交通工程专业中英文翻译
交通工程专业英语翻译(全)
Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
刘京峰-交通工程专业中英文翻译
交通工程专业外文翻译学生姓名：刘京峰专业：交通工程班级：交1301学号：1303001182017年03月In the introduction to urban road traffic safety1.Urban traffic problems and traffic safety status in China are putforwardSince the second half of the 20th century, with the worldwide development of urbanization process, the national urban area to form, to form a rising urban population. After entering the 21st century, according to the relevant information, the world will have 50% of the population lives in cities, a population of more than 1 million cities will reach more than 350, more than 10 million cities will reach 20 later. In our country, to 1997 to 668 the number at the end of the city development, the urban population of more than 1 million nearly 40 cities, more than 10 million cities have 2, urbanization reaches 30%.Rapid development of urbanization, makes the city problem is particularly acute in traffic, but in terms of city traffic safety, as a major issue in today's society, the economic development and social stability has a very important influence. At the same time with the people living standard rise, the increase of motor vehicle ownership, road traffic safety situation even more severe. Because of the number of deaths from road traffic accidents has been among the top of the death toll in unnatural factors, major traffic accident remains high, especially for the economic development of society and people to live and work in peace and contentment brings great threat, to a certain extent, affected the stability of the society and the government's image. The following table is traffic accident statistics since 98 s in China.Based on the above background, as well as the normal activities in order to make the city function, efficient, improve urban transportation service for the operation and development of cities, countries around the world have been put to solve city traffic problems in an important position.2.Affecting the safety of urban road traffic factors andcharacteristic analysisIncluding one of the basic elements of urban road traffic (drivers, pedestrians, passengers, the residents), cars, passenger cars, trucks non-motor vehicles, road, highway, city road, inward and outward roads and related facilities). However around people, vehicles, roads, environment factors, in general, simply by single factors of road traffic accident is very few, are usually the result under the action of several factors. Road technology level, the facilities condition and traffic environment itself as a basic element of road traffic, their impact on traffic safety cannot be ignored, in some cases, they are likely to become a leading cause of traffic accidents. And in this paper, we mainly from the driver's traffic characteristic, road pavement characteristic two aspects specific analysis of factors affecting traffic safety.Drive traffic characteristicsThe driver operating the vehicle by means of the organs of visual, hearing, touch, obtaining information from the road traffic system, through the brain processing, judgement, disposal, and run on the road, accomplish the task. In this process, drivers restricted by its own series of physiological, psychological factors and the impact of external conditions, the information collection, processing, judgement to the whole operation process, any link are not wrong, otherwise, will endanger traffic safety. As a result, the reliability of the driver is very important.The driver reliability depends on three groups of factors of technical proficiency, personality and feelings of traffic information characteristics and strain capacity in the dynamic traffic environment. Specific performance in the following respects(1)Visual featuresVision in the traffic environment, dynamic and static and people and things are still the most common. Dynamic vision and a person's age and the relative speed of movement of the relevant. In general, the relative content increases movement speed increase or the driver's age, decreased vision.View one's eyes looking at a certain goal, fixation point on both sides can be referred to as the range of vision. The scope of the head and eye fixed, at the same time see for static view. Turn head fixed and free eye, at the same time see according to the range of vision. The driver's field of vision is associated with its speed. As the speed rise, fixation point forward, narrow field of vision, sense of perimeter to reduce, the formation of tunnel.(2)Response characteristicsReaction is produced by the stimulation of external factors and process of perception, behavior. It includes the perception, recognition, judgment and reaction and so on four different psychological activities. As the time it is called reaction time. Experiments show that stimulate the number, the more the longer reaction time. The main factors influencing the braking reaction time is motivation (need), quality (immanent quality and conservation), attention, mental, emotional, maturity, stimulating, informative, age and gender and intensity information and traffic environment.(3)Personality tendencyPersonality is the core of personality psychology, is a person the most brilliant, the most significant difference between the individual mental characteristics of others, is a person of realistic attitude and adaptive behavior. Generally believes that the driver's character can be divided into two categories, extroverted and introverted.Export-oriented characteristics of drivers often point to the external things in the psychological activity process, the speed of thought and behavior to have consistent action, have a bright and cheerful disposition, enthusiasm is bold and unrestrained, strong self-confidence, sensitive feeling, perception, emergency response and resourceful, driving agile coordination. But the inner experience is weak, susceptible to emotional impact, impulsive, self-control ability is poor, like thrills and risks, bold and heart is not fine. Its driving behavior characteristics represented by fast cars.Introverts drivers often point to the inner world in the psychological activity process, the difference between speed and movement speed of thinking, quiet, feelings implicative, cautious behavior, adapt to difficult. Performance in the driving behavior of reflections, inner experience deep and not easy to appear, is good at self-control, strong management organization and planning, to err on the side of, response is slow, the strain ability is poor, especially the lack of confidence and determination, emergency actions high turnovers. Its driving behavior characteristics represented by slow vehicles.2.Urban road pavement propertiesRoad is the basis of the traffic and supports. The performance must conform to the traffic characteristics of the service object, meet the demand of traffic. Mainly from the linear, driving range, under the road cross-sectional form three aspects to introduce urban road pavement performance to the importance of traffic safety. （1）The linear①A straight lineUrban road line length to determine the distance between the intersection line is too short is very close to that intersection, the intersection is the bottleneck of urban road, so the general requirements city road line length shoulds not be too short. But a long straight line is not good, straight line is too long to make the driver tired, difficultto visual workshop distance, then generate impatience, speeding, resulting in the occurrence of traffic accidents.②Circular curveUrban road turning point in the line of the route, generally adopts circular curve. So the car in the process of driving, in addition to the affected by gravity, also influenced by centrifugal force function, and because of the influence of the centrifugal force, driving on the plane curve of the vehicle is in danger of lateral instability, engineering to offset the effect of centrifugal force, make the road inside a medial and lateral high one-way cross-sectional slope form, which is high, setting is to offset the effect of centrifugal force, but the speed of the vehicle in the road, especially in mixed traffic on the road, not only to take care of the express, also want to take care of the local train, so should choose appropriate high to ensure driving safety. And high setting is closely related to road curve radius, in practice, the selection of radius of circular curve points limit, general minimum radius and minimum radius do not set the minimum radius of three, specific operation in consideration of economy, security, and the feasibility of the project.①Longitudinal slopeUrban road longitudinal slope of the maximum longitudinal grade, minimum longitudinal slope, slope length limit. The maximum longitudinal grade is a maximum of all levels of urban road grade. It according to the dynamic characteristics of the motor vehicle, road grade, natural conditions, to ensure the safe operation of the motor vehicle in the appropriate speed and determine, with maximum limit, the maximum longitudinal slope under different design have different rules. Minimum slope to ensure catchment is smooth as the standard, general motor vehicle is not less than 3%, a non-motor vehicle longitudinal slope roadway should be less than 2.5%. On the mountain high road, continuous gradient is greater than 5%, uphill speed is reduced, downhill potential energy into kinetic energy and need to be used continuous brake, the brake drum temperature rise rapidly, braking efficiency drops, endanger the safety. Therefore, in the steep slope length should be restricted and set up the moderate slope.②Vertical curveChanging slope point of the profile design route, in order to ensure the pilot stadia, through sex and reduce the effect of centrifugal force of the motor vehicle and setting to ease the curve of the longitudinal slope line called vertical curve. Change points of the slope Angle is called the slope Angle, expressed in omega. Omega is negative, changing slope point, at the bottom of the curve is concave vertical curve. For convex deformation slope point, no matter size changing slope Angle, for moderate longitudinal slope line, ensure driving range, set the convex vertical curve. Its form application of quadratic parabola or circular curve, its value in accordance with the design of the speed limit size, be determined by the "specification". The links in the practical engineering, the vertical curve mode and minimum length is the keytechnology of vertical curve. Between vertical curve, can be inserted into the straight line segment, can be connected directly to synthetic or repeated curve, on the basis of don't make the two vertical curves intersect. Generally inserted into the straight line between the two vertical curve and its size is limited to motor vehicle running 3 seconds interval. The minimum vertical curve length is determined by the driver's reaction and operation time, generally according to the design speed run 3 seconds interval.（1）The driving rangeFor the sake of safety, the driver need to be able to see quite a distance ahead in time, in order to find the obstacles ahead or to the car, can take timely measures to guarantee the traffic safety, we call this distance driving range. Driving range is divided into the following kinds:①Parking stadiaMotor vehicles, the pilot saw the obstacles ahead, emergency braking former security to reach the obstacles to stop the shortest driving distance called parking stadia.②Passing each othTwo cars to drive the motor vehicle in the same driveway meet brake in time required for the shortest driving distance is called the other sights.③Overtaking stadiaA motor vehicle in the process of operation for overtaking stadia as necessary to overtake stadia.In highway facilities setting, should eliminate the obstacles of affect drivers on either side of a highway. When the inside plane curve and with a fence and other artificial structures and does not guarantee the driving range, can widen the middle belt, shoulder or installations backwards to ensure enough visibility.（1）The road cross-sectional①Asingle road due to all kinds of cars in the driveway mixed, pedestrians andnon-motor vehicles, non-motor vehicles and motor vehicle, and downward run mutual interference between motor vehicles, traffic safety is the worst.②The double amplitude: with separation zone or separate block in the center of the lane roadway can be divided into two and a half, and descending cars to drive, although solved, downward run mutual interference between motor vehicles, but pedestrians and non-motor vehicles, non-motor vehicles and motor vehicle running mutual interference between still exists, traffic safety is still poor.③The three pieces: the middle for driving the motor vehicle lanes, solved the existence, downward between motor vehicles run on mutual interference. On both sides to drive on the right side of a non-motor vehicle lanes, solved the mutualinterference between the non-motor vehicles and motor vehicle. There is only human and motorised between pedestrians and non-motor vehicles traffic safety is better④Four road: solved, non-motor vehicles and vehicle running mutual interference between upper and lower, forcing pedestrians and vehicles of the road, very good to prevent the city road pedestrian wear phenomenon, traffic safety is best.Comprehensive consideration, four road to the urban traffic safety has the very good role in promoting, so under the condition of economic, space, engineering feasibility allowed, suggestion of big cities distance using four road as far as possible.3.Prevention and control of traffic accidentsAccording to the previous discusses the factors, we have preliminarily from the pedestrian road features understand the causes of traffic accidents, there are several factors causing traffic accidents, however, these factors may come from the traffic participants themselves, may also come from the vehicle, road, organization, rules and regulations, laws and regulations, traffic environment, etc., the traffic accident is the result of joint action of many factors. In the road traffic system, in order to effectively prevent and reduce traffic accidents, in addition to improve the discussion above, on the basis of the traffic accident cause unsafe factors of road traffic system to conduct a comprehensive and integrated management. Factors which caused the traffic accident, technical reasons, the causes for the education and management are the three most important reasons, so the traffic accident prevention and control is the basic countermeasures of engineering technical countermeasures, education training countermeasures, legal system and management countermeasures.（1）Engineering and technical countermeasuresAccording to the theory of engineering technical factors may cause traffic accidents, the potential risk factors that exist in the analysis of the engineering, grasp its change law, and on this basis, through the experiment and research, in road transport and its ancillary equipment, roads and affiliated facilities in the process of design, maintenance and use of the formulation of reasonable and effective technical countermeasures.（2）education training countermeasuresPeople's attitude to traffic safety, the traffic safety of people skills and technical level of human knowledge is to ensure traffic safety, the key factor in preventing the traffic accident. In order to improve the quality of people, to avoid the occurrence of human error, education and training is a must, in order to improve the reliability of transportation activities. The core of education and training is to enhance people's safety consciousness and skills, including traffic legal system education, safety knowledge education, skills training of traffic safety and traffic safety education attitude. Traffic safety education and training to mobilize the enthusiasm of the society, unit and individual three aspects based on multi-level, multi-form, focused, in a planned way.(3) legal system and management countermeasuresTo ensure traffic safety, the state formulates a series of laws and regulations, standards, specifications, etc., to people what to do when traffic activities, should not do, made a mandatory provisions. Strictly obey the traffic rules, it can eliminate the unsafe behavior and unsafe state, minimize the occurrence of traffic accidents, so traffic regulations is the behavior of people to participate in the activities of transportation, is the realization of the legal guarantee of traffic safety. Traffic laws to carry out and implement to strict organization, perfecting the rules and regulations, strict supervision and inspection and effective coordination control as a guarantee. Only to strengthen safety management, to strengthen the safety control, defects can be found in time management, take targeted measures to fundamentally eliminate produce the cause of traffic accidents.Despite the good countermeasures to guarantee the traffic safety, but onlyone-sided emphasis on the role of a countermeasure, the effect of the traffic accident prevention will be affected, only the full implementation of the traffic accident prevention countermeasures, the ideal effect can be achieved.4.ConclusionThis article mainly from the physiological characteristics of pedestrians, the road characteristics, preliminary analysis on these two factors influence on urban road traffic safety, and also in the article from the point of view of engineering technology, social economy put forward some solutions, but I'm fully aware there are many kinds of factors affecting the safety of urban road traffic, and these factors caused the traffic problem in the weight of the also vary due to different locations, in view of the master data is limited, can't from the perspective of more detailed profoundly expounded specific factors influence on traffic safety, so the main reference about pedestrians in the traffic engineering general features, and the road reconnaissance design about considering pavement characteristics in the process of road alignment design elaborates the impact on the traffic safety, there are some broad research field, but on further combined with the actual data, the law on a particular factors, looking for scientific evaluation of traffic safety means, find out the reasonable scientific solutions provides a framework to guide. I believe that as the new application of engineering technology, scientific testing and evaluating the progress of technology, with the deepening of the research on the theory of city traffic safety, the urban traffic safety problem in our will be in our road, traffic, city planners managers gradually solve coordination work.浅谈城市道路中的交通安全⒈城市交通问题的提出及我国交通安全现状20世纪下半叶以来，伴随着世界范围内城市化发展的进程，世纪各国的城市区域组建扩大，城市人口组建上升。
交通工程专业词汇中英术语对照
中英术语对照公路highway道路road公路工程highway engineering公路网highway network公路网密度highway density公路等级highway classification公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway公路用地highway right-of-way高速公路freeway; expressway等级公路classified highway辅道relief road干线公路arterial highway支线公路feeder highway专用公路accommodation highway国家干线公路(国道)national trunk highway省级干线公路(国道)provincial trunk highway 县公路(县道)county road乡公路(乡道)township road辐射式公路radial highway环形公路ring highway绕行公路bypass交通结构traffic structure交通组成traffic composition混合交通mixed traffic交通流traffic flow交通流理论traffic flow theory车流vehicle stream交通密度traffic density车头间距space headway车头时距time headway车间净距vehicular gap延误delay地点速度spot speed行驶速度running speed运行速度operating speed临界速度critical speed平均速度average speed计算行车速度(设计车速)design speed交通量traffic volume年平均日交通量annual average daily traffic 月平均日交通量monthly average daily traffic 年第30位最大小时交通量thirtieth highest annualhourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum annual hourly 设计小时交通量design hourly volume通行能力traffic capacity基本通行能力basic traffic capacity可能通行能力possible traffic capacity设计通行能力design traffic capacity道路服务水平level of service公路交通规划traffic planning交通调查traffic survey交通量调查traffic volume survey交通量观测站traffic volume observation station起迄点调查(OD调查)origin-destination study 出行trip境内交通local traffic过境交通through traffic交通发生traffic generation交通分布traffic distribution交通分配traffic assignment交通预测traffic prognosis行车道carriageway分离式行车道divided carriageway车道lane变速车道speed-change lane加速车道acceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane爬坡车道climbing lane停车道parking lane错车道turn-out lane自行车道cycle path路侧人行道sidewalk分隔带lane separator中央分隔带median divider中间带central strip路肩shoulder;verge路缘带marginal strip路缘石kerb;curb侧向余宽lateral clearance路拱camber;crown路拱横坡crown slope公路建筑限界clearance of highway公路路线highway route公路线形highway alignment平面线形horizontal alignment纵面线形vertical alignment线形要素alignment elements平曲线horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径limited minimum radius of horizontal curve复曲线compound curve反向曲线reverse curve断背曲线broken-back curve回头曲线switch-back curve缓和曲线transition curve竖曲线vertical curve弯道加宽curve widening加宽缓和段transition zone of curve超高superelevation超高缓和段superelevation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum longitudinal gradient变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation高原纵坡拆减highland grade compensation缓和坡段transition grading zone合成坡度resultant gradient视距sight distance停车视距non-passing sight distance, stopping sight distance超车视距passing sight distance道路交叉road intersection;道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at-grade intersection;grade crossing正交叉right-angle intersection斜交叉skew intersection环形交叉rotary intersection十字形交叉"+"T形交叉T intersection错位交叉offset intersection; staggered junctionY形交叉Y intersection立体交叉grade separation分离式立体交叉simple grade separation, separate grade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉full cloverleaf interchange 部分苜蓿叶形立体交叉cloverleaf interchange 菱形立体交叉diamond interchange定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three-Leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp 交叉口road crossing;intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit加铺转角式交叉口intersection with widened corners拓宽路口式交叉口flared intersection分道转弯式交叉口channelized intersection渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channelization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人行地道pedestrian underpass人行天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence,safety barrier遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities防沙设施sands protection facilities隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design公路景观设计highway landscape design选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey地貌topographic feature地物culture地形topography台地terrace垭口pass;saddle back平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut-fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance 导线traverse导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey(路线)平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point转点turning point转角intersection angle方位角azimuth angle象限角bearing方向角direction angle切线长tangent length曲线长curve length外(矢)距external secant测站instrument station测点observation point中桩center stake加桩additional stake护桩reference stake断链broken chainage水准测量leveling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation 地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation(路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake 地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross-sectional survey横断面图cross-section坑探pit test钻探boring摄影测量photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry地面立体摄影测量ground stereophoto grammetry地面控制点测量ground control-point survey 航摄基线aerophoto base影像地图photographic map像片索引图(镶辑复照图)photo index航摄像片判读aerophoto interpretation综合法测图planimatric photo全能法测图universal photo微分法测图differential photo像片镶嵌图photo mosaic路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut-part fill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade (路基)最小填土高度minimum height of fill 边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope(边)坡顶top of slope(边)坡脚toe of slope护坡道berm边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column-plate retaining wall锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tierods锚碇板式挡土墙anchored bulkhead retaining wall石笼rock filled gabion抛石riprap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil多年冻土permafrost流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基砂垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction(标准)最大干容重maximum dry unit weight相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting procedure抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock 爆破作用圈acting circles of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory (回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比(CBR)California bearing ratio,(CBR)路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层strengthening layer高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub-high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement沥青贯入碎(砾)石路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay-bound macadam pavement水结碎石路面water-bound macadam pavement 级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course 块石基层Telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method热铺法hot laid method冷铺法cold laid method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint真缝true joint假缝dummy joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint传力杆dowel bar拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement附着力adhesive force水滑现象hydroplaning phenomenon桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人行桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge 钢桥steel bridge圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge 双曲拱桥two-way curved arch bridge空腹拱桥open spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥filled spandrel arch bridge系杆拱桥bowstring arch bridge桁架桥truss bridge刚构桥rigid frame bridgeT形刚构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥continuous rigid frame bridge斜腿刚构桥rigid frame bridge with inclined legs斜拉桥(斜张桥)cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert上部结构superstructure主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam, stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈archring拱上结构spandrel structure腹拱spandrel arch拱上侧墙spandrel wall桥面系floor system, bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion and contraction installation安全带safety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron重力式桥墩gravity pier实体桥墩solid pier空心桥墩hollow pier柱式桥墩column pier排架桩墩pile bent pier柔性墩flexible pier制动墩braking pier单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier 桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU形桥台U-shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment, straight abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment扶壁式桥台counterforted abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile foundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expansion bearing索塔cable bent tower索鞍cable saddle调治构造物regulating structure丁坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge 主桥main bridge引桥approach span跨径span桥涵计算跨径computed span桥涵净跨径clear span矢跨比rise span ratio计算矢高calculated rise of arch桥下净空clearance of span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vehicle设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness rigidity抗裂度crack resistance稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber流域catchment basin集水面积runoff area径流runoff水文测验hydrological survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩flood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level最高(或最低)水位maximum (minimum)water level通航水位navigable water level设计水位design water lever水面比降water surface slope河床比降gradient of river bed湿周wetted perimeter糙率coefficient of roughness水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity行近流速approach velocity洪水调查flood survey洪水频率flood frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥下一般冲刷general scour under bridge桥墩(或台)局部冲刷local scour near pier自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post-tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in-place cantilever method 移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longitudinal pulling method顶推法incremental launching method转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel 围岩surrounding rock隧道建筑限界structural approach limit of tunnels明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunnelling method沉埋法(沉管法)immersed tunnel导坑heading隧道支撑tunnel support构件支撑element support喷锚支护lock bolt support with shotcrete 隧道通风tunnel ventilation隧道照明tunnel lighting养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road improvement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路面补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting路面搓板surface corrugation路面网裂net-shaped cracking路面龟裂alligator cracking路面碎裂pavement spalling反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨surface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错法slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche(振动)液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling岩溶karst沙害sand hazard雪害snow hazard水毁washout好路率rate of good roads养护质量综合值general rating of maintenance quality路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理road administration民工建勤civilian labourers working on public project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料(骨料)aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone, crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen有机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力(钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-weight concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold-drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content最佳含水量optimum water content稠度界限consistency limit液限liquid limit塑限plastic limit缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比proportioning of cement concrete水灰比water cement ratio和易性workability坍落度slump硬化hardening水硬性hydraulicity气硬性air hardening离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青)稠度consistency(of bitumen)针入度penetration粘(滞)度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt-aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗度abrasiveness弹性模量modulus of elasticity回弹模量modulus of resilience劲度(模量)stiffness modulus模量比modulus ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strengthtest软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strengthtest (水泥)安定性试验soundness test(of cement) 击实仪compaction test equipment长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆弯沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface-curvature apparatus路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth-wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴(剪切)仪triaxial shear equipment加州承载比(CBR)测定仪California bearing ratiotester标准筛standard sieves(沥青)针入度仪penetrometer(沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青)延度仪ductilometer(沥青)软化点仪(环-球法)softening point tester(ring-ball method)闪点仪(开口杯式)flash point tester (open cup method)马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus (沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer饱和面干吸水率试模saturated-surface-dried moisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasion testing machine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep-foot roller手扶式单轮压路机walk behind single drum蛙式打夯机frog rammer内燃夯实机internal combustion compactor铁夯(铁撞柱)tamping iron压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备concrete mixing plant(水泥混凝土混合料)搅拌concrete deliver truck运输车水泥混凝土混合料摊铺机concrete paver振捣器concrete vibrator水泥混凝土混合料整面机concrete finisher真空泵vacuum pump水泥混凝土路面切缝机concrete joint cutter 水泥混凝土路面锯缝机concrete saw水泥混凝土路面清缝机concrete joint cleaner 水泥混凝土路面填缝机concrete joint sealer 水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋冷轧机cold-rolling mill钢筋冷拉机steel stretcher钢筋冷拔机steel bar cold-extruding machine 钢筋冷镦机steel bar heading press machine 钢筋拉伸机steel extension machine钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶prestressed steel bar drawing jack手拉葫芦chain block 起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine for full section喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment除雪机snow plough装雪机snow Loader洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机Line maker振动筛vibrating screen撒布机spreader输送机conveyer提升机elevator翻斗车dump-body car自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck万能杆件fabricated universal steel members 交通规则traffic rules交通事故traffic accident交通事故率traffic accident rate人口事故率population accident rate车辆事故率vehicle accident rate运行事故率operating accident rate交通控制traffic control中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area control交通信号traffic signal交通信号灯traffic signal lamp信号周期signal cycle绿信比split ratio信号相位signal phase相位差phase difference绿波green wave交通监视系统traffic surveillance 交通公害vehicular pollution 英汉术语对照索引abrasiveness磨耗度absolute datum绝对基面abutment桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load偶然荷载accommodation lane专用车道acoustic barrier隔音墙acting circles of blasting爆破作用圈 additional stake加桩adjacent curve in one direction同向曲线 admixture外加剂adverse grade for safety反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量 aerophoto base航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读 ageing老化aggregate集料(骨料)air hardening气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element线形要素alligator cracking路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection容许(回弹)弯沉 alternative line比较线anchored bulkhead abutment锚锭板式桥台 anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青 annual average daily traffic年平均日交通量 anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span引桥aquitard隔水层arch bridge拱桥arch culvert拱涵arch ring拱圈arterial highway干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路 asphalt distributor沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料拌和设备 asphalt paver沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer复拌沥青混合料摊铺机 asphalt sand沥青砂asphalt sprayer沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen地沥青at-grade intersection平面交叉auxiliary lane附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度 average gradient平均纵坡azimuth angle方位角balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙 base course基层base line基线basic traffic capacity基本通行能力beam bridge梁桥beam level deflectometer杠杆弯沉仪bearing支座bearing angle象限角bearing pile支承桩bearing platform承台bed course垫层bench mark水准点benched subgrade台口式路基bending strength抗弯强度Benkelman beam杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪) bent cap盖梁berm护坡道binder结合料binder course联结层bitumell沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪 bitumen-aggregate ratio油石比bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料 bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面 bituminous macadam mixture沥青碎石混合料 bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面 bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治 blasting crater爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock松动爆破 blasting for throwing rock抛掷爆破blasting procedure土石方爆破bleeding泛油blind ditch盲沟blind drain盲沟block pavement块为路面block stone块石blow up拱胀boring钻探boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine钻孔机borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑boundary frame on crossing道口限界架 boundary frame on road道路限界架boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵branch pipe of inlet雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge桥梁bridge decking桥面系bridge deck pavement桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment架桥机 bridge on slope坡桥bridge site桥位bridge road驮道broken chainage断链broken stone碎石broken back curve断背曲线buried abutment埋置式桥台bus bay公交(车辆)停靠站bypass公交绕行公路cable bent tower索塔cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥(斜张桥) cableway erecting equipment缆索吊装设备 california bearing ratio(CBR)加州承载比(CBR)california bearing ratio tester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙 capacity of intersection交叉口通行能力 capacity of network路网通行能力capillary water毛细水carriage way车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法 cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青 cattle-pass畜力车道cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料 cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面center-island中心岛center lane中间车道center line of road道路中线center line survey中线测量center stake中桩central reserve分隔带channelization渠化交通channelization island导流岛channelized intersection分道转弯式交叉口 chip石屑chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circular road环路circular test环道试验city road城市道路civil engineering fabric土工织物classified highway等级公路classified road等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance净空clearance above bridge floor桥面净空 clearance of span桥下净空climatic zoning for highway公路自然区划 climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉 coal tar煤沥青cobble stone卵石coefficient of scouring冲刷系数cohesive soil粘性土cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system混合式道路系统 compaction压实compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪 compactness test压实度试验composite beam bridge联合梁桥composite pipe line综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve复曲线concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机 concrete mixing plant水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机 concrete pump水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test触探试验conflict point冲突点conical slope锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限 consolidated subsoil加固地基consolidation固结construction by swing转体架桥法 construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度 construction joint施工缝construction load施工荷载construction survey施工测量continuous beam bridge连续梁桥contour line等高线contraction joint缩缝control point路线控制点converging合流convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线corduroy road木排道counterfort retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙 counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台country road乡村道路county road县公路(县道)，乡道creep徐变critical speed临界速度cross roads十字形交叉cross slope横坡cross walk人行横道cross-sectional profile横断面图cross-sectional survey横断面测量crown路拱crushed stone碎石crushing strength压碎值culture地物culvert涵洞curb路缘石curb side strip路侧带curve length曲线长curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cut挖方 cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition土方调配cut-fill transition program土方调配图 cutting路堑cycle path自行车道cycle track自行车道deceleration lane减速车道deck bridge上承式桥deflection angle偏角deflection test弯沉试验degree of compaction压实度delay延误density of road network道路(网)密度depth of tunnel隧道埋深design elevation of subgrade路基设计高程 design frequency(排水)设计重现期design hourly volume设计小时交通量design of elevation(城市道路)竖向设计 design of vertical alignment纵断面设计 design speed计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity设计通行能力design vehicle设计车辆design water level设计水位designed elevation设计高程designed flood frequency设计洪水频率 dislicking treatment防滑处理Deval abrasion testing machine狄法尔磨耗试验机(双筒式磨耗试验机)diamond interchange菱形立体交叉differential photo微分法测图direction angle方向角directional interchange方向式立体交叉 diverging分流dowel bar传力杆drain opening泄水口drainage by pumping station(立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch排水沟dressed stone料石drop water跌水dry concrete干硬性混凝土ductility(of bitumen)(沥青)延度 ductilometer(沥青)延度仪dummy joint假缝dynamic consolidation强夯法economic speed经济车速economical hauling distance土方调配经济运距 element support构件支撑。
