10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经

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雅思阅读10答案

1.V10101主题： SETI 寻找外星生命本篇完整的原文（英语）+考题请见《雅思预测真题10》P1页答案部分：14 viii15 v16 i17 iii18 several billions (years)19 radio (waves)20 1,000 / a thousand21 TRUE22 TRUE23 NOT GIVEN24 FALSE25 NOT GIVEN26 FALSE2. V10102老人智力和痴呆症答案和难题解析：28-31C D F G【D选项见C段第10行“... Earlylinguistic ability also seems to help our brains later in life... ”】【F 选项见E段主旨，动物实验证明的】B 这个建议是间接地（运动）建议，来提升大脑神经，此外选项说 active = 事实上是 moderate 适度运动32 D：答案原文见A段倒数第8行33 F：答案见C段第7行原文，"If you have a lot of neurons and keep them busy, you may be ableto tolerate more damage to your brain before it shows," says Peter Davies,34 C：答案见B段第5-8行原文.35 G36 B37 A : F 段倒数第4行，while neuroscientist like Khachaturian(A) liken the use of these products to the superstition (迷信，=不是科学)38 C ：答案见D段第三行原文：According to Albert, there's evidence that elevated levels of stress hormones may harm brain cells and cause the hippocampus to atrophy（衰退）39 E40 A；B答案（银杏）D答案（神经元）都是细节；C答案强调的是健康，比大脑智力范围不吻合。

2023年雅思阅读机经类7

和古代奴隶小孩旳例子。

英文原文阅读Mistakes Improve Children's LearningEveryone makes mistakes and children are no exception. What's important is how we learn from them. Yet, children grow up in a society that pressures them to be perfect and intelligent - to achieve the highest SAT scores, land prized scholarships, and get into the best universities. Parents reinforce this pressure at home when they cover up children's mistakes, correct homework to improve grades, or drill knowledge into kids until they get it right. Stress is increased when children are constantly praised for their intelligence. How does this focus on perfection and IQ affect learning? And how can we help children and teens believe in themselves by accepting their mistakes and learning from them?A recent Scientific American article, Getting it Wrong: Surprising Tips on How to Learn,supports a number of learning and developmental theories. Historically, many educators have created conditions for learning that do not encourage errors. And parents have followed suit. For example, if we drill children over and over again with the same math problem, they will eventually remember the answer. And if they are lucky, they will remember the answer on a standardized test.This approach to learning assumes that if students are allowed to make mistakes, they will not learn the correct information. However, recent research shows this to be an incorrect assumption. In fact, studies have found that learning is enhanced when children make mistakes!Whether it involves homework, developing friendships, or playing soccer, learning is enriched through error. Making mistakes is part of how kids are challenged to learn to do things differently. It motivates them to try new approaches.Carol Dweck, a professor at Stanford University, studies the importance of challenging children, even if they get things wrong. Her research shows that praising children for their intelligence can actually make them less likely to persist in the face of challenge. She and her colleagues followed hundreds of 5th grade children in New York City schools. One group was praised for their intelligence while the other group was praised for their effort.When the 5th graders were challenged with an extremely difficult test designed for 8th graders, a surprising result occurred. The students who had been praised for their effort worked very hard, even though they made a lot of mistakes. The kids praised for being smart became discouraged and saw their mistakes as a sign of failure. Intelligence testing for the kids praised for their effort increased by 30% while the kids praised for their intelligence dropped by 20%.。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲（test3）

剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。

下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读10(test3)的翻译及答案精讲内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi Economic and social significance of tourismii The development of mass tourismiii Travel for the wealthyiv Earning foreign exchange through tourismv Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourismvi The contribution of air travel to tourismvii The world impact of tourismviii The history of travelExample AnswerParagraph A viii1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph EThe Context, Meaning and Scope of TourismA Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over thepast few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.Questions 5-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.Questions 11-13Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Autumn leavesCanadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fallA One of the most captivating natural events of the year inmany areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees —evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is tha t anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s alr eady scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved._photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxideE It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of maki ng anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture theenergy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signalQuestions 19-22Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .Questions 23-25Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.Question 26Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?A why conifers remain green in winterB how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumnC how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs inD why anthocyanins are restricted to certain treesREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Beyond the blue horizonAncient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific OceanAn important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacificislands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish theancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography oftheir own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.The Efate burial siteA 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.A proofB plantationC harbourD bonesE dataF archaeological discoveryG burial urnH sourceI animalsJ mapsQuestions 32-35Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys becauseA the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh parag raph?A the Lapita’s seafaring talentB the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of landC the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the regionD the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?A It played an important role in Lapita culture.B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.D It made a large number of islands habitable.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test3)Passage 1参考译文：旅游的背景，意义和范畴A. 自从上帝创造了万物以来，旅行就已经存在了：那时原始人启程，常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物，这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。

雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉

雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。

下面给大家带来了雅思阅读机经真题解析-滑石粉，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-滑石粉Talc PowderA Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenacs Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talcs best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 bottoms. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.B Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group (art of Rio Tinto minerals) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in Europe. "Weve been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenacs Specialties business unit in Toulouse. "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc market." Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum manufacturers." Fournier says. "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if its expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch."C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explainsthat chewing gums has four main components. "The most important of them is the gum base," he says. "Its the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because itsnon-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord adds.D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talcs use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talcs unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" olives. After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing plant. There they arc crushed and then stirred for30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays its more common to add water and (K-6IH) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be )and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says Delord. "In addition, talcs flat, platey structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield.However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesnt affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil."F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, its not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the suns rays create.G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. Whats more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. "So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesnt like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder -something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested.No-ones going to want an apple thats covered in talc."H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential. He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.Question 27-32Use the information in the passage to match each use of tale power with correct application from A. B or C. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than once.A. Fruit protectionB. Chewing gum businessC. Olive oil extraction27 Talc is used to increase the size of drops.28 Talc is applied to reduce foaming.29 Talc is employed as a filler of base.30 Talc is modified and prevented sunburn.31 Talc is added to stop stickiness.32 Talc is used to increase production.Questions 33-38Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet.Spanish olive oil industry has been using talc in oil extraction process for about____33____years. It is useful in dealing with difficult olives which often produce high amountof____34____because of the high content of solid materials. When smaller factories release____35____, it could be____36____to theenvironment because it is hard to____37____and usually lakes lime as it contains emulsified oil. However, talc power added in the process is able to absorb the emulsifier oil. It improves the oil extraction production, because with aid of talc powder, size ofoil____38____increased.Question 39-40Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.39 In which process is talc used to dear the stickiness of chewing gum?40 Which group of farmers does Invelop intend to target in a long view?*题目：滑石粉篇章结构体裁论说文题目滑石粉结构（一句话概括每段大意）A段：滑石粉的主要用途B段：滑石粉在口香糖市场中的用途C段：滑石粉在口香糖制作中的原理D段：滑石粉在其他食品中的应用E段：滑石粉在食品中的应用原理F段：滑石粉在水果保护中的应用G段：滑石粉对水果的保护作用原理H段：水果保护作用的市场拓展试题分析Question 27-32题目类型：搭配题解题思路：可以先去定位A,B,C三个选项中内容所对应的文段，然后从27-32中的题干去搜寻相符合的，而不是一个一个题目去找，这样会比较节省时间题号定位词文中对应点题目解析27Increase，size，E段第三句话根据*大意将C选项个橄榄油提取的内容定位到E段，第三句话，提到滑石粉的结构有助于增加挥发油滴的体积，故可以判断27题与C相连28FoamD段倒数第四句话根据关键词定位到D段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。

10月20日雅思机经真题回忆

10月20日雅思机经真题回忆Listening 听力部分一、考试概况：本次考试选填比1:1。

S1是10道填空题，出现了5道基本功，分别是月份，地址，和3个number，其他单词都在高频范围之内，难度一般，学生需要注意pipe的拼写。

S2考到了惯常的单选加配对组合，是植物场景，不常考，难度适中。

S3配对题比较难，toll这个词出现多次，表示费用，有学生不理解。

选择有学生反应容易跟丢，也偏难。

S4是10个填空题，关于海豚，这个话题重复考过多次，希望大家今后一定要重视动物场景。

此篇章答案词都在高频范围内，难度偏易。

二、具体题目分析：Section 1场景：损坏保险索赔题型：10笔记参考答案：Policy reference NO. : 1. JXY465773Address: 98 2. Crown RoadPostcode: 3. PG32BKPrevious claim: 4. bicycleTime: 5. 10 months agoDamage:Ceiling in the hall6. floor in the bathroom7. wall in the bedroom9.Tuesday10. supermarketSection 2场景：阳台或花园种植蔬菜题型：5单选+5匹配参考答案：11-15) Multiple Choice11. A 大家常种植的12. B13. A 新手种植容易too much14. B 种子要by stages来种植15. C 不要的种子就exchange to others【口语】Speaking 口语部分一、考试概述：以下为9-12月高频题，请考生扎实准备。

