英语语言学实用教程课件Unit4-6
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英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
语言学6PPT课件
• Such rules concern the pronunciation of specific morphemes.
• Thus the plural morphophonemic rules apply to the plural morpheme specifically, not to all morphemes in English.
Chapter 6 The Sound Patterns of Language
Hale Waihona Puke honology vs. Phonetics
• The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology
• The study of speech sounds is called phonetics
Additional example
• The patterns of Plural morph II: house /haus/ thief / i:f/ belief/bili:f/ foot /fu:t/ passer-by/pas bai/
• Morpheme of past tense • The phonological presentation
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
• Plural form of English
how to pronounce the plural morpheme?
• Allomorphs of plural morpheme
• To define the distribution of allomorphs by minimal pair
• The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in all languages of the world.
• Thus the plural morphophonemic rules apply to the plural morpheme specifically, not to all morphemes in English.
Chapter 6 The Sound Patterns of Language
Hale Waihona Puke honology vs. Phonetics
• The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology
• The study of speech sounds is called phonetics
Additional example
• The patterns of Plural morph II: house /haus/ thief / i:f/ belief/bili:f/ foot /fu:t/ passer-by/pas bai/
• Morpheme of past tense • The phonological presentation
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
• Plural form of English
how to pronounce the plural morpheme?
• Allomorphs of plural morpheme
• To define the distribution of allomorphs by minimal pair
• The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in all languages of the world.
《英语语言学》ppt课件
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
32
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
32
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
语言学第四章PPT课件
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cp
C
S
NP
VP NP
N Infl V P N
cp
S
Infl VP PN
xp
(spec)(Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod)
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6
The Expanded XP rule
6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?
• Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure).
Chapter 4
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By: J.W.
1.What is syntax?
• Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
• Sentence: • A set of words expressing a statement, a question
• The phrase stucture rule for NP ,VP, AP, and pp.
NP
(Det) N (PP) the pretty girl
VP
(Qual) V (NP) often dream a dream
AP
(Deg) A (PP) very careful about you
• a) rich in minerals. • b) often read detective stories. • c) the argument against the proposals • d) already above the window.
语言学 Unit4
Tiffie distinguishes among cats, cat, kitten kitten distinguishes among other animals. human, man human, woman The name Bob Mackay is unique; the category name human tells us what he is. Sally Johnson is a personal name. Terms like human and woman apply to many.
=
北外语言学 17
Task 3 Action and abstraction
Abstraction of action words.
more abstract
Doing homework.
lg an essay.
Typing words on a computer. （the concept TYPE is an abstraction!）
北外语言学 5
In this unit we will approach --How human beings symbolize our experiences of the material world.
北外语言学
6
Activity 1: Abstraction: From Immediate Experiences to Abstract Concepts
北外语言学
Pig --- a category name
花花 --- a proper name
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Exercise for proper names and category names
语言学chapter4PPT课件
Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion. The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents. The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis(IC).
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
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4.5: A grammar which analyzes
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
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4.5: A grammar which analyzes
语言学第六章chapter6ppt课件
（5）Susan’s sister bought two houses.
This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a sister.
In English, words like here, there, this, that, now, and then, as well as most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her, them.
(2) You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now.
பைடு நூலகம்
可编辑课件
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6.2.3 Anaphora
Anaphora (照应) is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression’s interpretation. This is often understood as an expression “referring” back to the antecedent.
I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
To study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts is called micropragmatics.
可编辑课件
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This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a sister.
In English, words like here, there, this, that, now, and then, as well as most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her, them.
(2) You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now.
பைடு நூலகம்
可编辑课件
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6.2.3 Anaphora
Anaphora (照应) is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression’s interpretation. This is often understood as an expression “referring” back to the antecedent.
I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
To study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts is called micropragmatics.
可编辑课件
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E英语教程4Unit6 ppt课件
1 Being late for work. 6 Cutting the hand. 5 Returning to the office late. 3 Dropping the coffee cup. 2 Forgetting to attend an important meeting on time. 4 Losing the key to the house.
from her previous ones. E She is more into rap now, which puts her
in a different category.
