分子生物学的中心法则TheCentralDogmaofMolecularBiology
分子生物学复习资料(比看重点必考)
分子生物学复习资料(比看重点必考)名词解释分子生物学:包括对蛋白质和核酸等生物大分子的结构与功能,以及从分子水平研究生命活动。
中心法则(central dogma):生物体遗传信息流动途径。
最初由Crick(1958)提出,经后人的不断补充和修改,现包括反转录和RNA复制等内容。
半保留复制(简称复制)(semiconservative replication):亲代双链DNA以每条链为模板,按碱基配对原则各合成一条互补链,这样一条亲代DNA双螺旋,形成两条完全相同的子代DNA螺旋,子代DNA分子中都有一条合成的“新”链和一条来自亲代的旧链,称为半保留复制。
DNA聚合酶(DNA polymerase):指以脱氧核苷三磷酸为底物,按5’→3’方向合成DNA的一类酶,反应条件:4种脱氧核苷三磷酸、Mg+、模板、引物。
DNA聚合酶是多功能酶,除具有聚合作用外,还具有其它功能,不同DNA聚合酶所具有的功能不同。
解旋酶(helicase):是一类通过水解ATP提供能量,使DNA双螺旋两条链分开的酶,每解开一对碱基,水解2分子ATP。
拓扑异构酶(topoisomerase):是一类引起DNA拓扑异构反应的酶,分为两类:类型I 的酶能使DNA的一条链发生断裂和再连接,反应无需供给能量,类型Ⅱ的酶能使DNA的两条链同时发生断裂和再连接,当它引入超螺旋时,需要由ATP供给能量。
单链DNA结合蛋白(single-strand binding protein ,SSB):是一类特异性和单链区DNA 结合的蛋白质。
它的功能在于稳定DNA解开的单链,阻止复性和保护单链部分不被核酸酶降解。
DNA连接酶(DNA ligase):是专门催化双链DNA中缺口共价连接的酶,不能催化两条游离的单链DNA 链间形成磷酸二酯键。
反应需要能量。
引物酶及引发体(primase & primosome):以DNA为模板,以核糖核苷酸为底物,在DNA合成中,催化形成RNA引物的酶称为引物酶及引物体。
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Land of Mayo:分子生物学的中心教条地-梅奥-精选文档
Mark Mayo Cypress College
Last update 10/6/13 1
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Reverse Transcription
2
Importance of Proteins
***
The DNA Ladder*
P
S–A P S–T P
P
T-S P A-S P
P
S–A P S–T P
P
T -? P ?-S P
S–G
P S-C
C-S
P G-S
?–G
P S-C
C-S
P G-S
8
Connecting the DNA molecule
The two strands of DNA are different One is called the sense strand and it is the plan to make a protein The other strand is the antisense strand and it is only used for protection of the sense strand
DNA
RNA
Found only in nucleus* Double stranded helix Bases = ATGC* Sugar = Deoxyribose
Found in ribosomes, nucleolus* Single stranded helix * Bases = AUGC (URACIL) * Sugar = Ribose
生物信息学4分子生物学中心法则
(large ribosomal subunit) (large ribosomal subunit)
原核生物的核糖体为70S,由50S和30S的大小亚基组成; 真核生物的核糖体为80S,由60S和40S的大小亚基组成。
Ribosome structure
P PP
Large subunit(60S) P P P P P A A-site aminoacyl tRNA site
RNA
类型 mRNA 信使RNA
tRNA 转运RNA
结构 单链;原核生物的mRNA为 多顺反子,真核生物的为单 顺反子。
二级结构是三叶草型结构; 三级结构为倒L型结构。
作用 DNA原始遗传信息的直接接受者;合 成蛋白质直接模板。
转运氨基酸到核糖体上;通过反密码 子识别mRNA上的密码子。
rRNA 16S (small ribosomal 核糖体RNA subunit) 23S (large ribosomal subunit) 5S (large ribosomal subunit)
Peptide bond formation
P-site
A-site
NH2 CH3-S-CH2-CH2-CH C O=C O tRNA
N 2 NH CH3-CH O=C O
tRNA
A-site NH2 CH3-S-CH2-CH2-CH • peptide bond formation is catalyzed O=C by peptidyl transferase(肽基转移酶) NH CH3-CH • peptide bond formation results in a shift P-site of the nascent peptide from the P-site O=C to the A-site OH O tRNA tRNA
分子生物学与中心法则
分子生物学与中心法则分子生物学是在分子水平上研究生命现象的科学。
通过研究生物大分子(核酸、蛋白质)的结构、功能和生物合成等方面来阐明各种生命现象的本质。
分子生物学的发展大致可分为以下三个阶段。
(一)准备和酝酿阶段19世纪后期到20世纪50年代初,是现代分子生物学诞生的准备和酝酿阶段。
在这一阶段产生了两点对生命本质的认识上的重大突破:1.确定了蛋白质是生命的主要基础物质19世纪末Buchner兄弟证明酵母无细胞提取液能使糖发酵产生酒精,第一次提出酶(enzyme)的名称,酶是生物催化剂。
20世纪20-40年代提纯和结晶了一些酶(包括尿素酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、黄酶、细胞色素C、肌动蛋白等),证明酶的本质是蛋白质。
随后陆续发现生命的许多基本现象(物质代谢、能量代谢、消化、呼吸、运动等)都与酶和蛋白质相联系,可以用提纯的酶或蛋白质在体外实验中重复出来。
2.确定了生物遗传的物质基础是DNA1944年O.T.Avery等证明了肺炎球菌转化因子是DNA;1952年A.D.Hershey和M.Cha-se 用DNA35S和32P分别标记T2噬菌体的蛋白质和核酸,感染大肠杆菌的实验进一步证明了是遗传物质。
在对DNA结构的研究上,1949-52年S.Furbery等的X-线衍射分析阐明了核苷酸并非平面的空间构像,提出了DNA是螺旋结构;1948-1953年Chargaff等用新的层析和电泳技术分析组成DNA的碱基和核苷酸量,积累了大量的数据,提出了DNA碱基组成A=T、G=C的Chargaff规则,为碱基配对的DNA结构认识打下了基础。
(二)现代分子生物学的建立和发展阶段这一阶段是从50年代初到70年代初,以1953年Watson和Crick提出的DNA双螺旋结构模型作为现代分子生物学诞生的里程碑开创了分子遗传学基本理论建立和发展的黄金时代。
在发现DNA双螺旋结构同时,Watson和Crick就提出DNA复制的可能模型。
中心法则的概念
中心法则的概念中心法则(英语:genetic central dogma),又译成分子生物学的中心教条(英语:The central dogma of molecular biology),首先由佛朗西斯·克里克于1958年提出。
中心法则的概念:遗传信息的标准流程大致可以描述为DNA制造RNA,RNA制造蛋白质,蛋白质反过来协助前两项流程,并协助DNA自我复制”,或者更简单的“DNA →RNA →蛋白质”。
所以整个过程可以分为三大步骤:转录、翻译和DNA复制。
1.转录。