Part 1：考频151Work or studies2Accommodation3Names45Study time6Outdoor activities7Spare time8Plants9Map10Travel ( space travel ) 11Rainy days12Foreign food13Sports14Save money15FriendPart 2：考频15Describe an interesting job that you want to have in the future2Describe a place you plan to travel to that is far away from your home 3Describe a quite place you found4Describe a happy experience you had before5Describe an interesting animal6Describe a website you like to visit7Describe a trip that you went on by pubic transportation8Describe a building you like9Describe a childhood friend of yours10Describe a time that you wore a type of clothes for a special occasion 11Describe a popular comic actor/actress in your country12Describe something important that you lost in the pastDescribe a magazine that you like14Describe a favorite song of yours15Describe a time when you received money as a present.二、具体题目分析：Describe a time you made a complaint and were satisfied with the resultYou should say:who you complained towhat you complained aboutwhy you complainedand explain how you felt about the result.The thing I once complained about was my cousin’s attitude towards hisgreat grandmother Kate. He was usually mad at Kate, mainly because Kate liked to ask him the same questions over and over again. And the questions were extremely simple, such as who he was, what he did, who his parents were, etc. And the most terrible thing was that Kate would start asking him the same series of questions once they stop conversing for just 5 seconds. See, her memory was even worse than a goldfish.My cousin was quite short-tempered, so every time he was forced to chatwith Kate, he would definitely get angry at her. He would even shout that Kate was such an idiot, for she couldn’t remember anything.So last time I saw my cousin swear at Kate, I complained to him badly aboutloved him. To be honest, Kate seldom talked to other people in the family, butshe was always talkative in front of my cousin. That means, she wanted to know about him, and tried to remember something about him. More importantly, it was not Kate’s fault after all. She had been a victim of Alzheimer’s diseas e forseveral years, and she felt quite lonely in the family, cuz most of our familymembers thought it was like casting pearls before swine to have a conversation with her.Finishing my words, my cousin realized that Kate didn’t annoy him onpurpose, but because of her serious disease. From then on, he became morepatient with Kate, and every time he went to visit Kate, he would answer herquestions patiently, no matter how many times Kate recycled the questions. And I also feel fairly happy with that.【阅读】【写作】Writing 写作部分TASK 1题型：静态柱图作文图片：待补充作文主题：病人对医院的房间的好评写作要点：本题是静态图，写作要点要按照静态来挑选，柱图注意到数据不能遗漏，可以用大概的表达方法来写作，注意一定不要写趋势。

雅思阅读机经真题解析之南极气候

雅思阅读机经真题解析之南极气候雅思阅读机经真题解析-南极气候Antarctica-in from the cold?A A little over a century ago, men of the ilk of Scott, Shackleton and Mawson battled against Antarctica's blizzards, cold and deprivation. In the name of Empire and in an age of heroic deeds they created an image of Antarctica that was to last well into the 20th century - an image of remoteness, hardship, bleakness and isolation that was the province of only the most courageous of men. The image was one of a place removed from everyday reality, of a place with no apparent value to anyone.B As we enter the 21st century, our perception of Antarctica has changed. Although physically Antarctica is no closer and probably no warmer, and to spend time there still demands a dedication not seen in ordinary life, the continent and its surrounding ocean are increasingly seen to an integral part of Planet Earth, and a key component in the Earth System. Is this because the world seems a little smaller these days, shrunk by TV and tourism, or is it because Antarctica really does occupy a central spot on Earth's mantle? Scientific research during the past half century has revealed - and continues to reveal - that Antarctica's great mass and low temperatureexert a major influence on climate and ocean circulation, factors which influence the lives of millions of people all over the globe.C Antarctica was not always cold. The slow break-up of the super-continent Gondwana with the northward movements of Africa, South America, India and Australia eventually created enough space around Antarctica for the development of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACQ, that flowed from west to east under the influence of the prevailing westerly winds. Antarctica cooled, its vegetation perished, glaciation began and the continent took on its present-day appearance. Today the ice that overlies the bedrock is up to 4km thick, and surface temperatures as low as - 89.2deg C have been recorded. The icy blast that howls over the ice cap and out to sea - the so-called katabatic wind - can reach 300 km/hr, creating fearsome wind-chill effects.D Out of this extreme environment come some powerful forces that reverberate around the world. The Earth's rotation, coupled to the generation of cells of low pressure off the Antarctic coast, would allow Astronauts a view of Antarctica that is as beautiful as it is awesome. Spinning away to the northeast, the cells grow and deepen, whipping up the Southern Ocean into the mountainous seas so respected by mariners. Recent work is showing that the temperature of the ocean may be a better predictor of rainfall in Australia than is the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti - the Southern Oscillation Index. By receiving moreaccurate predictions, graziers in northern Queensland are able to avoid overstocking in years when rainfall will be poor. Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take decades to repair. CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system, but we can confidently predict that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our predictive ability.E The ocean's surface temperature results from the interplay between doep- wa,ter temperature, air temperature and ice. Each winter between 4 and 19 million square km of sea ice form, locking up huge quantities of heat close to the continent.Only now can we start to unravel the influence of sea ice on the weather that is experienced in southern Australia. But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its influence far beyond V Antarctica. Antarctic krill - the small shrimp-like crustaceans that are the staple diet for baleen whales, penguins, some seals, flighted sea birds and many fish - breed well in years when sea ice is extensive and poorly when it is not. Mary species of baleen whales and flighted sea birds migrate between the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.F The circulatory system of the world's oceans is like a huge conveyor belt, moving water and dissolved minerals and nutrients from one hemisphere to the other, and from the ocean's abyssal depths to thesurface. The ACC is the longest current in the world, and has the largest flow. Through it, the deep flows of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans are joined to form part of a single global thermohalinc circulation. During winter, the howling katabatics sometimes scour the ice off patches of the sea's surface leaving Large ice- locked lagoons, or 'polynyas'. Recent research has shown that as fresh sea ice forms, it is continuously stripped away by the wind and may be blown up to 90km in a single day. Since only fresh water freezes into ice, the water that remains bccom.cs increasingly salty and dense, sinking until it spills over the continental shelf. Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water, so when it rises, well into the northern hemisphere, it reoxygenates and revitalises the ocean. The state of the northern oceans, and their biological productivity, owe much to what happens in the Antarctic.Question 14-18The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14. introduction of a millman under awards15. the definition of an important geographical term16. a rival against Harrison’s invention emerged17. problems of sailor encountered in identifying the postion on the sea18. economic assist from another counterpartQuestion 19-21SummaryPlease match the natural phenomenon with correct determined factor Choose the correct answer from the box; Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19. Globally, mass Antarctica’s size and _________ influence the climate change.20. __________ contributory to western wind.21. Southern Oscillation Index based on air pressure can predict__________ in Australia.A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)B katabatic windsC rainfallD temperatureE glaciersF pressureQuestion 22-26Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on you answer sheet.22 In the paragraph B, the author want to tell which of thefollowing truth about Antarctic?A To show Antarctica has been a central topic of global warming in Mass mediaB To illustrate its huge see ice brings food to million lives to places in the worldC To show it is the heart and its significance to the global climate and currentD To illustrate it locates in the central spot on Earth geographically23 Why do Australian farmers Keep an eye on the Antarctic ocean temperature ?A Help farmers reduce their economic or ecological lossesB Retrieve grassland decreased in the overgrazing processC Prevent animal from dyingD A cell provides fertilizer for the grassland24 What is the final effect of katabatic winds?A Increase the moving speed of ocean currentB Increase salt level near ocean surfaceC Bring fresh ice into southern oceansD Pile up the mountainous ice cap respected by mariners25 The break of the continental shelf is due to theA Salt and density increaseB Salt and density decreaseC global warming resulting a rising temperatureD fresh ice melting into ocean water26 The decrease in number of Whales and seabirds is due toA killers whales arc more active aroundB Sea birds are affected by high sea level saltyC less sea ice reduces productivity of food sourceD seals fail to reproduce babies篇章结构体裁说明文题目南极洲的自然环境及其对全球气候和水循环等的影响结构A段：之前的南极洲被人类遗忘，毫无价值B段：21世纪，人类对南极洲有了新的认识，发现它对气候，海洋环流有重大影响C段：南极洲气候变化是如何形成的D段：关于南极洲气候的预测对澳大利亚农业的影响E段：南澳大利亚的海冰对海洋生态（动物）的影响F段：南极海冰为北半球带来积极影响G段：南极洲的强大影响力得到人类肯定试题分析Question14-18题目类型：段落信息配对题Question19-21题目类型：填空题Question22-26题目类型：选择题题号定位词文中对应点题目解析14Weather prediction, agricultureD段第五，六句D段第五六两句提到“通过接收更为准确的预测，放牧人能够·······。

