武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析
武汉大学考博英语-10
武汉大学考博英语-10(总分：79.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.50)Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self- exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you"ve been cheated.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana"s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. A script rarely works and it is used to help most speakers. But, being yourself doesn"t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self- consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.（分数：8.00）(1).Women hate public speaking most mainly because of ______.（分数：2.00）A.their upbringing very early onB.their inability to appeal to the audienceC.their sense of greater public pressure √D.their sense of greater humiliation解析：[解析] 女人最讨厌当众演讲，因为她们意识到在公众面前有更大的压力。
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(201865更新)
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新)1．段落分析Developing Paragraph/Body（正文/主体）1. Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2. Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Developmentexemplification 例证1)facts事实2)citation引证3)comparison and contrast比较与对比4)analysis分析5)classification分类3. Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。
General rule by classification总原则：from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion）1)by transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)by repetition of key words3)by synonyms or variations of key words4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones)5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会8)from oneself to others从自身到他人9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构Concept-defining1. Content 内容（from paragraph level 段落）Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect 方面—具体1）Topic 话题：what to write – general 笼统（topic sentence）2）Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度/视点→ 展开素材3）Aspect (part/side) 方面/层面→ 体现素材(supporting sentences)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from general to specific从笼统到具体from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from people to organization/governmentfrom technological to social aspects = from technology to society/from science to society from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构2. Form/Function形式（from passage level 篇章）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)3. Paragraph development 段落的展开How to arrange the material to develop/illustrate/elaborate/support the topic sentence1) Skill: knowledge & ability that enables you to so sth wellSkill form:技巧/形式→展开素材：支持句的表现形式，外在的（supporting sentence）Skill > method1)(by) Statistics统计2)(by) Examples例证3)(by) Statements阐述4)(by) Quotation引言2) Method/order: way of arrangementMethod/order/pattern: content方法/布局→排列组合素材；支持句排列组合方式，内在的1)topic order（subtitle）2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10)antithesis对照（from positive to negative）11)progression递进：a gradual process of change or developing over period of time 一段时间内的变化发展过程12)comparison and contrast比较与对比13)by definition 下定义Note：平行结构是指在论证某个观点或论题时，将其分解成具有一定联系的几个方面加以论述，而这几个方面都是从属于中心论题或观点的，他们之间地位平等，呈平行关系。
武汉大学 博士学位英语 期末考试复习资料
2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习一、段落分析第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incanmonuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第二段Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,”then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sop histicated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoesreduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those ofour generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its metho d. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。
2024年武汉大学博士英语作文
2024年武汉大学博士英语作文The year 2024 marked a significant milestone for Wuhan University as it celebrated the remarkable achievements of its doctoral students. As a prestigious institution of higher learning, Wuhan University has long been recognized for its commitment to academic excellence, innovative research, and the development of future leaders. The 2024 doctoral English essay competition exemplified the university's dedication to fostering a vibrant intellectual community and providing its students with a platform to showcase their exceptional writing skills.The topic of the 2024 doctoral English essay competition was a testament to the university's global outlook and its desire to prepare its students for the challenges of the 21st century. In a world that is becoming increasingly interconnected, the ability to effectively communicate in English has become a crucial asset for scholars and researchers. The competition's focus on English language proficiency not only highlighted the university's commitment to internationalization but also recognized the importance of cross-cultural exchange and collaboration in the pursuit of knowledge.The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates were a reflection of the diverse academic interests and research foci within the university. From groundbreaking advancements in the field of medicine to innovative solutions in the realm of sustainability, the essays showcased the depth and breadth of the university's intellectual prowess. Each submission was a testament to the rigorous training and mentorship that the doctoral students had received, as they navigated the complexities of their respective fields and articulated their findings with clarity and precision.One particularly impressive essay explored the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in revolutionizing the delivery of healthcare services. The author, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Computer Science and Technology, delved into the ways in which AI-powered diagnostic tools and personalized treatment plans could enhance patient outcomes and alleviate the burden on overburdened healthcare systems. Drawing upon a wealth of empirical data and cutting-edge research, the essay not only demonstrated the candidate's technical expertise but also their ability to engage in critical analysis and to present their findings in a compelling and accessible manner.Another standout essay focused on the challenges of urban sustainability in the face of rapid urbanization. The doctoral student,hailing from the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, proposed a comprehensive framework for the development of smart cities that would prioritize the integration of renewable energy sources, the optimization of transportation networks, and the creation of green public spaces. The essay's holistic approach to urban planning and its emphasis on the need for interdisciplinary collaboration resonated with the panel of judges, who recognized the candidate's visionary thinking and their ability to offer practical solutions to complex, real-world problems.The diversity of the essay topics was a testament to the breadth of research being conducted at Wuhan University. From the exploration of cutting-edge technologies to the examination of pressing social and environmental issues, the essays showcased the university's commitment to addressing the challenges of the modern world. Moreover, the competition's focus on English language proficiency underscored the university's desire to foster a globally-engaged community of scholars, who are equipped to disseminate their findings on an international stage and to collaborate with peers from around the world.The 2024 doctoral English essay competition was not merely a celebration of academic achievement but also a testament to the transformative power of education. The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates demonstrated their ability to think critically, tosynthesize complex information, and to communicate their ideas with clarity and conviction. These skills, honed through years of rigorous study and research, will undoubtedly serve the candidates well as they embark on their respective careers, whether in academia, industry, or public service.As Wuhan University continues to push the boundaries of knowledge and to nurture the next generation of leaders, the 2024 doctoral English essay competition stands as a shining example of the university's commitment to excellence and its unwavering dedication to the pursuit of knowledge. The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates not only showcased their individual talents but also highlighted the collective strength of the university's intellectual community. As the world looks to institutions like Wuhan University to provide solutions to the pressing challenges of our time, the 2024 doctoral English essay competition serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative potential of higher education and the vital role that it plays in shaping the future.。
武汉大学2023年博士英语作文