转录(Transcription)是遗传信息由DNA转换到RNA的过程。
转录是信使RNA(mRNA)以及非编码RNA(tRNA、rRNA等)的合成步骤。
转录中,一个基因会被读取、复制为mRNA;这个过程由RNA聚合酶(RNA polymerase)和转录因子(transcription factor)所共同完成。
2.剪接。
在真核细胞中,原始转录产物(mRNA前体Pre-mRNA)还要被加工:一个或多个序列(内含子)被剪出除去。
选择性剪接的机制使之可产生出不同的成熟的mRNA分子,这取决于哪段序列被当成内含子而哪段又作为存留下来的外显子。
并非全部有mRNA的活细胞都要经历这种剪接;剪接在原核细胞中是不存在的。
3.转译。
最终,成熟的mRNA接近核糖体,并在此处被翻译。
原核细胞没有细胞核,其转录和翻译可同时进行。
而在真核细胞中,转录的场所和翻译的场所通常是分开的(前者在细胞核,后者在细胞质),所以mRNA必须从细胞核转移到细胞质,并在细胞质中与核糖体结合。
核糖体会以三个密码子来读取mRNA上的信息,一般是从AUG开始,或是核糖体连接位下游的启始甲硫氨酸密码子开始。
启始因子及延长因子的复合物会将氨酰tRNA(tRNAs)带入核糖体-mRNA复合物中,只要mRNA上的密码子能与tRNA上的反密码子配对,即可按照mRNA上的密码序列加入氨基酸。
分子生物学名词解释 英文
1.DNA Denaturation(变性) When duplex DNA molecules are subjected to conditions of pH ,temperature,or ionic strength that disrupt base-paring interactions, the DNA molecule has lost its’native conformation, and double helix DNA is separated to single strand DNA as individual randome coils.That is, the DNA is denatured.2.Renaturation(复性)Removing the denaturation factors slowly or in proper conditions, the denaturedDNA (ssDNA) restore native structure (dsDNA) and functions. This process is dependent on both DNA concentration and time.3.Hybridization (核酸分子杂交)when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become toheteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not completely). This is called molecular hybridization.4.Hyperchromic effect (增色效应)The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution increases when thedouble helix is separated into single strands because of the bases unstack.5.Ribozyme (核酶)are the RNA molecules with catalytic activity. The activity of these ribozymes ofteninvolves the cleavage of a nucleic acid.6.De novo synthesis (从头合成)De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors:amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, one carbon units, CO2. mostly in liver.7.Salvage pathways (补救合成)Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released fromnucleic acid breakdown. Mostly in brain and marrow.8.Semi-conservative replication (半保留复制)DNA is synthesized by separation of the strands of aparental duplex, each then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand based on the base-paring rule. Each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.9.Telomere(端粒):Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists ofproteins and DNA, tandem repeats of a short G-rich sequence on the 3 ' ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of the extreme 5' ends of the DNAwithout loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryote chromosome.10.Telomerase(端粒酶)An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, addsnucleotides to the 3 ' ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication.11.Reverse transcription (逆转录)Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template.12.Reverse transcriptase (逆转录酶)A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.activity: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; RNAse H;DNA-dependent DNA polymerase13.The central dogma (中心法则)It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA andthen to protein. According to the central dogma, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.14.asymmetric transcription(不对称转录)1..Transcription generally involves only short segments of aDNA molecule, and within those segments only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template.2.The template strand of different genes is not always on the same strand of DNA. That is, in anychromosome, different genes may use different strands as template.15.template strand (模板链)The DNA strand that serves as a template for transcription. (The relationshipbetween template and transcript is base paring and anti-parallel)16.non-template strand (or coding strand)(编码连)The DNA strand that opposites to the templatestrand.