cause_and_effect 英语说明文写作中的因果关系
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Example: what are the reasons for the increasing rate of car accidents? To state a cause and then mention or predict the effects
Example: what are the results of American population getting older?
as a result,
consequently
owing to as a result of
on account of
on the ground of
for
accordingly
because of this
Thus. hence
for this reason
Through Because since as
Jim’s mother leaves Jim’s father, taking the children with her.
With only Jim’s mother’s income, the family has less money, so the family experiences financial problems. Jim’s mother moves in with her boyfriend to help the family finances.
The topic sentence indicates that the paragraph focuses on the causes. According to official statistics, more than
10,000 people in the country were killed in car accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cars, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog, slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had been careful, many needless slaughters in car accidents could have been avoided.
Air pollution
Burning of low quality coal
Do harm to people’s health
Smoking Often cause fires
Waste money
Casual Chain
Jim’s father has a bad temper, and he often beats Jim’s mother and the kids. (family violence)
1. If you stay with Tom for a day, you will know why he is gaining weight. (cause) 2. Although the American Civil War turned many brothers and sisters into enemies, it solved some big political and economic problems of the country. (effect) 3. A lack of essential vitamins can result in serious illness. (effect) 4. There are three reasons why I want to stay in a small town. (cause)
Jim feels unwanted in his new home and runs away.
a homeless child
cause
the most immediate effect (cause) effect
effect (cause) effect (cause) effect
How to write causeand-effect paragraph
Cause
Tell readers why something happened
Effect
Tell readers the results of something
Transitional Words and Phrases
effects
Therefore so
causes
due to
because of
result in
on the ground that
• therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason 通常后面接逗号 • The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window. The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat. • The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf. • A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed. • Since, because 置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号. • Because the weather outside was cold, Sally closed the window. • so 前面的句子后加逗号 • The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air conditioner.
A recent census reported that the American population is Effect 1: taking care of the old costing more money rapidly getting older. The aging of the nation will bring about serious effects. The most obvious effect is perhaps an economic one: how will the country bear the cost of caring for too many old people? The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at home and Effect 2:medical the social costs security system losing money need more services, and at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matter of four years, it will not be able to help Effect 3: working Americans working harder but getting less pay the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay.
cause2
cause1
cause3
effect
cause
effect1
effect3
effect2
What is the cause of air pollution?
What’s the effects of smoking?
Exhaust gas from cars
Uncontrolled factory gasses
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
T源自文库pic Sentence
-- It should tell what to be discussed in the paragraph; -- It should also indicate whether the focus of the paragraph is on the cause or the effect.
Presenter: Shell Date: 1st, April
Questions with why are often asked and answered.
Why?
Definition
Words and phrases
Organize paragraph
relationship
Cause & Effect
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Possible Shift in order In cause-and-effect writing, it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.
Sound Reasoning or logic When discussing causes and effects, make sure your analysis is of logic. You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B. In other words, you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.
Four patterns of cause-effect relationship
Single-cause-single-effect pattern Single-cause-many-effects pattern Many-causes-single-effect pattern Causal chain pattern
There are two ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect
To state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes
Example: what are the results of American population getting older?
as a result,
consequently
owing to as a result of
on account of
on the ground of
for
accordingly
because of this
Thus. hence
for this reason
Through Because since as
Jim’s mother leaves Jim’s father, taking the children with her.
With only Jim’s mother’s income, the family has less money, so the family experiences financial problems. Jim’s mother moves in with her boyfriend to help the family finances.
The topic sentence indicates that the paragraph focuses on the causes. According to official statistics, more than
10,000 people in the country were killed in car accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cars, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog, slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had been careful, many needless slaughters in car accidents could have been avoided.
Air pollution
Burning of low quality coal
Do harm to people’s health
Smoking Often cause fires
Waste money
Casual Chain
Jim’s father has a bad temper, and he often beats Jim’s mother and the kids. (family violence)
1. If you stay with Tom for a day, you will know why he is gaining weight. (cause) 2. Although the American Civil War turned many brothers and sisters into enemies, it solved some big political and economic problems of the country. (effect) 3. A lack of essential vitamins can result in serious illness. (effect) 4. There are three reasons why I want to stay in a small town. (cause)
Jim feels unwanted in his new home and runs away.
a homeless child
cause
the most immediate effect (cause) effect
effect (cause) effect (cause) effect
How to write causeand-effect paragraph
Cause
Tell readers why something happened
Effect
Tell readers the results of something
Transitional Words and Phrases
effects
Therefore so
causes
due to
because of
result in
on the ground that
• therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason 通常后面接逗号 • The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window. The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat. • The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf. • A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed. • Since, because 置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号. • Because the weather outside was cold, Sally closed the window. • so 前面的句子后加逗号 • The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air conditioner.
A recent census reported that the American population is Effect 1: taking care of the old costing more money rapidly getting older. The aging of the nation will bring about serious effects. The most obvious effect is perhaps an economic one: how will the country bear the cost of caring for too many old people? The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at home and Effect 2:medical the social costs security system losing money need more services, and at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matter of four years, it will not be able to help Effect 3: working Americans working harder but getting less pay the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay.
cause2
cause1
cause3
effect
cause
effect1
effect3
effect2
What is the cause of air pollution?
What’s the effects of smoking?
Exhaust gas from cars
Uncontrolled factory gasses
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
T源自文库pic Sentence
-- It should tell what to be discussed in the paragraph; -- It should also indicate whether the focus of the paragraph is on the cause or the effect.
Presenter: Shell Date: 1st, April
Questions with why are often asked and answered.
Why?
Definition
Words and phrases
Organize paragraph
relationship
Cause & Effect
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Possible Shift in order In cause-and-effect writing, it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.
Sound Reasoning or logic When discussing causes and effects, make sure your analysis is of logic. You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B. In other words, you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.
Four patterns of cause-effect relationship
Single-cause-single-effect pattern Single-cause-many-effects pattern Many-causes-single-effect pattern Causal chain pattern
There are two ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect
To state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes