研究生英语泛读翻译第十四单元

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泛读教程第二册unit14IntellectualProperty

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Unit 14
Intellectual Property
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Intellectual Property
—— Intangible property which is
the result of creativity (such as patents, trademarks or copyrights)
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Case Study
• 一种经营模式(business/ the managing model)可以申请专利吗？或者说只是一种资源整合 (resource integration)，如：可以播放歌曲、可以视频留言的防盗门？
—— 这其实专业名称叫做<组合发明>(composite invention)，组合发明也是一种可以用专利保护的发明创造。但对其组合后达到的效果要求较高,简单的说就是不能1+1=2,而要1+1>2才行。这个想法很好，但"播放歌曲、可不能再申请专利了.所以，有想法不能随便在公开场合说出来，说出来就不再属於个人了，法律不再给予你专有的权利了。
4. Contents of protection 5. Term of protection
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(1)保护的对象不同。著作权保护的是作者思想、情感和观点的表现形式，不保护思想，情感和观点等内容本身,这些形式表现为小说、论文、电影、歌曲、图画等种类。专利权保护的是发明创造，属于思想、观点内容范围,包括发明、实用新型 (utility model) 和外观设计(industrial design)三种类型。

研究生英语阅读教程Unit14

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Text Structure
Part I (para. 1—4) It is critical that beginning scientists
select their mentors wisely. Part II (para. 5—7) Besides technical skills, it is critical to
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Text analysis
Text A On Becoming a Scientist
2019/12/23 Alberts
president emeritus(荣誉主席) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and chair of the National Research Council (1993-2019), has been named by the Board of Directors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to serve as editor-in-chief of its journal Science beginning 1 March 2019.
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NO. 3 (1)
He did it for two reasons. First, to get rid the confusion. The community of science has long been unable or unwilling to define primary publication. As a result, much of the literature is buried in meeting abstracts, obscure conference reports, government publications, or in books or journals of minuscule circulation. Other papers, in the same or slightly altered form, are published twice or more often; occasionally, this is the result of poor ethics on the part of the author, but more often it is the lack of definition as to which conference reports, books, and compilations are (or should be) primary publications and which are not redundancy and confusion result.

重庆大学及研究生英语翻译1_2_3_4_10_14单元.

E-weekly Un it 1 Why mom gets roses, and dad a c o llec t c all(为什么妈妈得到玫瑰,而爸爸得到的却是“对方付费电话”)美国人在母亲节和父亲节都会庆祝。

然而，在这两个场合中，父亲和母亲从孩子那儿收到的礼物却不相同。

这篇文章研究了差异背后的问题。

Let‟s fac e it: ther e‟s someth ing ab out a s ilk t ie th at strang les sent im ent.我们要面对这样一个事实：有些东西就像丝带一样，扼制了我们的情感表达。

Where as Ma y overf low s w ith tender t okens for mom-m easure d by th e 150 million gre et ing c ards an d the w ire-ja mm ing lo ng-d istanc e t e lep hone c a lls--de arold dad g ener a lly w ill mak e do w it h muc h less this Sun day. As man y dads kn ow, Father‟s Day is the No.1 d ay for c o llec t c a ll—and for proud ly mode ling a newglow-in-th e-dark footb a ll t ie.尽管母亲节使五月充满了温情的礼物，包括1亿5千万张贺卡和多得使线路堵塞的长途电话，但亲爱的老爸在这个周日却要凑合着少得多的纪念品。

许多父亲都知道，父亲节是“对方付费电话”最多的一天，也是父亲们骄傲地展示一条新的、会在暗处发光的足球领带的最多的一天。

Eve n if dads do n‟t mind, the F ather‟s Day/Mo ther‟s D ay d isc repa nc y noneth e less speaks to soc iet y‟s view s on parenthoo d and fat her‟s role in ra is in gc hildren. “ t he “gag g ifts” assoc iat ed w ith F ather‟s Day ref lec t the profoun damb iva lenc e（正反感情并存）that our c ulture fe e ls about e mot ion a l c onnec t ionsto fathers,”says Sc ott Co ltr ane, a soc io log ist at the Un iv ersity of Ca lif orn ia at Rivers ide.虽然父亲们并不在意，但父亲节和母亲节的差异依然说明了社会对于父母身份和父亲在抚养孩子中的角色的看法。