武汉大学2023年博士英语作文的深度解析与中文阐述**Analyzing and Elucidating the 2023 Doctoral English Essay Theme at Wuhan University**The 2023 doctoral essay theme at Wuhan University, a prestigious institution in China, invites students to delve into a thought-provoking topic that encourages critical thinking and academic exploration. This essay aims to delve into the theme, analyzing its deeper implications and discussing its relevance in today's context.The theme, which focuses on the intersection of technology, society, and the individual, challenges doctoral students to consider how technological advancements have shaped our world and continue to do so. It asks them to reflect on the ethical, social, and personal implications of these changes and consider how they might impact future developments.**Ethical Considerations in Technological Advancements**One significant aspect of the theme is the ethical considerations that arise with technological advancements. As we witness rapid advancements in areas like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and data analytics, it becomes crucial to consider the ethical implications of these technologies. For instance, how do we ensure that AI systems are designed and used ethically, without discriminating against certain groups or infringing on individual privacy? How do we ensure that biotechnology is used responsibly, without creating potential harm to human health or the environment? These are questions thatdoctoral students must grapple with as they delve into the ethical dimensions of technology.**Social Impacts of Technological Change**Another important aspect of the theme is the social impacts of technological change. Technology has thepotential to disrupt existing social structures and create new ones. It can change the way we interact with each other, the way we work, and the way we live. Doctoral students are encouraged to consider how these changes might affectsociety at large, including issues of social inequality,access to technology, and the role of technology in promoting or hindering social progress.**Personal Dimensions of Technological Change**Finally, the theme also considers the personal dimensions of technological change. Technology has becomean integral part of our lives, shaping our identities, beliefs, and values. Doctoral students are challenged to reflect on how technological advancements have impactedtheir own lives and the lives of others, and to considerhow they might shape their future careers and personal growth.**中文阐述**武汉大学2023年博士英语作文的主题邀请学生们深入探讨科技与社会的交织关系，以及科技如何塑造我们的世界。
武汉大学博士英语结课考试
The disappearance of culture
Perspective（s)：
world
Aspect（s）
culture
Skill（s)
examples
Method（s）
Spatial order
Question（s)
What ->How
Para 4 Unit 8
It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately…
Topic
Theinfluenceof the information marketplace
Perspective(s）：
People and organization
Aspect(s）
Material—>spiritual；individual-〉society
Skill(s）
examples
Method（s）
Hierarchical structure
Question（s）
What—>How
Para 1, unit 8
Countless cultures around the world have disappeared along with their mythologies.In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru，Celtic cairns…
武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析复习课程
武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析Unit 1 para3Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organizationAspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classificationSkill:examples Questions: what howUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examplesUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examplesUnit8 para2Easter island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: wha t→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islanderidea behavior - Method: classification progressionUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; theirpolitical, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡 (material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statementUnit8 para8If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statementUnit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides — first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize — was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examples Questions: what howUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s): press beyond dialogue Method: antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples Questions: what how词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, andhow to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are used to using personal and active voice just like“we did this experiment” , contrast to theChinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like“thisexperiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized精品文档by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除。
武汉大学考博英语-12
武汉大学考博英语-12(总分：71.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.00)Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court"s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education"s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. "We"re talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different," says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they"ll take their case to voters. "We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box," says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California"s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday"s ruling had no practical impact in the state. "It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions," Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will "continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions". Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. "Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate", says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday"s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admission officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admission policies, many say they don"t expect significant changes.（分数：7.50）(1).What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.（分数：1.50）A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented √B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC.different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discrimin--atory policies 解析：不应当实施基于种族的录取政策。
武汉大学考博英语 作文点评
一、金融危机(答题型议论文)Financial CrisisIt is no denying the fact that the ongoing international financial crisis has landed the world economy in the most difficult situation since last century’s Great Depression. A mass of unemployment, housing problem and difficult business conditions for enterprises have influenced our lives in many aspects. Therefore, just as the saying goes, “A fall in a pit, a gain in your wit”, we must learn from this crisis and spare no efforts to take some measure to solve this problem.Actually, there are many steps which can be adopted to deal with this problem. First of all, the government should establish relevant policies to help graduates and migrant workers find jobs and offer more government-funded jobs in public service. In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving the problem is to help the enterprises overcome the difficult period with the structural tax cut and technical innovation. At the same time, the government is bound to increase spending in housing project to help vulnerable groups have the residence in both urban and rural areas.All in all, to solve the problem of financial crisis, both the government and ordinary people should join hands to carry outeffective measures. As a big responsible and developing country, China should act in an active and responsible way during this crisis to keep the steady and fast growth of its economy, and contribute our power for global financial stability and world economic growth.评论：写作还是需要使用书面语和适当地使用一些常用句型，特别是在开头和结尾。
博士英语段落分析(Documental Analysis)
Unit one: What will be?Material 1: To get to the greatest transformation that the Information Marketplace has to offer, Let’s reconstruct the growing crescendo of key discoveries we have made, which together describe “what will be.”Q: What is the relatio nship between the expressions “the greatest transformation” and “the growing crescendo of key discoveries”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Material 2: We began with a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information as an Information Market, where people and their computers will buy, sell, and freely exchange information.Q: Why does the author prefer the term “Information Marketplace” in the article “What will be” from the point of view o f writing?A: Because the Information Marketplace is taken as a model (a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information).Material 3: We went on to explore the many human-machine interfaces people will use to get in and out of this new e difice,…We explore the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need. We also explore how a vast array of new shared software toolsQ: From what point of view does the author employ the word “explore”?A: From the point of view of discovery the author employs the word “explore”.Material 4: Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Q: From what aspect does the author arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale”?A: From people to organizations and material to spiritual the author arranges the writing material to develop the topic sentence.Q: What kind of skill or method does the author employ to develop the topic sentence” Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale”?A: The authors employ the method of giving example to develop the topic sentence.Q: What does the author want to suggest by examples to develop the topic sentence”Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale”?A: The authors want to suggest the influence of the Information Market by examples to develop the topic sentence.Material 5:The electronic bulldozers’ effect is primarily economic, increasing human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace. The rapid, widespread distribution of information in the form of info-nouns(text, photos, sounds, video) and especially info-verbs(human and machine work on information) is one simple way in which productivity will increase. Automatization is the other powerful effector; machine-to-machine exchanges will off-load human brain work the way machines of the Industrial Revolution off-loaded muscle work.Q: What is the relationship between “info-nouns, info-verbs and automatization” and “productivity”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Q: From the words “effector” what can we get about the relationship between Automatization and Computer?A: Automatization is the result of the Computer.Q: By the word “info-nouns” and “info-verbs” from what perspective point of view does the author mentions the simple way to increase productivity?A: The author mentions the simple way to increase productivity by the word “info-nouns” and “info-verbs” from Static and dynamic perspective.Material 8: Other economic consequences were less clear, like the unemployment rate over the long run, which we cannot forecast even though we can foresee many new types of jobs.Q: What kind of skill (rhe torical device) does the author employ by the words “forecast” and “foresee”?A: The author employs the rhetorical device of alliteration.Material 9: More important, by making machines easier to use and giving ourselves the ability to fashion software painlessly and rapidly, we can fulfill the promise of the Information Age to tailor the new technologies to our individual human and organizational purposes, rather than the other way around.