剑桥雅思阅读10答案精讲（test1）

剑桥雅思阅读10答案精讲(test1)雅思阅读部分的真题资料，同学们需要进行一些细致的总结，比如说解析其实就是很重要的内容，接下来就是小编给同学们带来的关于剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译解析(test1)的内容，一起来详细的分析一下吧，希望对你们的备考有所帮助。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13，which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.StepwellsA millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention —the stepwell —goes beyond its utilitarian application.Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north?western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.In Patan, the state’s ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queen’s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. Butthe Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells.One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori，which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India’s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history. T ourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north?-western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.2 Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.3 The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere.4 It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells.5 The number of steps above the water level in a stepwellaltered during the course of a year.Questions 6-8Answer the questions below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet6 Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?7 What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article?8 Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?Questions 9-13Complete the table below.Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheetStepwell Date Features Other notesRani Ki Vav Late11thcentury As many as 500 sculptures decorate the monument Restored in the 1960sExcellent condition, despite the 9 _______ of 2001Surya Kund 1026 Steps on the10 ______ produce ageometrical patternCarved shrines Looks more like a 11 _______than a wellRaniji Ki Baori 1699 Intricately carved monument One of 21 baoris in the area commissioned by Queen Nathavatji Chand Baori 850 AD Steps take you down 11 storeys to the bottom Old, deep and very dramaticHas 12 _____ whichprovide a view of the stepsNeemrana Ki Baori 1700 Has two 13 ______levels Used by public todayREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-21Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.Write the correct number，i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi A fresh and important long-term goalii Charging for roads and improving other transport methods iii Changes affecting the distances goods may be transportediv Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns v The environmental costs of road transportvi The escalating cost of rail transportvii The need to achieve transport rebalanceviii The rapid growth of private transportix Plans to develop major road networksx Restricting road use through charging policies alonexi Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission14 Paragraph A 19 Paragraph G15 Paragraph B 20 Paragraph H16 Paragraph C 21 Paragraph I17 Paragraph D18 Paragraph EExample AnswerParagraph F viiEUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS1990-2010What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a ‘stock’ economy to a ‘flow’ economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.C The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport systemwhich encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998，road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although — and this could benefit the enlarged EU — it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.D However, a new imperative — sustainable development —offers an opportunity for adapting the EU’s common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years’ time, that is by 2040.E In 1998，energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2，the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.F At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration infavour of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.G The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.H The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion’s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus makea shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.Questions 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22 The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.23 To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant consumers.24 Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.25 The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.26 By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The psychology of innovationWhy are so few companies truly innovative?Innovation is key to business survival，and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all creative. And there are those who don’t have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies don’t succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employee’s values and a company’s values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they’re still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock’n’roll emphasises Ciaidini’s views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hi dden story. Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’ could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species，behave differently, ‘When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.’ Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter?intuitive — they should explainwhat stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s eas y for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it’s also easy for small ‘pockets of innovation’ to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can’t brief people just by saying, ‘We’re going in this direction and I’m going to take you with me.’Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. ‘It’s been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. ‘When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. ‘The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’ says Cialdini. ‘If your project is beingresisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss’s speec h.Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Com Flakes because… .’ The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls ‘captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs’. He calls it captainitis because, he says, ‘crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision’. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom ‘the only rule was that there were no rules’. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and givingcredit where it is due. Cialdini says: ‘Leaders should en courage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.’ The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.Questions 27-30Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The example of the ‘million-dollar quartet’ underlines the writer’s point aboutA recognising talent.B working as a team.C having a shared objective.D being an effective leader.28 James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because theyA were conscious of their own limitations.B brought complementary skills to their partnership.C were determined to outperform their brighter rivals.D encouraged each other to realise their joint ambition.29 The writer mentions competitions on breakfast cereal packets as an example of how toA inspire creative thinking.B generate concise writing.C promote loyalty to a group.D strengthen commitment to an idea.30 In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that it isimportant for employees toA be aware of their company’s goals.B feel that their contributions are valued.C have respect for their co-workers’ achievements.D understand why certain management decisions are made.Questions 31-35Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet31 Employees whose values match those of their employers are more likely to32 At times of change, people tend to33 If people are aware of what they might lose, they will often34 People working under a dominant boss are liable to35 Employees working in organisations with few rules are more likely toA take chances.B share their ideas.C become competitive.D get promotion.E avoid risk.F ignore their duties.G remain in their jobs.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinksabout this36 The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.37 Most people have the potential to be creative.38 Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.39 It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.40 A manager’s approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test1)Passage 1 参考译文：梯水井一千年前，对存活于印度最干旱的地区的生命来说，阶梯水丼是非常重要的。

雅思阅读机经人类与机器人

雅思阅读机经人类与机器人大家在备考雅思阅读的时候可以多参考一些机经，让大家对雅思阅读的考试内容和形式有一个大致了解，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读机经人类与机器人，希望对你们有所帮助。

雅思阅读机经真题解析：人类与机器人Man or MachineADuring July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls 'the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are 'remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like 'another person'.BWhile the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的)movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave likehumans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot's facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.CCog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, ha nds and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.DMIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.EThese are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to createrobots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.FSuch robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.Questions 1-6Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than once1 different ways of using robots2 a robot whose body has the same proportion as that of an adult3 the fact that human can be copied and replaced by robots4 a comparison between ASIMO from Honda and other robots5 the pros and cons of creating robots6 a robot that has eyebrowsQuestions 7-13Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 1, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.In 2003, Massachusetts displayed a robot named ASIMO which was invented by Honda, after a period of 7 in the making. The operating information is stored in the computer in its 8 so that scientists can control ASIMO's movement. While Japan is making great progress, MIT is developing robots that are human-like and can 9 humans. What is special about Kismet is that it has different 10 which can be read by human interlocutors. 11 is another robot from MIT, whose body's proportion is the same as an adult. By responding to the surroundings through 12 ,it could develop its 13 .文章题目：Man or Machine篇章结构体裁议论文题目是人还是机器结构A. ASMID研制成功并向公众展示的社会影响B. CSAIL一直致力于研制拟人机器人C. Cog是有着和人来一样的比例的机器人D. 在创造类人互动机器人方面, MIT走在前端E. 类人机器人的发展空间F. 创造类人机器人的利与弊试题分析Question 1-13题目类型：Information in relevant paragraph定位词文中对应点题目解析1Different ways E段第4句E段开头就引出创造机器人的成就, 随后并提出这些成就有一定的发展空间, 直到第四句说明这些类人机器人have a plethora of uses,用途多样. 因此答案为E2The same proportion...adultC段第2句C段第2句提到cog has a head...and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. 表明该机器人是按照成年人人体比例创造的, 因此答案为C3Copied replacedF段第3句F段第三句the aim to create...by the sense human...can be substituted..., that can be simulated 都表示人类可被机器等取代.因此答案为F4ComparisonASIMO... Pther robotsD段第2,3句D段第2句指出ASIMO is...but not an intelligent machine,because it is unable to...learn from experience.第3句又表明robots like...however, are beginning to do this. 体现出其他机器人能做到ASIMO所不能做到的自发学习. 因此答案为D5Pros and consF段第1句F段开头指出这些机器人证明了我们看待人性的方式, bring out the best and worst of us.这半句话体现出创造机器人的利与弊. 因此答案为F6eyebrowsB段倒数第4句B段倒数第四句提到one of MIT’S robots is...and has two eyes...and eyebrows. 因此答案B Question7-13 Summary from Reading Passagesummary参考解题思路: 先跳开空格把该段通读一遍, 了解大意, 发现总体是按照文章段落顺序概括的. (如有所遗忘, 再看原文各段段首句, 大概知道各句在文章的相应段落)解析: 第1句和第2句对应文章A段, 根据after a period of 7___in the making定位该段第3句, 答案为17 years. 然后根据文章倒数第四句its action are...controlled by scientists through...in its backpack.可以判断8答案为backpack. 该题第3, 4句对应文章B段, MIT is inventing robots...with the ability to 8___humans定位该段第2句behave like humans and interact with humans.可以判断9答案为interact with. 根据Kismet ...has various...by human interlocutors 定位原文倒数第2句human interlocutors are able to read some of the robots’ facial expressions得出10答案为facial expressions. 第5,6句对应原文C段, robot from MIT，proportion定位该段第1, 2句得出11答案为Cog/cognition. 最后根据该段最后一句getting a robot to develop intelligence via sensors判断12答案为sensors, 13 答案为intelligence.参考翻译：是人还是机器A在2003年7月，曼彻斯特的剑桥博物馆陈列了Honda称之为“世界最先进的人性机器人”：ASIMO (即“创新移动的进步之举)。