(Note that it has the same sequence as the synthesized RNA, except for the replacement of U with T )17.promoter i s the DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. It is alwayslocated on the upstream of a gene.18.Split genes (断裂基因)Split genes are those in which regions that are represented in mature mRNAs orstructural RNAs (exons) are separated by regions that are transcribed along with exons in the primary RNA products of genes, but are removed from within the primary RNA molecule during RNA processingsteps (introns).19.Exon(外显子) can be expressed in primary transcript and are the sequences that are represented inmature RNA molecules, it encompasses not only protein-coding genes but also the genes for various RNA (such as tRNAs or rRNAs)20.Intron(内含子)can be expressed and be the intervening nucleotide sequences that are removed fromthe primary transcript when it is processed into a mature RNA.21.Spliceosome(剪切体)A multicomponent complex contains proteins and snRNAs that are involved inmRNA splicing.22.Translation(翻译)The process of protein synthesis in which the genetic information present in anmRNA molecule (transcribed from DNA) determines the sequence of amino acids by the genetic codons.Translation occurs on ribosomes.23.genetic codon(密码子)The genetic code is a triplet code read continuously from a fixed starting pointin each mRNA, also called triplet. Genetic code defines the relationship between the base sequence of mRNA and the amino acid sequence of polypeptide.24.Degeneracy of code(密码子简并性)One codon encodes only one amino acid;More than 2 codons can encode the same amino acid;Most codons that encode the same amino acid have the difference in the third base of the codon.25.ORF(开放阅读框架)The nucleotideacids sequences in mRNA molecule from 5’AUG to 3’stop codon(UAA UAG UGA). It consists of a group of contiguous nonoverlapping genetic codons encoding a whole protein. Usually, it includes more than 500 genetic codons.26.Shine-Dalgarno sequence(SD)is a sequence upstream the start codon in prokaryotic mRNA that canbase pairs to a •UCCU•sequence at or very near the 3' end of 16S rRNA, thereby binding the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit by each other.27.Polyribosome(多聚核糖体)Ribosomes(10~100) are tandemly arranged on one mRNA and move in thedirection of 5’to 3’.Such a complex of one mRNA and a number ofribosomes is called polyribosome.28.signal peptide(信号肽)It is a short conservative amino terminal sequence (13~36AA) that exists ona newly synthesized secretory protein. It can direct this protein to a specific locationwithin the cell. It is subsequently cleaved away by signal peptidase; also called signal sequence and targeting sequence.29.Operon(操纵子): Bacteria have a simple general mechanism for coordinating the regulation of geneswhose products are involved in related processes: the genes are clustered on the chromosome and transcribed together. Most prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic. The single promoter required to initiate transcription of the cluster is the point where expression of all of the genes is regulated. The gene cluster, the promoter, and additional sequences that function in regulation are together called an operon. Operons that include 2 to 6 genes transcribed as a unit are common; some operons contain 20 or more genes.30.Housekeeping gene(管家基因)Genes that are expressed at a fairly consistent level throughout