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “tailor”?A: From the point of view of purposes the author employs the word “tailor.”Material 10: The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “voiceless”?A: From the point of view of chance/opportunity or isolation/separation/distance away the author employs the word “voiceless.”Material 11: The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers-half urban sophisticate, roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood.Q: What aspect does the author mostly refer to by the expres sion “urban villagers” with regard to human beings?A:The author mostly refers to the role of us in the Information Marketplace.Q: Why does the author compare people living in the Information Age to urban villagers? Do you agree to the statement that physical proximity is being eroaded or even replaced by electronic proximity? Give your reasonsA: (1) Because people living in the Information Age have two roles to play: the role of an urbanite and the role of a villager. (2) No. Because human emotions and human relationships will pass only partially through the Information Marketplace.Material 12: Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, whatever they may be.Q: From the expression “exploit” and “to support”, what is the relationship between “the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace” and “wishes and predilections”?A: The relationship between them is process and purpose or material and spiritual.Q: What point of view does the author most probably suggest by saying “people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace”A: The author most probably suggests an economic or material point of view.Material 13: Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power-the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support.Q: Read the paragraph and decide from what aspects the author makes arrangements of writing material to de velop “the power”?A: From material to spiritual (aspects) (life-job-enjoyment) the author makes arrangements of the writing material to develop “the power.”Material 14: We could stop here, after putting all these discoveries together, satisfied and impressed with our overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution.Q: From the word “overarching”, what kind of image or picture can we get of the third socioeconomic revolution from the reading? And why? What is the relationship between the expression “after putting all these discoveries together” and “overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution”?A: (1) The third socioeconomic revolution refers to the Information Revolution. From reading we can get a comprehensive or overall or inclusive pi cture of it because “putting all these discoveries together” suggest the idea of comprehensiveness and an “overarching vision” means that the author has discussed both the promise and pitfalls the information marketplace carries. (2) The relationship between them is cause and effect.Material 15: Beginning 1_Ending 14, 15Q: What is the style of this writing? And why?A: It is formal because of both organization(structure) and linguistic (words).Attitude: positive or negativeMaterial 16: Given all these possibilities for change, we considered what might happen when they bump up against the ancient human beings that we are and have been for thousands of years.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “ancient”?A: The author employs the word “ancient”from the point of view of a long history of human beings.Unit Three: Adam Smith: Right and WrongMaterial 1: Even though more than 200 years have passed and the world has changed radically, a version of Adam Smith’s ideas is revered by mi llions of prosperous and influential individuals who don’t know what Smith’s ideas were.Q: What does the expression “prosperous and influential” mostly refer to?A: The expression “prosperous and influential” mostly refer to economy(wealth) and political(social status)——successful people.Material 2: But I am dubious about Muller’s claim that Smith is still the most cogent defender of capitalism. Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case.Q: What does the author think of Adam Smith from reading? And why?A: (1) Smith may not be the cogent defender of capitalism; (2) We can see it from the sentence “Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case”.Q: What is the relationship between the two sentences “But I am du bious about Muller’s claim that Smith is still the most cogent defender of capitalism.” and“Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case.”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect.Material 3: Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of punishment explains it all. The police would have to be everywhere. The question is nothing less than the origin of morality.Q: From what point of view does the author say “Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of puni shment explains it all”?A: From the point of view of the origin of morality the author says “Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of punishment explains it all”.Q: what’s the author’s attitude to the question of origin of morality by saying “the fear of punishment explains it all”? And why?A:The author’s attitude is negative from the sentence” The police would have to be everywhere”. Material 4: As a man of the Enlightenment who placed hope in the power of reason to sweep unreason before it, Smith looked to this small party to gain the attention of statesmen and in due time enlighten them.Q: From what point of view does Adam Smith think it is an efficient way to improve the institutions that serve the general interest?A: From the point of view of statesmen or enlightenment Adam Smith think it is an efficient way to improve the institutions that serve the general interest.Material 5: There is a strange inversion here. Smith believed that it was not reason that ruled but human passions. Yet it was necessary for reason to discover and support the institutions that directed the passions to universally beneficial ends. Probably nothing further needs to be said about this as long as we keep clearly in mind whether the subject is the invisible hand or the visible hand.Q: What do the expression “the invisible hand” and “the visible hand” mostly refer to respectively?A: The expression “the invisible hand” and “the visible hand” mostly refer to reason and passions respectively.Material 6: Cooperation is adaptive in social species; cognitively advanced social species take pleasure in the company of others and language gives Homo sapiens the ability to generalize from shared experience about fairness and duty.Q: By what means can human beings usually act decently to one another?A: By means of cooperation or company of others and language human beings can usually act decently to one another.Material 7: The outcome leaves no doubt that Smith knew moral sentiments cannot survive the effects of alienation.Q: From what perspective does Adam Smith consider moral sentiments?A: From the perspective of alienation Adam Smith considers moral sentiments.Material 8: Now we come to Jerry Z. Muller’s excavation of Adam Smith’s great unread book, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “unread”?A: From the point of view of time or greatness the authors employ the word “unread”.Material 9: But the single-minded pursuit of self-interest nevertheless results in the general good, as we all know, because free competition forces prices to the lowest level compatible with the costs of land, labor, and capital.Q: From what point of view does the author say “the single-minded pursuit of self-interest never theless results in the general good”?A: From the point of view of free competition the authors say “the single-minded pursuit of self-interest nevertheless results in the general good”.Material 10: But Smith had no illusions about the impartiality of government.Q: What is Adam Smith’s comment on the government? And what is his advice of the government’s role?A:(1) His comment on the government is partiality; (2) His advice of the government’s role is impartiality.Q: From what perspective does Adam Smith gives his comment on the government? And what is his advice of the government?A: (1) From the perspective of role Adam Smith gives his comment on the government; (2) His advice of the government’s role is impartiality.Material 11: With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, much less agree on, how to contain this explosive mixture.Q: What’s Adam Smith’s attitude toward the authorities? And why?A: Adam Smith’s attitude toward the authorities is negative from structure “too……to”.Material 12: As I said at the beginning, Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism; we live in a different capitalism; if I wanted to sketch a defense of modern capitalism, and it is the only practical thing to do, I would start with the fact that we live in a society of conflicting interests.Q: From what perspective does the author say “Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism”?A: The author says “Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism” from the perspective of capitalism.Material 13: His means are naively or hypocritically supported, for we have no free market in the sense that Smith defined it.Q: From what perspective does the author say “His means are naively or hypocritically supported”?A: The author says “His means are naively or hypocritically supported” from the perspective of free market.Unit Eight: New Myths for the New MillenniumMaterial 1: Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Q: How do the authors arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence?A: The authors arrange the writing material by example.Q: From what perspective do the authors arrange the writing material by example to develop the topic sentence “Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material from the perspective of cultures around the world.Q: Why do the authors arrange the writing material by example to develop the topic sentence “Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.”?A: The authors want to show “how”.Material 2: Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1600 years ago the island’s fir st settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators.Q: What kind of image or picture can we get of the island from the reading? And what can we learn from it?A: (1) We can get a peaceful and ecologically-balanced image from the description of Easter Island;(2) We should keep ecological balance.Q: What image can we get from the description of Easter Island? What do the authors want to tell us?A: (1) We can get a peaceful image from the description of Easter Island; (2) We should keep ecological balance.Material 3: Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ by the words “rollers” and ropes?A: The authors employ the rhetorical device of alliteration.Material 4: Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. Themultiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and a complex political system.Q: What do the authors want to show us by the description of “a sophisticated economy and a complex pol itical system” from reading?A: By the expression the authors mostly refer to civilization or civilized society.Q: What idea can we get from the description “sophisticated economy and a complex political system” from the reading? What point of view do the authors mostly refer to by the expression “sophisticated economy and a complex political system”?A: (1) By the description the authors mostly refer to civilization; (2) The authors mostly refer to a material and spiritual point of view.Material 7: Our planet today has a rising population faced with dwindling resources, and the earth has become so interconnected that, as on an island, there is no place that is not affected by the ecology of the whole.Q: What point of view do the authors mostly refer to from the reading?A: The authors mostly refer to ecology.Q: What problem is suggested here by the expression “a rising population faced with dwindling resources”? And what do the authors want to tell us?A: (1) Imbalance of the ecological system on the earth is suggested here; (2) The authors want to tell us that in the course of development, we should always attach great importance to the control of population and the preservation of natural resources so as to maintain ecological balance. Material 8: For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking.Q: What is the relationship between “mythmaking” and “future”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Q: What is the relationship between “For transformations to occur” and “human beings must actively shape the future”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Material 10: Framing a problem in mythological terms can point toward solutions at deeper mythic levels.Q: What point of view do the author mostly refer to when dealing with the “problem and solution”?A: The author mostly refer to myth.Q: What kind of ideas can we get from the reading when de aling with the “problem and solution” respectively?A: We need myth study for the problem and myth guiding for the solutions.Material 12: But as the Grand Narrative of progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals The discovery of powerful insecticides----first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel prize----was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish ,birds, and animals Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems , life-threatening contamination , and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions.Q: From what point of view do the authors make the arrangement of writing materials to illustrate the main idea of “malignant shadow”?A: The authors make arrangements of the writing material by degree from the least to the most or by time sequence.Material 13: Of course, the new millennium will not actually start until the year 2001, and the year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct.Q: From what point of view do the authors mention “th e year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct”?A: From the point of view of transformation and mythmaking the authors mention “the year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct”.Material 14: He was very clear, however, that if humanity is to survive, its dysfunctional myths must be transformed.Q: In what aspect must the myths be changed if they are unsuitable now according to Campbell?A: The function of the myths must be changed.Material 15: For Campbell, the emblem of the mythology begging to be born is the photo from outer space showing the earth as a beautiful, blue, but unambiguously indivisible home.Q: What kind of image does it create by the term of “a beautiful, blue, but unambiguously indivisible home”? And what can we learn of Campbell?A: The image of ecologically-balanced nature is created by the term(It is a peaceful image). We can learn of Campbell about his idea of the new myth: t o keep the ecologically-balanced habitat in which humans live in harmony with nature.Material 16: Even if Keen’s assessment is optimistic, it supports the proposition that solutions to even the most hazardous aspects of the world problem antique are still within the reach of human vision and cooperation.Q: What do the authors think of Keen’s idea from reading? And why?A: It is optimistic/workable/advisable—good/all right/ok. From the sentence “Even if ” we know that.Q: What is the authors’ attitude toward Keen’s idea from reading? And why?A: The authors agree with Keen’s idea. From the sentence “Even if” we know that.Material 17: The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains. Abraham Lincoln’s famous Civil War plea is more appropriate than ever. He observed that “the dogmas of the past are inadequate to the stormy present. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew.”Q: For what do the authors employ the quotation of Lincoln on the analogy of mythmaking? A: The authors employ the quotation to illustrate it is necessary to created a new myth now. (The authors employ the quotation to illustrate why we should create a new myth now)Material 18: The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains.Q: What do the authors think of the situation? And how do you understand the relationship between the expressions “the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains” and “a unifying mythic vision”?A: The conflict between competing myths prevails and we have lost all sense of direction. We can understand a problem and solution(what and how) relationship between the two mentioned terms. Material 19: With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”Q: What kind of sug gestion do the postmodernists give by the term “press beyond dialogue”? And why?A: The postmodernists suggest communication by non-verbal means because of the limitations of linguistic exchange.Material 20: President Dwight Eisenhower anticipated “systems design” when he remarked that plans are useless but planning is all-important.Q: What aspects do words “plan” and “planning” refer to respectively(how do you understand the word choice “plan” and “planning”)? And from what points of view are “plan” and “planning” mentioned respectively?A: From a micro point of view, the authors mention “plan”, which is static and refers to myth. And the authors mean that myths cannot be designed and fixed ideas about the new myth are useless.From a macro point of view, the authors mention “planning”, which is dynamic and refers to mythmaking. And the authors mean that we can get an overall goal for the future by mythmaking, so we should attach importance to it.Material 21: It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: "This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here." Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Q: what kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by quotation and statement.Material 22: Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by statistics and statement.Material 23:Our planet today has a rising population faced with dwindling resources, and the earth has become so interconnected that, as on an island, there is no place that is not affected by the ecology of the whole.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in the sentence from the reading of underlined words?A: Impersonal and inanimate i s shown as the language feature.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in “has, has become, there is, is not affected”?A: Static and passive i s shown as the language feature.Material 24:Modern science and technology have propelled this myth, extending the human life-span, harnessing natural resources and the power of the atom, carrying sounds through the atmosphere, and exploring outer space by defying gravity itself.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in the sentence from the reading of underlined words?The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing Abraham Lincoln's famous Civil War plea is more appropriate than ever. He observed that "the dogmas of the past are inadequate to the stormy present. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew." In his seminal book, Reality Isn't What It Used to Be (Harper & Row, 1990), Walter Truett Anderson describes two keys to postmodern thought. The first is to realize that all explanations of reality are themselves constructions-human, useful, but not perfect. The second is to develop the ability to step out of reality constructs and see them as such.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by quotation.。
武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析
Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing,it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work. Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organization Aspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classificationSkill:examplesUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examplesUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared,along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica,dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru,Celtic cairns in Wales,Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examplesEaster island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: wha t→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islander- Method: classification progressionUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s fo rest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡(material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statementIf we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statementUnit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides —first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize —was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examplesUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s): press beyond dialogue Method: antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, and how to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are used to using personal and active voice just like“we did this experi ment” , contrast to the Chinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like“this experiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.。
武汉大学考博英语-9
武汉大学考博英语-9(总分：86.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.50)The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs--atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceans √D.being carried by wind解析：根据短文，云层主要是靠海洋中的水蒸发而成的。
武汉大学考博英语-11
武汉大学考博英语-11(总分：79.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)"There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they"re 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. "There is a major shift in the middle class," declared sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It"s ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends" houses."Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S______（分数：2.00）A.for young adults to leave their parents and live independently √B.for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC.for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD.for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents解析：[解析] 根据文章第一段前两句““There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they"re 18，and the truth is far from that,”says sociologist Larry Bumpass Of the University Of Wisconsin．Today．unexpected numbm"s of young adults are living with their parents．”可知，“认为孩子年满18岁就应该离开家庭、独立生活的观念是不理智的。
武汉大学考博英语-6
武汉大学考博英语-6(总分：89.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)And researchers say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need.Nearly 19 in 20 never-married respondents to a national survey agree that "when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost", according to the State of Our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday by Rutgers University.David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study"s authors, said that view might spell doom for marriages."It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is," Popenoe said. "The standard becomes so high, it"s not easy to bail out if you didn"t find a soul mate."The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the institution of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments.The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by same-sex friends. The authors of the study also suggest that the generation that was polled may more quickly leave a margin because of infidelity than past generations.Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone between January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points.Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it"s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marriages won"t end in divorce.Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static.But scholars say the search for soul mates has increased over the last generation--and the last century--as marriage has become an institution centering on romance rather than utility. "one hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons," said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. "And most people had children."Those conditions are no longer the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year-old waiter in a Trenton cafe who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he"s ready to exchange vows."I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons," he said. "Maybe if you"re going to have children, marriage is the best bet."But the main reason for matrimony: "If you"re in love with someone, it"s sort of like promising to them you are in love.""That"s all well and good," said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. "But passion--partly in endorphin- caused physiological phenomenon--has been known to diminish in time."（分数：7.50）(1).What"s the best title of this passage?（分数：1.50）A.Marriage Scholars Worry Search for "Soul Mates" is Unrealistic √B.People Should Seek for Romeo and JulietC.Marriage Should Happen between Soul MatesD.Search for "soul Mates" Should be Superseded by Reality解析：[解析] 本题中，B、C两项与文章的意思相反；D项与文章的意思不相符。
武汉大学博士英语期末考试-文章分析练习10篇-练习和答案
Passage 1 Kyoto Protocol: The Unfinished Agenda1.Most mainstream scientists agree that the burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum that is known as oil or crude oil) and other industrial activities have led to a buildup of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They also agr ee that the earth’s surface has warmed during the last century and that further warming of several degrees Celsius is likely in the next century.This broad scientific consensus has played an important role in convincing many national governments that immediate action is necessary to limit global greenhouse gas emissions.2.Developing countries, however, have portrayed themselves as victimized by the wealthier industrialized nations.On one hand, these countries believe they have the most to lose from continued global warming. Because much of the developing world occupies warmer regions, where many species of crops and domesticated animals live at the upper limit of their natural temperature tolerance, higher temperatures could lead to widespread livestock declines and crop failures.Moreover, unlike the industrialized world, most developing nations lack the capital and infrastructure to develop new varieties of heat-tolerant crops and animals, build flood control systems, and deploy disaster relief when needed.3.On the other hand, global emission reduction targets also hurt developing countries because such reduction interferes with their plans for economic development through inexpensive, carbon-based energy sources. Indeed, many representatives of developing countries see global warming advocates as part of a conspiracy to maintain the economic advantage of industrialized nations at the expense of poorer nations. Thus, developing countries have argued that they be exempt from emission reduction until their economies approached the strength of those in developed nation.4.Carbon-cycle calculations, however, suggest that allowing developing countries to delay by decades their participation in emission reduction agreements would commit the world to very large increases in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.The carbon cycle refers to the natural process through which carbon dioxide injected into the atmosphere is slowly removed byphotosynthesis in plants and absorption in thecomplete. Various carbon-cycle models have shown that if fossil fuels are used to power industrialreductions must be achieved everywhere, presumably through a Kyoto or post-Kyoto negotiated protocol.5.Global environmental collapse is not inevitable.But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world’s environmental problems.Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed. (476 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 21.Some people argue that diversity in the material environment is insignificant so long as we are racing toward cultural or spiritual homogeneity. This view gravely underestimates the importance of material goods as symbolic expressions of human personality differences, and it foolishly denies a connection between the inner and outer environment. Those who fear the standardization of human beings should warmly welcome the destandardization of goods. For by increasing the diversity of goods available to man, we increase the mathematical probability of differences in the way men actually live.2.More important, however, is the very premise that we are racing towards cultural homogeneity, since a close look at this also suggests that just the opposite is true. It is unpopular to say this, but we are moving swiftly towards fragmentation and diversity not only in material production, but in art and education as well.3.One highly revealing test of cultural diversity in any literate society has to do with the number of different books published per million of population. The more standardized the tastes of the public, the fewer titles will be published per million; the more diverse these tastes, the greater the number of titles. The increase or decrease of this figure over time is a significant clue to the direction of cultural change in the society. This was the reasoning behind a study of world book trends published by UNESCO. Conducted by Robert Escarpit, director of the Center for the Sociology of Literature at the University of Bordeaux, it provided dramatic evidence of a powerful international shift towards cultural destandardization.4.The same push towards pluralism is evident in painting, too, where we find an almost incredibly wide spectrum of production. Representationalism, expressionism, surrealism, abstract expressionism, hard-edge, pop, kinetic, and a hundred other styles are pumped into the society at the same time. One or another may dominate the galleries temporarily, but there are no universal standards or styles. It is a pluralistic market place.5.Similarly, a wave of revolt for diversity in education has begun to sweep the college campus. New technology makes destandardization possible. Computers, for example, make it easier for a large school to schedule more flexibly. They make it easier for the school cope with independent study, with a wide range of course offerings and more varied extra-curricular activities. More important, computer-assisted education and other such techniques, despite popular misconceptions, radically enhance the possibility of diversity in the classroom. They permit each student to advance at his own purely personal pace. They permit him to follow an individual-cut path towards knowledge, rather than a rigid syllabus as in the traditional industrial era classroom.6.In education, therefore, as in the production of material goods, the society is shifting irresistibly away from, rather than towards, standardization. It is not simply a matter of more varied automobiles, detergents and cigarettes. The thrust towards diversity and increased individual choice affects our mental, as well as our material surroundings. (488 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 3Leisure and Leadership(不在老师给出的题目里面)1.Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.2.As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure.3.The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide “escape” from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to p rovide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people’s life experiences as portrayed in the programs. In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.4.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one’s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction. Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences. We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media. Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.5.Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.(462 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 41.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.2.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at the research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research, and that presents a problem.3.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged, but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.4.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. Thesolution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess, and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators, or something else”.5.The pace of modern science makes increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibiliti es.(394 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 5Post-car Society1.KimiyukiSuda should be a perfect customer for Japan's carmakers. He's a young (34), successful executive at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has plenty of disposable income. He used to own Toyota's Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses mostly subways and trains. Suda reflects a worrisome trend in Japan; the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, particularly among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic gadgets. While minicars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is slipping. Since 1990, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2007.2.Alarmed by this state of decay, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association launched a comprehensive study of the market in 2006. It found a widening wealth gap, demographic changes—fewer households with children, a growing urban population—and general lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their vehicles longer, replace their cars with smaller ones or give up car ownership altogether. "Japan's automobile society stands at a crossroads," says Ryuichi Kitamura, a transport expert and professor at Kyoto University. He says he does not expect the trend to be reversed, as studies show that the younger Japanese consumers are, the less interested they are in having a car. JAMA predicts a further sales decline of 1.2 percent in 2008.3. But in Japan, the "demotorization" process, is also driven by cost factors. Owning and driving a car can cost up to $500 per month in Japan, including parking fees, car insurance, toll roads and various taxes. Taxes on a $17,000 car in Japan are4.1 times higher than in the United States, 1.7 times higher than in Germany and 1.25 times higher than in the U.K., according to JAMA. "Automobiles used to represent a symbol of our status, a Western, modern lifestyle that we aspired for," says Kitamura. For today's young people, he argues, "such thinking is completely gone."4.Cars are increasingly just a mobile utility; the real consumer time and effort goes into picking the coolest mobile phones and personal computers, not the hippest hatchback. The rental-car industry has grown by more than 30 percent in the past eight years, as urbanites book weekend wheels over the Internet. Meanwhile, government surveys show that spending on cars per household per year fell by 14 percent, to $600, between 2000 and 2005, while spending on Net and mobile-phone subscriptions rose by 39 percent, to $1,500, during the same period.5.For Japanese car companies, the implications are enormous. “Japan is the world’s second largest market, with a 17 to 18 percent share of our global sales. It’s important,” says Takao Katagiri, corporate vice president at Nissan Motor Co. The domestic market is where Japanese carmakers develop technology and build their know-how, and if it falters, it could gut an industry that employs 7.8 percent of the Japanese work force. While surging exports, particularly to emerging markets, have more than offset the decline in domestic sales so far, companies are looking for ways to turn the tide. Nissan, for example, is trying to appeal to the digital generation with promotio nal blogs and even a videogame. A racing game for Sony’s PlayStation, for example, offers players the chance to virtually drive the company’s latest sporty model, the GT-R—a new marketing approach to create buzz and tempt them into buying cars. Toyota Motors has opened an auto mall as part of a suburban shopping complex near Tokyo, hoping to attract the kinds of shoppers who have long since stopped thinking about dropping by a car dealership. It’s a bit akin to the Apple strategy of moving electronics out of the soulless superstore, and into more appealing and well-trafficked retail spaces. It worked for Apple, but then Apple is so 21st century. (638 words)Passage 6 Women Are Crazy for Fashion1.Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.2.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called ‘top designers’ in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.3.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually blackmailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.4.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-lines are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.5.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.(515words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS 6Passage 7The Beauty of Mathematics1.The British philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell once wrote: “Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty — a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture.” Sculpture is widely admired in our societies —there is hardly a public space in our cities that does not boast a sculpture of some sort. But mathematical beauty is barely recognized beyond the confines of academia, and it is never celebrated.2.This seems curious, since it is clear that artists have long found inspiration in mathematics. Greek architects appear to have used a number known as the golden ratio when designing the Parthenon, and Leonardo D a Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, which depicts an outstretched figure encompassed by a square and a circle, is an attempt to link human beauty with geometry. And in the 20th century, artists have been exposed even more to mathematical ideas, initially because Victorian mathematicians found ways of visualizing mathematical formulae and functions in physical form. Now computers have made it possible to visualize even more complex functions as fractal patterns, and hence mathematical objects like Mandelbrot set have become household images.3.But mathematicians are not usually thinking of images, models and sculptures when they talk about beauty. Mathematical beauty is not a visual quality, Judging a piece of mathematics by the way it looks when modeled in clay, carved in stone or printed on paper is like judging a book by its typeface –it’s an absurd notion.4.What, then, constitutes beautiful mathematics? This is rarely debated among mathematicians, but there are some generally accepted tests that a piece of work must pass to be deemed beautiful —it must employ a minimal number of assumptions, for example, or give some original and important insight, or throw other work into new perspective. Elegance is perhaps a better term for it. There is a flip side, of course: a piece of mathematics laden with unnecessary assumptions and offering no new insight is deemed ugly. The most famous example of a function that meets all the requirements of beauty is Euler’s formula (e iπ+1=0), which links some of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics and draws together two entirely separate branches of the science –geometry, the study of space, and algebra, the study of structure and quantity.5.So why has mathematical beauty failed to make a cultural impact? One reason could be that this spectrum of aesthetics, with beauty at one end and ugliness at the other, sounds horribly one dimensional. And having rules for mathematical beauty feels, as Russell put in, cold and austere: this is a beauty devoid of emotion, profoundly different to that which we experience and admire in a physical world. The beauty of mathematics can be cold and austere, when viewed in a particular way. But viewed in another, it can be rich and warm, funny and sad, romantic and profound. Just like sculpture —he was right about it.