交通工程专业英语翻译14-23单元
Unit 14Scheme layout 规划方案traffic schemes交通计划AONB（areas of outstanding natural beauty）著名的自然风景区SSSI（special scientific interest）特殊的科研用地listed buildings 受保护的建筑archaeological sites 考古遗址adherence to 忠诚，坚持turning characteristics 转向性能be recovered from 通过。
的补偿HGV重型货车kerb lines路缘石，路缘线swept paths 加宽车道DoT交通运输部rigid or articulated 刚性的或铰接的车front and rear overhang 前悬和后悬swept area 扫略面积on the major route 主路on the side road 支路channelised layout 渠化方案pelican crossings on the far side 在远处rural 乡下的generous 慷慨的，大方的，有雅量的constraint 约束，强制，局促conservatian 保存，保持，守恒collision 碰撞，冲突condition 条件，情形reroute 变更旅程characteristic 特有的，特征，特性predominate 掌握统治主要的突出口有力的private car 私人汽车manoeuvre 策略调动demountable 可卸下的street furniture 街道家具drawbar 列车间的挂钩wheelbase 轴距车轮接地面积crossroad 十字路十字路口歧途Traffic Planning Steps交通规划步骤（Data collection数据收集Forecasts预测Goal specification明确目标Preparation of alternative plans可选择计划的准备Testing检验Evaluation 评价Implementation实施）Levels（Policy planning政策规划Systems planning系统规划Preliminary engineering初步设施建造Engineering design 建造设计Planning for operations of existing systems or services现存系统运营的设计）Cost estimation 成本估算traffic flow simulation交通流模拟an action plan实施性规划quantitative data数据资料in the light of 按照，根据，当作stratification 层化成层阶层的形成assign 分配指派赋值quantitative 数量的量的transportation improvement 交通运输改善feedback 回授反馈反应deliberate 深思熟虑的故意的null 无效力的，无效的benchmark 基准legislature 立法机关takeover 接收接管transit system 运输系统Conrail 联合铁路公司corridor study 路廊环境研究，高速通道研究deregulation 违反规定Unit 16Four-step planning procedure四阶段规划法：trip generation 出行生成，trip distribution, 出行分布modal split,方式划分traffic assignment交通分配urban transportation planning 城市运输规划transportation facility 运输设施gap 间隙差距Trip rate出行率the target planning years目标规划年trip end 出行端点traffic zone交通小区car trips and public transport trips小汽车和公共交通出行gravity model重力模型centroids traffic zones交通小区形心all-or-nothing assignment 全有全无分配法capacity restrained assignment容量限制分配法multipath proportional assignment多路径概率分配法a measure ofLink impedance路径阻抗interlocking 联锁的favorable 赞成的Unit 17longitudinal spacing纵向间距level terrain 平原地形Rolling terrain丘陵区Mountainous terrain山岭区Crawl speed is the maximum sustained speed that heavy vehicles can maintain on an extended upgrade of a given percent 爬坡速度是重型车辆在一定比例的延长的爬坡段上的最大行驶速度signalization conditions信号控制条件signal phasing信号相位timing配时type of control 控制类型an evaluation of signal progression for each lane group每车道组的信号联动评价的全部规定saturation flow饱和流量saturation flow rate 饱和流率topography 地形学curb 路边account for 说明解决得分estimation 估计，预算，评价Unit 18fatalities.恶性事故motorcycle occupant摩托车成员vehicle-miles traveled车公里poorly timed signals配时不当House of Representatives' Subcommittee众议院Federal aid Highways hearings联邦政府助建公路Unit 19Biographical descriptors个人经历Chronic medical conditions长期医学状况Hearing听力Loss of limb 肢体残疾Vision视力face validity表面效度raw 擦伤处inadvertent 不注意的疏忽的illumination 照明阐明启发Unit 20One-way street单向交通industrial parks工业园区transition areas转向区域circuitous route迂回区域the one-way pair成对的单向街道central business districts 中心商业区residential lot 居民区Unit 21Junction types交叉口类型uncontrolled nonpriority junctions; 不受控制的非优先次序交叉口priority junctions; 优先次序交叉口roundabouts;环形交叉口traffic signals; 交通标志grade separations立体交叉）Traffic sign 交通标志Warning sign 警告标志Regulatory sign 禁止标志Directional informatory sign 方向指示标志other informatory sign 其他指示标志Carriageway narrowing车道狭窄limit capacity限制容量congestion charging拥挤收费innovation solutions革新方案pedestrian crossing人行横道traffic capacity of road道路交通通行能力highway networks 公路网Traffic Management 交通管理innovation solutions 革新方案signal-controlled 信号控制的traffic capacity of road 道路通行能力pedestrian crossing 人行横道Unit 22Traffic Surveillance交通监管field observations 实地观察Electronic surveillance.电子监管Closed-circuit television.闭路电视Aerial surveillance .无线电监管Emergency motorist call systems .驾驶员紧急呼救系统Citizen-band radio .城市广播Police and service patrols巡逻警察服务aerial surveillance 空中监测空中监视predetermined value 预先确定的值，事先规定的值Unit 23Be subject to受制于Parking surveys停车调查（Parking supply survey停车位供应调查Parking usage survey停车场使用情况调查Concentration survey)停车饱和度调查Durationsurvey持续时间调查Parker interview survey停车访问调查）On-and-off-street路边和路外停车trip destination出行终点the trip-maker出行生成者a closed circuit闭循环Unit 24Date to源于，追溯trade-offs交换，平衡positive guidance 正确引导root-mean-square 均方根Saturn 土星Pascal 帕斯卡filter 滤波器man-machine systems 人机系统交通工程专业英语翻译Unit 21 （文拿董德忠戚建国）Traffic Management交通管理Objectives目标Traffic management arose from the need to maximize the capacity of existing highway networks within finite budget and, therefore, with a minimum of new construction. Methods, which were often seen as a quick fix, required innovation solutions and new technical developments. Many of the techniques devised affected traditional highway engineering and launched imaginative and cost effective junction designs Introduction of signal-controlled pedestriancrossings not only improved the safety of pedestrians on busy roads but improved the traffic capacity of roads by not allowing pedestrians to dominate the crossing point.交通管理起源于这样一种需要，那就是在预算有限的情况下，以最少的新建工程项目，最大限度的提高现有道路网的通行能力。
交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献
土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业：交通工程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are:（1）Get water away from the road（2）Build on a firm foundation（3）Use the best materials（4）Compact all layers properly（5）Design for traffic loads and volumes（6）Design for maintenance（7）Pave only when ready（8）Build from the bottom up（9）Protect your investment（10）Keep good records1．Get water away from the roadWe can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road’sstructure can weaken that la yer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moistureproblems.To prevent these problems remember that water:• flows downhill• needs to flow somepla ce• is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1⁄4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 1⁄2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose —A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall.2．Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3．Use the best materialsWith all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications.4．Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5．Design for traffic loads and volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.6．Design for maintenanceWithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:• adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly• culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring• enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road• proper cross slopes for safet y, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts• roadsides that are planted or treated to prevent erosion• roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7．Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before you pave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8．Ê Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9．Ê Protect your investmentThe road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. Do these important maintenance activities: Surface —grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and iceDrainage —clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialRoadside —cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosionTraffic service —clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10．Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its future repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual(39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASER Manual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition information. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information, and resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样的方法建立了一个庞大的道路系统，这种方法一直沿用到今天。
交通工程英汉trados术语库(15000条,公路、铁路及船舶)
English Chineseabandon sweeper抛掷清扫车abrasion test磨耗试验abrasiveness磨耗度abnormal noise异响abnormal load非常荷载absolute datum绝对基面absorbed traffic ［volume］吸引交通量abutment桥台abutment cap台帽abutment body台身accelerating mode加速工况accelerated stone polishing tester石料加速磨光仪accelerated setting autoclave test促凝压蒸试验acceleration noise加速噪声acceptance gap可插车空档acceptance验收acceptance certificate验收证书acceptance of luggage consignment行包承运acceptance test验收试验acceptance of consignment承运accelerated test加速试验acceleration test加速性能试验accelerated loading facility路面快速加载试验机acceleration-deceleration delay加减速延误accelerating-coasting加速滑行acceleration lane加速车道accident handling of machinery机械事故处理accident spot map事故地点图accidental load偶然荷载accommodation lane专用车道accommodation highway专用公路accompanying parameters of operation process伴随过程参数accumulative equivalent axles累计当量轴次acoustic barrier隔音墙acoustic emission system声发射测量系统acoustic treatment facilities防噪设施actions for freight claims货运理赔actions for passenger claims客运理赔active safety主动安全性adaptation of vision视力适应性adaptation lighting缓和照明adaptive traffic signal control system自适应信号控制系统additional stake加桩additional ticket补充客票additive外加剂adhesion黏附adhesion黏附力adjustable track trailer横伸挂车adjustable-wheelbase trailer纵伸挂车adjusting crown调整路拱adjusting gradient调坡administration of highway transport公路运输行政管理administration of highway transport industry公路运输行业管理admixture掺加料advance exit sign出口预告标志advance mobilization loan动员费预付贷款advance sign前置标志advanced driver information system先进的驾驶员信息系统advanced public transportation system先进的城市［公共］运输系统advanced rural transportation system先进的长途运输系统advanced traffic management system先进的交通管理系统advanced vehicle control system先进的汽车控制系统advisory speed推荐速度aerial photogrametry航空摄影测量aerodynamic stability空气动力稳定性aerophoto base line航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读A-framed tower A形索塔ageing老化agency代办站agent代理人aggregate集料aggregate feeder units配料给料装置aggregate passenger traffic集结性客流aggregate paver石料摊铺机aggregate stabilized soil base粒料稳定土基层aggregate treated earth road粒料改善土路aggregation model集合模型agreement协议书agricultural truck农用运输汽车air compressor空气压缩机air conveyer气力输送机air entraining agent加气剂air environment大气环境air hardening气硬性air-entraining concrete引气混凝土air-jet snow remover喷气式除雪机air-rider jack hammer气腿式凿岩机alignment coordination线形协调alignment elements线形要素alkali-aggregate reaction碱性集料反应all casing drill全套管钻机all red signal全红信号alligator crack龟裂all-life period management of road machine筑路机械全过程管理allowable load容许荷载allowable rebound deflection value容许回弹弯沉值allowable stress容许应力allowable stress design of bridge桥梁容许应力设计allowable vehicle noise standard车辆允许噪声标准all-personnel labour productivity全员劳动生产率all-round pressurized shield全气压盾构all-through turbidimeter通视浑浊度仪all-through visibility tester通视能见度检验仪alluvial soil冲积土all-weather highway晴雨通车公路alternate system交互式系统alternative line比较线alternative motor fuels汽车代用燃料anchor body锚碇体anchor bolt support锚杆支护anchor cable锚索anchor in rock gallery山洞式锚碇anchor pier锚墩anchor pile锚桩anchor plate锚碇板anchor socket锚座anchor span锚［碇］跨anchorage锚碇anchorage锚具anchorage zone锚固区anchored bulkhead abutment锚碇板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙angle steel edged joint角钢镶边接缝angular boulder块石angular cobble碎石angular gravel角砾animal corridor动物通道anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic volume年平均日交通量annual maximum hourly traffic volume年最大小时交通量annual mean temperature difference年均温差annual output per vehicle单车产量annual output per vehicle tonnage capacity车吨产量annual thirtieth highest hourly traffic volume年第三十位最大小时交通量anti-ager抗老化剂anti-collision pier抗撞墩antifreezing agent防冻剂anti-glare panel防眩板anti-glare screen防眩屏anti-knock block防震挡块anti-skid test［路面］抗滑试验anti-skid treatment防滑处理anti-slide pile抗滑桩anti-stripping agent抗剥落剂apparent specific gravity test视比重试验apparent velocity表观流速approach引道approach bridge引桥approach nose路岛端approach to ferry码头引道approach velocity行近流速approximate estimate norm of highway project公路工程概算定额apron护坦aqueduct渡槽arbitration仲裁arc welder弧焊机arch拱arch bridge拱桥arch centering拱架arch crown拱顶arch crown block拱顶石arch culvert拱涵arch rib拱肋arch ring拱圈arch ring stress adjustment拱圈应力调整arch skew block拱脚斜块arch support拱座arch thrust拱推力arched abutment拱形桥台arched roof in advance of wall tunneling method先拱后墙法articulated roller铰接式压路机articulated truck铰接式自卸车artificial aggregate人造集料artificial lighting transition人工照明过渡artificial snow slide人造雪崩aseismatic design of bridge桥梁抗震设计aseismatic stability of bridge桥梁抗震稳定性ash content灰分含量ash content test灰分含量试验ashlar料石ashlar arch bridge料石拱桥asphalt地沥青asphalt barreled melter桶装沥青熔化装置asphalt cement黏稠沥青asphalt distribution喷洒沥青asphalt distribution measurement沥青洒布量测定asphalt distributor test沥青洒布机试验asphalt firepipemelter火管式沥青熔化装置asphalt flow meter沥青流量计asphalt hot oil melter导热油沥青熔化装置asphalt melting and heating device沥青熔化加热装置asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料搅拌设备asphalt mixture recycling mixing plant沥青混合料再生拌和设备asphalt modifier沥青改性剂asphalt overlay沥青罩面asphalt pavement flame heater沥青路面火焰加热器asphalt pavement heater沥青路面加热机asphalt pavement in situ recycling machine沥青路面就地再生机asphalt pavement infrared heater沥青路面红外线加热器asphalt paver沥青混凝土摊铺机asphalt paver test沥青混凝土摊铺机试验asphalt pump沥青泵asphalt slurry沥青稀浆asphalt slurry seal machine稀浆封层机asphalt solar energy melter太阳能沥青熔化装置asphalt sprayer沥青喷洒机asphalt steam pipe melter蒸气式沥青熔化装置asphalt storage沥青贮仓asphalt tank with heating device沥青保温罐asphalt truck沥青罐车asphalt weigher沥青秤asphaltmastic沥青胶砂assembling of steel bridge钢桥拼装asymptotic stability渐近稳定性at-grade intersection平面交叉attachment cost附具摊销费autodeflectometer自动弯沉仪automatic compactometer压实度自动检测装置automatic control自动控制automatic electronic ticket system电子自动售票系统automatic hydraulic proportioning system液压比例自控系统automatic leveling device自动找平装置automatic operation自动操作automatic power apportioning功率自动分配automatic temperature control温度自动控制automatic underbody washer汽车底部自动清洗机automatic water spraying fire extinguisher自动喷水灭火机automatic weighing自动称重automobile driving汽车驾驶automobile electro-magnetic interfere汽车电磁波干扰automobile transportation engineering汽车运用工程autoset road marking自动划线装置auto-wrecking yard废车堆积场auxiliary handling charge辅助装卸费auxiliary handling operation辅助装卸作业auxiliary lane附加车道auxiliary pier辅助墩auxiliary road辅道auxiliary sign辅助标志availability rate of machinery机械完好率available vehicle-days完好车日average costs of vehicle maintenance and repair汽车维修平均费用average daily traffic volume平均日交通量average days during major repair of vehicle汽车大修平均在修车日average days in plant during major repair of vehicle汽车大修平均在厂车日average gradient平均纵坡average man-hours of vehicle maintenance and repair汽车维修平均工时average mileage between vehicle major repairs汽车大修间隔里程average number of vehicles平均车数average seats per vehicle每车平均客位average speed平均车速average storage days［货物］平均堆存天数average tonnage per vehicle每车平均吨位average total seats平均总客位average total tonnage平均总吨位average vehicle daily travel平均车日行程avoidance of mixed loading忌装award of contract中标axial loading test of pile桩轴向荷载试验axial-flow blower轴流通风机axle load轴载axle load meter轴重仪axle weight detector轴重检测器azimuth方位角back fill回填土back filling behind abutment［桥］台后回填back fire回火back haunch fillet of arch护拱background noise背景噪声backhoe excavator反铲挖掘机backing倒车backward wave in traffic flow车流返回波back-water壅水back-water at pier墩前壅水back-water height壅水高度back-water in front of bridge桥前壅水bad technical condition of vehicle汽车不良技术状况baffle sill消能槛bag dust collector布袋除尘器Bailey bridge贝雷桥balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙ballast loader清岩机bank erosion堤岸冲刷bank protection护岸bar corrosion activity evaluation钢筋锈蚀活动性评定bar corrosion activity indicator钢筋锈蚀测定计bar potential measurement钢筋电位测量bar resistivity measurement钢筋电阻率测量bare surface露骨barrier curb栏式缘石bascule bridge竖旋桥base course基层base line基线basic capacity基本通行能力basic earthquake intensity地震基本烈度basic part repair基础件修理basic rate基本运价basin盆地batch asphalt mixing plant间歇式沥青混合料搅拌设备battered pile斜桩beam梁beam bridge梁桥beam crane梁式起重机beam depth梁高bearing支座bearing capacity of pile单桩承载力bearing capacity of subsoil地基承载力bearing pile支承桩bearing plate承载板bearing platform承台bearing stratum持力层bearing stress支撑应力bed course垫层bed material load推移质bedrock基岩behind schedule晚点belt conveyer带式输送机belt feeder皮带给料机belt topographic map带状地形图bench mark水准点bench simulation test台架模拟试验bench test台架试验benched section台口式断面benched subgrade台口式路基bend-ended spur dike勾头丁坝benefit from accidents reducing减少交通事故效益benefit from distance shortening缩短里程效益bent cap盖梁berm护坡道bid投标书bid bond投标担保bid opening开标bid validity投标书有效期bidding投标bidding documents招标文件bike lane自行车车道bike-way自行车道bill of lading货物运单bill of quantities工程量清单bi-moment双力矩binder结合料binder course联结层biorhythms生物节律bits grinders磨钻机bitumen沥青bitumen aggregate ratio油石比bitumen consistency沥青稠度bitumen content含油率bitumen electrical heating device电热式沥青加热装置bitumen emulsifying machine沥青乳化机bitumen emulsifying plant沥青乳化设备bitumen extractor沥青抽提仪bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous macadam mixture沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment沥青表面处治black cotton soil黑棉土black-hole effect黑洞效应blade plough soil stabilizer犁式稳定土搅拌机blasting bulldozer频爆式推土机blasting crater爆破漏斗blasting operation爆破作业blasting vibration爆破振动bleeding泛油blind curve视线不良弯道blind drain盲沟block out type safety fence阻挡式护栏block pavement块料路面block stone arch bridge块石拱桥blood-alcohol concentration血中酒精浓度blow up拱胀blower鼓风机blowing-in shaft送风坚井blowing-out shaft排风坚井boat pole撑杆body and frame measure and correct system［轿车］车身测量整形机body and frame straightener车身矫正机bolt final twisting by torque method螺栓扭矩终拧法bolt final twisting by twist angle method螺栓扭角终拧法bolted and welded steel