
（25’）
你再说一句话，我就打你一个耳刮子，两句话，两耳光，三句三个。
-金庸《天龙八部》
语言学
1. 说明语言符号的稳固性与渐变性及其关系。
（25’）
2. 语境主要包括哪些因素？它对话语的理解有什么作用？（25’）
3. 亲属关系词在不同的语言中有什么特点？从文化语言学的角度加以分析。
（25’）
4. 汉语语言学应该如何发展？谈谈你对“古为今用”，“洋为中用”的理解。
（25’）。
2014考博真题
单选(1×50)：距离上颌窦最近的牙；翼下颌间隙内容；舌神经与颌下腺导管的关系
安氏错颌分类舌骨上肌群腺淋巴瘤病理变化活动期牙周炎病理变化
骨化纤维瘤与骨纤维异常增殖的区别翼突钩位置口腔鳞癌最常见的类型下颌骨内侧面结构解剖生理主观题
名解（2×5）
边缘嵴wilson曲线肌力轨道面侧深区味觉传导
简答（5×3）
面部协调关系
面瘫的分型、表现及解剖基础
牙合力及其影响因素
组织病理主观题
名解：咽囊（英文）朗格汉斯细胞（英文）棘层松解（英文）牙龈化脓性肉芽肿釉质龋表层简答：继发性牙本质、修复性牙本质之间区别、表现、病理变化
静止期牙周炎的病理变化；举出两例含牙源性外胚间充质成分的牙源性上皮性肿瘤，并描述病理变化。
华东师范大学期末试卷(A)
华东师范大学期末试卷（A）2005—2006学年第一学期课程名称：英汉语言对比专业：___对外汉语一、填空题（每个空格1分，共20分）1、结构主义语言学、行为主义心理学。
2、语言决定论、语言相对论。
3、凯尔特、罗马、日耳曼、三。
4、亨利·斯威特。
5、马氏文通。
6、新著国语文法。
7、对语音要素的敏感性、构成音节的不同方法、语音成分组合上的可能性。
8、加缀法、复合法。
9、时序上的先后律、空间上的大小律、心理上的重轻律、事理上的因果律。
二、名词解释题（每小题4分，共12分）1、二十世纪兴起于美国的一种语言学分支。
以两种以上的语言为研究对象，用共时的方法研究两种语言之间的异同点，着重注意差异，以此来指导语言教学和翻译。
2、英语句子的结构好像一棵大树，有一个基本的主干，即主谓结构，所有的枝杈，即定状补等附加成分和连带成分都是从主干上分出来的，且句子的复杂化不影响这个基本主干。
3、话语组织法。
意合指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接，形合指借助语言形式手段来实现词语或句子的连接。
三、简答题（每小题6分，共18分）1、相对于拉丁语而言，英语显得词序相当固定，并且更多地利用了虚词，但英语本质上仍是一种形态语言，这种比较含有定量成分；而汉语没有形态，所以以词序和虚词作为语言组织的主要手段，但并不一定汉语的词序就比英语固定，虚词使用得就比英语多，只能说，词序和虚词在西方语言中的地位是第二位的，在汉语中是第一位的，这种比较只有定性的因素。
2、汉语的音节是外松内紧，英语的音节内松外紧。
英语的音素明晰，拼合过程明晰，适合于使用以字母与音素相对应为基础的字母文字体系；而由于单词间在语音上的界限不明显，就必须采用强制的空格手段把词一个个隔开。
而汉语音节明显而音素不明显，就比较适合以一个个孤立的音节为单位的文字，而由于汉语语音系统简单，同一个音节运载的信息太多，为了分化同音字，就不得不采用汉字的形式。
博士研究生二外法语试题(AB卷)
博士研究生二外法语试题（A卷）姓名: _______ 专业: _______学号: _______ 成绩: _______I. Cochez sur la fiche la réponse exacte.1. Je ne comprendrai ____ comment de telles sottises peuvent te faire rire! (B)A. toujoursB. jamaisC. encoreD. longtemps2. En le retrouvant parmi les suivants, sa femme s’est ____ de joie. (C)A. exclamerB. exclaméC. exclaméeD. exclamaite3. L’Assemblée peut être ____ par lè président. (C)A. dissolueB. dissolveC. dissouteD. dissoudre4. Je dors ____ depuis que j’ai déménagé. (D)A. le mieuxB. meilleurC. le meilleurD. mieux5. ____ je ne serais pas à l’heure, commencez à préparer repas. (A)A. Au cas oùB. QuandC. LorsqueD. Tandis que6. Dites-nous ____ cette information est bien exacte! (C)A. est-ce queB. queC. siD. comme7. Un vagabond marche seul dans une rue de Londres ____ une triste nuit d’hiver.A. enB. surC. pendantD. par8. Je m’entends bien mai ntenant avec mes grands-parents, mais quand j’étais jeune, ____. (C)A. je leur obéissaisB. je ne les obéissais jamaisC. je ne leur obéissais jamaisD. je n’y obéissait jamais9. Les sociaux ____ garderont des positions ____ dans le gouvernement. (A)A. démocrates; clefsB. démocrate; clefC. démocrate; clefsD. démocrates; clef10. Cette jupe te va bien; elle est de la couleur de ____ yeux. (B)A. tonB. tesC. vosD. votreII. Complétez les phrases suivantes avec les termes convenables.1. La marchandise doit être livrée en huit jours.2. Ce sont des dépenses de première nécessité.3. Le passeport est valable jusque ’au 12 juillet 2005.4. Une dizaine de personnes l’entouraient.5. Soyez respectueux comme doivent l’ être les enfants bien élevés.6. On ne vend pas d’ essence ici.7. Celui qui n’a pas de volonte est semblable à un vaisseau sans gouvernail.8. Vous devez traverser au feu vert.9. En le voyant, elle a été saisie d’un fol espoir.10. Nous avons assez de temps pour vous aider.11. Elle a oublé ce dont nous avons parlé ce jour-là.12. J’aime bien cette ville où beaucoup de grands hommes sont nés, ont vécu et sontmorts.13. Le sujet sur lequel elle travail est passionnant.14. Ce june homme a une qualité remarquable, celle de réfléchir bien avant d’agir.15. Le lac près duquel nous habitons est plein de poisons.16. C’est ce à quoi nous songeons.17. Les