英语泛读教程第二册翻译 Unit 14 Overdue Interest

十四、迟来的关注马特•米勒在美国，许多人并不了解日本帝国军队在侵略中国时所犯下的滔天罪行。

在日本，许多人甚至试图否认南京大屠杀。

艾里斯•张写的《南京大屠杀》，就是要提醒人们牢记六十年前犯下的罪行。

下面这篇文章是对这本书的评论。

六十年前，日本帝国军队发动的南京大屠杀，在人类所犯下的集体罪行记录中位置醒目。

在不到两个月的时间里，日军杀害了15-30万手无寸铁的中国公民，强奸折磨了10多万中国妇女。

这是一次野蛮的集体暴行，至今许多日本人不能解释，或根本不承认曾经发生过这样的事情。

在美国，有一系列会议安排在南京大屠杀周年日召开-- 自12月13日起持续近六周的时间-- 试图重新激起对这一恐怖事件长期冷漠了的兴趣。

多数美国人根本不了解发生于1937年12月至1938年1月的大屠杀，也不清楚它与二战之间的关系。

在这次试图重新激起人们关注活动中起中心作用的，是伊瑞斯•张的新作《南京的强奸》。

张，二十九岁，住在加利福尼亚矽谷桑尼威尔市，它位于旧金山以南一百公里。

一位美籍华人作家在美国科技腹地正率先对日军进行谴责，既要求日方承认罪行，担负责任，又要求得到美国大众的认可，这并非偶然。

张和她的著作是美国国内的一场重大运动的标志。

它要求共享历史。

随着少数民族群体逐渐在经济、社会和政治方面树立起了信心，他们努力工作，向前迈进，好让人们听到自己的历史故事。

“这是对全体美国人提出的要求，要他们融合其他民族的历史，壮大自己，”薇拉•施瓦茨说。

她是康涅狄格州韦斯勒因大学的中国历史教授。

这场运动在任何地方都比不上在加利福尼亚的一些富有的亚裔美国人社区更引人注目。

“我去了学校图书馆，发现这方面的资料竟如此之少，非常震惊。

”住在洛杉矶的韩裔美国作家李赫利说。

她那本颇受批评家好评的回忆录《生存之粮》，讲述了她祖母在落入日军魔掌后战胜巨大困难的故事，非常引人入胜。

她说：“作为亚裔美国人，我们应该提供资料，应该说出来。

”南京大屠杀为美籍华人提供了一个令人信服的兴趣点，他们施加压力，使旧金山联合校区把大屠杀写入高中的历史课程。

研究生英语教程(第五版)UNIT14clozetest详解

研究生英语教程(第五版)UNIT 14 cloze test详解Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are able to 1, to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, 2 world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it 3 to human behavior weinfer meaning and 4 to make to behavior understandable.5 all this means is that people develop “quasi theories” of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in 6, scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know 7 humans do the things they do.Let’s consider an example. In the United States people have been 8 with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims. But it 9 bothers usthat people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen? We develop quasi theories. We 10 concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we 11 it: out criminal justice system is 12; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken 13 the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are 14 drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. 15 the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other law breaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we 16 these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor 17 so threatening.These quasi theories 18 serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they? How 19 will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered with 20 to how people normally go aboutdeveloping or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.[301 words]1 [A] reason[B] consider[C] understand[D] meditate2 [A] unanimous[B] unimaginable[C] unpredictable[D] unfortunate3 [A] goes[B] comes[C] makes[D] concerns4 [A] explanations[B] conclusions[C] motives[D] consequences5 [A] That[B] Even[C] As[D] What6 [A] an objective[B] a subjective[C] a theoretic[D] a conclusive7 [A] how[B] why[C] whether[D] when8 [A] worried[B] disturbed[C] perturbed[D] concerned9 [A] also[B] even[C] yet[D] still10 [A] retain[B] remain[C] maintain[D] refrain11 [A] know[B] comprehend[C] understand[D] grasp12 [A] precautious[B] inadequate[C] deficient[D] destructive13 [A] because[B] as[C] from[D] for14 [A] for[B] on[C] against[D] with15 [A] Consolidate[B] Stiffen[C] Confirm[D] Strengthen16 [A] act on[B] work out[C] see to[D] set up17 [A] rather[B] very[C] much[D] quite18 [A] moreover[B] therefore[C] nevertheless[D] otherwise19 [A] sufficient[B] efficient[C] effective[D] capable20 [A] respect[B] relation[C] result[D] association1、「答案」[A]reason「解析」reason是说理、推理,可与下文to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future 相呼应。

unit14 英语泛读教程第三册

Unit 14 Three Days to SeeⅠ Objectives1. Understanding the text2. Mastery of some language points3. Learning the writing style: autobiography4. Knowing the life of Helen Keller5.Learning from Helen Keller6. Knowing how to read the administrative language2.Mastery of some language points3.Distinguish autobiography from biography2.Mastery of the reading skill3. Though being told to cherish our ability to see and hear some studentsmight still not value time so muchAbout two periods of class will be used for the analysis and discussion of the passage itself.Total class hours: three periods1. Title:▪---What Helen Keller wished to see if she had the power of sight for just three days2. Preview QuestionsWhat would you do if you only have three days to see?3. Related information(1) About the authorHelen Keller (1880-1968) is one of the most remarkable persons born in the 19th century. She lost her eyesight and hearing at 19 months old. But she managed to overcome the double handicap of blindness & deafness and to take an active part in the life of the world. She graduated with honors from Radcliff College in 1904.Since then she carried on a career that had really begun at the age of 11, when she arranged a tea party at which she collected money to help the education of a smaller deaf-blind child. Even in her eighties, she still spent her busy life in theservice of the other handicapped people. She traveled widely & had friends all over the world. Of course, she could never have accomplished this alone. Just as remarkable as Miss Killer was her teacher, Anne Sullivan, who undertook to lead her out of the darkness & enable her to have a normal life. Helen wrote a number of books, including her autobiography & a biography of Miss Sullivan.During her life, Helen Keller was one of the world's great heroes. Her remarkable story was well known throughout the world. Born in 1880, she contracted an illness when she was less than 2 years old that left her unable to hear or see. At a time when the lives of most people, and certainly, most disabled people, were constrained by their society's medical, philosophical, social, and economic limitations, Miss Keller went on to develop formidable powers of intellectual and emotional achievement. She traveled to the farthest reaches of the world; became a leading figure who publicly campaigned on behalf of civil rights, human dignity, women's suffrage, and world peace; and met the most celebrated personalities of her time. It is therefore not surprising that Helen Keller today remains a woman whose astounding personality and accomplishments attract widespread admiration and awe.(2) About Anne SullivanAnne Sullivan had lost most of her sight at the age of five. By the age of ten, her mother died and her father deserted her. She and her brother Jimmie were sent to the poorhouse in February 1876.Anne's brother died in the poorhouse. It was October 1880 when Anne finally left and went to commence her education at the Perkins Institution. One summer during her time at the institute, Anne had two operations on her eyes, which led to her regaining enough sight to be able to read normal print for short periods of time.Anne graduated from Perkins in 1886 and began to search for work. Finding work was terribly difficult for Anne, due to her poor eyesight, and when she received the offer from Michael Anagnos to work as the teacher of Helen Keller, a deaf-blind mute, although she had no experience in this area, she accepted it willingly. She worked very hard and was instrumental in the education of Keller.(3)About the text"Three Days to See" is the most beautiful piece of writing ever written by a blind person. Its language is lucid ,subtle and prosaic. It tells us the exact perception ofa blind and perhaps only a blind can write such a wonderful piece. Helen Keller,from the point of view of a blind, tells us how to value our sight.4.Text AnalysisPart I (para. 1-2): Introduction: What should we do if we are given only a few days to live?Part II (para. 3-7): Two kinds of attitudes toward life: treasure each day, living with a ge ntleness, a vigor & a keenness of appreciation vs. “Eat, drink and be merry”Part III (Para. 8-19): The author‟s point of view: the seeing see little, not treasuring their sight much & paying little attention to the world around him by providing her own experience& observation.Part IV. (last para.): The author wishes that she could have the power of sight for just three days, emphasizing the preciousness of sight.5. Language points1. infancy - the earliest period of childhood, especially before the ability to walk has beenacquired. 婴(幼)儿期，尤指还不会走路的那一段时期2. condemn - to pronounce judgment against; sentence 对…作出判决；宣判3. sphere – (1) the extent of a person's knowledge, interests, or social position 范围，一个人的知识范围、兴趣范围或社会地位(2) an area of power, control, or influence; domain.权力、控制力或影响力的范围；领域4. mortal - of or relating to humankind; human 人类的、与人类有联系的5. vigor – (1) physical or mental strength, energy, or force 体力，精力，活力(2) strong feeling; enthusiasm or intensity.魄力，气势坚定的信念；热情或者强力6. appreciation – (1) an expression of gratitude感谢,感激的表示(2) awareness or delicate perception, especially of aesthetic qualities or values 欣赏,尤指审美品质或价值7. panorama - an unbroken view of an entire surrounding area, vista 全景,包括周围所有区域的全部画景8. Epicurean - Of or relating to Epicurus or Epicureanism 伊壁鸠鲁(学说)的Epicurean - n. a devotee to sensuous and luxurious living; an epicure 享乐主义者9. motto - a maxim adopted as a guide to one…s conduct 座右铭, 格言, 题词10. chasten – discipline by inflicting suffer 惩戒, 责罚; 折磨11. impend - to be about to take place即将发生的：Her retirement is impending.她马上要退休了12. stroke - a sudden occurrence or result一次突然发生或一个突然的结果a stroke of luck; a stroke of misfortune 一次走运；一次不幸13. mellow - suggesting softness or sweetness柔和的，甜蜜的14. take……for granted - 认为理所当然15. buoyant – (1) having or marked by buoyancy 有浮力的，显示浮力的a buoyant balloon; buoyant spirits一个漂浮起来的气球；高涨的情绪(2) lighthearted; gay 轻松的，活泼的in a buoyant mood 轻松的心情16. go about - to set about to do; undertake着手做；承担Go about your chores in a responsible way.请以负责的态度去做你的工作17. pretty – small, unimportant18. lethargy - a state of sluggishness, inactivity, and apathy无精打采，呆滞懒散，无生气，冷漠的状态19. faculties – (1) an inherent power or ability 天赋,先天的智能或能力(2) any of the powers or capacities possessed by the human mind, ability能力，技能20. manifold - many and varied; of many kinds; multiple 繁多的；多种的；多个的：our manifold failings 我们在各方面的损失21. apply to - to be pertinent or relevant 适用a rule that applies to everyone 适用于每个人的规则22. impairment – loss23. take in - to look at thoroughly; view 详尽地看；注视took in the sights 饱览各个景色24. hazily – vaguely25. strike – to afflict suddenly, as with a disease or an impairment 侵袭,如由疾病或伤害使突然痛苦26. now and then (again)- occasionally27. incredulous - Skeptical; disbelieving 怀疑的；不相信的incredulous of stories about flying saucers对有关飞碟的故事表示怀疑28. mere - being nothing more than what is specified 仅仅的,不超过所明确指出的a mere child; a mere 50 cents an hour 不过是个孩子；每小时仅50美分29. symmetry - beauty as a result of balance or harmonious arrangement 对称美,平衡或和谐的布置产生的美30. shaggy - having a rough nap or surface, as a textile 表面粗糙的31. velvety - suggestive of the texture of velvet; soft and smooth 丝绒般的；柔软光滑的velvety skin 光滑柔软的皮肤32. texture - a structure of interwoven fibers or other elements (交织纤维或其它成份的)结构33. convolution - a form or part that is folded or coiled 盘旋结构,卷曲或盘绕的形式或部分34. quiver - the act or motion of quivering 颤动35. lush - having or characterized by luxuriant vegetation葱翠的, 有或以茂盛植被为特征的36. spongy - resembling a sponge in elasticity, absorbency, or porousness.松软多孔的,与海绵一样有弹性、吸收性、多孔性的37. pageant - colorful, showy display; pageantry or pomp 炫耀的展示38. compulsory - obligatory; required 必修的,义务的；要求的：a compulsory examination 必要的考试39. dormant - latent but capable of being activated 潜在的但能够被激活的dormant faculties 潜在的智力40. sluggish - slow; inactive 慢的；不活跃的：a sluggish stream; sluggish growth 缓缓的小溪；缓慢的生长41. interven –(of time) come between (指时间)介于其间42. loom - to come into view as a massive, distorted, or indistinct image隐约地出现,以庞大的、扭曲的或不清晰的形象出现在视野中43. accomplish - to succeed in doing; 成功地完成44. compassion - deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled with the wish to relieveit 怜悯,同情,对别人的痛苦深入了解，伴随着解脱此痛苦的希望45. deny – refuse to give (sth. asked for or needed) 联不给(所请求或需要之物)46. fleeting - passing quickly; transient 飞逝的；短暂的47. countenance - appearance, especially the expression of the face 表情，外表，尤指面部表情48. casual - not close or intimate 不熟悉的,不亲近的49. subtlety – (1) the quality or state of being subtle 细微，微妙的性质或状态(2) something subtle, especially a nicety of thought or a fine distinction.细微之处难以捉摸的事物，尤指想法的微妙或差别的细微50. occur - to come to mind 闪现进入大脑The idea never occurred to me. 这个想法闪现在我脑海51. standing - continuance in time; duration 持续(存在)时间a friendship of long standing 永恒的友谊52. chronic – (1) of long duration; continuing 长期的；持续的chronic money problems 长期的金钱困扰(2) subject to a habit or pattern of behavior for a long time 惯常的的行为习惯或方式：a chronic liar 一贯说谎的人53. the startling – that which gives a shock of surprise54. the spectacular – that which attracts public attention55. eyewitness - a person who has seen someone or something and can bear witness to the fact见证人，目击者Were there any eyewitnesses to the murder crime?这桩谋杀案有没有见证人?Sentences analysis1). Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours.(有限的时光或长达一年或短至24小时。