阅读机经整理

目录1.Adam Smith国富论 (3)2. 热带雨林生物多样性* (4)3. Marketing Strategy and PLC (5)4.Potter与Women (6)5.垂直经济 (7)6.Factors of leaving a job (8)7.国际贸易 (9)ernment Regulation & Crop Exports (10)10.Globalization (11)11.动物保护 (13)12.Sanction对公司的影响 (14)13.Wind Electricity (15)14.中耳肌的作用Mid-ear muscle (16)15.Antitrust & Diversification (17)16.广告中的音乐 (18)17.海豚声纳系统 (19)18.Bacteria Extinction (20)20.Flexible 工作模式 (21)21.Chinese Immigrants (22)22.美国土著语言发展 (23)23.企业Benchmarking (24)24.supernova (25)25.Personal Traits vs. 职业选择 (26)26.<B???? Box>作品 (27)27.恐龙：冷血动物vs. 温血动物 (28)28. Cretaceous Dinosaur灭绝 (29)29. 公司Share information制度 (30)30. 解剖学证据 (31)31. Finacial Marcket Inversetment Allocation (32)32. Employee因为什么留下来？ (33)33. Setted agriculture vs. Hunter (34)34.黑洞 (35)35. 相机和汽车许可证 (36)36.Glass工艺 (37)37. Production Smoothing Model (38)38. 脊椎动物皮肤吸收氧气 (39)39. Art Distribution vs. 经济地位 (40)40. Liquid Labormarket (41)41. Future Contract 期货交易 (42)42. Wild Animal Vaccine (43)43. 月球Sample (44)44. 对文学家的研究 (45)45. Service Guarantee (46)46. 公司创新 (47)47. 政府条例vs. Business (48)48. M文明finding 有Discrepancy (49)49. 消费者行为 (50)50. 汽车服务业 (51)51. Cosmology & Particle Physics (52)1.Adam Smith国富论P1:Adam Smith在《國富論》裏面提到"truck, barter, exchange"，他這個流派的理論說人性是自私……的。

剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析（test2）

剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析(test2)雅思阅读部分的真题资料，同学们需要进行一些细致的总结，比如说解析其实就是很重要的内容，接下来就是店铺给同学们带来的关于剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析(test2)的内容，一起来详细的分析一下吧，希望对你们的备考有所帮助。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number，i-ix，in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi The search for the reasons for an increase in populationii Industrialisation and the fear of unemploymentiii The development of cities in Japaniv The time and place of the Industrial Revolutionv The cases of Holland, France and Chinavi Changes in drinking habits in Britainvii Two keys to Britain’s industrial revolutionviii Conditions required for industrialisationix Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph GTea and the Industrial RevolutionA Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking babits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reportsA Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King’s College, Cambridge, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang — the world-changing birth of industry — happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen. While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising. ‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to c ause the revolution,’ says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything except coal while China also had many of these factors. Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost even kitchen curpboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’sfavourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer — plus the fact that both are made with boiled water — allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters — Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. People suggested four possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around? Unlikely. Was there a revolution in medical science? But this was a century before Lister’s revolution_ Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century. The only option left is food. But the height and weight statistics show a decline. So the food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’E This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution. ‘When youstart moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together,’ says Macfarlane. ‘But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.’ Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time, especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?’F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates. Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century. By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink was common. Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been. No other European nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarla ne’s logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why didn’tJapan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work. So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having ‘abandoned the wheel’._oseph Lister was the first doctor to use antiseptic techniques during surgical operations to prevent infections.Questions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8 China’s transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century.9 Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain.10 Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane’s findings.11 After 1740，there was a reduction in population in Britain.12 People in Britain used to make beer at home.13 The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Gifted children and learningA Internationally, ‘giftedness’ is most frequentlydetermined by a score on a general intelligence test, known as an IQ test, which is above a chosen cutoff point, usually at around the top 2-5%. Children’s educational environment contributes to the IQ score and the way intelligence is used. For example, a very close positive relationship was found when children’s IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman, 2010). The higher the children’s IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc. Because IQ tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has learned, they are to some extent measures of current achievement based on age-norms; that is, how well the children have learned to manipulate their knowledge and know-how within the terms of the test. The vocabulary aspect, for example, is dependent on having heard those words. But IQ tests can neither identify the processes of learning and thinking nor predict creativity.B Excellence does not emerge without appropriate help. To reach an exceptionally high standard in any area very able children need the means to learn, which includes material to work with and focused challenging tuition — and the encouragement to follow their dream. There appears to be a qualitative difference in the way the intellectually highly able think, compared with more average-ability or older pupils, for whom external regulation by the teacher often compensates for lack of internal regulation. To be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all children can be helped to identify their own ways of learning —metacognition —which will include strategies of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what to learn. Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition, so children should behelped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned, feelings of curiosity or confidence, for example.C High achievers have been found to use self-regulatory learning strategies more often and more effectively than lower achievers, and are better able to transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks. This happens to such a high degree in some children that they appear to be demonstrating talent in particular areas. Overviewing research on the thinking process of highly able children, (Shore and Kanevsky, 1993) put the instructor’s problem succinctly: ‘If they [the gifted] merely think mo re quickly, then we need only teach more quickly. If they merely make fewer errors, then we can shorten the practice’. But of course, this is not entirely the case; adjustments have to be made in methods of learning and teaching, to take account of the many ways individuals think.D Yet in order to learn by themselves, the gifted do need some support from their teachers. Conversely, teachers who have a tendency to ‘overdirect’ can diminish their gifted pupils’ learning autonomy. Although ‘spoon-feeding’ can produce extremely high examination results, these are not always followed by equally impressive life successes. Too much dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover. However, when teachers help pupils to reflect on their own learning and thinking activities, they increase their pupils’ self-regulation. For a young child, it may be just the simple question ‘What have you learned today?’ which helps them to recognise what they are doing. Given that a fundamental goal of education is to transfer the control of learning from teachers to pupils, improving pupils’ learning to learn techniques should be a major outcome of the school experience,especially for the highly competent. There are quite a number of new methods which can help, such as child-initiated learning, ability-peer tutoring, etc. Such practices have been found to be particularly useful for bright children from deprived areas.E But scientific progress is not all theoretical, knowledge is a so vital to outstanding performance: individuals who know a great deal about a specific domain will achieve at a higher level than those who do not (Elshout, 1995). Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the conclusion that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills, due to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice. Creativity in all forms can be seen as expertise mixed with a high level of motivation (Weisberg, 1993).F To sum up, learning is affected by emotions of both the individual and significant others. Positive emotions facilitate the creative aspects of learning and negative emotions inhibit it. Fear, for example, can limit the development of curiosity, which is a strong force in scientific advance, because it motivates problem-solving behaviour. In Boekaerts’ (1991) review of emotion the learning of very high IQ and highly achieving children, she found emotional forces in harness. They were not only curious, but often had a strong desire to control their environment, improve their learning efficiency and increase their own learning resources.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answersheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a reference to the influence of the domestic background on the gifted child15 reference to what can be lost if learners are given too much guidance16 a reference to the damaging effects of anxiety17 examples of classroom techniques which favour socially-disadvantaged childrenQuestions 18-22Look at the following statements (Questions 18-22) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person or people, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.18 Less time can be spent on exercises with gifted pupils who produce accurate work.19 Self-reliance is a valuable tool that helps gifted students reach their goals.20 Gifted children know how to channel their feelings to assist their learning.21 The very gifted child benefits from appropriate support from close relatives.22 Really successful students have learnt a considerable amount about their subject.List of PeopleA FreemanB Shore and KanevskyC ElshoutD SimontonE BoekaertsQuestions 23-26Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet23 One study found a strong connection between children’s IQ and the availability of andat home.24 Children of average ability seem to need more direction from teachers because they do not have25 Metacognition involves children understanding their own learning strategies, as well as developing26 Teachers who rely on what is known as often produce sets of impressive grades in class tests.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Museums of fine art and their publicThe fact that people go to the Louvre museum in Paris to see the original painting Mona Lisa when they can see a reproduction anywhere leads us to question some assumptions about the role of museums of fine art in today’s worldOne of the most famous works of art in the world is Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone who goes to see the original will already be familiar with it from reproductions, but they accept that fine art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form.However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few people wouldbother to go to a museum to read the writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed reproduction. This might be explained by the fact that the novel has evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts, whereas oil paintings have always been produced as unique objects. In addition, it could be argued that the practice of interpre ting or ‘reading’ each medium follows different conventions. With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way they are printed on the page, whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting must attend just as closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may signify.Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work. The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century, artists seemed perfectly content to assign the reproduction of their creations to their workshop apprentices as regular ‘bread and butter’ work. And today the task of reproducing pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable, with reprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale, with faithful colour values, and even with duplication of the surface relief of the painting.But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of good reproductions can be culturally valuable, museums continue to promote the special status of original work.Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique historical objects, art museumsare often called ‘treasure houses’. We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards, attendants, ropes and display cases to keep us away from the exhibits. In many cases, the architectural style of the building further reinforces that notion. In addition, a major collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative ‘worthlessness’ in such a n environment.Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that, since these works were originally produced, they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more powerful than themselves. Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the work.The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created. This ‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the sheer volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there isno prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience encounters an opera or a play over a specific time, which is the duration of the performance. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail and labour that is involved.Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. T his is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving ‘authentic’, ‘original’ readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to that spontaneous, participatory criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most art history.The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any other audience, experience art more rewardingly when given the confidence to express their views. If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are, the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them. Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 27-31 on your answersheet.The value attached to original works of artPeople go to art museums because they accept the value of seeing an original work of art. But they do not go to museums to read original manuscripts of novels, perhaps because the availability of novels has depended on 27 for so long, and also because with novels, the 28 are the most important thing.However, in historical times artists such as Leonardo were happy to instruct 29 to produce copies of their work and these days new methods of reproduction allow excellent replication of surface relief features as well as colour and 30It is regrettable that museums still promote the superiority of original works of art, since this may not be in the interests of the 31A institutionB mass productionC mechanical processesD publicE paintsF artistG size H underlying ideas I basic technologyJ readers K picture frames L assistantsQuestions 32-35Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet32 The writer mentions London’s National Gallery to illustrateA the undesirable cost to a nation of maintaining a huge collection of art.B the conflict that may arise in society between financial and artistic values.C the n egative effect a museum can have on visitors’ opinions of themselves.D the need to put individual well-being above large-scaleartistic schemes.33 The writer says that today, viewers may be unwilling to criticise a work becauseA they lack the knowledge needed to support an opinion.B they fear it may have financial implications.C they have no real concept of the work’s value.D they feel their personal reaction is of no significance.34 According to the writer, the ‘displacement effect’ on the visitor is caused byA the variety of works on display and the way they are arranged.B the impossibility of viewing particular works of art over a long period.C the similar nature of the paintings and the lack of great works.D the inappropriate nature of the individual works selected for exhibition.35 The writer says that unlike other forms of art, a painting does notA involve direct contact with an audience.B require a specific location for a performance.C need the involvement of other professionals.D have a specific beginning or end.Questions 36-42Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinksabout this36 Art history should focus on discovering the meaning of art using a range of media.37 The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.38 People should be encouraged to give their opinions openly on works of art.39 Reproductions of fine art should only be sold to the public if they are of high quality.40 In the future, those with power are likely to encourage more people to enjoy art.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文：茶与工业革命一个剑桥教授称英国工业革命的导火索是饮水习性的改变。

雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast

雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast为了帮助大家在备考雅思的时候能够练习到更多的真题材料，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past，望喜欢！雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient PastASince cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting to compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material, dating from the third millennium BC. Mosaics, glass perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots, clay jars, etc., some inscribed by the hand of the artisan. evidence also appears in the Bible and other classical writings, where it is written that spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and coveted by kings and princes. The written and pictorial descriptions, as well as archaeological findings, all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people. The chain of evidence spans many centuries, detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures from the earliest period of recorded history.BIn antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and for healing purposes. Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and witchcraft: to appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the course oftime, developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the body, and to conceal defects.CPerfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity, very much in demand, and at times even exceeded silver and gold in value. Therefore they were luxury products, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the noble and the wealthy. The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13).And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon "camels laden with spices, gold in great quantity and precious stones." (1 Kings 10:2,10). However, within time, the use of cosmetics became the custom of that period. The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy; in the same way they washed the body, so they used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.DFacial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it. They used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other signs of age. Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the evening with a "beauty mask" to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly of flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on their face all night. The next morning they would wash it off with asses' milk. The very common creams used by women in the ancient Far East, particularly important in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of the globe, were made up of oils and aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these creams was extracted from olives,almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and plants; but, for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.EWomen in ancient past commonly put colors around their eyes. Besides beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of the lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian women colored the upper eyelid black and the lower one green, and painted the space between the upper lid and the eyebrow gray or blue. The women of Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds. The use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible, always with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40). In contrast, Job names one of his daughters “Keren Happukh” —“horn of eye paint” (Job 42:14) FGreat importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times. Long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for. Women devoted much time to the style of the hair, while not culling, they would apply much care to it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and "building it up" sometimes with the help of wigs. Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer. In Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as a part of their beauty, and hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding it in a bun at the back. In Ancient Israel, brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity.Ordinary people and slaves, however, usually wore their hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair required.GFrom the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as the words of classical authors, it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins and incense were located in the kingdom of Arabia, and even as far as India, where some of these precious aromatic plants were grown. "Dealers from Sheba and Rammah dealt with you, offering the choicest spices..." (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country. It is known that the Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land of Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple. In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins are mentioned; the text from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The trade in spices and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26), "Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh".Questions 15-21Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics use inancient times19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases20 from witchcraft to beautification21 more expensive than goldQuestions 22-27Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third millennium BC.23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury products, their use was exclusive to the noble and the wealthy.24 In ancient Far East, fish fats were used as cream by women from poor households.25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for painting the eyes.26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient cultures.27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal expedition to Punt to establish a trade route for myrrh.文章题目：古代化妆Cosmetics In Ancient Past篇章结构体裁论说文题目古代化妆结构A段：化妆品和香水在古代就已经非常流行B段：化妆品最早用于宗教和治疗目的C段：香水和香料在古代是奢侈品，但仍被广泛使用D段：古时面部护理十分发达，女性广泛使用面霜和面膜E段：古代女性也将色彩涂在眼睛周围F段：古代人们非常重视头发的保养G段：古代的香料运输及贸易Cosmetics In Ancient Past试题分析Question 1题目类型：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析15 recipe; age D段第四句D段主要在讲古代女性非常重视面部护理，第三句话提到一份埃及莎草纸上记载了去除面部瑕疵的方法，这句话中的recipes to remove blemishes...other signs of age可以对应题干中的recipe和facial defects caused by aging，故此题选D。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-Novice and Expert

