英语语言学教程Chapter5
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2. 有的语言符号形式有意义，而没有所指， 例如虚词。
30
4. Some important figures in the conceptualist view
1. Aristotle（亚里斯多德）: 事情有本质，但 只有语言形式才有意义。本质是能从对象中 分离出来的、又能与词语相结合的东西，本 质即意义。（《解释篇》） 2. Locke（洛克）：文字不是本身就具有意义 的，而在于他们所表示的观念。 3. Frege（弗雷格）（现代语义理论的开创 者）：意义有系统意义（sense）和外指意义 （reference）之分。词语与现实世界不是直 接的关系，还有“系统意义”这一心理表征 的层面，语句的意义就是它所表达的思想或 概念，这是更为基本的意义，是外指意义的 基础。（1892: On Sense and Reference） 31
23
4. Problems with the naming theory
1. The theory seems applicable to nouns only. 2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all. 3. There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. 4. Some words may have different meanings in different contexts. 5. The same reference may have different names.
1. 形式与意义直接相关， 用实线连接。意义通过 符号形式来表达，形式 是语义的载体。 2. 意义是在各观事物的 基础上概括而成的，是 客观事物在头脑中的概 括反映，两者也有直接 联系，用实线连接。 3. 形式和所指之间没有 必然的联系，故而两者 间用虚线连接，所以同 一事物可以用不同的形 式来表示。（王寅 2001： 28 36-37）
22
3. Important figures in the naming theory
1. Plato（柏拉图）：词义就是事物、行为 和属性的名称，或者说词语有指义或命名 的功能。（《对话录》） 2. Russell（罗素）：一个词的意义就是一 个对象，即一个词意指着某客体，也就是 代表着一个客体。（《数学原理》）
4
Teaching Objective
Critical Thinking
Present and Solve Problems
Understand Macroscopically
Study of meaning from different perspectives
Understand Microscopically
13
What is meaning?
Pavlov (巴甫洛夫) Meaning is Stimulus-response
14
M is flexible and imitational
元芳，你怎么看？
且行且珍惜
15
附：哲学与语义学
如果我们的兴趣在于哲学语义学，可以基 本上不考虑语言学家的研究。但是如果我 们的兴趣在于语言学中的语义学，则非得 了解哲学家、逻辑学家的语义研究不可。 语言学家的工作很大程度上以哲学家的概 念和框架为基础，为出发点。（徐烈炯 1990：前言）
18
5.2
Some views concerning the study of meaning
19
5.2.1
The naming theory
20
1. Definition
The naming theory（命名说） According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things. It is also called reference theory（指称论）.
2
汉语考试8级试题
领导：“你这是什么意思？”小明：“没 什么意思。意思意思。”领导：“你这就 不够意思了。”小明：“小意思，小意 思。”领导：“你这人真有意思。”小明： “其实也没有别的意思。”领导：“那我 就不好意思了。”小明：“是我不好意 思。”——问：以上“意思”分别是什么 意思?
3
9
What is meaning? M is abstract
10
M is conventional
11
What is meaning? M is conventional
A green light means ...
12
What is meaning?
M is something in the deep structure
1.冬天：能穿多少穿多少；夏天：能穿多少穿多少。
2.剩女产生的原因：一是谁都看不上，二是谁都看不上。
3.单身人的来由：原来是喜欢一个人，现在是喜欢一个 人。
4.女致电男友：我到西直门了，你快往地铁站走。如果 你到了，我还没到，Leabharlann Baidu就等着吧。如果我到了，你还没 到，你就等着吧！
请考生写出以上两句话的区别在哪里？
6
What is meaning?
Theories of meaning
Meaning relations
7
What is meaning?
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Chomsky: A sentence, while grammatical, can be meaningless. A good sentence has to be well-formed not only in nature, but in meaning and logic as well.
Chapter Five Semantics
1
Language has two basic systems. One is sound system, the other is meaning system. The two system are related. Then, what is meaning?