河海大学研究生英语课文翻译11、12、13、14、16、17、18、19、20

Unit 11 The IksIks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。

两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。

这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。

此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。

这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。

你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。

如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。

这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。

他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。

他们不分享。

他们从不唱歌。

他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。

它是一个不友好的社会。

他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。

他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。

他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。

在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。

好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。

更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。

他们给他糟糕的两年。

它是一本令人沮丧的书。

如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。

英语专业泛读教程第三册单词汇unit14

英语专业泛读教程第三册单词汇unit14dismal ['dizməl] adj. 凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的；可怕的∙n. 低落的情绪Slowly Dismal慢慢玩啊dismal night一片漆黑Dismal Wind阴郁之风dismal science忧郁的科学；悲观科adv.dismally 沉闷地；阴暗地dismay [dis'mei] n. 沮丧，灰心；惊慌∙vt. 使沮丧；使惊慌dismay hearted沮丧dismay hearten沮丧disposition [,dispə'ziʃən] n. 处置；[心理] 性情；[军] 部署；倾向adj. disposable 可任意处理的；可自由使用的；用完即可丢弃的disposed 有…倾向的；打算做…的；有某种健康状态的n. disposal 处理；支配；清理；安排dispose 处置；性情v. disposed 处理；配置；使适应（dispose的过去分词）；使有倾向vi. dispose 处理；安排；（能够）决定vt. dispose 处理；处置；安排protege ['prəuteʒei] n. 门徒；被保护者Twelve Protege十二门徒石politician [,pɔli'tiʃən] n. 政治家，政客adj. political 政治的；党派的adv. politically 政治上n. politics 政治，政治学；政治活动；政纲polity 政体；国体；政治组织politburo （共产党中央委员会的）政治局；类似政治局的决策控制机构politico 政客vi. politicize 参与政治politick 进行政治活动；谈论政治vt. politicize 使具有政治性perpetuate [pə'petʃueit, -tju-] vt. 使不朽；保持∙adj. 长存的self perpetuate自生自存n. perpetuation 不朽，永存preserve [pri'zə:v]∙vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎∙n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品preserve evidence证据保全Preserve Transparency保护区透明区; 保持透明; 保留透明区域; 保护透明Preserve Order维持秩序preserve food保藏食物adj. preservative 防腐的；有保存力的；有保护性的preservable 可保存的；可保管的；能储藏的n. preservation 保存，保留preservative 防腐剂；预防法；防护层preserving 保留，保存preserver 保护者，保护人；保护剂，防腐剂；储藏柜tactile ['tæktail, -til] adj. [生理] 触觉的，有触觉的；能触知的tactile sensor触觉感受器；触感传感器tactile sense触觉adj. tactual 触觉的；触觉器官的；凭感觉的adv. tactually 凭触觉地；触觉器官地n. tactility 触感；触知性auditory ['ɔ:ditəri] n. 听众；礼堂∙adj. 听觉的；耳朵的auditory masking听觉掩蔽adj. auditive 耳朵的；听觉的auditorial 查帐的，稽查的n. audit 审计；[审计] 查帐audition 听力，听觉；试听auditorium 礼堂，会堂；观众席auditor 审计员；听者；旁听生vi. audit 审计；[审计] 查帐audition 试听；试音vt. audit （美）旁听audition 对…进行面试；让…试唱sensation [sen'seiʃən] n. 感觉；轰动；感动pleasant sensation快感visual sensation视觉tactile sensation触觉；质感auditory sensation听觉adj. sensible 明智的；明显的；意识到的；通晓事理的sensational 轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的sensory 感觉的；知觉的；传递感觉的senseless 愚蠢的；无知觉的；无意识的sensing 敏感的sensorial 知觉的；感觉的sensate 可感觉的；知觉的adv. senselessly 毫无知觉地；无意识地；不省人事地n. sense 感觉，官能；观念；道理；理智sensible 可感觉到的东西；敏感的人sensor 传感器sensibility 情感；敏感性；感觉；识别力sensing 传感；感觉；测知sensationalism 追求轰动效应；哗众取宠sensationalist 感觉论者v. sensing 感觉，了解（sense的现在分词）vt. sense 感觉到；检测sensibilize 使感觉敏锐zealous ['zeləs] adj. 热心的，热情的，积极的zealous in热心于Be Zealous有要有热心; 有要有热情Zealous Expression热情表达adv. zealously 热心地，积极地n. zeal 热情；热心；热诚untenable [,ʌn'tenəbl] adj. （论据等）站不住脚的；不能维持的；不能租赁的；难以防守的untenable arguments站不住脚的论点untenable condition无法承受状况evolve [i'vɔlv] vt. 发展，进化；进化；使逐步形成；推断出vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成evolve into vt. 发展成，进化成evolve from v. 由…进化adj. evolutionary 进化的；发展的；渐进的evolutionism 进化论的n. evolution 演变；进化论；进展evolutionism [进化] 进化论catastrophic [,kætə'strɔfik] adj. 灾难的；悲惨的catastrophic failure严重故障; 致命失效; 灾祸性故障; 灾难误失catastrophic degradation突然退化n. catastrophe 大灾难；大祸；惨败attribute [ə'tribju:t, 'ætribju:t] n. 属性；特质∙vt. 归属；把…归于adj. attributable 可归于…的；可归属的attributive 定语的；归属的；属性的adv. attributively 属性地；修饰地n. attribution 归因；属性；归属attributive 定语stir [stə:] n. 搅拌；轰动∙vt. 搅拌；激起；惹起∙vi. 搅动；传播；走动stir up煽动; 激励; 掀起; 搅起stir fry快炒; 炒青菜; 的大火炒; 炒匀stir in一边加原料一边调和stir oneself振作adj. stirring 激动人心的；活跃的，活泼的；忙碌的n. stirrer 搅拌器；搅拌用杓子；煽动者reluctance [ri'lʌktəns] n. [电磁] 磁阻；勉强；不情愿adj. reluctant 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的adv. reluctantly 不情愿地；嫌恶地n. reluctivity [电磁] 磁阻率；磁阻系数organism ['ɔ:ɡənizəm] n. 有机体；生物体；微生物organic matter∙有机质；[有化] 有机物；有机物质living being 有机体，生物To Any Living Beings无论对于任何众生concerned with living beings属于活人或人世的biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n. （一个地区全部的）生物；生物学adj. biological 生物的；生物学的biologic 生物的；生物学的bioluminescent 生物性发光的adv. biologically 生物学上，生物学地n. biologist 生物学家bioluminescence 生物体之发光physiology [,fizi'ɔlədʒi] n. 生理学；生理机能adj. physiological 生理学的，生理的adv. physiologically 生理学方面n. physics 物理学；物理现象physicist 物理学家；唯物论者physiologist 生理学家，生理学者physiography 地文学，地相学；自然地理学；自然现象志psychological [,psaikə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 心理的；心理学的；精神上的psychological quality心理素质psychological characteristics心理特点psychological development心理发展psychological contract心理契约；精神契约nature history 自然历史，博物学anatomy [ə'nætəmi] n. 解剖；解剖学；剖析；骨骼adj. anatomical 解剖的；解剖学的；结构上的anatomic 组织的；解剖学上的；结构上的adv. anatomically 结构上；解剖学上n. anatomist 解剖学家；剖析者vt. anatomise 解剖；解析anatomize 解剖；仔细分析zoology [zəu'ɔlədʒi, zu:-] n. 动物学；动物区系adj. zoological 动物学的；关于动物的n. zoo 动物园zoologist [zəu'ɔlədʒist, zu:-]动物学家botanic garden 植物园evolution [,i:və'lu:ʃən, ,ev-] n. 演变；进化论；进展adj. evolutionary 进化的；发展的；渐进的evolutionism 进化论的n. evolutionism [进化] 进化论vi. evolve 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成vt. evolve 发展，进化；进化；使逐步形成；推断出evolutionist [,i:və'lu:ʃənist] adj. 进化论的∙n. 进化论者Darwinist ['dɑ:winist] n. 进化论者；崇拜达尔文之学说者∙adj. 达尔文的darwinism ['dɑ:winizəm] n. 达尔文主义；进化论；达尔文学说social darwinism社会达尔文主义adj. darwinian 达尔文的；达尔文学说的n. darwinian 达尔文主义者；进化论者Neo-Darwinism [,ni:əu'dɑ:winizəm] n. 新达尔文主义natural selection [进化] 自然选择；物竞天择说survival of the fittest 适者生存the survival of the fittest适者生存survival of the fittest.适者生存natural seed selection自然选种principle of natural_selection自然淘汰的原则Natural Selection 物竞天择。