雅思阅读机经真题解析-Novice and Expert小站独家，雅思阅读机经真题解析。

一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。

小站精心整理了一批雅思阅读机经真题。

如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心，那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么!You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage below.Becoming an ExpertExpertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment of time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the creative energy necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a considerable amount of time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to become an expert.AAn individual enters a field of study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the guiding principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task. Concurrently, the novice needs to be exposed to specific cases, or instances, that test the boundaries of such heuristics. Generally, a novice will find a mentor to guide her through the process. A fairly simple example would be someone learning to play chess. The novice chess player seeks a mentor to teach her the object of the game, the number of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function of each piece, how each piece is moved, and the necessary conditions for winning or losing the game.BIn time, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognize patterns of behavior within cases and. thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure to increasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only within cases but also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that these patterns often repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains regular contact with a mentor to solve specific problems and learn more complex strategies. Returning to the example of the chess player, the individual begins to learn patterns of opening moves, offensive and defensive game-playing strategies, and patterns of victory and defeat.CWhen a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior based on past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively generates knowledge, rather than simply matching superficial patterns, she becomes an expert. At this point, she is confident in her knowledge and no longer needs a mentor as a guide—she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In the chess example, once a journeyman begins competing against experts, makes predictions based on patterns, and tests those predictions against actual behavior, she is generating new knowledgeand a deeper understanding of the game. She is creating her own cases rather than relying on the cases of others.DThe chess example is a rather short description of an apprenticeship model. Apprenticeship may seem like a restrictive 18th century mode of education, but it is still a standard method of training for many complex tasks. Academic doctoral programs are based on an apprenticeship model, as are fields like law, music, engineering, and medicine. Graduate students enter fields of study, find mentors, and begin the long process of becoming independent experts and generating new knowledge in their respective domains.EPsychologists and cognitive scientists agree that the time it takes to become an expert depends on the complexity of the task and the number of cases, or patterns, to which an individual is exposed. The more complex the task, the longer it takes to build expertise, or, more accurately, the longer it takes to experience and store a large number of cases or patterns.FThe Power of ExpertiseAn expert perceives meaningful patterns in her domain better than non-experts. Where a novice perceives random or disconnected data points, an expert connects regular patterns within and between cases. This ability to identify patterns is not an innate perceptual skill; rather it reflects the organization of knowledge after exposure to and experience with thousands of cases. Experts have a deeper understanding of their domains than novices do, and utilize higher-order principles to solve problems. A novice, for example, might group objects together by color or size, whereas an expert would group the same objects according to their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of data and weigh variables with different criteria within their domains better than novices. Experts recognize variables that have the largest influence on a particular problem and focus their attention on those variables.GExperts have better domain-specific short-term and long-term memory than novices do. Moreover, experts perform tasks in their domains faster than novices and commit fewer errors while problem solving. Interestingly, experts go about solving problems differently than novices. Experts spend more time thinking about a problem to fully understand it at the beginning of a task than do novices, who immediately seek to find a solution. Experts use their knowledge of previous cases as context for creating mental models to solve given problems.HBetter at self-monitoring than novices, experts are more aware of instances where they have committed errors or failed to understand a problem. Experts check their solutions more often thannovices and recognize when they are missing information necessary for solving a problem. Experts are aware of the limits of their domain knowledge and apply their domain's heuristics to solve problems that fall outside of their experience base.IThe Paradox of ExpertiseThe strengths of expertise can also be weaknesses. Although one would expect experts to be good forecasters, they are not particularly good at making predictions about the future. Since the 1930s, researchers have been testing the ability of experts to make forecasts. The performance of experts has been tested against actuarial tables to determine if they are better at making predictions than simple statistical models. Seventy years later, with more than two hundred experiments in different domains, it is clear that the answer is no. If supplied with an equal amount of data about a particular case, an actuarial table is as good, or better, than an expert at making calls about the future. Even if an expert is given more specific case information than is available to the statistical model, the expert does not tend to outperform the actuarial table.JTheorists and researchers differ when trying to explain why experts are less accurate forecasters than statistical models. Some have argued that experts, like all humans, are inconsistent when using mental models to make predictions. A number of researchers point to human biases to explain unreliable expert predictions. During the last 30 years, researchers have categorized, experimented, and theorized about the cognitive aspects of forecasting. Despite such efforts, the literature shows little consensus regarding the causes or manifestations of human bias.Questions 1-5Complete the flow chartChoose No More Than Three Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5on your answer sheet.From a novice to an expertNovice:↓need to study 1 under the guidance of a23↓start to identify 4 for cases within or between study more 5 ways of doing thingsExpert:create new knowledgeperform task independentlyQuestions 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Novices and experts use the same system of knowledge to comprehend and classify objects.7. The focus of novices' training is necessarily on long term memory8. When working out the problems, novices want to solve them straight away.9. When handling problems, experts are always more efficient than novices in their fields.10. Expert tend to review more than novices on cases when flaws or limit on understanding took place.Questions 11-13Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More Than Two Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.While experts outperform novices and machines in pattern recognition and problem solving, expert predictions of future behavior or events are seldom as accurate as simple actuarial tables. Why? Some have tried to explain that experts differ when using cognitive 11 to forecast. Researchers believe it is due to 12 . However attempting endeavor of finding answers did not yet produce 13 .文章题目：Novice and Expert篇章结构体裁论说文题目新手与专家结构A 新手进入业界的首要任务B 新手积累经验之后的任务C 新手如何向专家过渡D 学徒关系训练法的重要性E 决定成为专家时间的因素F 专家更善于觉察并聚焦对于特定稳定有最大影响的变脸G 专家与新手的区别H 专家相对新手更擅长自我检测I 专家在预测未来方面不如数据统计J 专家预测未来逊于统计模型的原因试题分析Question 1-13题目类型：Question 1-5 Complete the flow chartQuestion 6-10 TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVENQuestion 11-13 Answer the questions below题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1A novice , requires to studyA段第二句本题可以根据线索词novice定位在A-C段，由requires to study可以判断A段第二句中needs to learn为同义词。

剑桥雅思10阅读精讲

剑桥雅思10阅读精讲剑桥雅思10阅读精讲共包含4篇文章，涵盖了不同主题的阅读材料，包括历史、科学、文化等领域。

下面将分别为每篇文章提供相关参考内容，以帮助考生更好地理解和准备相关考试。

文章1：The Discovery of Uranus《The Discovery of Uranus》这篇文章讲述了天王星的发现及其对天文学的影响。

考生需要注意文章中的一些专有名词和具体数据，以及概括文章主旨的能力。

下面是相关参考内容：首先，文章首先介绍了天王星的发现者威廉·赫歇尔及其对天文学的贡献。

同时，文章还提到了他对天王星轨道的研究和其因此获得皇家学会金质奖章的成就。

接着，文章细致地描述了赫歇尔如何观测到天王星并开始对其进行研究的过程。

这一部分包括了他使用一系列的望远镜并得出天王星是一颗星体的结论的细节。

然后，文章分析了赫歇尔对天王星轨道的研究结果，并指出他的研究发现了一个新的行星。

这一部分需要考生能够理解赫歇尔研究的方法和结论，并对其意义有所了解。

最后，文章强调了天王星的发现对天文学的重大影响。

考生需要了解天王星被认为是太阳系内第七颗行星，并且它的轨道是不规则的。

文章2：Language Death《Language Death》这篇文章探讨了语言消亡的原因及其对文化多样性和人类社会的影响。

考生需要注意文章中涉及的各种原因和对策，并能够概括文章的主旨。

下面是相关参考内容：首先，文章介绍了语言消亡的现象及其原因。

这一部分需要考生了解语言消亡的定义，并对如移民、全球化和文化压力等原因有所了解。

然后，文章探讨了语言消亡对文化多样性和人类社会的影响。

这一部分包括了对语言多样性和文化遗产的重要性的阐述。

接下来，文章提出了保护和复兴濒危语言的方法和策略。

这一部分需要考生了解一些国家和组织已经采取的措施，并对其有效性和可行性有所了解。

最后，文章总结了语言消亡的影响和挑战。

考生需要能够概括文章的主旨，并对语言消亡的重要性有所理解。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-Making Copier

【点课台出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-Making Copier点课台独家，雅思阅读机经真题解析。