the cellcycle and from tissue to tissue. Usually involved in routine cellular metabolism. Often used for comparison when studying expression of other genes of interest.31.Trans-acting factors(反式作用因子):Usually considered to be proteins, that bind to the cis-actingsequences to control gene expression. The properties of different trans-acting factors:subunits of RNA polymerasebind to RNA Polymerase to stabilize the initiation complexbind to all promoters at specific sequences but not to RNA Polymerase (TFIID factor which binds to the TATA box)bind to a few promoters and are required for transcription initiation32.Cis-acting elements(顺式作用元件):DNA sequences in the vicinity of the structural portion of a genethat are required for gene expression. The properties of different cis-acting elements:contain short consensus sequencesmodules are related but not identicalnot fixed in location but usually within 200 bp upstream of the transcription start sitea single element is usually sufficient to confer a regulatory responsecan be located in a promoter or an enhancerassumed that a specific protein binds to the element and the presence of that protein is developmentally regulated33.Southern blotting:Genomic DNA (from tissues or cells) are cut by RE, separated by gelelectrophoresis and denatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific DNA sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to quantitative and qualitative analyze genomic DNA, or analyze the recombinant plasmid and bacteriophage (screening DNA library).34.Northern blotting: RNA samples (from tissues or cells) are separated by gel electrophoresis anddenatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to detect the level of specific mRNA in some tissues (cells) and to compare the level of same gene expression in different tissues (cells) or at different development period.35.Western blotting:rotein samples are separated by PAGE electrophoresis, then electro-transferred to NCmembrane. The proteins on NC membrane hybridize with a specific antibody (1st antibody ), then the target protein binding with antibody is detected with a labeled secondary antibody (2nd antibody).Also called immunoblotting. It can be used to detect the specific protein, semi-quantify specific protein, etc.36.PBlotting technique(印迹):Transfer (blot) biological macromolecules separated in the gel and fix themto nitrocellulose/nylon membrane by diffusion, electro-transferring or vacuum absorption, then detectit.37.Nucleic acid probe(探针):DNA or RNA fragment labeled with radioisotope, biotin orfluorescent, is used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences by hybridization38.PCR: PCR is a technique for amplifying a specific DNA segment in vitro. The reaction system includeDNA template, T aq DNA pol, dNTP,short oligonucleotide primers, buffer containing Mg2+. The process including 3 steps: denature, annealing, extension39.DNA coloning(克隆):T o clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Thefragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by the same restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and maintain DNA in a host cell. This serial process and related technique are called DNA coloning or genetic engineering.40.Genomic DNA library(基因组DNA文库) A genomic library is a set of clones that together representsthe entire genome of a given organism. The number of clones that constitute a genomic library depends on (1) the size of the genome in question and (2) the insert size tolerated by the particular cloning vector system. For most practical purposes, the tissue source of the genomic DNA is unimportant because each cell of the body contains virtually identical DNA (with some exceptions).41.cDNA library(cDNA文库):A cDNA library represents a sample of the mRNA purified from a particularsource (either a collection of cells, a particular tissue, or an entire organism), which has been converted back to a DNA template by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It thus represents the genes that were being actively transcribed in that particular source under the physiological, developmental, or environmental conditions that existed when the mRNA was purified.42.α-complementation(α互补):Some plasmid vectors such as pUC19 carry the alpha fragment of the lacZ gene. The alpha fragment is the amino-terminus of the beta-galactosidase. Typically, the mutant E. coli host strain only carry the omega fragment, which is the carboxy-terminus of the protein. Either omegaor alpha fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lac Z introduced into mutant E.coli, both the alpha and omega fragments are present there is an interaction and a functionally intact beta-galactosidase protein can be produced. This interaction is called alpha complementation.43.Secondary messenger(第二信使) are some small signal molecules that are generated in the cell inresponse to extracellular signals. They can activate many other downstream components. The most important second messengers are: Ca2+, cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Cer, AA and its derivatives, etc.44.Adaptor protein(衔接蛋白)A specialized protein that links protein components of the signalingpathway, These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves but instead mediate specific protein-protein interaction that drive the formation of protein complexes.45.Scaffolding protein(支架蛋白)A protein that assembles interacting signaling proteins intomultimolecular, it recruits downstream effectors in a pathway and enhances specificity of the signal. 46.Oncogene(癌基因)A gene whose product is involved either in transforming cells in culture or ininducing cancer in animals including virus oncogene(v-onc)and cellular-oncogene(c-onc )。
分子生物学名词重点汇总
分子生物学重点汇总名词解释:Central dogma(中心法则):遗传信息从DNA向RNA再向蛋白质传递的规律。
Genome(基因组):是指来自一个生物体的一整套遗传信息,也就是一个细胞或病毒所携带的全部遗传信息或整套基因。
transcriptome(转录组):一个细胞、组织或有机体在特定条件下的一组完整基因。
proteome (蛋白质组):在大规模水平上研究蛋白质特征,获得蛋白质水平上的关于疾病的发生、细胞代谢等过程的整体而全面的认识。
Metabolome(代谢组):对生物体内所有代谢物进行定量分析并寻找代谢物与生病理变化的相关关系的研究方法。
Gene(基因):是位于染色体上的遗传基本单位,负载特定遗传信息的DNA片段,可以编码单个具有生物功能的产物,包括RNA和多肽链。
Epigenetics(表观遗传学现象):DNA结构上完全相同的基因,由于处于不同染色体状态下具有不同的表达方式,进而表现出不同的表型。
Cistron(顺反子):即结构基因,编码一个多肽的遗传单位。
Muton(突变子):顺反子中又若干个突变单位,最小的突变单位被称为突变子。
recon(交换子):意同突变子。
Z DNA(Z型DNA):DNA的一种二级结构,由两条核苷酸链反相平行左手螺旋形成。
Denaturation(变性):生物大分子的天然构象遭到破坏导致其生物活性丧失的现象Renaturation(复性):在一定的条件下,变性的生物大分子恢复成具有生物活性的天然构象的现象。
negative superhelix(负超螺旋):双链DNA在空间以双螺旋链旋转方向相反的方向形成的扭曲。
C value paradox (C值矛盾):生物体的大C值与小c值不相等且相差非常大。
overlapping gene(重叠基因):不同的基因公用一段相同的DNA序列。
repetitive gene(重复基因):染色体上存在的多数拷贝基因。
interrupted gene(断裂基因):真核生物的结构基因,由若干个编码区和非编码区互相间隔开但又连续镶嵌,去除非编码区再连接后,可翻译出连续氨基酸组成的完整蛋白质。
CentralDogma中心法则
(“epi” = “on top of”) “… the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products, which bring the phenotype into being” - Waddington (1942)
(teating DNA with bisulfite converts cytosine, but not 5-methylcytosine, residues to uracil)
Okano et al. (1999) Cell 99:247-257
Is heritable but also reversible, so the pattern can be altered
DNA Transcriptional Regulation RNA Translational Regulation Protein
1960s Conrad H. Waddington (1957)
Biochemical Function
Every step in the central dogma is subjected to regulation!