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译unit14

UNIT14你怎么知道艺术品的好坏?玛丽亚·曼尼丝你喜欢艺术吗？你能说出哪些艺术品好哪些不好？是不是存在评价艺术的标准？读一读下面这篇文章，看看玛丽亚·曼尼丝如何回答这样的问题。

假想没有评论家告知咱们，对一幅画，一个剧本或一段新乐曲如何反映。

假想咱们无心间步入一个未签名油画的画展。

咱们依据什么标准，依据什么价值来评判它们是优是劣，是天才的仍是没有天才的，是成功仍是失败?咱们又怎能知道自己的想法是正确的?近十五或二十年来，艺术的批评与欣赏流行否定任何合理标准的存在，使“好”与“坏”成了无关紧要，无足轻重、无可适用的字眼。

咱们被告知，根本不存在先通过知识与经验取得，然后加在讨论的对象上的一套标准这回事。

这一直是受到欢迎的方式，因为它解除评论家评判的责任，公众也不必知识。

它迎合那些不肯受规则约束的人，称头脑空虚者为开明来讨好他们，并使惊惶失措的人取得安慰。

在民主平等之旗的掩护下--固然不是咱们先人所说的那种平等--它实际是在说：“你是谁，要来告知咱们什么是好，什么是坏?”这与公共传媒制作者的一贯手法如出一辙。

他们坚持以为，由公众而不是由他们决定的它想要听和看的什么，而评论家说这个节目好而这个节目不好，这纯粹是个人趣味的反映。

没有谁表达这一哲学，比近来弗兰克·斯丹坦博士，哥伦比亚广播电视公司极为睿智的总裁更为简明。

在联邦通信委员会的一次听证会上，他在接受询问时漏出此言：“一人眼里的平庸之作，却是另一人的佳作。

”最妙不过的说法是：“没有一个标准是绝对的”。

造成这种放任观念的另一重要因素是：畏惧感----所有艺术形式的观察者们都有唯恐猜错的担忧。

这种担忧极易碰到，谁没有听说当初饱受世人指摘的艺术家后来被称为大师？每一个时期都有一些评判者，他们不和时期一路前进，无法区分进化和革命，盛行一时的时尚、业余的实验与深刻的必然的转变之间的区别。

谁愿意作出这样严重的判断错误而贻笑大方?安全得多，固然也容易患多的做法是：看着一幅画，一个剧本或一首诗，说道：“它很难懂，但或许很好”；或干脆把它看成新形式加以欢迎。

英语泛读unit_14_class_notes

Mission Statement
"Our mission is to be the most essential global Internet service for consumers and businesses."
Mission Statement
“Communicate a boundless world and construct an information society.”
“That business purpose and business mission are so rarely given adequate thought is perhaps the most important cause of business frustration and failure.”
Unit 14: Society and Values
Discussion of Text 1 (p. 208) “Why All the Celebrity Worship?”
The author is a magazine gossip columnist. True or False: 1) The writer of this passage is praising celebrities. 2) Heroes and celebrities usually mean the same thing. 3) Sometimes people who are not especially talented become celebrities.
Take a break!
“It’s not hard to make decisions when you know what your values are.”

