《语用与交际》练习测试题库与答案

华中师范大学网络教育学院《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案本科I.Answer the following questions in your own words（每题 2 分）1.What is the function of context in understanding utterances?The function of context in understanding utterancesis to help listeners to narrow down their choices in understanding the meaning of utterances.2.What is the relationship between deixis and context?A very close relationship exists between deixis and context.3.What is the gestural use of place deixis?If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use.4.How does conversational implicature explain language in terms of meaning? Itexplains language from functional, communicative and contextual aspects.5.How many maxims are there in co-operative principle? And what are they? Four.They are quality maxim, quantity maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim.6. Who invented the term“ Pragmatics”?7.What are the three sub-branches of semiotics?They are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics8. What is Carnap?s understanding of“ Pragmatics”?Basically Carnap understands Pragmatics as what Morris has pointed out, but specifically speaking, Carnap thinks that Pragmatics should study indexicals in language.9.What is the advantage of studying Pragmatics?One advantage of studyinglanguage through pragmaticsis that we can talk about people?sintended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and all kinds of actions (for example, requests) that they are performing when they speak.10.Is grammatical mistake equal to Pragmatic failure?Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.11.Why pragmatists study motion verb under place deixis?Because motion verbs contain a kind of built-in direction12.Why don?t people say what they mean in communication?Because they want to be co-operative, polite and save their own and other?s face.13. What does CP stand for in Pragmatics?In Pragmatics, CP stands for co-operative principle.14. What is positive face?Positive face is the need to be liked by others, or the need to be accepted and treated as social equals.15. What is on record?On record is a technical term, referring to utterances not directly addressed to others.16. What is the disadvantage of studying Pragmatics?One big disadvantage of pragmatic study is that all these concepts relatedto human beings areextremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.17.Is semantic mistake equal to Pragmatic failure?No. Semantic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.18. What are the possible interpretations ofthe phrase“ Jane?s car”?Possible interpretations arethe car owned by Jane, the car kept by Jane, the car rented byJaneetc. 19. Is time part of context?Yes. Time is part of context20.What is the general role of personal deixis in communication?Its role is to indicate who participates in communication21.Is grammatical mistake equal to Pragmatic failure?Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure22.What is the role of context in understanding utterances?The role of context in understanding utterances is to help listeners to narrow down their choices in understanding.23.What kind of relationship exists between deixis and context?A very close relationship exists between deixis and context.24.How do you understand gestural use of place deixis?If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use25.How does conversational implicature explain language in terms of meaning? Itexplains language from functional, communicative and contextual aspects.II. Explain the following terms briefly. (每题 4 分 )1.inference2.linguistic context3.Pragmatics4.appropriacy5.indirect meaning6.politeness7.face wants8.non-linguistic context9.deixis10.conversational implicature11.context12.co-operative principle13.presupposition14.calendric use of time deixis答案：1.2. 3.4. 5. 6. 7.Inference means that we often infer or make guesses as towhat the speakerintends to mean whenhe says something?It refers to the language that surrounds or accompanies a piece of utterance or discourse under analysis. Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.Appropriacy means that people should say the right thing to the right person with the right manner atthe right place and in the right situation.Indirect meaning is the meaning that people intend to convey. It is also termed as the communicative meaning or contextual meaning.Politeness is showing awareness of other?s public self-image. Usually politeness can be understood as various means that people use in either situations of social closeness or situations of social distance.Face wants refer to one?s face expectations. Normally people expect that others will respect their face incommunication.8.Non-linguistic context refers to the type of communicative event (for example, joke, story, lecture,greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relationships between them; the background knowledge etc.9.Deixis is a group of words indicating person, time, place, etc. It is originated from a Greek verb,meaning “ point ” , “ show” and “ indicate ” in English.10．Conversational implicature is the meaning implied in a conversation. Usually it indicates the speaker? communicative purpose.11.Context can be subdivided into linguistic context and non-linguistic context. The former refers to thelanguage that surrounds or accompaniesa piece of utterance or discourse under analysis, it refers to the linguistic elements that are around an utterance. The latter includes: the type of communicative event (for example, joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relationships between them; the background knowledge etc.12.Traditionally, people date the invention of the co-operative principle back to the work of theAmerican philosopher named H. Paul Grice. The principle includes:The Maxim of Qualitytry to make your contribution one that is true, specifically:a)do not say what you believe to be falseb)do not say that for which you lack adequateevidence The Maxim of Quantitya)make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchangeb)do not make your contribution more informative than requiredmake your contributions relevantThe Maxim of Mannerbe perspicuous, and specificallya)avoid obscurityb)avoid ambiguityc)be briefd)be orderlyIn short, these maxims specify what participants have to do in order to conduct communication in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way. To do so, they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.13.By presupposition, we refer to a meaning taken as given which does not therefore need to be asserted.It has been variously defined as “ semantic presupposition (non”-defeasible, contributes to thetruth-conditional meaning of the sentence), and“pragmatic presupposition(cancellable”while inconsistent with speaker/hearerknowledge about the world). Pragmatic Presupposition can be understood as another type of pragmatic inference。