Learning Goals for This Lecture
The Central Dogma Revisited
Weimin Zhong, Ph.D. weimin.zhong@
Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Yale University
Enhancers and suppressors of PEV include chromatin modifiers
分子生物学 朱玉贤第四版 复习纲要
绪论一、名词1、分子生物学 Molecular Biology2、中心法则 Central Dogma二、问答1、简述孟德尔、摩尔根、Avery、沃森和克里克、雅各布和莫诺,尼伦伯格和科拉纳等人对分子生物学发展的贡献2、早期验证遗传物质是DNA的实验有哪些,具体过程是?3、分子生物研究的内容包括哪些?●DNA的复制、转录与翻译●DNA重组技术●基因表达调控研究●生物大分子的结构功能研究—结构分子生物学●基因(组)、功能基因(组)与生物信息学研究第1章、染色体与DNA第一节、染色体与DNA名词1、DNA双螺旋:两条多核苷酸链反向平行盘绕所生成的双链结构.2、DNA三级结构:DNA 双螺旋进一步扭曲盘绕形成的特定空间结构。
3、核小体:是由核心颗粒(H2A、H2B、H3、H4各两个分子生成的八聚体)和连接区DNA(大约200bpDNA)组成4、卫星DNA:又称随体DNA。
因为真核细胞DNA的一部分是不被转录的异染色质成分,其碱基组成与主体DNA不同,因而可用密度梯度离心。
卫星DNA通常是高度串联重复的DNA5、端粒(Telomere):是位于真核细胞线性染色体末端的特殊结构,由一段重复串联的DNA序列与端粒结合蛋白构成.6、端粒T环结构:端粒形成T环结构使染色体末端封闭起来,免遭破坏.7、单顺反子:真核基因转录产物为单顺反子,即一条mRNA模板只含有一个翻译起始点和一个终止点,因而一个基因编码一条多肽链或RNA链。
8、断裂基因(splitting gene码区互相间隔开但又连续镶嵌而成,去除非编码区再连接后,可翻译出由连续9、间隔基因(Interrupted gene):由于这组基因发生突变时会导致果蝇体节模式发生间隔缺失现象,所以将它们称为间隔基因10、外显子 (Exon) 是真核生物基因的一部分,它在剪接(Splicing)后仍会被保存下来,并可在蛋白质生物合成过程中被表达为蛋白质11、内含子(Intron ) 在转录后的加工中,从最初的转录产物除去的内部的核苷酸序列12、单核苷酸多态性 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP:主要是指在基13、微卫星DNA Microsatelite DNA:重复单位序列最短,只有2~6bp,串联14、简单序列重复 simple sequence repeat,SSR:基因组中以少数几个核苷酸( 多数为2 ~4 个) 为单位多次串联重复组成的长达几十个核苷酸的序列15、3',5'—磷酸二酯键:是四种脱氧核苷酸相连形成多聚脱氧核苷酸链之间的连接方式,即由前一核苷酸的3’-OH与下一位核苷酸的5’位磷酸间形成磷酸二酯键,构成一个线性大分子。
中心法则
中心法则中心法则(genetic central dogma),是指遗传信息从DNA传递给RNA,再从RNA传递给蛋白质,即完成遗传信息的转录和翻译的过程。
也可以从DNA传递给DNA,即完成DNA的复制过程。
这是所有有细胞结构的生物所遵循的法则。
在某些病毒中的RNA自我复制(如烟草花叶病毒等)和在某些病毒中能以RNA为模板逆转录成DNA的过程(某些致癌病毒)是对中心法则的补充。
遗传信息的标准流程大致可以这样描述:“DNA制造RNA,RNA制造蛋白质,蛋白质反过来协助前两项流程,并协助DNA自我复制”,或者更简单的“DNA → RNA →蛋白质”。
这里遗传信息的转移可以分为两类:第一类用实线箭头表示,包括DNA的复制、RNA的转录和蛋白质的翻译,即①DNA→DNA(复制);②DNA→RNA(转录);③RNA→蛋白质(翻译)。
这三种遗传信息的转移方向普遍地存在于所有生物细胞中。
第二类用虚线箭头表示,是特殊情况下的遗传信息转移,包括RNA的复制,RNA反向转录为DNA和从DNA直接翻译为蛋白质。
即①RNA→RNA(复制);②RNA→DNA(反向转录);③DNA→蛋白质。