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-14词汇及课后答案

unit 14ScienceWord Bankastronomy: the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole天文学bewildering: confusing, especially because there are too many choices or things happening at the same time让人困惑的，令人费解的comedown: n. a feeling of disappointment or depression失望，沮丧complicated: consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements复杂的，混乱的configuration: an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form, figure, or combination 构造，配置confine: to keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of限制，使局限determinism: the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will【哲】宿命论，决定论discount: to regard (a possibility, fact, or person) as being unworthy of consideration because it lacks credibility对(可能性、事实、人)不全信，对……不予考虑fertility: producing or capability of producing abundant vegetation or crops丰产，多产infinite: limitless or endless in space, extent无限的，无边无际的initial: existing or occurring at the beginning最初的，开始的inquiry: an act of asking for information询问，打听investigate: to carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts调查，研究observational: being closely and constantly watched or monitored观察的，观测的placate: to make sb. less angry or hostile安抚，抚慰postulate: to suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of sth. as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief假定，假设precise: marked by exactness and accuracy of expression or detail精确的，准确的rotation: the action of rotating around an axis or center循环，交替sacrifice: an act of slaughtering an animal or person or surrendering a possession as an offering to god or to a divine or supernatural figure献祭，供奉scope: the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant范围，领域self-consistent: not having parts or aspects which are in conflict or contradiction with each other自相一致的，一贯的string: a length of catgut or wire on a musical instrument, producing a note by vibration(乐器的)弦triumph: a great victory or achievement胜利，成功ultimate: being or happening at the end of a process最后的，最终的unified: become united, uniform, or whole统一的，一元化的Phrases and Expressionsa set of: a group of similar things that belong together or are related in some way一套，一伙in advance: ahead in time预先，事先in effect: in fact, in practice实质上，实际上make sense of: to find meaning or coherence in理解，弄懂Reading Comprehension°I. Choose the best for each of the following.1. According to the author, which theory has been well accepted by all? ( D )A. The tortoise theory.B. The theory of superstrings.C. Laplace's determinism.D. Not mentioned.2. Based on the earliest theoretical attempts, what is the nature of the universe? ( B )A. There is a world picture.B. The whole world was controlled by spirits with human emotions who acted in a very humanlike and unpredictable manner.C. An infinite tower of tortoises supported the flat earth.D. Gods obeyed strict laws, apparently without any exceptions.3. Who did people believe control the world in the early time? ( A )A. Spirits with human emotions.B. The sun god.C. The river and mountain.D. Celestial bodies.4. The author's aim by quoting Einstein's question is to show that ___C__.A. God can create the world by different choicesB. the world is always controlled by spirits with human emotions who acted in a very humanlike and unpredictable mannerC. Even the God has no power to create the initial lawsD. Human can can investigate the laws of the universe and ask about the nature of God5. "What a comedown from the great tradition of philosophy from Aristotle to Kant!" in Para. 8. Here the word "comedown" means __D___.A. in effect, God was confined to the areas that nineteenth-century science did not understandB. the sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of languageC. philosophers have not been able to keep up with the advance of scientific theoriesD. most scientists have been too occupied with the development of new theories that describe what the universe is to ask the question whyII. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you."Space and Time" is just one part of the book, A Brief History of Time. In it, the author has (1) displayed some well-known theories of universe to stir our imagination to think about the answers to the (2) permanent questions about how the world comes into being. They are the (3) infinite tower of tortoises, the (4) superstring theory and Laplace' s (5) determinism. Although the first one is obviously ridiculous, the latter two are also (6) incomplete. They all lack (7) observational evidences. Einstein even once asked the question: "How much (8) choice did God have in constructing the universe?" because even his theory of universe is just a hypothesis.On the one hand, the author has criticized the present scientists for paying too much attention to finding what the universe is and ignoring the reason why it is like that. On the otherhand, he has also indicated that philosophers have not been able to keep up with the advance of scientific theories. They have reduced the scope of their inquiries so much that Wittgenstein has pointed out that the sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of language. This is a truly (9) comedown in philosophy. But this doesn't mean that the author (10) discounts our humans can't find the nature of the universe and truly know the mind of God.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. In ___B__ we're earning less than last year because of inflation.A. blossomB. effectC. practiceD. between2. Currently there is a __C___ variety of software available and my first task will be to suggesta simple classification.A. confusedB. obviousC. bewilderingD. understandable3. It's difficult to be __D___ about the number of deaths caused by smoking.A. vagueB. accurateC. absoluteD. precise4. The noise control law could __A___ airport neighbors, who oppose growth because of the noise.A. placateB. comfortedC. angerD. stimulate5. Scientists ___B__ his method of predicting earthquakes.A. discountingB. discountedC. has discountedD. discount6. All the illegal immigrants were __C___ to a small island in the harbour.A. confectedB. confidedC. confinedD. confederated7. The brain is like a very powerful, very ___A__ computer.A. complicatedB. simpleC. carefulD. trouble-free8. Teaching eighth-grade English must be a big __C___ for a man with two PhDs.A. satisfactionB. disappointingC. comedownD. success9. An __A___ will be held to discover why the school's educational record is so bad.A. inquiryB. suspicionC. enquireD. question10. Darwin ___D__ the modern theory of evolution.A. hypothesizedB. inventedC. createdD. postulatedII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.rotationally finite fertile configurational confinementpreciseness count bewilder unify postulation determine observation self-consistency complication initially1. Changes in society are happening so fast, and they sometimes seem bewildering.2. Eggs are a symbol of fertility and people traditionally decorated eggs with paint then gave them as presents.3. He had been confined to a wheelchair for some time.4. A natural language contains a(n) infinite number of grammatical sentences.5. It takes 243 Earth days for Venus to complete one rotation.6. Not all the members of European Union support the idea to construct a unified EU import market.7. Contrary to popular belief, there is a great deal of observational evidence for the existence oftwo types of black holes, those with masses of a typical star, and those with masses of a typical galaxy.8. After the initial shock, people adjusted to the new circumstances.9. Experts discounted the accuracy of the polls.10. To begin with, it postulates that the hero of your story is in danger.TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.亚里士多德和牛顿都相信绝对时间。