(486words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS 7Passage 81. It’s possible to admire Oprah Winfrey and still wish Harvard hadn’t awarded her an honorary doctor of law degree and the commencement speaker spot at yesterday’s graduation. There’s no question Oprah’s achievements place her in the temple of American success stories. Talent, charm, and an exceptional work ethic have rarely hurled anyone as far as they have this former abused teenage mother from rural Mississippi who became one of world’s most successful entertainment icons and the first African-American female billionaire.2. Honorary degrees are often conferred on non-academic leaders in the arts, business, and politics. Harvard’s list in recent years has included Kofi Annan, Bill Gates, Meryl Streep, and David Souter. But Oprah’s particular brand of celebrity is not a good fit for the values of a university whose motto, Veritas, means truth. Oprah’s passionate advocacy extends, unfortunately, to a hearty embrace of fake science. Most notoriously, Oprah’s validation of Jenny McCarthy’s claim that vaccines cause autism has no doubt contributed to much harm through the foolish avoidance of vaccines.3. Famous people are entitled to a few failings, like the rest of us, and the choice of commencement speakers often reflects a balance of institutional priorities and aspirations. Judging from our conversations with many students, Oprah was a widely popular choice. But this vote of confidence in Oprah sends a troubling message at precisely the time when American universities need to do more to advance the cause of reason. As former Dean of Harvard College, Harry Lewis, noted in a blog post about his objections, “It seems very odd for Harvard to h onor such a high profile popularizer of the irrational…at a time when political and religious nonsense so jeopardize the rule of reason in this allegedly enlightened democracy and around the world.”4. As America’s oldest and most visible university, Harv ard has a special opportunity to convey its respect for science not only through its research and teaching programs but also in its public affirmation of evidence-based inquiry. Unfortunately, many American universities seem awfully busy protecting their brand name and not nearly busy enough protecting the pursuit of knowledge. A recent article in The Harvard Crimson noted the shocking growth of Harvard’s public relations arm in the last five years and it questioned whether a focus on risk management and avoiding controversy was really the best outward-looking face of this great institution.5. As American research universities begin to resemble profile centers and entertainment complexes, it’s easy to lose sight of their primary mission: to produce and spread knowledge. This mission depends on traditions of rational discourse and vigorous defense of the scientific method. Oprah Winfrey’s honorary doctorate was a step in the wrong direction.(445 words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS - Passage 8Passage 91. When Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched the in Feb. 2004, even he could not imagine the forces it would let loose. His intent was to connect college students. Facebook, which is what this website rapidly evolved into, ended up connecting the world.2. To the children of this connected era, the world is one giant social network. They are not bound — as were previous generations of humans — by what they were taught. They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was local. You learned everything you knew from your parents, teachers, preachers, and friends. With the high-quality and timely information at their fingertips, today’s children are rising above the fears and biases of their parents. Adults are also participating in this revolution. India’s normally tame middle class is speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. Political leaders are marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes. All of this is being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors set free.3. As does every advancing technology,social media has created many new problems. It is commonly addictive and creates risks for younger users. Social media is used by extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to seek and brainwash recruits. And it exposes us and our friends to disagreeable spying. We may leave our lights on in the house when we are on vacation, but through social media we tell criminals exactly where we are, when we plan to return home, and how to blackmail us.4. Governments don’t need informers any more.Social media allows government agencies to spy on their own citizens.We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes on Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences, and plans. We post intimate photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organization could actively gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them. The marketers are also seeing big opportunities.Amazon is trying to predict what we will order. Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media profiles. We need to be aware of the risks and keep working to alleviate the dangers.5. Regardless of what social media people use, one thing is certain: we are in a period of accelerating change.The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable than the last. Just as no one could predict what would happen with social media in the last decade, no one can accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am optimistic, however, that a connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself. (450 words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS – Passage 9Passage 10.The Use of Antibiotics in Modern US Agriculture1. One of the most striking patterns in modern US agriculture is the increasing use of antibiotics asa regular supplement in the feed and water consumed by cows, pigs and especially poultry. Most of these drugs are administered in small doses to farm animals not to cure sickness but to promote more growth on less feed and to prevent the infections that come with crowding in feedlots and confinement systems. The practice began in the late 1940s and has accelerated rapidly. Nobody knows precisely what volume of antibiotics is used today. But new estimates released by a public interest group suggest that the amount of antibiotics used nontherapeutically in American livestock has grown to 11.2 million kilograms per year, a number that may be as much as 50% higher than it was in 1985.2.These figures appear in a new report on agricultural antibiotics by the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The numbers are alarming for two reasons. First, 11.2 million kilograms far exceeds previous estimates. Second, it was a very hard number to arrive at because the data for antibiotic production and use, in humans or animals, are, as the report states, “shockingly incomplete”. A trade group for the makers of veterinary medicines has estimated, for example, that far more antibiotics are used in treating human illness than are administered to animals. But the new estimates find just the opposite—that for the nontherapeutic purposes, cows, pigs and poultry receive overall more than eight times the amount of antibiotics that humans receive in the treatment of actual illness.3. The public has a vital interest in this issue because the number of microbes that are resistant to antibiotic treatments is increasing, and much of the problem stems from the overuse of antibiotics, which kill off susceptible microbes but leave the resistant ones to proliferate. Giving large numbers of animals small doses of antibiotics creates the perfect conditions for the development of resistant strains of microbes, which cause disease in humans. There is already widespread concern in the medical community about the prescription of unnecessary antibiotics for human use, but the problem is exacerbated by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in agriculture. Moreover, the practice of giving animals antibiosis largely unnecessary, as farmers in Sweden, where giving important human antibiotics to farm animals is illegal, have proved.4. The public also has an interest in the quality of the information concerning antibiotic usage. It is difficult to craft a meaningful policy without accurate numbers. As this report convincingly argues, “even the most basic information on anti-microbial usage is not available”—not from either government sources or industry. Indeed, government health officials have complained about the lack of reliable data on antibiotic use.5. The way to ensure that antibiotics rain their efficacy against disease is to know exactly how and in what quantities they are being administered and to eliminate unnecessary usage. But there seems little doubt that antibiotic use will need to be cut back sharply before it produces even more microbes that are resistant to modern medicines. (512 words)。
武汉大学2023年博士英语作文