Listening and speaking Reading
Grammar
Writing
Culture express
first，second，third，next，last，then，finally， meanwhile，after，afterward，after a while，as soon as， as，at first，at once，at the beginning，at the moment，at the same time，before，earlier，in the beginning，in the course of, in the end，in the meantime，later，later on，no sooner… than，now，recently，since，since then，soon， subsequently，until，when，while等等。
Conversation 1 – Talking about differences
Scripts
Kevin: Jenny: Kevin: Jenny:
英语语言学概论 Chapter 6 Syntax
6.4 IC Analysis, ….
IC Analysis of sentences: to divide the words of a sentence into two groups, and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until the single words of the sentences are obtained. It is a major feature of Bloomfieldian Structuralist linguistics(布龙菲尔德结构 布龙菲尔德结构 主义语言学的主要特征) 主义语言学的主要特征
Chapter 6 Syntax
A study of sentences:sentence structure and formation
6.1 definition of syntax:how the words of a language can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses(分句 and sentences. It studies 分句) 分句 the interrelationships between elements of the sentence structure and the rules governing the production of sentences
Finite(有限的 有限的)number of words and 有限的 small set of rules can create infinite number of sentences Syntactic knowledge: the intuition of native speakers about how words are combined to be phrases and sentences.
戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第6章课件_pragmatics
brother.
I promise to finish it in time. I apologize. I declare the meeting open. I warn you that the bull will charge.
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精品PPT
Features of performatives 行为(xíngwéi)句的特 征
Its perlocutionary act can be the hearer’s shutting the window or his refusal to
comply with the request.
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精品PPT
John Searle (1932- ) American philosopher, linguist约翰·罗杰 斯·塞尔
Speech Act --- a term derived from the work of Austin and now
used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in interpersonal communication.
background, situation(time, place,
manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.….
6
精品PPT
6.1.4 Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning句子意义 (yìyì)和言语意义(yìyì)
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精品PPT
The illocutionary act 言外行为(xíngwéi)--- an act performed in saying something: in saying X, I was doing Y (the intention of the speaker while speaking).
I promise to finish it in time. I apologize. I declare the meeting open. I warn you that the bull will charge.
14
精品PPT
Features of performatives 行为(xíngwéi)句的特 征
Its perlocutionary act can be the hearer’s shutting the window or his refusal to
comply with the request.
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精品PPT
John Searle (1932- ) American philosopher, linguist约翰·罗杰 斯·塞尔
Speech Act --- a term derived from the work of Austin and now
used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in interpersonal communication.
background, situation(time, place,
manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.….
6
精品PPT
6.1.4 Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning句子意义 (yìyì)和言语意义(yìyì)
16
精品PPT
The illocutionary act 言外行为(xíngwéi)--- an act performed in saying something: in saying X, I was doing Y (the intention of the speaker while speaking).
《英语语言学实用教程》
《英语语言学实用教程》作者：解芳来源：《各界·下半月》2019年第04期摘要：《英语语言学实用教程》对中国学生学习英语过程中所出现的问题和问题出现的原因进行了分析，为创新英语语言学教学提供了更多的指导，本文首先对创新英语语言学教学的策略进行了探讨，并对创新策略所具备的意义做出分析，力图进一步促进我国英语语言学教学的发展。
关键词：英语语言学实用教程;创新;英语语言学教学《英语语言学实用教程》是2007年苏州大学出版社出版的图书，作者是陈新仁。
全书分为十四章，每一章都讲述了相应知识，书中面向英语的语言学，从多种渠道选取了大量有趣、典型、题材各异的英语素材，全方位探索英语的基本规律，体现真正的“英语”语言学，同时适当联系汉语，增进学生对英语个性的把握，从而服务于英语学习和交际。
其中所提出来的观念对于创新英语语言学教学有着重要的意义，本文基于对《英语语言学实用教程》的充分掌握，对其中创新教学的策略和意义进行了简要探讨。
一、创新英语语言学教学的策略（一）创设交流情境，注重集体协作《英语语言学实用教程》一书中对于英语语言学教学提出了诸多的策略。
书中在多个章节中提供了一系列操作性强，可供学生进行课外合作性学习的话题，课后还设计了丰富多样的探索性与研究性习题，这些都主张为英语语言学提供更多交流的学习机会，注重集体合作。
在创造心理学中明确地指出了讨论、争辩等都有助于创造思维的形成和发展，对学生有计划地组织课堂讨论，有利于激发学生的创造性思维。
从而转变传统的讲授教学模式，英语作为一门外来语言，不像汉语一样能够在日常生活中得到广泛使用，在语言情境的影响下，英语的学习也更加具有难度，在《英语语言学实用教程》的指导下，学生学习英语具有更多的主观能动性，能够在开放的学习环境下进行独立思考，在和同学营造交流情境和氛围的过程中，注重集体协作的力量，在充分发展创造个性的同时，也让学生在集体的大氛围下更好地掌握了英语这门语言。
英语语言学实用教程完整Unit4-6ppt课件
Lecture 4 The units of English
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1
Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/
➢ /i/
➢ / :/
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2
➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
➢ / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
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3
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
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Syntactic units
➢ Hierarchical system: ➢ (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
➢ e.g. I met Tom. ➢ a (handsome American young) man ➢ a (handsome American young) man who
(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es ➢ root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
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9
Task
➢ What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
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1
Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/
➢ /i/
➢ / :/
.