bridge栓焊钢桥bolted steel bridge栓接钢桥bolting栓接bonded tendon黏结的预应力筋bored hole diameter measurement钻孔直径检测bored hole verticality measurement钻孔垂［直］度检测bored pile钻孔桩borehole camera钻孔照相机borehole periscope钻孔潜望镜boring log钻孔柱状图boring slurry test钻孔泥浆试验boring test钻探boring-and-underreaming method钻孔扩端法borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑Bosh smoke unit博什烟度bottom sealing by concreting混凝土封底bottom-dump trailer底卸式挂车boulder漂石boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界boundary sign分界标志bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵box girder箱梁box type abutment箱形桥台box-girder bridge箱［形］梁桥box-girder fence箱梁型护栏bracket托架brake distance制动距离brake drum lathe制动鼓车床brake reaction time制动反应时间brake shoe grinder制动蹄磨床brake tester制动试验台braking制动braking ability test制动性能试验braking force制动力braking pier制动墩branch highway支线公路breakdown on the way抛锚break-even distance for highway transport公路运输经济运距breaking-in磨合break-water防波堤brick pavement砖块路面bridge桥［梁］bridge acceptance loading test桥梁验收荷载试验bridge aesthetics桥梁美学bridge approach桥头引道bridge approach to ferry码头引桥bridge aseismatic strengthening桥梁抗震加固bridge collapse桥梁破坏bridge conceptual design桥梁方案设计bridge construction桥梁施工bridge data bank桥梁数据库bridge deck system桥面系bridge deck width桥面宽度bridge defect diagnosis桥梁病害诊断bridge deflection curve桥梁挠度曲线bridge design桥梁设计bridge detail design桥梁细部设计bridge disaster by flood桥梁水毁bridge durability桥梁耐久性bridge dynamic loading test桥梁动载试验bridge end backfilling design桥头回填设计bridge end transition slab桥头搭板bridge engineering桥梁工程学bridge erection by floating method浮运架桥法bridge erection by swinging method转体架桥法bridge erection monitoring桥梁安装监测bridge erection tolerance桥梁安装容许误差bridge evaluation system桥梁评价系统bridge failure桥梁破损bridge fault repairing桥梁病害整治bridge foundation桥梁基础bridge foundation settlement observation桥基沉降观测bridge foundation stability evaluation桥基稳定性评定bridge head桥头堡bridge in danger危桥bridge inspection桥梁检查bridge inspection category桥梁检查类别bridge inspection cycle桥梁检查周期bridge inspection regulation桥梁检查规则bridge load limit桥梁限载bridge maintenance桥梁养护bridge management system桥梁管理系统bridge model test桥梁模型试验bridge model wind tunnel test桥梁模型风洞试验bridge monitoring system桥梁监测系统bridge name桥名bridge natural frequency measurement桥梁自振频率测量bridge numbering桥梁编号bridge on slope坡桥bridge opening contraction桥孔压缩bridge overall planning桥梁总体规划bridge pulsation measurement桥梁脉动测量bridge pylon桥塔bridge railing桥梁栏杆bridge response to forced vibration［桥梁］动力响应试验bridge retrofitting桥梁翻新bridge shallow foundation protection桥梁浅基防护bridge sidewalk桥侧人行道bridge site桥位bridge site selection桥位选择bridge site stability evaluation桥址稳定性评定bridge site survey桥位勘测bridge static loading test桥梁静载试验bridge strengthening桥梁加固bridge structure design桥梁结构设计bridge structure erection control桥梁结构安装控制bridge technical file桥梁技术档案bridge testing laboratory vehicle桥梁测试车bridge toll过桥费bridge type桥型bridge vibration mode analysis桥梁振型分析bridging equipment架桥设备bridle path驮道Brinell hardness test布氏硬度试验brittle point脆点brittle point test脆点试验broken back curve断背曲线broken chain断链broom-finish拉毛bucket elevator斗式提升机bucket wheel excavator斗轮式挖掘机bucket wheel trencher斗轮式挖沟机buckling压曲budgetary norm of highway project公路工程预算定额buffeting抖振bulb-end anchorage镦头锚bulk goods散装货物bulk tanker trailer粉状货挂车bulldozer推土机bumper防撞垫bump-integrator roughometer trailer颠簸累积式平整仪buna丁钠橡胶buna-S丁苯橡胶bundle of steel wire钢丝束buoyancy浮力buried abutment埋置式桥台buried culvert暗涵buried depth of tunnel隧道埋深buried joint埋式接缝burner喷燃器burning烧伤burning point燃点burning point test燃点试验bus客车bus capacity utilization rate载客量利用率bus dispatching客车调度bus run cycle客车运行周期bus running record客运动态记录单bus schedule客运班期bus service quality旅客运输质量bus station公共汽车站bus stop停靠站bus streamlined service旅客一条龙服务bus terminal公共汽车终点站bus ticket price公共客车票价bus transport network公路客运网business certificate经营许可证butt type expansion installation对接式伸缩装置button路钮bypass绕行公路cable钢缆索cable clamp索夹cable crane缆索起重机cable force control索力控制cable force measurement索力测量cable guardrail钢索护栏cable operated excavator机械挖掘机cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥cable support tower索塔cable tension measurement device索力测定计caisson cutting edge沉井刃脚calcium electric rapid determination method钙电极快速测定法calculated rise of arch计算矢高calculated span计算跨径California bearing ratio加州承载比California bearing ratio test加州承载比试验calling for tenders招标camber预拱度cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever erection method悬臂拼装法cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙cantilever slab悬臂板cantilever traffic sign悬臂式交通标志canyon峡谷capacity index通行能力指数capillary water毛细水capillary water height毛细水上升高度car carrier semitrailer轿车运载［半挂］车car ferrying汽车轮渡car lift汽车举升机car pool lane合乘车辆车道car washer汽车清洗机carbon fiber碳纤维carbon monoxide allowable concentration一氧化碳允许浓度carbon monoxide detector一氧化碳监测仪carbon steel碳素钢carbonation depth by phenolphthalein test碳化深度酚酞试验card reader读卡机card sender发卡机car-following theory跟车理论carriage box volume capacity车厢容积carriage mileage运输里程carriageway车行道carrier承运人cart road畜力车道carving groove刻槽casing hole-boring method套管护壁钻孔法cast in situ pile就地灌注桩cast in situ pile by excavation挖孔桩cast on scaffolding method膺架浇筑法cast-in-place balancing cantilever method平衡悬浇法cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法cast-in-place concrete pile rig灌注桩钻孔机cat eyes猫眼catastrophic collapse毁灭性破坏catchment area汇水面积cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青cattle fence防牲畜护栏catwalk施工步道cavitation穴蚀cement水泥cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面cement mark水泥标号cement mortar水泥砂浆cement soundness test水泥安定性试验水泥土基层center island中心岛center island marking中心岛标线center lane中间车道center line中线center line stake中线桩center line survey中线测量centering by clamped planks in arch shape夹板拱架centering unloading拱架卸落central pilot tunneling method中央导洞法centrifugal bucket elevator离心式斗式提升机centrifugal force离心力centrifugal pump离心式水泵certification test出厂证明试验chain bucket trencher链斗式挖沟机chain hoist链式起重机chalky clay白垩土changeable message sign可变信息标志channel contraction河槽压缩channelization island导流岛channelized intersection渠化交叉口channelized traffic渠化交通channelizing marking渠化标线characteristic of materials材料性能charge standard计价标准charged mileage计费里程charged weight计费重量charter bill客运包车票charter rate包车运价charter rate by distance计程包车运价charter rate by number of containers集装箱包箱运价charter rate by time计时包车运价chartered bus transport包车客运chartered handling equipment time based charge装卸机械计时包用费chartered pay mileage包干计费里程chassis dynamometer底盘测功机check load验算荷载children crossing sign学童过街标志chip spreader石屑撒布机chips石屑chloride content depth profile measurement氯化物含量沿深度分布测量chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circulation boring method正循环钻孔法circulation drill正循环钻机city approach highway城市出入口公路city bus城市客车civilian vehicle民用车辆claims索赔clam shell excavator抓铲挖掘机clamper夹具classified rates for goods货物分等运价clay bound macadam泥结碎石路面clayey sand黏土质砂泥灰结碎石路面cleaning and steaming charge清洗和熏蒸费clear span净跨径clearance净空clearance above bridge deck桥面净空clearance height净空高度clearance limit极限间隙clearance of tunnel隧道净空clearance time清尾［车］时间clearance under span桥下净空climbing ability test爬坡性能试验climbing lane爬坡车道climbing lane sign爬坡车道标志close to traffic封闭交通close type crushing plant闭式联合碎石机组closed toll system封闭式收费系统千斤顶法封顶尖拱法封顶closure of arch ring拱圈封顶closure of bridge structure桥梁合拢clothoid回旋线苜蓿叶形立交clutch slippage离合器滑转coagulator促凝剂coal tar煤沥青coarse gradation粗级配coarse joining method毛接法coarse sand粗砂粗粒土coasting滑行coasting distance measurement滑行距离测定coasting in neutral脱档滑行coasting mode滑行工况coasting resistance measurement滑行阻力测定coasting test滑行试验coasting with clutch disengaged分离离合器滑行coasting with engine off熄火滑行cobble卵石cobble stone pavement圆石路面code number of highway route公路路线编号coefficient of container dead weight集装箱自重系数coefficient of expansion膨胀系数coefficient of lanes车道系数coefficient of loose laying松铺系数coefficient of roughness糙率coefficient of scouring冲刷系数coefficient of wheel tracking transverse distribution轮迹横向分布系数cofferdam围堰cohesion黏结力cohesion test黏结力试验cold aggregate conveyer冷料输送机cold bent test冷弯试验冷磨合cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold paint road marking machine冷漆划线机冷拉率冷拔钢丝冷拉钢筋collapse崩坍collapse blasting抛坍爆破collapsed loess湿陷性黄土集散道路collision prevention of pier and abutment桥梁墩台防撞colonnade foundation管柱基础color adaptability颜色适应性color matching system调［配］漆机column柱column pier柱式［桥］墩combination roller组合式压路机combined highway and railway bridge公铁两用桥combined maintenance truck综合养护车combined stress组合应力commercial dispute商务纠纷commercial vehicle商用汽车commercial vehicle operation management system商用车辆运行管理系统compacting depth measurement压实深度测定compacting factor压实系数compacting width measurement压实宽度测定compaction压实compaction depth压实厚度compaction energy压实能量compaction machine test压实机械试验compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪compactness test压实度试验compensation for failure of loading装货落空损失费compensation for loss按质赔偿complete failure完全故障completion of construction竣工component replacement构件更换composite abutment组合式桥台composite beam组合梁composite beam bridge组合梁桥composite deck cable stayed bridge组合梁式斜拉桥composite lining组合衬砌composite longitudinal ventilation组合式纵向通风微弯板组合梁桥composite type concrete pavement复合式水泥混凝土路面compound curve复曲线comprehensive stabilized base综合稳定基层comprehensive traffic management综合交通管理comprehensive transportation system综合运输系统compression gauge压缩压力计compression test压缩试验computer aided design for bridge桥梁计算机辅助设计computerized vehicle inspection system全自动汽车检测系统concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concentrated drainage集中排水concentrated load集中荷载concrete beam slipform device混凝土梁滑模浇筑设备concrete carbonation test混凝土碳化试验concrete chloride content measurement混凝土氯化物含量测量concrete coring hole inspecting by endoscope混凝土钻孔内窥镜检查concrete curing混凝土养生concrete deck cable stayed bridge混凝土斜拉桥concrete fluidity test混凝土流动性试验concrete injector喷浆机concrete mixer混凝土搅拌机concrete mixing plant混凝土搅拌设备concrete pavement finisher混凝土路面整面机concrete pavement joint cleaning machine混凝土路面清缝机concrete pavement joint cutting machine混凝土路面切缝机concrete pavement joint sealing machine混凝土路面填缝机concrete pavement texturing machine混凝土路面拉毛机concrete paving train混凝土摊铺列车concrete pile［钢筋］混凝土桩concrete pipe pile混凝土管桩concrete pump truck混凝土输送泵车concrete spreader混凝土布料机concreting混凝土浇筑concreting by pumping混凝土泵送法视情维护cone anchorage锥形锚具cone crusher圆锥式碎石机confined compression strength test侧限抗压强度试验conical slope［桥头］锥坡connecting rod aligner连杆校正器connecting rod bearing boring machine连杆轴承镗床consigned luggage托运行包consignee收货人consignment托运consignment plan托运计划consignor托运人consistency limit稠度界限consistency test稠度试验consolidated subsoil加固地基consolidation固结consolidation coefficient固结系数consolidation test固结试验consolidometer固结仪constituent组分constituent test组分试验constrained operation约束运行construction contract terms施工合同条款construction drawing design施工图设计construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度construction joint施工缝construction joint for arch ring拱圈施工缝construction load施工荷载construction machine emission施工机械排放物construction machinery noise施工机械噪声construction machinery vibration施工机械振动construction plan施工计划construction section capacity施工区通行能力construction section traffic management施工路段交通管理construction site management施工现场管理construction specification施工规范construction survey施工测量construction time limit工期construction waste施工废弃物construction waste water工程废水construction water level施工水位contain bag集装袋container carrier集装箱货车container dropside trailer集装箱栏板挂车container flatframe trailer集装箱专用挂车container fork lift集装箱叉车container handling machinery集装箱装卸机械container load capacity utilizing ratio［集装］箱载重利用率container load freight适箱货container lot［集装］箱位container maintenance charge集装箱维修费container platform trailer集装箱平板挂车container specific volume capacity coefficient［集装］箱容系数container spreader集装箱吊具container trailer集装箱挂车container transit charge集装箱中转费container transport集装箱运输container volume capacity集装箱内容积container volume capacity utilizing ratio［集装］箱容利用率containerization ratio集装箱化率contingencies不可预见费continuity model连续性模型continuous arch bridge连续拱桥continuous arch effect连拱作用continuous asphalt mixing plant连续式沥青混合料搅拌设备continuous beam bridge连续梁桥continuous contact of interface界面连续接触continuous deck连续桥面continuous passenger traffic持续性客流continuous reinforced concrete pavement连续配筋混凝土路面continuous rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥continuous slurry wall地下连续墙continuous traffic count station连续式交通量观测站continuous traffic flow连续性交通流contour interval等高距contour line等高线contraband goods禁运货物contract合同contract management合同管理contract transport合同运输contraction crack收缩裂缝contraction joint缩缝contractor承包人control house控制室control point of route路线控制点control stress for prestressing张拉控制应力converging sign汇流标志converging traffic volume合流交通量converted turnover换算周转量converted weight换算重量convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线conveyer belt scale皮带称重装置coordinate method坐标法coordinated control联动控制coordinated traffic signals联动交通信号coordinative composition of equipments设备配套cordon traffic survey区界交通调查core岩心core sampler岩心取样器corner break角裂corner steel角隅钢筋corporation average fuel economy公司平均燃料经济性corridor traffic management program走廊交通管理计划corrosion test锈蚀试验corrugated beam barrier波形梁护栏corrugated steel deck波纹钢桥面波纹管涵corrugation搓板cost of ancillary facility辅助设施费cost quota of vehicle maintenance and repair汽车维修费用定额cost quota of vehicle major repair汽车大修费用定额cost/benefit analysis费用效益分析counter flow transport对流运输counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台counterfort retaining wall扶臂式挡土墙county highway县公路coupler连接器coupling and uncoupling of hooks挂摘钩cover protectometer钢筋保护层测定仪crack裂缝crack control裂缝控制crack detecting by acoustic emission裂缝声发射检测crack grouting裂缝灌注crack pattern裂缝分布图crack resistance抗裂性cracking load开裂荷载cracking rate［路面］裂缝率cracking ratio［路面］裂缝度cradle挂篮crankcase emissions曲轴箱排放物cranked platform trailer凹式平板挂车crash bearer防撞墩crawler bulldozer履带式推土机crawler crane履带式起重机crawler hydraulic bench drill履带式液压凿岩台车crawler loader履带式装载机crawler single bucket excavator履带式单斗挖掘机crawler soil stabilizer履带式稳定土搅拌机履带式沥青混凝土摊铺机creep蠕变creep loss of concrete混凝土徐变损失critical buckling load临界压曲荷载critical density临界密度critical failure致命故障critical gap临界空挡critical height of subgrade路基临界高度critical load临界荷载critical speed临界车速critical V/C ratio临界V/C比critical wind speed临界风速crops covering by dust农作物蒙尘cross chipper hammer爪形冲击锤cross road十字形交叉cross section横断面cross section survey横断面测量cross walk人行横道crossing lift架式举升机岔道标志crown路拱crown curve路拱曲线crown slope路拱横坡cruising mode等速工况crusher碎石机crushing plant联合碎石机组crushing value压碎值crushing value test压碎值试验crust硬表层cultural relic protection scope文物保护范围culture地物culvert涵［洞］culvert aperture涵洞孔径culvert barrel length涵洞洞身长度culvert end lift涵洞口隆起culvert inlet涵洞进水口culvert inlet/outlet apron涵洞口铺砌culvert on steep grade陡坡涵洞culvert outlet涵洞出水口culvert straight end wall涵洞一字墙culvert water drop涵洞跌水culvert wing wall涵洞八字墙curb［路］缘石curb marking缘石标记current deflecting水流导向current direction流向current repair of road machine筑路机械小修current velocity流速阻水面积curve length曲线长curve sign弯道标志curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cushion guardail缓冲护栏cut挖方cut and fill section半填半挖断面cutback asphalt轻制沥青cutting路堑cutting ring of shield盾构切口环随挖随盖法土方调配图cycle length周期长cyclic dispatching method循环调度法cyclic flashing周期性闪光cyclone dust collector旋风式除尘器cylinder boring machine镗缸机cylinder honing machine汽缸珩磨机cylinder scoring拉缸daily dispatched passenger number旅客日发送量damage损伤damage of luggage行包损坏damage rate of goods货损率dampness type潮湿类型daywork labor计日工dead end highway断头路dead load恒载deadhead mileage空车行程deadline of bid投标截止期death rate of accident事故死亡率debonded tendon消除黏结的预应力筋decelerating mode减速工况deceleration lane减速车道deck桥面deck bridge上承式桥deck drainage system桥面排水系统deck elevation桥面标高deck expansion installation桥面伸缩装置deck expansion joint桥面伸缩缝deck pavement桥面铺装deck profile grade桥面纵坡deck slab桥面板deck transverse slope桥面横坡decreasing rate with increasing distance递远递减运价deep foundation深基础deep well pump深井水泵深埋隧道default违约defect缺陷defects liability period缺陷责任期defects liability release certificate缺陷责任终止证书deflection挠度deflection angle偏角deflection angle method偏角法deflection basin弯沉盆deflection coefficient弯沉系数deflection limit for serviceability使用状态挠度限值deflection test弯沉试验deflection value弯沉值deflectometer弯沉仪deformed bar螺纹钢筋degree of compaction压实度degree of congestion拥挤度degree of parking saturation停车饱和度degree of prestressing预应力度degree of saturation饱和度dehris碎落deicing消冰deicing agent pollution消冰剂污染。
道路交通工程专业英语词汇
交织路段weavingsection
合流converging
分流dห้องสมุดไป่ตู้verging
冲突点conflictpoint
交通岛trafficisland
导流岛channelizationisland中心岛centralisland
平安岛refugeisland
半填半挖式路基part cut-partfill subgrade台口式路基benched subgrade
路基宽度width ofsubgrade
路基设计高程design elevationof subgrade(路基)最小填土高度minimumheight of fill边坡side slope
公路网密度highwaydensity
公路等级highway classification
公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway
公路用地highway right-of-way
高速公路freeway; expressway等级公路classified highway 辅道reliefroad
基线base line
地形图topographicmap
等高线contourline
横断面测量cross-sectional survey横断面图cross-section
坑探pit test
钻探boring
地面控制点测量ground control-point survey
路基subgrade
路堤embankment路堑cutting
干线公路arterial highway
支线公路feederhighway
交通工程专业英语英译汉
交通工程专业英语英译汉With the rapid development of transportation engineering, the demand for English-to-Chinese translation in this field has been increasing. This article aims to explore the challenges and opportunities of translating traffic engineering terminology and texts from English to Chinese.**Challenges in Translating Traffic Engineering Terminology**Traffic engineering, being a highly specialized field, possesses a unique vocabulary that often requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages. For instance, terms such as "traffic flow," "intersection design," and "traffic control systems" must be translated accurately to convey their specific meanings within the context of traffic engineering. Additionally, the use of technical jargon and abbreviations adds further complexity to the translation process.Moreover, cultural differences can pose challenges in translating traffic engineering terms. Concepts that arefamiliar in one culture may not have direct equivalents in another, requiring translators to find creative solutions that maintain the original meaning while adapting to the target culture's context.**Opportunities in Translating Traffic Engineering Texts**Despite the challenges, there are also numerous opportunities in translating traffic engineering texts. Firstly, with the globalization of the transportation industry, there is a growing need for cross-cultural communication. This creates opportunities for translators who are proficient in both English and Chinese to bridge the language gap and facilitate the exchange of ideas and knowledge.Secondly, the advancement of technology has brought about new translation tools and platforms that greatly improve translation efficiency and quality. These tools, such as machine translation and online dictionaries, provide translators with convenient resources to lookup unfamiliar terms and phrases, enabling them to work more efficiently and accurately.Lastly, the increasing demand for traffic engineering expertise in China presents an opportunity for translators to specialize in this field. By specializing in traffic engineering translation, translators can build a reputation and expertise in this area, opening up more translation opportunities and potentially higher compensation.**Conclusion**In conclusion, while translating traffic engineering terminology and texts from English to Chinese can be challenging, it also offers numerous opportunities for translators. By overcoming the linguistic and cultural barriers, translators can play a crucial role in promoting the development of the transportation industry both domestically and internationally.**交通工程专业英语英译汉的挑战与机遇**随着交通工程的快速发展，该领域的英汉翻译需求不断增加。