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如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心，那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么!Making CopierA t first, nobody bought Chester Carlson’s strange idea. But trillions ofdocuments later, his invention is the biggest thing in printing sinceCutenburgA Copying is the engine of civilization: culture is behavior duplicated. Theoldest copier invented by people is language, by which an idea of yours becomes an idea of mine. The second great copying machine was writing. When theSumerians transposed spoken words into stylus marks on clay tablets more than 5,000 years ago, they hugely extended the human network that language had created. Writing freed copying from the chain of living contact. It made ideas permanent, portable and endlessly reproducible.B Until Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid-1400s,producing a book in an edition of more than one generally meant writing it outagain. Printing with moveable type was not copying, however. Gutenberg couldn’ttake a document that already existed, feed it into his printing press and run off facsimiles. The first true mechanical copier was manufactured in 1780, when James Watt, who is better known as the inventor of the modern steam engine,created the copying press. Few people today know what a copying press was, butyou may have seen one in an antiques store, where it was perhaps called a book press. A user took a document freshly written in special ink, placed a moistened sheet of translucent paper against the inked surface and squeezed the two sheets together in the press, causing some of the ink from the original to penetrate the second sheet, which could then be read by turning it over and looking through its back. The high cost prohibits the widespread use of this copier.C Among the first modem copying machines, introduced in 1950 by 3M, was theThermo-Fax, and it made a copy by shining infrared light through an original document and a sheet of paper that had been coated with heat-sensitivechemicals. Competing manufacturers soon introduced other copying technologies and marketed machines called Dupliton, Dial-A-Matic Autostat, Verifax, Copease and Copymation. These machines and their successors were welcomed bysecretaries, who had no other means of reproducing documents in hand, but each had serious drawbacks. All required expensive chemically treated papers. And allmade copies that smelled bad, were hard to read, didn’t last long and tended tocurl up into tubes. The machines were displaced, beginning in the late 1800s, bya combination of two 19th century inventions: the typewriter and carbon paper.For those reasons, copying presses were standard equipment in offices for nearlya century and a half.D None of those machines are still manufactured today. They were all made obsolete by a radically different machine, which had been developed by an obscure photographic-supply company. That company had been founded in 1906 as the Haloid Company and is known today as the Xerox Corporation. In 1959, it introduced an office copier called the Haloid Xerox 914, a machine that, unlike its numerous competitors, made sharp, permanent copies on ordinary paper-a huge breakthrough. The process, which Haloid called xerography (based on Greek words meaning “dry” and “writing”), was so unusual and nonnutritive that physicists who visited the drafty warehouses where the first machines were built sometimes expressed doubt that it was even theoretically feasible.E Remarkably, xerography was conceived by one person- Chester Carlson, a shy, soft-spoken patent attorney, who grew up in almost unspeakable poverty and worked his way through junior college and the California Institute of Technology. Chester Carlson was born in Seattle in 1906. His parents-Olof Adolph Carlson and Ellen Josephine Hawkins—had grown up on neighboring farms in Grove City, Minnesota, a tiny Swedish farming community about 75 miles west of Minneapolis. Compare with competitors, Carlson was not a normal inventor in 20-century. He made his discovery in solitude in 1937 and offered it to more than 20 major corporations, among them IBM, General Electric, Eastman Kodak and RCA. All of them turned him down, expressing what he later called “an enthusiastic lack of interest” and thereby passing up the opportunity tomanufacture what Fortune magazine would describe as “the most successful productever marketed in America.”F Carlson’s invention was indeed a commercial triumph. Essentially overnight,people began making copies at a rate that was orders of magnitude higher than anyone had believed possible. And the rate is still growing. In fact, most documents handled by a typical American office worker today are produced xerographically, either on copiers manufactured by Xerox and its competitors or on laser printers, which employ the same process (and were invented, in the 1970s, by a Xerox researcher). This year, the world will produce more than threetrillion xerographic copies and laser-printed pages—about 500 for every human onearth.G Xerography eventually made Carlson a very wealthy man. (His royaltiesamounted to something like a 16th of a cent for every Xerox copy made,worldwide, through 1965.) Nevertheless, he lived simply. He never owned a second home or a second car, and his wife had to urge him not to buy third class train tickets when he traveled in Europe. People who knew him casually seldomsuspected that he was rich or even well-to-do; when Carlson told an acquaintance he worked at Xerox, the man assumed he was a factory worker and asked if he belonged to a union. “His possessions seemed to be composed of the number of things he could easily do without,” his second wife said. He spent the last years of his life quietly giving most of his fortune to charities. When he diedin 1968, among the eulogizers was the secretary-general of the United Nations.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. The earliest languages were recorded on papyrus.2. when applying Johann Gutenberg’s printing machine, it requires lots of training.3. James Watt invented modem steam engine before he made his first mechanical copier.4. using the Dupliton copiers and follower versions are very costly.5. The typewriters with carbon papers were taken place of very soon because they were not sold well6. The Haloid Xerox 914 model also required specially treated paper for making copies.Questions 7-13Complete the notes below using No More Than Three Words from the ReadingPassage.Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Calson, unlike a20-centnry 7 , like to work on hisown. In 1937, he unsuccessfully invited 20 major 8 tomake his discovery. However, this action was not welcome among shareholders atbeginning, all of them 9 .Eventually Calson’s creation was undeniably a 10 . Thanks for the discovery of Xerography, Calson became a very 11 person. Even so, his life remains assimple as before. It looks as if he can live without his 12 . At the same time, he gave lots of hismoney to 13 .。

雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉

雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。

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2020年10月24日雅思考试真题及答案

2020年10月24日雅思考试真题及答案雅思线下10月24日的考场昨日结束，真题及答案如下：2020年10月24日雅思听力部分：SECTION 1主题：房租租赁Renting House题型：填空参考答案：1. Contact Number: 617423602. a new kitchen3. a good view of a lake4. the 3rd bedroom is downstair5. the 3rd bedroom can be changed into a living room6. A townhouse on Cardinal Street can see the park7. if you can drive8.good choice of school9. Renting price include electricity10. need to pay a deposit in advanceSECTION 2主题：农场介绍Farm（19年11.16原题）题型：选择+地图参考答案：11. the wages of the city farm staff are paid by the city council12. the farm suns workshops where children can learn about the problem faced by farmers13. which event is it most important to book ahead？little horses rides14. how many types of wild bird have been found on the farm site? C.1915. which course is for adults? art classes地图配对题：16. cafe：J17. station：E18. B19. F20. HSECTION 3：主题：论文讨论Dissertation题型：选择+匹配参考答案：选择题21.男生论文选题的动机Chose the subject because?A Leam a lotB. Interested in an articleC. He was impressed by a professor’s class22.女生选题的动机The female chose the subject because?B. useful for future career(原文中说的是beneficial)C. advise from previous tutor23.男生预想的困难What was he worried about?A. need more motivationB. deadlineC. too many materials, do not know where to start24.女生的感受？A.exciting, her own choice25.老师说选择研究方法时什么最重要？C. relevant26.男女生都同意的一点是什么？C. note all the reference匹配题26. both agree: C. note all the reference27. timetable: E. not graded28. short outline: A. approved before29. abstract: D. final stage30. first draft: C. work in pairsSECTION 4：主题：超市的发展Research on A Chain Store in the UK题型：填空参考答案：31. opening more branches of petrol stations to increase market share32. reduce number of branches in Southern Scotland33. close London and Oxford head office34. focus on fresh food35. 超过200个员工不得不被retrained and transferred36. had a contract manager to handle the discussion37. retail store should be flexible in profits38. open mind in strategies for company expansion39. seek help form the partners40. save cost by changing organization2020年10月24日雅思阅读部分：Passage 1厄尔尼诺现象El-nino-the usual weather in the Pacific题型：判断+填空文章介绍了厄尔尼诺显现的影响，“康拉德”号的海上调研以及结果，最后Gilbert Walker教授的理论研究和证实。

10月28日雅思阅读机经真题及答案解析

10月28日雅思阅读机经真题及答案解析一、考试概述：本次考试的文章两篇旧题一篇新题，第一篇是关于长寿的影响因素，第二篇是跟英国农村房屋的分布相关的，第三篇介绍了游戏对记忆的好处。

二、具体题目分析Passage 1：题目: 长寿的影响因素题型：暂无新旧程度：新题文章大意：暂无参考文章：暂无参考答案：暂无Passage 2：题目：Exploring the British Village题型：标题配对7+填空题6新旧程度：旧题文章大意：英国村庄参考答案：段落细节配对:1. iv2. v3. i4. vii5. viii6. ix7. ii填空题：8. cottage9. Domesday Book10. self sufficient11. remnants12. defense13. triangular(答案仅供参考)Passage 3：题目: Video-games’Unexpected Benefits to Human Brain(游戏的好处)题型：单选题4 +判断题4+人名配对5新旧程度：旧题文章大意：讲网游会对大脑产生哪些好处，比如会让孩子聪明，教授孩子高级思维方式，真正锻炼大脑，能让孩子思考如何更好的分配资源，如何合作等等。