5
语义学
Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
5.1-5.2 什么是意义？古今中外对意义的研究有哪些切入点 和视角？意义有哪些类型？(5.2.1-5.2.4) 5.3 语义关系：词和词之间在意义上有什么联系？ 5.4 句子和句子之间可能体现什么样的语义关系？ 5.5 语义分析：在句法层面，可以对句子进行成分划分，那 么对句子的意义是否可以进行类似的描述呢？ Componential analysis (成分分析) & predication analysis （述位分析）
The conceptualist view（概念论） is one concerning meaning. According to this view, there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The symbol or a word signifies “things” by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker of the language; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word. It is also called ideational theory（观念论）.
27
2. Linguistic model of the conceptualist view
SEMANTIC TRIANGLE THOUGHT/REFERENCE
SYMBOL/FORM
REFERENT
(Ogden and Richards 1923: The meaning of meaning)
16
Theories of meaning
Meaning relation
17
Warm-up questions
What does the following words mean? Dog Moon Ghost Happy Morning star Evening star 救火 晒太阳 吃火锅
24
5. Answers from the supporters
Chase: 凡是找不到“所指者”的抽象词句 都应划归语义学的废话异类，因为他们仅 仅是没有意义的瞎嚷嚷。（The Tyranny of Words）
25
5.2.2
The conceptualist view
26
1. Definition
8
Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or „propositions‟) within a single language. The linguistic approach is broader in scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.
airplane
29
3. The strong points of the conceptualist view
概念论解决了指称论留下的两个难题： 1. 同一物体可以有不同的名称，可以表达 不同的意义。（如“启明星the morning star”和“长庚星the evening star”同指一物， Venus金星 vs Venus 太白星，表达的意义 却不同）
21
2. Linguistic model of naming theory
Form
object
1. 唯名论（nominalism）：人们用来表示事物的 词，其形式和词所指的事物之间并没有内在的联 系，是约定俗成的。 2. 唯实论（realism）/自然论（naturalism）：在 词和所表示的事物之间存在着一种根本的联系， 词只不过是人们给外部事物所起的自然名称。也 就是说，一个物体叫什么名称，是物体本身具有 某种实际属性决定的。
Sense and reference
Sense: abstract and de-contextualized. Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real world. (p. 66) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
30
4. Some important figures in the conceptualist view
1. Aristotle（亚里斯多德）: 事情有本质，但 只有语言形式才有意义。本质是能从对象中 分离出来的、又能与词语相结合的东西，本 质即意义。（《解释篇》） 2. Locke（洛克）：文字不是本身就具有意义 的，而在于他们所表示的观念。 3. Frege（弗雷格）（现代语义理论的开创 者）：意义有系统意义（sense）和外指意义 （reference）之分。词语与现实世界不是直 接的关系，还有“系统意义”这一心理表征 的层面，语句的意义就是它所表达的思想或 概念，这是更为基本的意义，是外指意义的 基础。（1892: On Sense and Reference） 31
23
4. Problems with the naming theory
1. The theory seems applicable to nouns only. 2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all. 3. There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. 4. Some words may have different meanings in different contexts. 5. The same reference may have different names.
1. 形式与意义直接相关， 用实线连接。意义通过 符号形式来表达，形式 是语义的载体。 2. 意义是在各观事物的 基础上概括而成的，是 客观事物在头脑中的概 括反映，两者也有直接 联系，用实线连接。 3. 形式和所指之间没有 必然的联系，故而两者 间用虚线连接，所以同 一事物可以用不同的形 式来表示。（王寅 2001： 28 36-37）
22
3. Important figures in the naming theory
1. Plato（柏拉图）：词义就是事物、行为 和属性的名称，或者说词语有指义或命名 的功能。（《对话录》） 2. Russell（罗素）：一个词的意义就是一 个对象，即一个词意指着某客体，也就是 代表着一个客体。（《数学原理》）
4
Teaching Objective
Critical Thinking
Present and Solve Problems
Understand Macroscopically
Study of meaning from different perspectives
Understand Microscopically
13
What is meaning?