交通工程双语词汇对照表
序号 中文英译1补充说明Addendum2转向车道Added turning lane3预付款Advanced payment4支撑先进工法Advancing shoring method5航空摄影机Aerial camera6航空标Aerial photogrammetric target7航空摄影测量Aerial photogrammetry8空中三角测量Aerotriangulation9水平仪 A level10经纬仪 A transit11美国州公路及运输协会AASHTO12绝对方位Absolute Orientation13桥台Abutment14出入口Access15出入引道Access ramp16连络道Access road17肇事；事故Accident18肇事率Accident rate19精度Accuracy20主动土压力Active earth pressure21活动断层Active fault22主动滑动区Active slide area23主动滑动面Active surface of sliding24横坑Adit25有条件通过审查Approved with conditions26仲裁Arbitration27拱Arch28拱桥Arch bridge29拱效应Arching30建筑Architectural序号 中文英译31面积计算坐标法Area computation by coordinate method 32干道Arterial33耐震设计Aseismatic design34沥青混凝土Asphalt concrete35沥青混凝土路Asphaltic concrete road36资产与负债Asset and liability37盲人音响号志Audible pedestrian signal38螺旋钻Auger39自动水平仪Automatic level40自动车牌辨识系统Automatic Vehicle Identify System41汽车Automobile42小型车停车场Automobile parking area43每公吨货物平均收入Average Revenue Per Ton44每延吨公里平均收入Average Revenue Per Ton-Kilometer45平均服务时间Average Service Time46平均运程Average Transport Distance47每旅客平均运程Average Transport Distance Per Passenger 48每吨货物平均运程Average Transport Distance Per Ton49平均车位小时转换率Average Turn-over Rate50平均等候时间Average Waiting Time51钻掘桩Bored pile52钻孔Borehole53钻探Boring54钻孔柱状图Boring log55钻机Boring machine56钻孔岩心Boring-core57借土Borrow58借土区Borrow area59瓶颈Bottleneck60沉箱Box caisson序号 中文英译61箱涵Box culvert62箱形梁Box girder63支撑Bracing64拖架Bracket65脱离节口Break-way66桥梁Bridge67桥台Bridge Abutment68桥支承Bridge bearing69桥面Bridge deck/floor70桥面伸缩缝Bridge expansion joint71桥墩Bridge pier72桥栏杆Bridge railing73桥面宽Bridge Roadway width74桥跨Bridge span75挫屈Buckling76预算经费Budget77层面Bedding plane78岩盘Bedrock79平台，阶地Bench80水平点Bench-marks81弯矩Bending moment82弯曲应力Bending stress83皂土Bentonite84戗堤Berm85平台沟Berm ditch86最佳管理作业Best management practice87投标Bid ; Tender88押标金Bid Bond89脚踏车道Bike lane90接触曝气法Bio-film treatment system序号 中文英译91钻头Bit92开炸Blast93区域平差Block adjustment94砂涌Boiling95钻凿Bore96承载层Bearing stratum97载重试验Bearing test98汽车运输Automobile Transportation99辅助标线Auxiliary Marking100辅助标志Auxiliary sign101平均每日交通量Average Daily Traffic (ADT)102平均延滞时间Average Delay Time103每营业车辆每日平均行驶里程Average Kilometer Per Registered Vehicle Per Day 104每实动车辆每日平均行驶里程Average kms Per Operating Vehicle Per Day105引道Approach;Approach fill;Approach lane;Approach road 106适当防制措施Appropriate measures107铝合金灯箱Aluminum signal box108箭头黄灯Amber Arrow109闪光黄灯Amber Flashing110黄灯Amber Light111锚Anchor112锚座Anchorage113锚定Anchoring114补照Anew Issue License115补牌Anew Issue Plate116年平均每日交通量Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)117年度预算Annual budget118导坑Approach pit119空气质量监测站Air quality monitoring station120全套管基桩All casing concrete pile序号 中文英译121容许承载力Allowable bearing capacity122容许载重Allowable load123容许沈陷量Allowable settlement124容许应力Allowable stress125全红时段All-red Interval126交替水深Alternative depth127替代方案Alternatives128客车行驶里程Bus-Kilometer129斜张桥Cable stayed bridge130地籍图Cadastral map131地籍测量Cadastral Survey132沈箱Caisson133注销Cancellation134悬臂Cantilever135悬臂工法Cantilever method136桩帽，雷管(俗)Cap137容量Capacity138公交车路线容量Capacity of Bus Line139小汽车共乘Carpool140方位角Azimuth141干线传输网络Backbone transmission network 142回填Backfill143后视Backsight144回水演算Backwater computation145齿坡跌水Baffled apron drop146平衡线Balance Line147护岸Bank protection148拒马Barricade149护栏Barrier150底层Base序号 中文英译151底层Base152基线Base Line153坡底Base of slope154基本运价Basic Fare155方向角Bearing angle156经费概算Budgetary estimate157缓冲建筑物Buffer buildings158建筑法规Building code159光束法Bundle method160大客车Bus161公交车专用道Bus Exclusive Lane162出车率Bus Operating Rate163大客车停车场Bus parking area164营业车辆Business Vehicle165平均停车延时Average Parking Duration166平均车位使用率Average Parking Space Occupancy167每车次客运密度Average Passenger-Kilometers Per Vehicle Run 168每客车公里平均收入Average Revenue Per Bus-Kilometer169每旅客平均收入Average Revenue Per Passenger170每延人公里平均收入Average Revenue Per Passenger-Kilometer 171集水井Catch basin172穴蚀现象Cavitation173水泥砂浆Cement motar174中心桩Center(line) stake175需求Demand176密度Density177检修组Depot178覆盖层厚度Depth of overburden179贯入深度Depth of penetration180设计控制与标准Design Controls and Criteria序号 中文英译181设计频率Design frequency182设计速率Design Speed183旅次需求希望线Desire Line184滞洪坝Detention dam185滞洪池Detention pond186滞洪设施Detention structure187滞洪量Detention volume188顺向坡Dip slope189小客车租赁业Car-Rental Carrier190载波Carrier wave191套管Casing192场铸桩Cast-in-place pile193预铸斜撑版配合场铸箱形梁合成桥Cast-in-situ box girder bridge with precast strut panel 194土石流Debris flow195土石灾害Debris hazard196减速车道Deceleration lane197版Deck198深开挖Deep excavation199深层滑动Deep sliding200深井法Deep well method201违约Default202战备道Defense road203变位Deflection204倾斜仪Deflection inclinometer205变形Deformation206延滞Delay207导标Delineator208卸货区Delivery area209数位图像处理Digital image processing210数值地形模型Digital terrain model序号 中文英译211数值地形图Digital topographic map212精度因子Dilution of precision213餐饮区Dining area214倾斜Dip215框条式挡土墙Crib retaining wall216临界Critical217临界流Critical flow218临界路口控制Critical Intersection Control219露头Crop220横断面Cross Section221中耕除草Cultivate222涵洞（箱涵）Culvert223缘石Curb224路缘浅沟Curb ditch225路缘进水口Curb inlet226明挖覆盖法(隧道)Cut and cover method227周波脱落Cycle slips228坝Dam229危险标记Danger marker230数据收集系统Data Gathering System231控制测量Control surveys232控制器Controller233贩卖区Convenience store234同频发射共波式无线电话系统Conventional Simulcast Radio System 235岩心管Core barrel236岩心回收率Core recovery rate237岩心试样Core sample238岩心取样器Core sampler239侧导坑法Core-leaving method240岩心探孔，取岩心Coring序号 中文英译241运输走廊Corridor242裂隙Crack243潜变Creep244开发行为Development activities245偏位Deviation246设备Device247班马纹行人穿越道Diagonal crosswalk lines248钻石钻头Diamond bit249地下连续壁Diaphragm wall250应继续进行第二阶段评估Dictated undergoing phase Ⅱ EIAs 251柴油打桩机Diesel pile hammer252差异沉陷Differential settlement253压密Consolidation254工务段Construct section255施工测量Construction surveys256顾问Consultant257联结车停车场Container parking area258汽车货柜货运业Container Trucking Carrier259连续方程式Continuity equation260契约Contract261契约变更通知Contract Change Order262承包商Contractor263集水面积Contributing area264控制点Control points265崩陷Collapse266连络道路Collector Road267柱Column268营业(用车)Commercial Vehicle269夯实，压实Compaction270征收补偿Compensation序号 中文英译271损失赔偿Compensation for Damage272地价补偿Compensation for the land price273压缩，压力Compression274集中荷重Concentrated load275集流时间Concentration time276混凝土Concrete277纽泽西(混凝土)护栏(New Jersey) concrete barrier278混凝土桩Concrete pile279交通锥Cone280拥挤Congestion281圆形绿灯Circular green light282圆盒水平器Circular rod level283圆弧滑动面Circular sliding surface284黏土Clay285清洁维护Cleanliness maintenance286清道损失时间Clearance Lost Time287爬坡车道Climbing Lane288闭路电视摄影机Closed Circuit Television Camera (CCTV) 289闭合导线Closed traverse290一氧化碳侦测器CO Detector291土压力系数Coefficient of earth pressure292摩擦系数Coefficient of friction293围堰Cofferdam294凝聚力，内聚力Cohesion295凝聚性土壤Cohesive soil296中心投影Central projection297换照Change License298变更登记Change of Registration299信息可变标志Changeable Message Sign (CMS);Variable Message Sign (VMS)序号 中文英译300速限可变标志Changeable Speed Limit Sign (CSLS) 301槽化Channelization302槽化岛Channelization island303槽化线Channelizing Line304检核点Check Point305家长接送区Child pick-up area306幼童专用车Children-only Bus307竖槽Chute308圆弧型破坏Circular failure309破坏机制Failure mechanism310运价Fare311死亡率Fatality rate312断层Fault313可行性评估Feasibility assessment314施肥Fertilization315框标Fiducial marks316野外探勘Field exploration317现场作业Field operation318赤度Equator319侵蚀控制Erosion control320优养化Eutrophication321开挖Excavation322公交车除外Except buses323脚踏车专用道Exclusive bike lane/Bikes only324公交车专用道Exclusive Bus Lanes325机车专用道Exclusive Motorcycle Lane326专用电话机Exclusive telephone327标高，高程Elevation328平均海水面Elevation above mean sea-level329电梯Elevator序号 中文英译330路堤Embankment331紧急滑行道Emergency escape ramp332紧急应变Emergency response333紧急道路Emergency road334紧急电话机Emergency telephone335员工Employee336车重Empty Vehicle Weight337侵入线Encroachment line338消能Energy dissipater339入口Entrance340破坏包络线Envelope of failure341环境影响评估Environmental impact assessment342环境质量Environmental quality343环境质量标准Environmental quality standards344经济效益分析Economic benefits analysis345涡流Eddy flow346深度效应Effect of depth347有效绿灯时间Effective Green Time348有效应力Effective stress349有效单位重Effective unit weight350放流口,出流水Effluent351弹性平衡Elastic equilibrium352照明Electric Lighting353电气室Electric room354电子测距仪Electronic distance measurement instrument 355电子经纬仪Electronic theodolites356电子收费Electronic Toll Collection357单元，元素，要素Element358高程Elevation359排水Drainage序号 中文英译360排水性铺面Drainage asphalt361排水设施Drainage Facilities362排水设施Drainage facilities363泄降Drawdown364图说Drawings365打击桩Driven pile366汽车驾照Driver License367教练车Driving school training vehicles 368筒型交通锥Drum369土压力Earth pressure370地滑Earth slide371土工结构物Earth structure372泥流，土流Earthflow373地震Earthquake374生态工法Ecological Engineering Methods 375外方位Exterior orientation376脊背式桥梁Extradosed bridge377挤型铝Extruded signing panel378地工织物挡土墙Fabric retaining wall379开挖面Face380安全系数Factor of safety381破坏Failure382绘制, 绘图Drafting383体健设施Exercise facilities384展示区Exhibit area385出口Exit386扩张Expansion387伸缩缝Expansion joint388试验参数Experimental parameters389试验Experimentation序号 中文英译390探勘Exploration391探勘调查Exploration investigation392炸药Explosive393长途客运（业）Express coach industry394快车道Express lane395快慢分隔岛Express/slow traffic divider396快速公路Expressway397伸缩仪Extensometer398方向系数Direction Factor399指向线Direction Line400方向分布Directional Distribution401残障停车位Disabled parking lots402残障厕所Disabled toilet403流量Discharge404位移，变位Displacement405弃土Disposal406弃土区Disposal area407距离Distance408分布载重Distributed load409禁止跨越Do not cross410车道禁止进入Do not enter411禁行方向标志Do not enter sign412下游Downstream413全拖车Full-Trailer414蛇笼Gabion415门架Gantry416间距Gap417加油站Gas station418雾(风或雨)慢行警告标志Fog （Wind or Rain）Sign (FS) 419基脚Footing序号 中文英译420前视Foresight421免费运距Free haul Distance422出水高Freeboard423自由车流速率Free-flow Speed424高速公路Freeway425国道客运Freeway Schedule Bus Service 426货运吨数Freight Tonnage427全拖车Full Trailers428全感应号志控制Full-actuated Signal Control 429现场调查Field Survey430工地试验Field test431填土Fill432滤层Filter layer433验收Final Acceptance434财务计划Financial plan435特种闪光黄灯Flashing amber436闪光灯Flashing beacon437车辆Fleet438回复型导杆Flexible delineator post439柔性路面Flexible pavement440渡槽Flume441冲积扇Fluvial442航高Flying height443焦距Focal length444环境敏感地带(环境敏感区位)Environmental sensitive area 445环氧树脂Epoxy446方格子午线Grid meridians447方格北Grid north448总重Gross Vehicle Weight。
交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献
土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业：交通工程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are:（1）Get water away from the road（2）Build on a firm foundation（3）Use the best materials（4）Compact all layers properly（5）Design for traffic loads and volumes（6）Design for maintenance（7）Pave only when ready（8）Build from the bottom up（9）Protect your investment（10）Keep good records1．Get water away from the roadWe can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any laye r of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems.To prevent these problems remember that water:• flows downhill• needs to flow someplace• is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1⁄4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 1⁄2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relativelywater tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose —A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall.2．Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3．Use the best materialsWith all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications. 4．Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5．Design for traffic loads and volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs orreconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.6．Design for maintenanceWithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:• adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly• culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring• enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road• proper cross slopes for safety, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts• roadsi des that are planted or treated to prevent erosion• roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7．Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before you pave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8．Ê Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9．Ê Protect your investmentThe road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. Do these important maintenance activities: Surface —grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and iceDrainage —clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialRoadside —cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosionTraffic service —clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10．Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its future repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual(39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASER Manual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition information. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information, and resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样的方法建立了一个庞大的道路系统，这种方法一直沿用到今天。
交通工程专业词汇中英术语对照
交通工程专业词汇中英术语对照中英术语对照公路highway道路road公路工程highway engineering公路网highway network公路网密度highway density公路等级highway classification公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway公路用地highway right-of-way高速公路freeway; expressway等级公路classified highway辅道relief road干线公路arterial highway支线公路feeder highway专用公路accommodation highway国家干线公路(国道)national trunk highway省级干线公路(国道)provincial trunk highway 县公路(县道)county road乡公路(乡道)township road辐射式公路radial highway环形公路ring highway绕行公路bypass交通结构traffic structure交通组成traffic composition混合交通mixed traffic交通流traffic flow交通流理论traffic flow theory车流vehicle stream交通密度traffic density车头间距space headway车头时距time headway车间净距vehicular gap延误delay地点速度spot speed行驶速度running speed运行速度operating speed临界速度critical speed平均速度average speed计算行车速度(设计车速)design speed交通量traffic volume年平均日交通量annual average daily traffic 月平均日交通量monthly average daily traffic 年第30位最大小时交通量thirtieth highest annualhourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum annual hourly 设计小时交通量design hourly volume通行能力traffic capacity基本通行能力basic traffic capacity可能通行能力possible traffic capacity设计通行能力design traffic capacity道路服务水平level of service公路交通规划traffic planning交通调查traffic survey交通量调查traffic volume survey交通量观测站traffic volume observation station起迄点调查(OD调查)origin-destination study 出行trip境内交通local traffic过境交通through traffic交通发生traffic generation交通分布traffic distribution交通分配traffic assignment交通预测traffic prognosis行车道carriageway分离式行车道divided carriageway 车道lane变速车道speed-change lane加速车道acceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane爬坡车道climbing lane停车道parking lane错车道turn-out lane自行车道cycle path路侧人行道sidewalk分隔带lane separator中央分隔带median divider中间带central strip路肩shoulder;verge路缘带marginal strip路缘石kerb;curb侧向余宽lateral clearance路拱camber;crown路拱横坡crown slope公路建筑限界clearance of highway 公路路线highway route公路线形highway alignment平面线形horizontal alignment纵面线形vertical alignment线形要素alignment elements平曲线horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径limited minimum radius of horizontal curve复曲线compound curve反向曲线reverse curve断背曲线broken-back curve回头曲线switch-back curve缓和曲线transition curve竖曲线vertical curve弯道加宽curve widening加宽缓和段transition zone of curve超高superelevation超高缓和段superelevation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum longitudinal gradient变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation高原纵坡拆减highland grade compensation缓和坡段transition grading zone合成坡度resultant gradient视距sight distance停车视距non-passing sight distance, stopping sight distance 超车视距passing sight distance道路交叉road intersection;道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at-grade intersection;grade crossing正交叉right-angle intersection斜交叉skew intersection环形交叉rotary intersection十字形交叉"+"T形交叉T intersection错位交叉offset intersection; staggered junctionY形交叉Y intersection立体交叉grade separation分离式立体交叉simple grade separation, separate grade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉full cloverleaf interchange 部分苜蓿叶形立体交叉cloverleaf interchange 菱形立体交叉diamond interchange 定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three-Leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp 交叉口road crossing;intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit加铺转角式交叉口intersection with widened corners拓宽路口式交叉口flared intersection分道转弯式交叉口channelized intersection渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channelization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人行地道pedestrian underpass人行天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence,safety barrier遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign 路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities防沙设施sands protection facilities隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design公路景观设计highway landscape design选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey地貌topographic feature地物culture地形topography台地terrace垭口pass;saddle back平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut-fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance 导线traverse 导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey(路线)平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point转点turning point转角intersection angle方位角azimuth angle象限角bearing方向角direction angle切线长tangent length曲线长curve length外(矢)距external secant测站instrument station测点observation point中桩center stake加桩additional stake护桩reference stake断链broken chainage水准测量leveling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation 地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation(路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake 地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross-sectional survey横断面图cross-section坑探pit test钻探boring摄影测量photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry地面立体摄影测量ground stereophoto grammetry地面控制点测量ground control-point survey 航摄基线aerophoto base影像地图photographic map像片索引图(镶辑复照图)photo index航摄像片判读aerophoto interpretation综合法测图planimatric photo全能法测图universal photo微分法测图differential photo像片镶嵌图photo mosaic路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut-part fill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade (路基)最小填土高度minimum height of fill 边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope(边)坡顶top of slope(边)坡脚toe of