exercices que tu fais sont moins difficiles que les miens.18. J’aime bien la Bretaghe. Nous y passons toutes nos vacances.19. Aujourd’hui, c’est la fête nationale, on rentre chez soi pour passer quelques joursfériés.20. Elle fait beaucoup d’efforts pour être médecin. Elle le sera.III. Complétez les phrases suivantes en mettant les verbes au temps et au mode convenables.1. Son père lui ordonna (revenir) de revenir sur ses pas.2. Elle préfère ne pas (coucher) se coucher trop tard.3. Les vêtements (acheter) ayant été achetés pendant les soldes ne pourrons pas êtrerepris.4. Tu es gentil de m’aider, mais (attendre) attends, il faut que je vérifie si j’ai bien tout.5. Les enfants (porter) portant leurs cartables sont entrés dans la classe.6. La musique classique qu’ils m’ont (faire) fait écouter l’autre jour les intéressebeaucoup.7. La revue que je (emprunter) (j') ai empruntée lundi dernier est très intéressante.8. L'aéroport de Shanghai reçoit un grand nombre de voyageurs (venir) venant dedifférents pays du monde.9. Il a été renversé par une voiture (traverser) en traversant la rue.10. (Négliger) Ayant négligé de prendre un billet trois jours à l'avance, il n'a pas eu deplace dans le train.IV. Compréhension écriteTEXTE ALe bonheur de la vie de familleChaque matin, mon fils Jacques se réveille en premier et prend son petit -déjeuner à sept heures. Pour l'instant , la maison est encore calme. Puis, mon mari, Edgar, se lève. Dès qu' il entre dans la cuisine, il allume la radio parce qu'il aime écouter les actualités. Mais Jacques n'est pas d'accord. Il préfère boire son café et lire le journal dans le calme et la tranquillité. Alors, la dispute quotidienne entre le père et le fils commence.Au premier étage, on peut entendre ma belle-fille -la femme de Jacques- crier après ses deux enfants, Félix et Jeannette, parce qu'ils vont être en retard s'ils ne se lèvent pas tout de suite.Ensuite mon second fils Robert, qui est au chômage , sort de sa chambre très en colère car il y a trop de bruit et il ne peut pas faire la grasse matinée . Donc, il prend ses cigarettes et quitte la maison avec notre chien Snoby.Puis, comme d'habitude, mon petit-fils Félix s'énerve car il ne peut pas se laver les dents : sa soeur a la mauvaise habitude de passer beaucoup de temps dans la salle de bains. Il se demande si elle va au lycée pour draguer les garçons ou pour passer lebaccalauréat .Eh bien moi, pendant ce temps , je prends ma tasse de thé et je m'installe dans le salon pour regarder la télé ; mais, parfois, il y a tellement de bruit dans cette maison que je suis obligée de monter le volume au maximum. Vous savez, à mon age, on n'entend plus très bien !Questions：1．Qui raconte l'histoire ? （B）A) la tanteB) la grand-mèreC) la voisineD) la cousine2. Chaque matin, Jacques se dispute avec son père : （B）A) car Jacques n'aime pas les actualitésB) car Jacques aime prendre son petit-déjeuner dans le calmeC) car Edgar veut lire son journalD) car Edgar aime chanter à la radio3. La mère crie après ses enfants : (C)A) parce que Félix et Jeannette se lèvent trop tôtB) parce que Jeannette se dispute avec son frèreC) parce qu'ils vont être en retardD) parce que le petit-déjeuner est prêt4. Robert est : (C)A) le cousin de Félix et JeannetteB) leur pèreC) leur oncleD) le beau-frère d'Edgar5. Robert quitte la maison parce que : (B)A) il veut acheter le journalB) il ne peut pas dormir à cause du bruitC) il doit promener le chienD) il veut fumer une cigarette6. A votre avis, quel âge a Jeannette ? (C)A) 8-10 ansB) 12-14 ansC) 17-18 ansD) 25-30 ans7. Félix n'est pas content car : (B)A) il