2
➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
➢ / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
.
3
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
.
18
Syntactic units
➢ Hierarchical system: ➢ (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
➢ e.g. I met Tom. ➢ a (handsome American young) man ➢ a (handsome American young) man who
(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es ➢ root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
.
9
Task
➢ What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
新编英语教程4(李观仪主编)Unit6课件
array: a group of or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive 大堆，大量 at will: whenever or wherever you like They were able to come and go ~. species:种，物种 endangered ~
as easy as anything/as pie/ as ABC /as falling off a log (informal) very easy easy money: 来得容易的钱 I am easy (BrE, informal) A: Do you want to watch this or the news? B: Oh, I am easy. It’s up to you.
Terms Definition Examples
2. Parasites Organisms that live on or in other living things Fleas, ticks, etc.
Characteristics
Very numerous
Terms Definition Examples Characteristics
Mammal: an animal which, when young, feeds on milk from its mother
Mongoose Lion Wolf Tiger Fox rhinoceros
Some sea or fresh-water creatures
Shellfish Shrimp Sponge Algae Remora Shark
英语专业语言学课件unit 4
Theory; (1995) The Minimalist Program; (1998) The Minimalist Inquiry……
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to
explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that
it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chomsky is much more interested in the similarities (language universals) between
Phrase categories and their structures
Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories, such as NP(N), VP(V), AP(A), PP(P).
Coordination rule
Coordination structures-----the structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, or, etc.
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to
explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that
it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chomsky is much more interested in the similarities (language universals) between
Phrase categories and their structures
Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories, such as NP(N), VP(V), AP(A), PP(P).
Coordination rule
Coordination structures-----the structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, or, etc.
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter 4
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1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
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He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
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A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
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Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
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2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:
英语语言学实用教程PPT课件
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(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
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Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
第1页/共77页
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
语言学第四章ppt课件.ppt
The arrow can be read as “consist of ” or
“branches into”. The parentheses mean that the
element in them can be omitted and the three
dots in each rule indicate that other complement
Syntactic category can be divided into two groups:
Lexical category and phrase category
Lexical category is most central to the study of syntax.
Lexical categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP,
and PP can be written as follows:
NP →
(Det) N
(PP) …
VP → (Qual) V
(NP) …
AP →
(Deg) A
(PP) …
PP →
(Deg) P
(NP) …
options are available.
Phrase structure rule
Examples: a phrase consisting of a specifier, a head, and a complement
英语语言学讲课PPT课件
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• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
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• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
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• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
第7页/共38页
• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
第10页/共38页
• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
第9页/共38页
• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
第7页/共38页
• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
英语词汇学课件 Unit 4
E.g. lazy → laze editor → edit disgruntle → gruntle
Ex. P88-I
4.3 Onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia: A figure of speech in which: (1) words are formed from natural sounds. (2)words are used and sometimes adapted, including visually, to suggest a sound. • ping,cuckoo • snow crackling and crunching underfoot • r-r-i-i-p-p, ooooooohh
contraction: A reduction in form, often marked in English in writing and print by an apostrophe(’). • Auxiliary contractions: I’ve, he’ll • Negative contractions: isn’t, don’t • Pronoun contraction of ‘us’: let’s • Elisions: c’mon • Short terms in note-taking: runng, dept
4.1.1 History
Alphabetic abbreviation became possible around 1000BC and was common in the classical world. IMP CAES- Imperator Caesar More immediate origin was in the practices of medieval scribes: mnemonic, economizing on parchment, effort and time. AD -- Anno Domini (from the year of the Lord) BC -- Before Christ
Ex. P88-I
4.3 Onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia: A figure of speech in which: (1) words are formed from natural sounds. (2)words are used and sometimes adapted, including visually, to suggest a sound. • ping,cuckoo • snow crackling and crunching underfoot • r-r-i-i-p-p, ooooooohh