slope护坡道berm边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column-plate retaining wall锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tierods锚碇板式挡土墙anchored bulkhead retaining wall石笼rock filled gabion抛石riprap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil多年冻土permafrost流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基砂垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction(标准)最大干容重maximum dry unit weight相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting procedure抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock 爆破作用圈acting circles of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory (回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比(CBR)California bearing ratio,(CBR)路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层strengthening layer高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub-high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement沥青贯入碎(砾)石路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay-bound macadam pavement水结碎石路面water-bound macadam pavement 级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course 块石基层Telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method热铺法hot laid method冷铺法cold laid method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint真缝true joint假缝dummy joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint传力杆dowel bar拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement附着力adhesive force水滑现象hydroplaning phenomenon桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人行桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge 钢桥steel bridge 圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge 双曲拱桥two-way curved arch bridge空腹拱桥open spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥filled spandrel arch bridge系杆拱桥bowstring arch bridge桁架桥truss bridge刚构桥rigid frame bridgeT形刚构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥continuous rigid frame bridge斜腿刚构桥rigid frame bridge with inclined legs 斜拉桥(斜张桥)cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert上部结构superstructure主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam, stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈archring拱上结构spandrel structure腹拱spandrel arch拱上侧墙spandrel wall桥面系floor system, bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion and contraction installation安全带safety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron重力式桥墩gravity pier实体桥墩solid pier空心桥墩hollow pier柱式桥墩column pier排架桩墩pile bent pier柔性墩flexible pier制动墩braking pier单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier 桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU形桥台U-shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment, straight abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment扶壁式桥台counterforted abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile foundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expansion bearing索塔cable bent tower索鞍cable saddle调治构造物regulating structure丁坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge 主桥main bridge 引桥approach span跨径span桥涵计算跨径computed span桥涵净跨径clear span矢跨比rise span ratio计算矢高calculated rise of arch桥下净空clearance of span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load 永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vehicle设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness rigidity抗裂度crack resistance稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber流域catchment basin集水面积runoff area径流runoff水文测验hydrological survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩flood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level最高(或最低)水位maximum (minimum)water level 通航水位navigable water level设计水位design water lever水面比降water surface slope河床比降gradient of river bed湿周wetted perimeter糙率coefficient of roughness水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity行近流速approach velocity洪水调查flood survey洪水频率flood frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥下一般冲刷general scour under bridge桥墩(或台)局部冲刷local scour near pier自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post-tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in-place cantilever method 移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longitudinal pulling method顶推法incremental launching method转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel 围岩surrounding rock隧道建筑限界structural approach limit of tunnels明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunnelling method沉埋法(沉管法)immersed tunnel导坑heading隧道支撑tunnel support构件支撑element support喷锚支护lock bolt support with shotcrete 隧道通风tunnel ventilation隧道照明tunnel lighting养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road improvement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路面补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting路面搓板surface corrugation路面网裂net-shaped cracking路面龟裂alligator cracking路面碎裂pavement spalling反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨surface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错法slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche(振动)液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling岩溶karst沙害sand hazard雪害snow hazard水毁washout好路率rate of good roads养护质量综合值general rating of maintenance quality 路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理road administration民工建勤civilian labourers working on public project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料(骨料)aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone, crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen有机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture 沥青混凝土混合料bituminousconcrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力(钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-weight concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold-drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content最佳含水量optimum water content稠度界限consistency limit液限liquid limit塑限plastic limit缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比proportioning of cement concrete 水灰比water cement ratio和易性workability坍落度slump硬化hardening水硬性hydraulicity气硬性air hardening离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青)稠度consistency(of bitumen)针入度penetration粘(滞)度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt-aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗度abrasiveness弹性模量modulus of elasticity回弹模量modulus of resilience劲度(模量)stiffness modulus模量比modulus ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strengthtest软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strengthtest (水泥)安定性试验soundness test(of cement) 击实仪compaction test equipment 长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆弯沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface-curvature apparatus路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth-wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴(剪切)仪triaxial shear equipment加州承载比(CBR)测定仪California bearing ratiotester标准筛standard sieves(沥青)针入度仪penetrometer(沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青)延度仪ductilometer(沥青)软化点仪(环-球法)softening point tester(ring-ball method)闪点仪(开口杯式)flash point tester (open cup method)马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus (沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer饱和面干吸水率试模saturated-surface-dried moisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasion testing machine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep-foot roller手扶式单轮压路机walk behind single drum蛙式打夯机frog rammer内燃夯实机internal combustion compactor铁夯(铁撞柱)tamping iron压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备concrete mixing plant (水泥混凝土混合料)搅拌concrete deliver truck 运输车水泥混凝土混合料摊铺机concrete paver振捣器concrete vibrator水泥混凝土混合料整面机concrete finisher真空泵vacuum pump水泥混凝土路面切缝机concrete joint cutter 水泥混凝土路面锯缝机concrete saw水泥混凝土路面清缝机concrete joint cleaner 水泥混凝土路面填缝机concrete joint sealer 水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋冷轧机cold-rolling mill钢筋冷拉机steel stretcher钢筋冷拔机steel bar cold-extruding machine 钢筋冷镦机steel bar heading press machine 钢筋拉伸机steel extension machine 钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶prestressed steel bar drawing jack手拉葫芦chain block 起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine for full section 喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment除雪机snow plough装雪机snow Loader洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机Line maker振动筛vibrating screen撒布机spreader输送机conveyer提升机elevator翻斗车dump-body car自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck万能杆件fabricated universal steel members 交通规则traffic rules交通事故traffic accident交通事故率traffic accident rate人口事故率population accident rate车辆事故率vehicle accident rate运行事故率operating accident rate交通控制traffic control中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area control交通信号traffic signal交通信号灯traffic signal lamp信号周期signal cycle绿信比split ratio信号相位signal phase相位差phase difference绿波green wave交通监视系统traffic surveillance 交通公害vehicular pollution 英汉术语对照索引abrasiveness磨耗度absolute datum绝对基面abutment桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load偶然荷载accommodation lane专用车道acoustic barrier隔音墙acting circles of blasting爆破作用圈 additional stake加桩adjacent curve in one direction同向曲线 admixture外加剂adverse grade for safety反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量 aerophoto base航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读 ageing老化aggregate集料(骨料)air hardening气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element线形要素alligator cracking路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line 比较线anchored bulkhead abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic年平均日交通量 anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span引桥aquitard隔水层arch bridge拱桥arch culvert拱涵arch ring拱圈arterial highway干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路 asphalt distributor沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料拌和设备 asphalt paver沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer复拌沥青混合料摊铺机 asphalt sand沥青砂asphalt sprayer沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen地沥青at-grade intersection平面交叉auxiliary lane附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度average gradient 平均纵坡azimuth angle方位角balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙 base course基层base line基线basic traffic capacity基本通行能力beam bridge梁桥beam level deflectometer杠杆弯沉仪bearing支座bearing angle象限角bearing pile支承桩bearing platform承台bed course垫层bench mark水准点benched subgrade台口式路基bending strength抗弯强度Benkelman beam杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪) bent cap盖梁berm护坡道binder结合料binder course联结层bitumell沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio油石比bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面 bituminous macadam mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治blasting crater 爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock松动爆破blasting for throwing rock抛掷爆破blasting procedure土石方爆破bleeding泛油blind ditch盲沟blind drain盲沟block pavement块为路面block stone块石blow up拱胀boring钻探boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine钻孔机borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑boundary frame on crossing道口限界架 boundary frame on road道路限界架boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵branch pipe of inlet雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge桥梁bridge decking桥面系bridge deck pavement桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment架桥机 bridge on slope坡桥bridge site桥位bridge road驮道broken chainage断链broken stone碎石broken back curve断背曲线buried abutment埋置式桥台bus bay公交(车辆)停靠站bypass公交绕行公路cable bent tower索塔cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥(斜张桥) cableway erecting equipment缆索吊装设备california bearing ratio(CBR)加州承载比(CBR)california bearing ratio tester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙 capacity of intersection 交叉口通行能力 capacity of network路网通行能力capillary water毛细水carriage way车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青 cattle-pass畜力车道cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料 cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面center-island中心岛center lane中间车道center line of road道路中线center line survey中线测量center stake中桩central reserve分隔带channelization渠化交通channelization island导流岛channelized intersection分道转弯式交叉口 chip石屑chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circular road环路circular test环道试验city road城市道路civil engineering fabric土工织物classified highway等级公路classified road等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance净空clearance above bridge floor桥面净空 clearance of span桥下净空climatic zoning for highway公路自然区划 climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉 coal tar煤沥青cobble stone卵石coefficient of scouring冲刷系数cohesive soil粘性土cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system混合式道路系统 compaction压实compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪 compactness test压实度试验composite beam bridge联合梁桥composite pipe line综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve复曲线concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机 concrete mixing plant水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机 concrete pump水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test触探试验conflict point冲突点conical slope锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil 加固地基consolidation固结construction by swing转体架桥法construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度 construction joint施工缝construction load施工荷载construction survey施工测量continuous beam bridge连续梁桥contour line等高线contraction joint缩缝control point路线控制点converging合流convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线corduroy road木排道counterfort retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台country road乡村道路county road县公路(县道)，乡道creep徐变critical speed临界速度cross roads十字形交叉cross slope横坡cross walk人行横道cross-sectional profile横断面图cross-sectional survey横断面测量crown路拱crushed stone碎石crushing strength压碎值culture地物culvert涵洞curb路缘石curb side strip路侧带curve length曲线长curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cut挖方 cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition土方调配cut-fill transition program土方调配图 cutting路堑cycle path自行车道cycle track自行车道deceleration lane减速车道deck bridge上承式桥。
交通工程专业英语翻译(全)
Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
交通工程专业英语翻译1,4,8,13,14,17,19,20,21
Unit 1 交通运输业的发展【一】交通运输的发展一直密切联系在一起的人类发展的整个地球的历史。
——the evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history.运输的早期功能是为了满足提供食物供给和搬运建筑材料。
但是随着部落甚至最后国家的形成，运输的社会和经济功能越来越复杂。
起初有需要调动个人，家族，家庭和动物以保护他们的反对，并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险，寻找最好的地方定居。
【书】随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益需要交通的发展。
【二】当第一个国家应运而生,在建立全国的完整性方面,交通运输扮演着重要角色。
——when the first nations came into being,transport played a major role in establishing national integrity.基本的社会需求一般都得到照顾后，当地社区可以越来越多地贡献自己的努力，用来加强与其他国家的人民和他们的经济贸易联系，文化和科技发展。
【书】而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。
【书】在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成的国际化大家庭表现出来的，交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程，促进了这种发展，不断地经历着技术与组织方面的改变。
这些变化是由多种因素和情况引起的。
事实上,今天的运输在它的各种形态和组织仍然高度受变化的社会需求和偏好的回应。
【六】显然,首先也是最重要的标准是运输效率。
——Clearly ,the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency.几个世纪以来，特别是在地方经济起飞阶段，社会需要可靠、快速、低成本的运输。
《交通工程专业英语翻译》
Design of the Alignment线形设计The alignment of a highway is composed of vertical and horizontal elements. The vertical alignment includes straight (tangent) highway grades and the parabolic curves that connect these grades. The horizontal alignment includes the straight (tangent) sections of the roadway and the circular curves that connect their change in direction.公路线形包括平曲线和竖曲线元素。
竖曲线包括直坡线（切线）和连接这些直坡线的抛物线。
平曲线包括公路的直线部分（切线）和连接两直线并转向的圆曲线。
The design of the alignment depends primarily on the design speed selected for the highway. The least costly alignment is one that generally takes the form of the natural topography. It is not always possible to select the lowest cost alternative because the designer has to adhere to certain standards that may not exist on the natural topography.线形的设计取决于公路的设计速度。
最经济的线形是沿着自然地形展线。
交通工程专业英语翻译
Unit1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
交通工程专业术语中英对照