The Significance of Cross-CulturalUnderstanding in the 21st Century: A Perspective from Wuhan University's 2023Doctoral StudiesIn the era of globalization, where boundaries between nations are increasingly blurred, the understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures have become paramount. This essay, inspired by the 2023 doctoral studies at Wuhan University, explores the significance of cross-cultural understanding in the context of higher education,especially in doctoral research.Wuhan University, a prestigious institution known for its academic excellence and international outlook, has always emphasized the importance of fostering a global mindset among its students. The 2023 doctoral program, with its focus on interdisciplinary research and international collaboration, serves as a microcosm of this philosophy. It is not merely about mastering a specific subject; it is about developing a holistic understanding that transcends geographical and cultural barriers.The 21st-century academia is characterized by collaborative research, where scholars from different parts of the world come together to solve complex problems. This necessitates a deep understanding of not just thescientific theories but also the cultural nuances thatshape perspectives. Doctoral candidates at Wuhan University, therefore, are encouraged to engage in cross-cultural dialogue, understanding that cultural sensitivity can significantly enhance the quality and relevance of their research.For instance, a study on climate change, a global issue, would benefit greatly from a cross-cultural perspective. Researchers from different cultural backgrounds bringunique insights, shaped by their local experiences and historical contexts. This diversity enriches the discourse, leading to more comprehensive and inclusive solutions. Similarly, a doctoral study on healthcare policies could gain depth by considering how cultural beliefs influence health practices and perceptions.Moreover, cross-cultural understanding fosters empathy, respect, and tolerance, essential traits for future leadersand scholars. It equips them to navigate the complexities of an interconnected world, enhancing their ability to communicate effectively, build partnerships, and lead in a multicultural environment. As Wuhan University's 2023 doctoral cohort embarks on their academic journey, they are not only equipped with academic knowledge but also with a global perspective that will undoubtedly contribute totheir personal and professional growth.In conclusion, the 2023 doctoral program at Wuhan University underscores the vital role of cross-cultural understanding in shaping the future of academia. It is not just about broadening horizons; it is about cultivating a new breed of scholars who can bridge gaps, facilitate global cooperation, and drive innovation. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the lessons learned within the halls of Wuhan University will resonate far beyond its campus, shaping a more inclusive and understanding global community.This essay, while rooted in the context of Wuhan University's 2023 doctoral studies, serves as a broader commentary on the importance of cross-culturalunderstanding in higher education. It is a call to embrace diversity, foster dialogue, and nurture a new generation of scholars who are not just knowledgeable but culturally sensitive and globally aware.。
武汉大学2023年博士英语作文
武汉大学2023年博士英语作文Studying for a doctoral degree at Wuhan University in 2023 is a dream come true for many students. 正在2023年在武汉大学攻读博士学位对许多学生来说是梦想成真。
The vibrant academic environment, world-class faculty, and state-of-the-art research facilities at Wuhan University provide an excellent platform for pursuing advanced studies. 武汉大学充满活力的学术环境、世界一流的教职员工，以及先进的研究设施为深造提供了绝佳平台。
As a doctoral student, one can delve deep into their field of interest, conduct groundbreaking research, and contribute to the global knowledge pool. 作为博士生，可以深入研究自己感兴趣的领域，进行开创性的研究，为全球知识库做出贡献。
Moreover, the opportunity to collaborate with fellow researchers, attend conferences, and publish in prestigious journals can enhance one's academic and professional profile. 此外，与其他研究人员合作、参加会议以及在知名期刊上发表论文的机会可以提升一个人的学术和专业形象。
The social and cultural experiences in Wuhan, a city rich in history and diversity, can also enrich a doctoral student's personal growth and perspective. 武汉这座历史悠久、多元文化的城市提供了丰富的社会和文化体验，也可以丰富博士生的个人成长和视角。
武汉大学考博英语作文
武汉大学考博英语作文As I stand on the precipice of embarking on a doctoral journey at Wuhan University, I am filled with a mixture of anticipation and reflection. The path to this point has been a mosaic of academic rigor, personal growth, and a steadfast commitment to my field of study. This essay aims to encapsulate my motivations, aspirations, and the significance of pursuing a Ph.D. in English at one of China's most prestigious institutions.Motivations for Choosing Wuhan UniversityWuhan University's reputation for academic excellence is unparalleled, with its rich history and commitment to nurturing the next generation of scholars. The university's faculty, with their diverse expertise and international recognition, is a compelling factor that drew me to this esteemed academic community. Moreover, the university's research facilities and collaborative opportunities align perfectly with my research interests in linguistics and literature.Academic Background and Research InterestsMy academic journey has been a testament to my passion for the English language and its vast cultural implications. With a Bachelor's degree in English Literature and a Master's in Applied Linguistics, I have developed a solid foundation incritical analysis, theoretical understanding, and empirical research. My research interests lie at the intersection of language acquisition, cognitive linguistics, and cross-cultural communication. I am particularly intrigued by the ways in which language shapes and reflects societal norms and individual identities.Research ProposalFor my Ph.D., I propose to investigate the role of metaphorical language in intercultural communication, focusing on how it can either facilitate or hinder mutual understanding between speakers of different linguistic backgrounds. This research will contribute to the field by providing insights into the cognitive processes underlying metaphor interpretation and by offering pedagogical implications for English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction.Career Goals and Contributions to Wuhan UniversityUpon completion of my Ph.D., I envision myself as an educator and researcher, contributing to the academic community through teaching and scholarly publications. My goal is to bridge the gap between theoretical linguistics and practical language teaching, enhancing the learning experience for students at Wuhan University and beyond. I am committed to engaging with the local and international community, promoting cultural exchange, and fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities of language in our globalized world.ConclusionIn conclusion, my pursuit of a Ph.D. at Wuhan University is driven by a deep-seated desire to contribute to the field of linguistics and to the broader academic community. I am eager to immerse myself in the intellectual environment that Wuhan University provides, to grow as a scholar and an individual, and to leave a lasting impact on the field of English studies. It is with great enthusiasm and a sense of purpose that I prepare to embark on this next chapter of my academic career.。
武汉大学考博英语范文
如何评价武汉大学2021考博英语可靠的复习计划是首要解决的问题。
自己要按照计划一步步去复习，这样下来自己的自信慢慢的就会高涨。
找准历年真题，研究透真题，找到出题和考试点。
平时工作当中也要做积累。
英语学习是一个长期的过程。
平时阅读文献，写英文论文都要认真的积累。
单词要不断的巩固。
很多单词背好之后，一段时间就会被忘记。
所以笔者认为可以每天早上抽出半小时对单词进行反复的复习。
作文一定要准备模板。
作文的题目大家都不可预测，但是每年的题目风格大家都会估计到。
网络上都会有些基础的模板，笔者建议考博的考生一定要准备几个模板，节省自己写作的时间。
考试时，先保证正确率。
由于考博的英语分数线都不会很高，但是考试的题目量很大。
一般的考生都会很难完成所有的题目，所以唯一的方法就是保证自己的正确率。
平时练习时要有时间限制。
可以把模拟题当作是模拟考试，一定要按时完成。
这样才可以达到很好的练习效果。
如何评价武汉大学2017考博英语可靠的复习计划是首要解决的问题。
自己要按照计划一步步去复习，这样下来自己的自信慢慢的就会高涨。
平时工作当中也要做积累。
英语学习是一个长期的过程。
平时阅读文献，写英文论文都要认真的积累。
单词要不断的巩固。
很多单词背好之后，一段时间就会被忘记。
所以笔者认为可以每天早上抽出半小时对单词进行反复的复习。
作文一定要准备模板。
作文的题目大家都不可预测，但是每年的题目风格大家都会估计到。
网络上都会有些基础的模板，笔者建议考博的考生一定要准备几个模板，节省自己写作的时间。
考试时，先保证正确率。
由于考博的英语分数线都不会很高，但是考试的题目量很大。
一般的考生都会很难完成所有的题目，所以唯一的方法就是保证自己的正确率。
平时练习时要有时间限制。
可以把模拟题当作是模拟考试，一定要按时完成。
这样才可以达到很好的练习效果。
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Unit 1 para3Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing,it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organizationAspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classification Skill:examples Questions: what howUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examples Questions: what howUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared,along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examples Questions: what howUnit8 para2Easter island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: what→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islanderAspect(s):idea behavior - Method: classification progressionSkill:quotation statement Questions: what whyUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s fo rest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of itsrain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡 (material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statement Questions: what how(what howwhy)Unit8 para8If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statement Questions: what why how(what how )Unit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views,it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessenceof progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation inits wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides —first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize — was followed by the unintentional poisoningof fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy butled to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examples Questions: what howUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s):press beyond dialogue Method:antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples Questions: what how词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, andhow to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are usedto using personal and active voice just like“we did this experi ment” , contrast to the Chinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like “this experiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.。