contraction: A reduction in form, often marked in English in writing and print by an apostrophe(’). • Auxiliary contractions: I’ve, he’ll • Negative contractions: isn’t, don’t • Pronoun contraction of ‘us’: let’s • Elisions: c’mon • Short terms in note-taking: runng, dept
4.1.1 History
Alphabetic abbreviation became possible around 1000BC and was common in the classical world. IMP CAES- Imperator Caesar More immediate origin was in the practices of medieval scribes: mnemonic, economizing on parchment, effort and time. AD -- Anno Domini (from the year of the Lord) BC -- Before Christ
外研社2024教学课件-实用英语语音教程-4 拼读单词
4. clothes
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
5. thrill
12
6. twelve
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
8
7. eighth
8. around
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
9. English
10. something
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
11. problem
12. serious
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
13. statistics
14. usually
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
15. necessary
16. ambiguity
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
17. communicative
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
实用英语语音教程
A Practical Course in English Pronunciation
实用英语语音教程
知语识音
2. 拼读单词 2.4 词典上的单词音标
符号
内容
/ˈ/ （/ˈeɪbl/ ） 重音符号。超过一个音节的单词需要标注重音符号。
/ˌ/
次重音符号。多音节单词常会有一个主重音和一个次
（/əˌbriːvɪˈeɪʃn/ ） 重音。例如，abbreviation /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ 、agricultural
说
能够按照英语习惯及拼写规则拼读单词；能够借助词典掌握单词读 音。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
实用英语语音教程
学前检测
➢ sun, sunny ➢ economy, economic
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
5. thrill
12
6. twelve
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
8
7. eighth
8. around
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
9. English
10. something
实用英语语音教程
知行合一
11. problem
12. serious
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
13. statistics
14. usually
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
15. necessary
16. ambiguity
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
知行合一
17. communicative
实实用用英英语语语语音音教教程程
实用英语语音教程
A Practical Course in English Pronunciation
实用英语语音教程
知语识音
2. 拼读单词 2.4 词典上的单词音标
符号
内容
/ˈ/ （/ˈeɪbl/ ） 重音符号。超过一个音节的单词需要标注重音符号。
/ˌ/
次重音符号。多音节单词常会有一个主重音和一个次
（/əˌbriːvɪˈeɪʃn/ ） 重音。例如，abbreviation /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ 、agricultural
说
能够按照英语习惯及拼写规则拼读单词；能够借助词典掌握单词读 音。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
实用英语语音教程
学前检测
➢ sun, sunny ➢ economy, economic
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➢ closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class: ➢ particles: pass by; make up; to do; not ➢ auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has
Discuss
PP. 53-54 No. 3
4.2 English words
➢Presentation session
Word formation in English
➢ Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following:
(1) a traditional festival (2) freezing cold (3) in the next century
4.3 English clauses and sentences
➢ A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
➢ / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
imperative
optative (wish-expressing)
exclamatory
Discuss
➢ PP. 56-57 No. 7
4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
➢ Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
Syntactic units
➢ Hierarchical system: ➢ (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
➢ e.g. I met Tom. ➢ a (handsome American young) man ➢ a (handsome American young) man who
formation).
4.1 English morphemes
➢ The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
➢ Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
➢ Idioms generally have semantic unity and function as noun, verb, adjective and so forth.
weaknesses
Morphemic analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
weak
-ness
•
Practice:
➢Analyze the word: unwomanliness
Classification:
➢ free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness ➢ derivational/inflectional morpheme
➢ A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why. (2) Having an influential father is often
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
Allomorph
➢ A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this casand are in complementary distribution.
➢ superordinate/main/matrix clause ➢ subordinate clause
English sentences
➢ a. Definition: ➢ Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought ➢ Formally, not included in any larger
➢ Morphology [ 形 态 学 ] is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
Morphology falls into two categories: ➢ inflectional morphology (study of inflections) ➢ lexical/derivational morphology (study of word
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
Classification of English words
➢ grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
➢ lexical words
Practice: Identify those that are function words
(a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows
Root, affix
➢ Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive
➢ For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English: map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/, watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/, ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
Root and stem
➢ The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
➢ A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
gone. ➢ pro-forms: Your pen is here (pro-adjective); He
knows better than I do (pro-verb); I hope so(pro-ad); He's here, behind the tree. (prolocative)
➢ Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix
➢ Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It 's controversial.
Discuss
P. 53 No. 1, 2
Compound
➢A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound.
Lecture 4 The units of English
Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/ ➢ /i/ ➢ / :/
➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
advantageous. (3) Do you know where I come from?
➢ A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.