Pavlov (巴甫洛夫) Meaning is Stimulus-response
14
M is flexible and imitational
元芳，你怎么看？
且行且珍惜
15
附：哲学与语义学
如果我们的兴趣在于哲学语义学，可以基 本上不考虑语言学家的研究。但是如果我 们的兴趣在于语言学中的语义学，则非得 了解哲学家、逻辑学家的语义研究不可。 语言学家的工作很大程度上以哲学家的概 念和框架为基础，为出发点。（徐烈炯 1990：前言）
18
5.2
Some views concerning the study of meaning
19
5.2.1
The naming theory
20
1. Definition
The naming theory（命名说） According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things. It is also called reference theory（指称论）.
2
汉语考试8级试题
领导：“你这是什么意思？”小明：“没 什么意思。意思意思。”领导：“你这就 不够意思了。”小明：“小意思，小意 思。”领导：“你这人真有意思。”小明： “其实也没有别的意思。”领导：“那我 就不好意思了。”小明：“是我不好意 思。”——问：以上“意思”分别是什么 意思?
3
9
What is meaning? M is abstract
10
M is conventional
11
What is meaning? M is conventional
A green light means ...
12
What is meaning?
M is something in the deep structure
1.冬天：能穿多少穿多少；夏天：能穿多少穿多少。
2.剩女产生的原因：一是谁都看不上，二是谁都看不上。
3.单身人的来由：原来是喜欢一个人，现在是喜欢一个 人。
4.女致电男友：我到西直门了，你快往地铁站走。如果 你到了，我还没到，Leabharlann Baidu就等着吧。如果我到了，你还没 到，你就等着吧！
请考生写出以上两句话的区别在哪里？
6
What is meaning?
Theories of meaning
Meaning relations
7
What is meaning?
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Chomsky: A sentence, while grammatical, can be meaningless. A good sentence has to be well-formed not only in nature, but in meaning and logic as well.
Chapter Five Semantics
1
Language has two basic systems. One is sound system, the other is meaning system. The two system are related. Then, what is meaning?
5
语义学
Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
5.1-5.2 什么是意义？古今中外对意义的研究有哪些切入点 和视角？意义有哪些类型？(5.2.1-5.2.4) 5.3 语义关系：词和词之间在意义上有什么联系？ 5.4 句子和句子之间可能体现什么样的语义关系？ 5.5 语义分析：在句法层面，可以对句子进行成分划分，那 么对句子的意义是否可以进行类似的描述呢？ Componential analysis (成分分析) & predication analysis （述位分析）
The conceptualist view（概念论） is one concerning meaning. According to this view, there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The symbol or a word signifies “things” by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker of the language; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word. It is also called ideational theory（观念论）.
27
2. Linguistic model of the conceptualist view
SEMANTIC TRIANGLE THOUGHT/REFERENCE
SYMBOL/FORM
REFERENT
(Ogden and Richards 1923: The meaning of meaning)
16
Theories of meaning
Meaning relation
17
Warm-up questions
What does the following words mean? Dog Moon Ghost Happy Morning star Evening star 救火 晒太阳 吃火锅
24
5. Answers from the supporters
Chase: 凡是找不到“所指者”的抽象词句 都应划归语义学的废话异类，因为他们仅 仅是没有意义的瞎嚷嚷。（The Tyranny of Words）
25
5.2.2
The conceptualist view
26
1. Definition
8
Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or „propositions‟) within a single language. The linguistic approach is broader in scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.
airplane
29
3. The strong points of the conceptualist view
概念论解决了指称论留下的两个难题： 1. 同一物体可以有不同的名称，可以表达 不同的意义。（如“启明星the morning star”和“长庚星the evening star”同指一物， Venus金星 vs Venus 太白星，表达的意义 却不同）
21
2. Linguistic model of naming theory
Form
object
1. 唯名论（nominalism）：人们用来表示事物的 词，其形式和词所指的事物之间并没有内在的联 系，是约定俗成的。 2. 唯实论（realism）/自然论（naturalism）：在 词和所表示的事物之间存在着一种根本的联系， 词只不过是人们给外部事物所起的自然名称。也 就是说，一个物体叫什么名称，是物体本身具有 某种实际属性决定的。
Sense and reference
Sense: abstract and de-contextualized. Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real world. (p. 66) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.