RNA复制只在RNA病毒中存在。
反向转录最初在RNA致癌病毒中发现,后来在人的白细胞和胎盘滋养层中也测出了与反向转录有关的反向转录酶的活性。
至于遗传信息从DNA到蛋白质的直接转移仅在理论上具可能性,在活细胞中尚未发现。
克里克认为在图解中没有箭头指向的信息转移是不可能存在的,即①蛋白质→蛋白质;②蛋白质→RNA;③蛋白质→DNA。
中心法则的中心论点是:遗传信息一旦转移到蛋白质分子之后,既不能从蛋白质分子转移到蛋白质分子,也不能从蛋白质分子逆转到核酸分子。
RNA的自我复制和逆转录过程,在病毒单独存在时是不能进行的,只有寄生到寄主细胞中后才发生。
逆转录酶在基因工程中是一种很重要的酶,它能以已知的mRNA为模板合成目的基因。
在基因工程中是获得目的基因的重要手段。
中心法则——精选推荐
中心法则的拓展与深化一、中心法则的解读1958年,弗朗西斯·克里克提出了“中心法则”。
他指出:遗传信息只能单向传递,即从DNA到RNA再到蛋白质。
那时的“中心法则”只包括遗传信息从DNA传递给RNA,再从RNA传递给蛋白质的转录和翻译过程中,以及遗传信息从DNA传递给DNA的复制过程。
其图解如下:那么遗传信息真的如克里克指出的只能单向传递吗?1970年生物学家梯明和巴尔蒂姆得出了与上述中心法则不同的结果,他们分别在肿瘤病毒中发现依赖RNA的DNA聚合酶(逆转录酶),在这种酶的催化下,RNA可以指导合成DNA,说明细胞中遗传信息可以从RNA传递给DNA。
另外的一些病毒实验还表明,RNA是遗传信息的携带者,具有自我复制的能力,并同时作为mRNA,指导病毒蛋白质的生物合成。
上述结果促使克里克在1971年对中心法则作了进一步补充与完善。
补充后的中心法则如下图所示。
补充后的中心法则揭示了核酸与蛋白质合成之间的密切联系和共同规律,它包含五方面的含义,而且都表现出碱基互补配对原则。
①DNA复制;②遗传信息从DNA传递给信息RNA 的转录;③在逆转录酶的作用下,以RNA为模板合成DNA;④以RNA为模板合成蛋白质,体现生物性状;⑤以RNA为模板复制RNA(如某些只有RNA的病毒)例1. 已知甲、乙、丙三种类型的病毒,它们的遗传信息的遗传方式分别如下图所示。
(1)对三种类型的病毒分别举例(从以下供选答案中选出:瘤病毒、噬菌体、流感病毒):甲________;乙________;丙________。
(2)①图中1、8表示遗传信息的________过程。
②图中2、5、9表示遗传信息的________过程。
③图中3、10表示遗传物质的________过程。
该过程进行所必需的物质条件是________________________。
(3)图中7表示遗传信息________过程,此过程的进化需要________的催化,发现这一现象的意义是________________________。
遗传中心法则
“The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. (分子生物学的中心法则旨在详细说明连串信息的逐 字传送。它指出遗传信息不能由蛋白质转移到蛋白质或核再从 RNA 传递给蛋白质,即完成遗传信息的转录和 翻译的过程。也可以从 DNA 传递给 DNA,即完成 DNA 的复制过程。这是所有有细胞结构的 生物所遵循的法则。在某些病毒中的 RNA 自我复制(如烟草花叶病毒等)和在某些病毒中能 以 RNA 为模板逆转录成 DNA 的过程(某些致癌病毒)是对中心法则的补充。
1957 年 F.H.C.克里克最初提出的中心法则是:DNA→RNA→蛋白质。它说明遗传信息在 不同的大分子之间的转移都是单向的,不可逆的,只能从 DNA 到 RNA(转录),从 RNA 到 蛋白质(翻译)。这两种形式的信息转移在所有生物的细胞中都得到了证实。1970 年 H.M.特 明和 D.巴尔的摩在一些 RNA 致癌病毒中发现它们在宿主细胞中的复制过程是先以病毒的 RNA 分子为模板合成一个 DNA 分子,再以 DNA 分子为模板合成新的病毒 RNA。前一个步骤 被称为反向转录,是上述中心法则提出后的新的发现。因此克里克在 1970 年重申了中心法则 的重要性,提出了更为完整的图解形式。
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1、What Are Mutations?