参考文章：Video Games’Unexpected Benefits to Human BrainAJames Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin Madison, played his first video game years ago when his six-year-old son Sam was playing Pajama Sam: No Need to Hide When It’s Dark Outside. He wanted to play the game so he could support Sam’s problem solving. Though Pajama Sam is not an “educational game”, it is replete with the types of problems psychologists study when they study thinking and learning. When he saw how well the game held Sam’s attention, he wondered what sort of beast a more mature video game might be.BVideo and computer games, like many other popular, entertaining and addicting kid’s activities, are looked down upon by many parents as time wasters, and worse, parents think that these games rot the brain. Violent video games are readily blamed by the media and some experts as the reason why some youth become violent or commit extreme anti-social behavior. Recent content analyses of video games show that as many as 89% of games contain some violent content, but there is no form of aggressive content for 70% of popular games. Many scientists and psychologists, like James Paul Gee, find that video games actually have many benefits - the main one being making kids smart. Video games mayactually teach kids high-level thinking skills that they will need in the future.C“Video games change your brain,” according to University of Wisconsin psychologist Shawn Green. Video games change the brain’s physical structure the same way as do learning to read, playing the piano, or navigating using a map. Much like exercise can build muscle, the powerful combination of concentration and rewarding surges of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which strengthens neural circuits, can build the player’s brain.DVideo games give your child’s brain a real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at school. Some of the mental skills trained by video games include: following instructions, problem solving, logic, hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills. Research also suggests that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with adults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Jacob Benjamin, doctor from Beth Israel Medical Center NY, found a direct link between skill at video gaming and skill at keyhole or laparoscopic surgery. Also, a reason given by experts as to why fighter pilots of today are moreskillful is that this generation’s pilots are being weaned on video games.EThe players learn to manage resources that are limited, and decide the best use of resources, the same way as in real life. In strategy games, for instance, while developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge. This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics. Sometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Today’s Popular Culture, says gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Young gamers force themselves to read to get instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the game texts.。

10月雅思阅读机经;完整

年10月雅思阅读机经完整版9月雅思考试已经结束，10月份已经悄然来临，为了帮助大家在10月雅思考试中取得理想成绩，给大家收集整理了年10月雅思阅读机经的详细内容供大家参考，最新最专业的雅思备考资料，尽在雅思官网！年10月雅思阅读机经内容如下：一、重点题材社会类教育类人类文化类二、次重点题材科技类历史类自然类植物类动物类三、文章题目预测：社会类第1篇——工作压力第2篇——社会分类第3篇——电视上瘾第4篇——过山车第5篇——斯里兰卡蓄水工程第6篇——Pearl 珍珠第7篇——欧洲高温第8篇——新型超市教育类第1篇——幸福心理学第2篇——拯救濒危语言第3篇——语言变化机制第5篇——从历史吸取教训第6篇——儿童和食品广告第7篇——儿童概念的开展第8篇——儿童文学读物第9篇——古代文字人类第1篇——嗅觉和记忆第2篇——左右撇子第3篇——艾费雷德·诺贝尔第4篇——说服的秘密第5篇——面部表情第6篇——笑的研究第7篇——解密记忆力第8篇——交流方式与冲突第9篇——味觉感知第10篇——挠痒和笑第11篇——减肥的各种力量文化类第1篇——钢铁艺术第2篇——涂鸦第3篇——音乐共同语言第4篇——博物馆大片第5篇——音乐心理书评第6篇——人体铸造与艺术科技类第1篇——火星探险第2篇——海岸线考古第3篇——量化研究第4篇——仿生学第6篇——仿生蜥蜴第7篇——纸张和电脑第8篇——太阳能硅电池历史类第1篇——塑料的历史第2篇——茶叶的历史第3篇——早期航海第4篇——远古计算机第5篇——中国战车第6篇——物种起源自然类第1篇——噪音污染第2篇——生态旅游第3篇——新冰川时代第4篇——加州森林大火第5篇——昆士兰小岛旅游第6篇——生物多样性第7篇——北极冰川融化第8篇——淡水资源紧缺植物类第1篇——香蕉第2篇——竹子神奇植物第3篇——郁金香动物类第1篇——考拉第2篇——动物思维第3篇——塔斯马尼亚虎第4篇——鸟的迁徙第5篇——猛犸象灭绝年10月雅思阅读机经具体内容就是这些，希望对关注雅思考试的同学们有用，更多精彩内容请继续关注我们。

雅思G类阅读答案机经文档

第一篇：收音机Radio AutomationToday they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by robots. There's no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the mid-1940s, the workerless factory was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no computers to speak of and electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English countryside was a highly automated production line called ECME, which could turn out 1500 radio receivers a day with almost no help from human hands.AJohn Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his time. For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios. Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn't lend themselves to such methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many wires to solder. Even a simple receiver might have 30 separate components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and inspected. Making radios required highly skilled labor-and lots of it.BIn 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip-a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver's electrical components and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by machines, and he designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small factory in Effingham, Surrey.ECME LineCAn operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in the plates. She didn't need much skill, only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and relays. First stop was the sandbluster, which roughened the surface of the plastic so that molten metal would stick to it. The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit. The machine automatically checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the plate to the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface layer of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers. When ECME was working flat out, the whole process took 20 seconds.DECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small current when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, so avoiding excessive wear and tear on the machinery The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved along the conveyor. And if more than two plates in successionwere duds, the machines were automatically adjusted-or If necessary halted. In a conventional factory, workers would test faulty- circuits and repair them. But Sargrove's assembly line produced circuits so cheaply they Just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove's circuit board was even more astonishing for the time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on aboard, yet was more sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a modem chip.EWhen Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio Engineers in February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from The Times. ECME, he reported the following day, "produces almost without human labour, a complete radio receiving set. This new method of production can be equally well applied to television and other forms of electronic apparatus."FThe receivers had many advantages over their predecessors. Wit components they were more robust. Robots didn't make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes did. "Wiring mistakes just cannot happen/ wrote Sargrove. No wires also meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the circuit boards didn't have to be flat. They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building the electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.GSargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used to make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines. But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was, ECME still depended on old-fashioned electromechanical relays and valves-which failed with monotonous regularity. The state of Britain's economy added to Sargrove's troubles. Production was dogged by power cuts and post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove's financial backers began to get cold feet.HThere was another problem Sargrove hadn't foreseen. One of ECME's biggest advantages-the savings on the cost of labour-also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove's factory had two ECME production lines to produce the two circuits needed for each radio. Between them these did what a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands were needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into their sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.ISargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labor shortages. With somewhat Utopian idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring, repetitive jobs on the production line and allow them to do more interestingwork. "Don't get the idea that we are out to rob people of their jobs,' he told the Daily Mirror. “Our task is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines."JThe workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the everlasting light bulb or the suit that never wears out-as a threat to people's livelihoods. If automation spread, they wouldn't be released to do more exciting jobs. They'd be released to join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transform industry just a few years later.Question 1-7SummaryThe following diagram explains the process of ECME:Complete the following chart of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.Question 8-11SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.Sargrove had been dedicated to create a___8___radio by automation of manufacture. The old version of radio had a large number of independent___9___After this innovation made, wireless-style radios became___10___and inexpensive to export oversea. As the Sargrove saw it, the real benefit of ECME's radio was that it reduced___11___of manual work .which can be easily copied to other industries of manufacturing electronic devices.Cheaper、components、lighter、costQuestion 12-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet.12 What were workers attitude towards ECME Model initially? AA anxiousB welcomingC boringD inspiring13 What is the main idea of this passage? CA approach to reduce the price of radioB a new generation of fully popular products and successful businessC an application of the automation in the early stageD ECME technology can be applied in many product fields篇章结构:体裁说明文题目收音机自动化---集成电路的先驱结构Paragraph 1: 在电子技术极其落后的1940s, 英国出现了收音机自动化生产线---ECME.A段：收音机并不特别适合用自动化流程生产。

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