ne sait pas se laver les dentsB) il ne peut pas utiliser la salle de bainsC) sa soeur aime draguer les garçons au lycéeD) il va être en retard8. La grand-mère s'installe dans le salon : (C)A) pour boire son café et regarder la télévisionB) pour boir e son thé et faire un jeu vidéoC) pour boire son thé et regarder la téléD) pour se reposer9. La grand-mère monte le volume du son de la télé car : (B)A) elle est folle et ne voit plus très bienB) elle est sourde et il y a trop de bruitC) elle n'arrive pas à dormirD) c'est son programme de télévision préféré10. A votre avis, quels adjectifs correspondent à cette (drôle de) famille ? (A)A) nombreuse et bruyanteB) nombreuse et calmeC) joyeuse et organiséeD) triste et sérieuseTEXTE BInvitation en BourgogneMademoiselle Juliette Lambert14, avenue des MimosasBeaune, le 30 mars 1998.Ma chère Juliette,Je suis très heureux de te confirmer que mes parents sont enfin d'accord : ils t' invitent dans notre résidence secondaire en Bourgogne pour les prochaines vacances. Si tu acceptes, tu vas découvrir cette belle région et ses vignobles , goûter les meilleurs vins, apprécier la cuisine bourguignonne – notre gastronomie est très réputée.On va pouvoir également faire des excursions, visiter une usine et voir comment on fabrique la fameuse moutarde de Dijon. Il ne faut pas non plus oublier les balades dans les ruelles du vieux quartier de la ville, ni la possibilité de mieux connaître l'histoire car nous avons beaucoup de monuments.J'attends ta réponse avec impatience et espère te revoir très bientôt.Bien amicalement,PierreQuestions：1. Pierre est heureux parce que : (B)A) il aime JulietteB) il habite en BourgogneC) ses parents invitent Juliette2 . Juliette va rencontrer Pierre : (B)A) dans un hôtelB) dans sa maison de vacancesC) dans sa maison, en ville3 . Pierre espère que : (A)A) Juliette va accepterB) Juliette va refuserC) Juliette va écrire4 . Combien de régions y a-t-il en France ? (B)A) 15B) 22C) 385 . Juliette va aller en Bourgogne : (C)A) pour la dernière foisB) pour la deuxième foisC) pour la première fois6 . Comment s'écrit le verbe 'apprécier' au présent, 1ère personne du pluriel ? (B)A) nous appréçonsB) nous apprécionsC) nous appréçons7 . Quel est le mot qu'on ne doit pas utiliser avec le verbe 'visiter' ? (B)A) un muséeB) un amiC) une usine8 . Chassez le mot intrus : (C)A) la moutardeB) le ketchupC) le vin9 . Dans ' il ne faut pas ', l'infinitif de ' faut ' est : (B)A) fauterB) falloirC) fautir10 . Quel adjectif est le contraire de ' vieux ' ? (C)A) agéB) ancienC) recentV. Traduisez les phrases suivants en chinois.1. On va jouer du Beethoven.【大家将演奏贝多芬的作品。
华东师范大学外语学院博士研究生招生目录-外国语言学及应用语言学
13
2014
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
张吉生
04音系学05手语音系
①1002俄或1003日或1004德或1005法②2190普通语言学③3483音系学理论及其应用
专业简介
专业简介
11
2014
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
邹为诚
01英语语言教育学02英语教学理论与实践
①1002俄或1003日或1004德或1005法②2190普通语言学③33014
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
何刚
03文化语用学
①1002俄或1003日或1004德或1005法②2190普通语言学③3482文化语用学理论及应用
专业简介
9
2015
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
邹为诚
01英语语言教育学
02英语教学理论与实践
①1002俄语或1003日语或1004德语或1005法语②2190普通语言学③3357外语教学理论
专业简介
10
2015
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
何刚
03文化语用学
①1002俄语或1003日语或1004德语或1005法语②2190普通语言学③3482文化语用学理论及应用
专业简介
7
2016
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
张吉生
01音系学
02手语音系
①1002俄语或1003日语或1004德语或1005法语②2190普通语言学③3483音系学理论及其应用
专业简介
8
2016
外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)
杨延宁
03功能语言学
04应用语言学
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。