★ Any heritable change in the DNA(RNA) sequence of an organism is a mutation.
★ Mutations can be divided into three main types 1. Chromosome mutations(染色体突变) 2. Genome mutations(基因组突变) 3. gene mutations(基因突变)Relatively small changes in DNA structure that occur within a particular gene
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
H1N1 流感病毒
流感的启示……
流行时间 1918年-1919年
1957年 1968年 2003年 2009年
发源地 美国/ 法国 中国
香港
中国
北美
流行病毒 流行地区
H1N1 三元重组病毒
全球
H2N2 二元重组病毒酸酶(NA),
SARS的S蛋白质和M蛋白质的变异点位达到31个,这说明 SARS病毒具有极强的变异能力,这意味着研究SARS疫苗可能 会同研究流感疫苗一样困难重重……
Chapter 10 Gene Mutation
OUTLINE
1、What Are Mutations? 2、 Features of Gene Mutantion 3、Consequences of Mutations 4、What Causes Mutations? 5、How to Detect the Gene Mutation?
The earlier the mutation, the larger the patch
An individual who has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other is called a
genetic mosaic
5’ AACGCTC 3’ 3’ TTGCGAG 5’
Deletion of four base pairs
5’ AACAGTCGCTAGATC 3’ 3’ TTGTCAGCGATCTAG 5’
Addition of four base pairs
Mutations Due to Trinucleotide Repeats(dynamic mutation)
Forward & backward(or reverse) mutation (正突变&回复突变)
forward
A
a
reverse
通常从一个野生型基因变成突变性的频率总是高于 回复突变率,如何解释?
一突变型回复成野生型,可能机制是什么?(预习基 因重组)
Multiple orientations
2、 Features of Gene Mutantion
Mutations happen regularly Mutation rate Forward & backward(or reverse) mutation Multiple orientations Beneficial & deleterious Mutation similarity between the related species
H5N1 高致病性禽流感
H1N1 三元重组病毒
全球 全球 亚洲 全球
死亡人数 4000万-1亿
全球100万 (美国6.98万)
美国3.38万
病死率61%
病死率1.22%
问题
1、为什么每一次大流行的流感病毒的类型都不一样? 2、为什么如此猖狂和恐怖的流感病毒不能像天花病毒一样被“消灭”?
为什么不能通过接种疫苗进行有效的预防?
替换
增加及缺失
A transition(转换) is a change of a pyrimidine (C, T) to another pyrimidine or a purine (A, G) to another purine
A transversion(颠换) is a change of a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa
★ Gene mutation(基因突变): changes in one or a few nucleotides. ★ point mutation(点突变) are mutations of a single nucleotide.Includes
the deletion, insertion, or substitution in a gene.(碱基的增加及缺失、 碱基替换)
Mutations happen regularly
Therefore, the mutation can be
passed on to future generations
The size of the patch will depend on the timing of the mutation
Therefore, the mutation cannot be passed on to future generations
Mutation rate
The frequency with which a particular mutation appears in a population.
(多向性)
A
a1 a2
a3
Beneficial & deleterious
转换和 颠换的 相互关 系示意
图
Mutations may also involve the addition or deletion of short sequences of DNA
5’ AACGCTAGATC 3’ 3’ TTGCG ATCTAG 5’
5’ AACGCTAGATC 3’ 3’ TTGCGATCTAG 5’