《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素(一)讲解

《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素(一)AbstractAs one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key WordsTragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne摘要《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。

该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。

本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。

透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。

该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。

从而决定了他们最终的归宿。

剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。

作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。

作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。

他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。

然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。

因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。

作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。

关键词人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争IntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts.With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force,is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King.As one of thefour famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: itdescribed a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainnessand complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius’s schemes to seizethe state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; thesincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship’s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet’s special artistic charm and literal achievement, whichreveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.I. The General Introduction of the StoryIt is a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old King’s death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet thatit was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He beganto pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king of England tohave Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to hiscountry again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father’s death and her lover Hamlet’s drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match for them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlet’s mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.II. Three Simultaneous Plots of RevengeInHamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes andFortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should revenge for their relatives. As the same task, because oftheir own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, thereare two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as being popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each other’s opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relative; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.A.Laertes’s Simple Idea to RevengeOf Laertes’s idea to revenge, it can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, without asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his father’s death, Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his father at all. He laughs at his father’s weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. For the reason of hisfat her’s death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. What’s more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. His principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the King’s order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates them support him as the King. It is available that Laertes’s revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.B．Fortinblas’s Abandonment to RevengeFortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not seethe Norway prince somany times. Jus t because of his uncle’s several words, he abandons to revenge for his father’s death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblas’s attack for hisfather’s death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblas’s father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandonsabsolutely.Leartes and Fortinblas have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give upabsolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to RevengeSince the ghost of Hamlet’s father tells Hamlet the truth of his death, the task to revenge is engraved on Hamlet’s mind deeply, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. Inhis mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for revenge is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudius’s guilty, during his process, Hamlet arranges a play to spy upon Claudius’s response to prove the truth of the ghost’s words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunityto stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to killhim in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It means that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlet’s own homicidal campaign lose energy---as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the open. Rather than suspects, Hamlet is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Polonius’s death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death.III. The Tragedy of CharactersA. The Tragedy of Hamlet1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s TragedyOf th e character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in three stages logically.The first stage is about his happiness time, during which hestudies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationship between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Although Hamlet revenges for his father’s d eath in the end, he does not achieve the purpose to remove the evil force thoroughly, even he loses his life.2. Hamlet’s DeathHamlet’s death is also his tragedy. It is destined for Hamlet to end with his death, which is caused by both internal and external course; it is not comprehensive to emphasize either of them. As one of his challengeable enemy, Claudius is on behalf of the evil force; his crime is collected with all the society’s darkness. Hamlet is eager to wipe out such evil force and revenge for hi s father’s death. But it can not be solved only by having Claudius died, of course to achieve which is not easy. To remove the evil force which is commonly existed in the society and reverses the situation is more difficult. What Hamlet is hesitating “is not what he should do, but how to do it.” Judging from the objective aspect, Hamlet’s enemy is not only Claudius, and also some villains. As a new style of thought of a newly emerging capitalist class, humanism just exists as a power of thought at that time, which is far away to match with the feudal evil force. The bourgeoisie revolution in England happened in 17th century, judging from the feature of the time, Hamlet’s death is destined. Judging from the character of him, Hamlet has the most weakness which dominates his action. Because of his prince social position, there is no communication with people. Although he has sympathy to them, he also learns people are angry to the evil force, and they also keep hope on him, he is unwilling to corporate with people. What he believes is his own ability; what’s more, in his mind he is the only person who can complete such hard task, which is the root of Hamlet’s social tragedy. So Hamlet’s tragedy is of an advanced humanist’s failure to struggle with powerful evil force of him, of the time, which has strong classic meaning.B． he Tragedy of ClaudiusClaudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model characterof double-dealer. He is on behalf of the feudal evil force. He kills his older brother, becomes the new King of Denmark, and marries his sister-in-law. What a dissolute gay! He indulges in creature comforts. Although he is so pleased with himself, when he meets Hamlet, who isin mourning apparel, he is frightened, even it is in his new wedding banquet, he can not conceal the fear which is from his innerheart.Claudius lies that the old King (Hamlet’s father) died of a poisonous snake, and then he takes the place of Hamlet’s succeedingto the throne. While on the surface, he pretends to care Hamlet very much, treats Hamlet as his own son. He also promises Hamlet that he would let him inherit in the future. In the reply to Hamlet’s outburst, Claudius uses language which seems to be calculated to take into account both sides of a question. On one hand, He tells Hamlet that it is ‘sweet and commendable’ of him to be so obviouslyaffected by his father’s death. On the other hand, he continues mourning must end sooner or later, and life must go on. Thus, Claudius’s answer to Hamlet appears at f irst sight to be the epitome of reasonableness, a balanced combination of sensitivity and down-to-earth common sense.。