交通工程专业术语中英对照加速车道Acceleration Lane入口Access Point入口密度Access-Point Density准确度accuracy修正adjustment修正系数adjustment factor集合延误aggregate delay下车时间alighting time全向停车控制all-way stop-controlled 分析时段analysis period分析模型analysis model斜列式载客区angle loading area引道approach引道坡度approach grade地区类型area type到达率arrival rate到达类型arrival type干道arterial铰接公共汽车或铰接电车articulated bus or articulatedtrolleybus辅助车道auxiliary lane平均行程速度average travel speed排队长度back of queue理想条件base condition理想饱和流率base saturation flow rate 高速公路基本路段basic freeway segment站点berth自行车设施bicycle facility自行车道路bicycle path自行车速度bicycle speed上车时间boarding time 行人占用面积body ellipse瓶颈bottleneck畅通中断breakdown中断流breakdown flow公交车队bus platoon标定calibration公交依赖者captive riders转换间隔change interval环行流量circulating flow环行车道circulating roadway街角circulation area清尾损失时间clearance lost time空站时间clearance time爬坡车道climbing lane集散街道collector street通勤铁路commuter rail组合纵坡composite grade复合型左转compound left-turn protection冲突引道conflicting approach冲突交通流率conflicting flow rate冲突交通流conflicting movements拥挤交通流congested flow约束运行constrained operation控制条件control condition控制延误control delay交通走廊corridor服务范围coverage爬坡速度crawl speed临界密度critical density临界间隙critical gap关键车道组critical lane group临界速度critical speed交叉流cross flow路冠线crown lane最大容量crush load减速车道deceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane需求-回应服务demand-responsive service需求不足demand starvation需求负荷度demand to capacity ratio 描述性模型descriptive model设计分析design application设计分类design category设计小时design hour设计小时系数（K系数）design-hour factor:K-factor确定性模型deterministic model菱形立交diamond interchange定向设计小时交通量directional design-hour volume方向分布directional distribution定向交通流率directional flow rate方向性路段directional segment方向分配directional split分流diverge双扇车门double-stream door商业区街道downtown street通过式车站drive-through/pull-through loading area驾驶员总体特征driver population堵塞时间duration of congestion停留时间dwell time有效绿灯时间effective green time有效红灯时间effective red time有效人行道宽度effective walkway width %85位速度85th-percentile speed经验模型empirical model入口匝道entrance ramp平衡距离equilibrium distance事件event事件驱动模型event-based model公交专用道exclusive bus lane转向专用车道exclusive turn lane出口匝道exit ramp有效绿灯时间延长extension of effective green time堵塞范围extent of congestion设施facility车站闭塞率failure rate过路口车站far-side stop固定障碍物fixed obstruction定线服务fixed-route service拓宽型进口flared approach流率flow rate重型车heavy vehicle增长系数growth factor组合行人临界间隙group critical gap三角区gore area通用地形general terrain可接受间隙gap acceptance功能分类functional category功能分级functional class车头时距headway重型轨道交通heavy rail高载率车辆high-occupancy vehicle （HOV）干扰度hindrance阻挠impedance增量延误incremental delay影响范围influence area初始排队initial queue初始排队延误initial queue delay智能交通系统intelligent traffic system （ITS）阻塞强度intensity of congestion立交密度interchange density立交匝道终端interchange ramp terminal内部路段internal link内部小区internal zone间断流interrupted flow交叉口延误intersection delay间隔interval独立交叉口isolated intersection阻塞密度jam density送站搭乘kiss and ride车道平衡lane balance车道分布lane distribution车道组延误lane group delay车道利用lane utilization车道宽度lane width侧向净空lateral clearance平原地形level terrain轻轨公交light rail transitLRT联合公交站linear loading area载客率load factor环形匝道loop ramp损失时间lost time低底盘公交车low floor bus主要分流路段major diverge segment 交织宽度weaving width作业区work zone斑马线人行横道zebra-stried crosswal 交织区weaving segment交织长度weaving length 交织示意图weaving diagram交织构形weaving configuration交织weaving交织类型weave type波速wave speed人行道walkway流量比volume to capacity ratio（V/C 比）车辆容量vehicle capacity阻塞变化性variability验证validation功效方程utility equation效用utility城市街道路段urban street segment城市街道等级urban street class城市街道urban street市区urban上游upstream剩余需求unmet demand单位宽度流率unit width flow rate单元延长unit extension均匀延误uniform delay连续流uninterruped flow非饱和undersaturation无控制匝道连接uncontrolled ramp terminal无约束运行unconstrained operation双向停车控制two-way stop-controlled 双向左转车道two-way left-turn lane两阶段可接受间隙two-stage gap acceptance两侧交织路段two-sided weaving segment双车道公路two-lane highway双车道二级公路two-lane class IIhighway让车道turnout货车truck出行者满意度traveler satisfaction行程速度travel speed公交通达区域transit-supportive area 公交停靠站transit stop公交可靠性transit reliability公交服务质量transit quality of service 公交可达性transit accessibility交通压力traffic pressure交通延误traffic delay交通条件traffic condition总损失时间total lost time总的侧向净空total lateral clearance时变交通流模型time-varying flow model时空图time-space domain时间驱动模型time-based model时间平均速度time mean speed时间间隔比例系数time interval scale factor地形分类Taper type楔形端区域taper area系统速度system speed系统运行报告单system performance report card系统运行指标system performance measure系统服务水平system level of service郊区街道suburban street郊区suburban指定引道subject approach理想分析时段study period观光车street car 街角street corner停车时间stop time随机模型stochastic model静态模型static flow model起动损失时间start-up lost time无座乘客standee分开式菱形立交split-diamond interchange特定坡度specific grade间距spacing跳站服务skip-stop service单向车门single-stream door单点菱形立交single-point diamond interchange仿真模型描述符simulation model descriptor仿真模型simulation model简单交织路段simple weaving segment 简单左转保护simple left turn protection信号状况signalization condition旁路side street路肩分流车道shoulder bypass lane冲击波shock wave共用车道通行能力shared-lane capacity服务交通量service volume服务时间service time服务度量service measure服务频率service frequency服务覆盖范围service coverage服务流率service flow rate服务覆盖范围service coverage服务区域service area半感应式控制semiactuated control路段segment锯齿形载客区sawtooth loading area饱和车头时距saturation headway定线路服务route-deviation service环形交叉口roundabout丘陵地形rolling terrain道路占有率roadway occupancy道路特征roadway characteristic路边障碍物roadside obstruction道路特征roadway characteristic剩余队列residual queue休闲车辆recreational vehicle实时模型real-time model快速轨道交通rapid transit序列rank随机占用车道random positioning匝道交织路段ramp-weave segment匝道与街道连接点ramp-street terminal匝道与高速公路连接点ramp-freeway terminal匝道路段ramp segment匝道道路ramp roadway匝道连接点ramp junction排队容积率queue storage ratio驶离排队交通流queue discharge flow 排队产生queue discharge滞留车队queue carryover运行裕度operating margin运行状况分析operational application 在线模型on-line model相位差offset辅道off-street path离线停车站off-line stop离线模型off-line model 非交织流nonweaving flow禁止超车区no-passing zone路口前停车站near-side stop多重交织区multiple weaving segment 多模式交通multimodal多车道公路multilane highway流向通行能力movement capacity山岭地形mountainous terrain效率标准measure of effectiveness。
交通工程专业英语翻译
Unit1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
交通工程专业英语翻译
Unit1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development ofhumankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was tomeet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But withthe formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal andeconomic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there wasmobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect themagainst，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribalaggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groupsformed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport wasincreasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access tonatural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorialdefense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major rolein establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变严密相连的人类在整个地球的历史开展。
道路交通工程专业英语词汇
公路 highway 道路 road中英术语对照通行能力 traffic capacity基本通行能力 basic traffic capacity 可能通行能力 possible traffic capacity设计通行能力 design traffic capacity 公路工程 highway engineering 公路网 highway network 公路网密度 highway density 公路等级 highway classification公路自然区划 climatic zoning for highway 公路用地 highway right-of-way 高速公路 freeway; expressway 等级公路 classified highway 辅道 relief road 干线公路 arterial highway 支线公路 feeder highway 专用公路 accommodation highway国家干线公路(国道)national trunk highway 省级干线公路(国道)provincial trunk highway 县公路(县道)county road 乡公路(乡道)township road 辐射式公路 radial highway 环形公路 ring highway 绕行公路 bypass交通结构 traffic structure 延误 delay行驶速度 running speed 运行速度 operating speed 平均速度 average speed (设计车速)design speed 交通量 traffic volume公路交通规划 traffic planning 交通调查 traffic survey 交通量调查 traffic volume survey起迄点调查(OD 调查)origin-destination study 境内交通 local traffic 过境交通 through traffic 交通发生 traffic generation 交通分布 traffic distribution 交通分配 traffic assignment 交通预测 traffic prognosis 行车道 carriage way分离式行车道 divided carriageway 车道 lane变速车道 speed-change lane 加速车道 acceleration lane 减速车道 deceleration lane 爬坡车道 climbing lane 停车道 parking lane 错车道 turn-out lane 自行车道 cycle path 路侧人行道 sidewalk 分隔带 lane separator 中央分隔带 median divider 中间带 central strip 路肩 shoulder;verge 路缘带 marginal strip 路缘石 kerb;curb侧向余宽 lateral clearance 路拱 camber;crown路拱横坡 crown slope 公路建筑限界 clearance of highway 公路路线 highway route 公路线形 highway alignment 平面线形 horizontal alignment 纵面线形 vertical alignment 线形要素 alignment elements 平曲线 horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径 limited minimum radius of horizontal curve弯道加宽curve widening超高super elevation超高缓和段super elevation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum longitudinal gradient变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation道路交叉road intersection;道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at-grade intersection;grade crossing分离式立体交叉simple grade separation, separate grade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three-Leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp 交叉口road crossing;intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channelization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人行地道pedestrian underpass人行天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence,safety barrier遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign 路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities 防沙设施sands protection facilities 隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design公路景观设计highway landscape design 选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut-fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance 导线traverse导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey(路线)平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point加桩additional stake护桩reference stake水准测量leveling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation 地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation(路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake 地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross-sectional survey横断面图cross-section坑探pit test钻探boring地面控制点测量ground control-pointsurvey路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut-part fill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade (路基)最小填土高度minimum height of fill 边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope(边)坡顶top of slope(边)坡脚toe of slope边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column-plate retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tierods抛石rip rap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil多年冻土permafrost流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基砂垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction(标准)最大干容重maximum dry unit weight 相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting procedure抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock 爆破作用圈acting circles of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory (回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比(CBR)California bearing ratio,(CBR)路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层strengthening layer高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub-high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement 沥青贯入碎(砾)石路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay-bound macadam pavement水结碎石路面water-bound macadam pavement 级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course 块石基层Telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method热铺法hot laid method冷铺法cold laid method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement附着力adhesive force桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人行桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge 钢桥steel bridge圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge 桁架桥truss bridge刚构桥rigid frame bridgeT 形刚构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥continuous rigid frame bridge 斜拉桥(斜张桥)cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert上部结构superstructure主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam, stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈arch-ring桥面系floor system, bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion and contraction installation安全带safety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU 形桥台U-shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment, straight abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile foundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge 主桥main bridge引桥approach span跨径span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vehicle设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness rigidity抗裂度crack resistance稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber径流runoff水文测验hydrologic survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩flood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level糙率coefficient of roughness水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation洪水调查flood survey洪水频率flood frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥墩(或台)局部冲刷local scour near pier 自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post-tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in-place cantilever method 移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longitudinal pulling method顶推法incremental launching method转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel 围岩surrounding rock隧道建筑限界 structural approach limit of tunnels明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunnelling method沉埋法(沉管法)immersed tunnel养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road improvement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路面补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨surface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错法slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche(振动)液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling好路率rate of good roads路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理road administration民工建勤civilian labourers working on public project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料(骨料)aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone, crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen有机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture 水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力(钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete 早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-weight concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold-drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比 proportioning of cement concrete水灰比water cement ratio和易性workability坍落度slump离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青)稠度consistency(of bitumen)针入度penetration粘(滞)度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt-aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗度abrasiveness泊松比Poisson's ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strengthtest软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strengthtest (水泥)安定性试验soundness test(of cement) 击实仪compaction test equipment长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆弯沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface-curvature apparatus路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth-wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴(剪切)仪triaxial shear equipment加州承载比(CBR) 测定仪California bearing ratiotester标准筛standard sieves(沥青)针入度仪penetrometer(沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青)延度仪ductilometer( 沥青) 软化点仪( 环- 球法)softening point tester(ring-ball method)闪点仪(开口杯式)flash point tester (open cup method)马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus (沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer饱和面干吸水率试模 saturated-surface-dried moisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasion testing machine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep-foot roller压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备 concrete mixing plant(水泥混凝土混合料)搅拌concrete deliver truck水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵 prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶 prestressed steel bar drawing jack手拉葫芦chain block 起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机 tunnel boring machine for full section喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机Line maker自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area controlasphalt mixing plant 沥青混合料拌和设备英汉术语对照索引abrasiveness 磨耗度absolute datum 绝对基面abutment 桥台abutment pier 制动墩acceleration lane 加速车道accidental load 偶然荷载accommodation lane 专用车道acoustic barrier 隔音墙acting circles of blasting 爆破作用圈additional stake 加桩adjacent curve in one direction 同向曲线admixture 外加剂adverse grade for safety 反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerophoto base 航摄基线aerophoto interpretation 航摄像片判读ageing 老化aggregate 集料(骨料)air hardening 气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element 线形要素alligator cracking 路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection 容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line 比较线anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall 锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods 锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen 阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic 年平均日交通量anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen 防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span 引桥aquitard 隔水层arch bridge 拱桥arch culvert 拱涵arch ring 拱圈arterial highway 干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor 沥青洒布车blind drain 盲沟asphalt paver 沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer 复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand 沥青砂asphalt sprayer 沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen 地沥青at-grade intersection 平面交叉auxiliary lane 附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度average gradient 平均纵坡azimuth angle 方位角balance weight retaining wall 衡重式挡土墙base course 基层base line 基线basic traffic capacity 基本通行能力 beam bridge 梁桥beam level deflectometer 杠杆弯沉仪bearing 支座bearing angle 象限角bearing pile 支承桩bearing platform 承台bed course 垫层bench mark 水准点benched subgrade 台口式路基bending strength 抗弯强度Benkelman beam 杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap 盖梁berm 护坡道binder 结合料binder course 联结层bitumell 沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio 油石比bituminous concrete mixture 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement 沥青混凝土路面bituminous macadam mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture 沥青混合料bituminous pavement 沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement 沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治blasting crater 爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock 松动爆破 blasting for throwing rock 抛掷爆破blasting procedure 土石方爆破bleeding 泛油blind ditch 盲沟cationic emulsified bitumen 阳离子乳化沥青block pavement 块为路面block stone 块石blow up 拱胀boring 钻探boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine 钻孔机borrow earth 借土borrow pit 取土坑boundary frame on crossing 道口限界架boundary frame on road 道路限界架boundary line of road construction 道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge 系杆拱桥box culvert 箱涵branch pipe of inlet 雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge 桥梁bridge decking 桥面系bridge deck pavement 桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contractioninstallation 桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment 架桥机bridge on slope 坡桥bridge site 桥位bridge road 驮道broken chainage 断链broken stone 碎石broken back curve 断背曲线buried abutment 埋置式桥台bus bay 公交(车辆)停靠站bypass 公交绕行公路cable bent tower 索塔cable saddle 索鞍cable stayed bridge 斜拉桥(斜张桥)cableway erecting equipment 缆索吊装设备california bearing ratio(CBR) 加州承载比(CBR)california bearing ratio tester 加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve 路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge 悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection 交叉口通行能力capacity of network 路网通行能力capillary water 毛细水carriage way 车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method 悬臂浇筑法cattle-pass 畜力车道cement concrete 水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture 水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面 center-island 中心岛 centerlane 中间车道center line of road 道路中线center line survey 中线测量center stake 中桩central reserve 分隔带channelization 渠化交通channelization island 导流岛channelized intersection 分道转弯式交叉口chip 石屑chute 急流槽circular curve 圆曲线circular road 环路circular test 环道试验city road 城市道路civil engineering fabric 土工织物 classified highway 等级公路classified road 等级道路clay-bound macadam 泥结碎石路面clearance 净空clearance above bridge floor 桥面净空clearance of span 桥下净空climatic zoning for highway 公路自然区划climbing lane 爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange 苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar 煤沥青cobble stone 卵石coefficient of scouring 冲刷系数cohesive soil 粘性土cold laid method 冷铺法cold mixing method 冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar 冷拉钢筋 column pier 柱式墩combination-type road system 混合式道路系统compaction 压实compaction test 击实试验compaction test apparatus 击实仪compactness test 压实度试验composite beam bridge 联合梁桥composite pipe line 综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve 复曲线concave vertical curve 凹形竖曲线cut 挖方concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant 水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver 水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump 水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test 触探试验conflict point 冲突点conical slope 锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil 加固地基consolidation 固结construction by swing 转体架桥法construction height of bridge 桥梁建筑高度construction joint 施工缝construction load 施工荷载construction survey 施工测量continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥contour line 等高线contraction joint 缩缝control point 路线控制点converging 合流convex vertical curve 凸形竖曲线corduroy road 木排道counterfort retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutment 扶壁式桥台country road 乡村道路county road 县公路(县道)，乡道creep 徐变critical speed 临界速度cross roads 十字形交叉cross slope 横坡cross walk 人行横道cross-sectional profile 横断面图cross-sectional survey 横断面测量crown 路拱crushed stone 碎石crushing strength 压碎值culture 地物culvert 涵洞curb 路缘石curb side strip 路侧带curve length 曲线长curve widening 平曲线加宽curved bridge 弯桥cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition 土方调配cut-fill transition program 土方调配图cutting 路堑cycle path 自行车道cycle track 自行车道deceleration lane 减速车道deck bridge 上承式桥deflection angle 偏角deflection test 弯沉试验degree of compaction 压实度delay 延误density of road network 道路(网)密度depth of tunnel 隧道埋深design elevation of subgrade 路基设计高程design frequency(排水)设计重现期design hourly volume 设计小时交通量design of elevation(城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment 纵断面设计design speed 计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity 设计通行能力design vehicle 设计车辆design water level 设计水位designed elevation 设计高程designed flood frequency 设计洪水频率dislicking treatment 防滑处理Deval abrasion testing machine 狄法尔磨耗试验机(双筒式磨耗试验机)diamond interchange 菱形立体交叉differential photo 微分法测图direction angle 方向角directional interchange 方向式立体交叉diverging 分流dowel bar 传力杆drain opening 泄水口drainage by pumping station(立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch 排水沟 dressed stone 料石drop water 跌水dry concrete 干硬性混凝土ductility(of bitumen)(沥青)延度ductilometer(沥青)延度仪dummy joint 假缝dynamic consolidation 强夯法economic speed 经济车速economical hauling distance 土方调配经济运距element support 构件支撑foundation 基础elevation 高程(标高)embankment 路堤emergency parking strip 紧急停车带emulsified bitumen 乳化沥青erecting by floating 浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method 纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion 悬臂拼装法erection with cableway 缆索吊装法evaporation pond 蒸发池expansion bearing 活动支座expansive soil 膨胀土expantion joint 胀缝expressway(城市)快速路; 高速道（公）路external distance 外(矢)距fabricated bridge 装配式桥fabricated steel bridge 装拆式钢桥factories and mines road 厂矿道路factory external transportation line 对外道路factory-in road 厂内道路factory-out road 厂外道路fast lane 内侧车道faulting of slab ends 错台feeder highway 支线公路ferry 渡口fibrous concrete 纤维混凝土field of vision 视野fill 填方filled spandrel arch bridge 实腹拱桥final survey 竣工测量fineness 细度fineness modulus 细度模数fixed bearing 固定支座flare wing wall abutment 八字形桥台flared intersection 拓宽路口式交叉口flash point 闪点flash point tester(open cup method)闪点仪(开口杯式)flexible pavement 柔性路面flexibie pier 柔性墩floor system 桥面系flush curb 平缘石foot way 人道道ford 过水路面forest highway 林区公路forest road 林区道路free style road system 自由式道路系统freeway 高速公路free-flow speed 自由车速 freeze road 冻板道路freezing and thawing test 冻融试验frost boiling 翻浆frozen soil 冻土full depth asphalt pavement 全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting 功能栽植general scour under bridge opening 桥下一般冲刷geological section(道路)地质剖面图 geotextile 土工织物gradation 级配gradation of stone(路用)石料等级 grade change point 变坡点grade compensation 纵坡折减 grade crossing 平面交叉grade length limitation 坡长限制 grade of side slope 边坡坡度grade separation 简单立体交叉grade-separated junction 立体交叉graded aggregate pavement 级配路面grader 平地机grain composition 颗粒组成 granular material 粒料 gravel 砾石gravity pier(abutment)重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙 green belt 绿化带gridiron road system 棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey 地面控制点测量 ground elevation 地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry 地面立体摄影测量guard post 标柱guard rail 护栏guard wall 护墙gully 雨水口gutter 街沟(偏沟)gutter apron 平石gutter drainage 渠道排水half-through bridge 中承式桥 hard shoulder 硬路肩hardening 硬化hardness 硬度haul road 运材道路land slide 坍方heavy maintenance 大修hectometer stake 百米桩hedge 绿篱height of cut and fill at center stake 中桩填挖高度high strength bolt 高强螺栓high type pavement 高级路面highway 公路highway landscape design 公路景观设计 hill-side line 山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain 重丘区horizontal alignment 平面线形horizontal curve 平曲线hot laid method 热铺法hot mixing method 热拌法hot stability(of bitumen)(沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation 水力计算hydraulicity 水硬性imaginary intersection point 虚交点immersed tunnelling method 沉埋法inbound traffic 入境交通incremental launching method 顶推法industrial district road 工业区道路industrial solid waste(路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course 工业废渣基层inlet 雨水口inlet submerged culvert 半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert 无压力式涵洞inorganic binder 无机结合料instrument station 测站intensity of rainstorm 暴雨强度intercepting ditch 截水沟interchange 互通式立体交叉interchange with special bicycle track 分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance 中修intermediate type pavement 中级路面intersection(平面)交叉口intersection angle 交叉角，转角intersection entrance 交叉口进口intersection exit 交叉口出口intersection plan 交叉口平面图intersection point 交点intersection with widened corners 加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method 顶入法kilometer stone 里程碑。
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河北工程大学交通工程专业外文翻译学生姓名：李焘专业：交通工程班级：09-02学号：090240225指导老师：高爱坤2013年04月交通事故分析的可能性和局限性原文出处：SWOV institute for road safety research Leidschendam（会议记录）关键字：后果;目的;描述;限制;关注;事故分析;可能性摘要：交通事故的统计数字，尤其国家一级的数据对监控和预测事故的发展，积极或消极检测事故的发展，以及对定义安全目标和评估工业安全特别有益。
事故分析是应用非常有限的分析，是前瞻性分析和回顾性分析，能够对新开发的交通安全系统和特殊过程的安全措施进行评价。
目前迫切需要一个将实时事故分析与研究相结合的行为。
将自动检测和视频录制相结合的研究交通事故的科研论文会比较容易接受。
这种类型的研究最终会对交通理念有个完善的认识。
1．简介本文主要是基于个人的经验，研究有关交通安全、安全分析以及事故分析等在研究中的作用。
由这些经验推导出的哲学思考就像通过研究和统计得出的实践观点。
而这些调查数字已经在其他地方发表了。
在缺少直接观察的事故中，许多方法论问题的产生，导致不能直接测试对结果持续讨论。
通过看事故视频来讨论是富有成效的。
事实证明，用来解释事故的大部分有关信息就是事故中缺少的记录。
深入研究还无法回忆起所有的必要的用来测试有关事故发生的假设数据，。
尤其是车-车相撞发生的车祸，这是在荷兰城市道路交叉口录制的视频，一辆从岔路驶来的汽车与主干路的汽车相撞，下列问题可以问：为什么汽车来自次干路上，突然加速后又几乎停止，撞上了在左侧主路的一辆汽车呢？为什么没有注意到正在驶来的车？是不是因为两车从右边驶来，司机因为前面的交叉为他们提供了可能性而斤斤计较？难道他向左看过，但他认为停在拐角处的绿色货车能让他停下来？当然，交通状况并不复杂。
目前这个事故中没有骑自行车或行人在拥挤路口分散他的注意。
如果停着的绿色车能够在五分钟内消失，这两辆车可能就不会相撞。
在事故发生的相关条件下，几乎不可能观察下一个交通行为，因为交通事故是不可预见的。
由于新的视频设备和自动检测事故设备的不断发展，如在收集数据方面不需要很高的成本就能变得越来越逼真。
必要的增加数据类型也能更好的解释交通中存在的危险因素。
关于事故分析的可能性和限制性的问题是不容易回答的，我们不能确切的分析交通事故。
因为事故分析涵盖了每一个活动中的不同背景，并根据不同的信息来源范围来补充资料，特别是收集事故的数据，背景资料等，我们首先要看看在交通安全领域的活动周期然后再回答事故分析的可能性与限制。
这些行为主要是与交通系统的安全管理有关，有些则是相关的研究活动。
应该用下面的步骤来加以区分：——检测交通安全问题；——描述问题和它的主要特征；——分析其原因分析和改进建议；——选择和执行安全措施；——评价所采取的措施。
虽然这个周期可以由同一人或一群人做出来，而问题在每个阶段（政治/管理或科学）都有不同的背景。
我们用事故分析来描述这一阶段。
做这个决定是重要的。
很多关于分析结果的方法的讨论由于忽视之间的区别而成为徒劳的。
政治家或道路管理人员对道路的个别事故不是很留意。
他们对事故的看法往往都是一视同仁，因为总的结果比整个事故中的每个人的因素重要。
因此，每次事故看做一个个体，之间相互协调就会达成安全的结果。
研究人员研究事故发生时一连串事件中每个人的兴趣。
希望从中得到关于每次事故的详细信息并能发现其发生的原因和有关的条件。
政治家们希望只是因为细节决定行动。
在最高一级事故总数减少。
信息的主要来源是国家数据库及其统计学处理系统。
对他来说，统计意外数字及其统计的波动来进行事故分析。
这适用于事故分析中的交通安全领域。
因此，我们将首先描述了事故的这些方面。
2事故的性质和它们的统计特性事故基本概念是意外，不管是其发生的原因还是引起事故出现的过程。
两个简单的假设通常是来描述交通事故的形成过程.-事故发生的概率与以往发生的事故之间是独立-事故发生在时间上是同性质的如果这两个假设成立，那么事故是泊松分布。
第一个假设与大多数的批判不符。
事故是罕见的事件，因此不会受到以前事故的影响。
在某些情况下，有一个直接的因果链（例如，大量的车开到一起）这一系列的事故被认为是一个个体事故但包含许多的车。
这个假设并不适用于统计人员伤亡。
伤亡人数往往与同一事故有关，因此，独立性假设不成立。
第二个假设乍一看似乎不太容易理解。
穿越空间或在不同地点发生的的事故同样具有可能性。
然而，假设需要很长一段时间并且没有缓缴期。
其性质是根据理论的假设。
如果其短时间内能成立，那么它也适用于长时间，因为泊松分布变量的总和，即使他们的泊松率是不同的，但也属于泊松分布。
对于这些时期的总和泊松率则等于为这些地方的泊松率的总和。
假设与一个真正的情况相比较计数，无论是从一两个结果还是总情况来看都有一个基本情况比较符合例如，对比在一年中特定的一天例如下一天，下一个星期的一天发生的交通事故。
如果条件是相同的（同一时间，交通情况相同，同样的天气条件等），那么由此产生的意外数字是相同的泊松过程的结果。
这一假设可以通过估算进行测试的两个观测值的基础上（估计是两个值的平均值）的速度参数。
概率理论能够考虑到这两个观察值的平均，用于计算的平等假设的可能性。
这是一个相当强大的统计过程。
泊松假设是研究了很多次，来获得证据支持。
它已经应用于许多情况，数的差异表明在安全性的差异然后确定是否发生意外。
这一程序的主要目的是检测在安全分歧。
这可能是一个时间上的差异，或不同的地方或不同的条件。
这种差异可以指导改进的过程。
由于主要关注的是，以减少意外的发生，这种分析可能导致对治疗中最有前途的领域。
为这样一个测试应用程序的必要条件是，那意外的数字进行比较是大到足以证明存在的分歧。
在许多地方情况下，一个应用程序是不可能的。
事故黑点分析往往阻碍了这一限制，例如，如果应用这种测试，找出事故是否在特定的位置数是高于平均水平。
该程序的描述，也可以使用，如果发生意外乃根据数的特点找到有前途的安全目标。
不仅聚集，而且还与分类泊松假设成立，而意外数字可以相互测试的泊松假设的基础。
这种测试是相当麻烦的，因为每个特定的情况下，每一个不同的泊松参数，即，对所有可能结果的概率必须计算应用测试。
然后，泊松分布近似为正态分布，均值和方差等于泊松参数。
一旦均值和方差的正态分布，给出了所有的测试可以改写了标准零均值和方差的正态分布条件。
没有任何更多的必要计算，但测试统计，需要利用表绘制。
）POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF ACCIDENT ANALYSIS原文出处：SWOV institute for road safety research Leidschendam（会议记录）Keyword：Consequences; purposes; d escribe; Limitations; concerned; Accid ent Analysis; possibilitiesAbstraet：Accid ent statistics, especially coll ected at a national l evel are particularly useful for the d escription, monitoring and prognosis of accid ent d evel opments, the d etection of positive and negative safety d evelopments, the d efinition of safety targets and the (product) evaluation of l ong term and large scal e safety measures. The application of accid ent analysis is strongly limited for problem analysis, prospective and retrospective safety analysis on newly d eveloped traffic systems or safety measures, as well as for (process) evaluation of special short term and small scale safety measures. There is an urgent need for the analysis of accid ents in real time, in combination with background behavioural research. Automatic incid ent d etection, combined with vid eo recording of accid ents may soon result in financially acceptabl e research. This type of research may eventually l ead to a better und erstanding of the concept of risk in traffic and to well-established theories.1.Introduction.This paper is primarily based on personal experience concerning traffic safety, safety research and the rol e of accid ents analysis in this research. These experiences resulted in rather phil osophical opinions as well as more practical viewpoints on research method ol ogy and statistical analysis. A number of these findings are published already elsewhere.From this lack of direct observation of accid ents, a number of method ol ogical problems arise, l eading to continuous discussions about the interpretation of findings that cannot be tested directly. For a fruitful discussion of these method ol ogical problems it is very informative to l ook at a real accid ent on vid eo. It then turns out that most of the relevant information used to explain the accid ent will be missing in the accid ent record. In-d epth studies also cannot recollect all thedata that is necessary in ord er to test hypotheses about the occurrence of the accid ent.For a particular car-car accid ent, that was record ed on vid eo at an urban intersection in the Netherlands, between a car coming from a minor road, colliding with a car on the major road, the foll owing questions could be asked:Why did the driver of the car coming from the minor road, sud d enly accelerate after coming almost to a stop and hit the sid e of the car from the l eft at the main road? Why was the approaching car not noticed? Was it because the driver was preoccupied with the two cars coming from the right and the gap before them that offered him the possibility to cross? Did he l ook l eft before, but was his view possibly bl ocked by the green van parked at the corner? Certainly the traffic situation was not complicated. At the moment of the accid ent there were no bicyclists or ped estrians present to distract his attention at the regularly overcrowd ed intersection. The parked green van disappeared within five minutes, the two other cars that may have been important l eft without a trace. It is hardly possibl e to observe traffic behaviour und er the most relevant condition of an accid ent occurring, because accid ents are very rare events, given the large number of trips. Given the new vid eo equipment and the recent d evelopments in automatic incid ent and accid ent d etection, it becomes more and more realistic to coll ect such data at not too high costs. Ad ditional to this type of data that is most essential for a good und erstanding of the risk increasing factors in traffic, it also important to l ook at normal traffic behaviour as a reference base. The question about the possibilities and limitations of accid ent analysis is not lightly answered. We cannot speak unambiguously about accid ent analysis. Accid ent analysis covers a whol e range of activities, each originating from a different background and based on different sources of information: national data banks, additional information from other sources, specially coll ected accid ent data, behavioural background data etc. To answer the question about the possibilities and limitations, we first have to l ook at the cycle of activities in the area of traffic safety. Some of these activities are mainly concerned with the safety management of the traffic system, some others are primarily research activitiesThe foll owing steps shoul d be distinguished:- d etection of new or remaining safety probl ems;- d escription of the problem and its main characteristics;- the analysis of the problem, its causes and suggestions for improvement;-selection and impl ementation of safety measures;- evaluation of measures taken.Although this cycle can be carried out by the same person or group of persons, the problem has a different (political/managerial or scientific) background at each stage. We will d escribe the phases in which accid ent analysis is used. It is important to make this distinction. Many fruitless discussions about the method of analysis result from ignoring this distinction. Politicians, or road managers are not primarily interested in individual accid ents. From their perspective accid ents are often treated equally, because the total outcome is much more important than the whol e chain of events leading to each individual accid ent. Therefore, each accid ent counts as one and they add up all together to a final safety result.Researchers are much more interested in the chain of events l eading to an individual accid ent. They want to get detail ed information about each accid ent, to d etect its causes and the relevant conditions. The politician wants only those d etails that direct his actions. At the highest l evel this is the d ecrease in the total number of accid ents. The main source of information is the national database and its statistical treatment. For him, accid ent analysis is l ooking at (subgroups of) accid ent numbers and their statistical fluctuations. This is the main stream of accid ent analysis as applied in the area of traffic safety. Therefore, we will firstd escribe these aspects of accid ents.2.The nature of accid ents and their statistical characteristics.The basic notion is that accid ents, whatever there cause, appear according to a chance process. Two simpl e assumptions are usually mad e to d escribe this process for (traffic) accid ents:- the probability of an accid ent to occur is ind epend ent from the occurrenceof previousaccid ents;-the occurrence of accid ents is homogeneous in time.If these two assumptions hol d, then accid ents are Poisson distributed. The first assumption d oes not meet much criticism. Accid ents are rare events and therefore not easily influenced by previous accid ents. In some cases where there is a direct causal chain (e.g. , when a number of cars run into each other) the series of accid ents may be regard ed as one complicated accid ent with many cars involved.The assumption d oes not apply to casualties. Casualties are often related to the same accid ent and therefore the ind epend ency assumption d oes not hol d. The second assumption seems l ess obvious at first sight. The occurrence of accid ents through time or on different l ocations are not equally likely. However, the assumption need not hol d over l ong time periods. It is a rather theoretical assumption in its nature. If it holds for short periods of time, then it also holds for l ong periods, because the sum of Poisson distributed variabl es, even if their Poisson rates are different, is also Poisson distributed. The Poisson rate for the sum of these periods is then equal to the sum of the Poisson rates for these parts.The assumption that really counts for a comparison of (composite) situations, is whether two outcomes from an aggregation of situations in time and/or space, have a comparabl e mix of basic situations. E.g. , the comparison of the number of accid ents on one particular day of the year, as compared to another day (the next day, or the same day of the next week etc.). If the conditions are assumed to be the same (same duration, same mix of traffic and situations, same weather conditions etc.) then the resulting numbers of accid ents are the outcomes of the same Poisson process. This assumption can be tested by estimating the rate parameter on the basis of the two observed values (the estimate being the average of the two values). Probability theory can be used to compute the likelihood of the equality assumption, given the two observations and their mean. This statistical procedure is rather powerful. The Poisson assumption is investigated many times and turns out to be supported by a vast body of empirical evid ence. It has been applied innumerous situations to find out whether differences in observed numbers of accid ents suggest real differences in safety. The main purpose of this procedure is to d etect differences in safety. This may be a difference over time, or between different places or between different conditions. Such differences may guid e the process of improvement. Because the main concern is to reduce the number of accid ents, such an analysis may l ead to the most promising areas for treatment. A necessary condition for the application of such a test is, that the numbers of accid ents to be compared are large enough to show existing differences. In many l ocal cases an application is not possibl e. Accid ent black-spot analysis is often hind ered by this limitation, e.g., if such a test is applied to find out whether the number of accid ents at a particular l ocation is higher than average. The procedure d escribed can also be used if the accid ents are classified according to a number of characteristics to find promising safety targets. Not only with aggregation, but also with disaggregation the Poisson assumption holds, and the accid ent numbers can be tested against each other on the basis of the Poisson assumptions. Such a test is rather cumbersome, because for each particular case, i.e. for each different Poisson parameter, the probabilities for all possibl e outcomes must be computed to apply the test. In practice, this is not necessary when the numbers are large. Then the Poisson distribution can be approximated by a Normal distribution, with mean and variance equal to the Poisson parameter. Once the mean value and the variance of a Normal distribution are given, all tests can be rephrased in terms of the standard Normal distribution with zero mean and variance one. No computations are necessary any more, but test statistics can be drawn from tabl es.。