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程unit 14

2. infinite limitless or endless in space, extent, or size; impossible to measure or calculate 无限的，无穷的
E.g. 1) The war brought infinite harm to the nation. 战争给这个国家带来了无穷的灾难。 2) The universe seems infinite. 宇宙似乎是无限的。 3) She was a woman of seemingly infinite patience. 她似乎是那种有着无穷耐心的女性。
3. placate make (someone) less angry or hostile 平息；安抚
E.g. 1) They attempted to placate the students with promises. 他们试图以许诺来安抚学生。 2) He is a man who doesn’t know how to appreciate favors. The more you creep and crawl trying to placate him, the more pleasure he gets in taking it out on you. 他是个不识抬举的人。你越是对他俯首贴耳，竭力安抚他，他就越要把气往你身上撒，好使他更开心。
Book Review
“A Brief History of Time”, published in 1988, has been a landmark volume in scientific writing and in worldwide acclaim and popularity, with more than nine million copies sold. That edition was on the cutting edge of what was then known about the nature of the universe. Since its publication, however, there have been extraordinary advances in the technology of observing both the micro- and the macrocosmic world, confirming many of Professor Hawking’s predictions. Eager to bring to his original text the new knowledge revealed by these observations, Hawking has written a new introduction, updated chapters throughout, and added an entirely new chapter on Wormholes and Time Travel.

英语泛读教程 4 unit 14 society and values

26
Why do we worship Celebrities?
The media created celebrities to satisfy our primal need for Gossip.
People need sth to fullfill them the way organized religion once did.(spirituality)
48
idioms
1. Steve was accepted at all the universities he applied to. He is on cloud nine. 史蒂夫被他所申请的大学都录取了，高兴的飘飘然。 be on cloud nine欣喜若狂，高兴的飘飘然，得意忘形 2 Jan failed her math exam. She is down in the dumps. 简数学考试失利，她很沮丧。 be down in the dumps忧郁的，沮丧的
People are crazy…
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Celebrity VS Hero
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18
19
20
Why All the Celebrity Worship?
21
Paragraph 1-3 Definition
Celebrity Hero
22
Paragraph 4-6 Influence
Celebrity Hero
27
The history of the phonomenon of celebrity worship
No TV and newspapers People loved to gossip
First magazines published

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

新世纪研究生公共英语阅读C译文unit14

意义的结构苏珊娜〃K〃兰格如今，一出生就能从其生活环境中获得精神支持的人差不多寥寥无几，只有那些具有一定想象力和相当智力的人才能在内心勾画出这样一种环境并刻意去追求它。

他们是那些极少数为现实环境所吸引的人，这种现实环境中包含他们最根本的人生象征，规定他们的行为，这些行为逐渐可以获得习俗的价值。

经常出海的人热爱他们艰辛的生活；尽管这种生活有许多美德，却无法解释清楚它的意义。

然而，正是这种危险的职业让他们感到安全，正是这种颠沛流离的生活让他们感到自在。

大海和轮船，天空和风暴，还有港湾，在某种意义上，它们都包含了某些象征，透过这些象征他们能够领悟出这个世界的意义和价值，也就是我们所说的受苦的“理由”，它们是一种综合的生活观念。

有了这样的观念，才会过理性的生活。

任何一个热爱自己职业的人不仅仅因为它有用才热爱它，他热爱它是因为职业好像具有某种“意义”。

藐视世界以便可以写作或宣讲自己所知为科学真理的东西的学者、宁死也不反对雅典的希腊哲学家、把妇女选举权看做是一种“事业”因此饱受嘲弄和惩罚的女权主义者，他们都表明现实行为像各种习俗一样，完全有超越自身，获得超个人行为价值的倾向，它们是取代了屈膝、跪拜、献祭、圣舞的祈祷形式。

一种面向物质和现实社会的思想倾向，不管是由于何种有意识或无意识的象征符号，在环境的重压下，在面临严峻问题时，都能表现得从容自如。

它的生命在符号功能与象征功能之间自如灵活地往来穿梭，在感官诠释、语言反应、推断、记忆、富有想象力的前瞻、事实性知识以及悄无声息的鉴别之间不断交替。

晚上，梦境来临，消除自我表现欲望的重负；天亮之时，梦境在晨光初现时飘然而去。

而思想进一步表现自我的方式则被巧妙地融入实际行为的核心。

习俗对它来说是一种针对“神圣”或重要的真实场合所作出的反应。

在这样的思想中，不大会萌发对于〃生活意义”的怀疑，因为现实本身就很有意义：它包含着生与死、罪过与超度的象征。

对于心态平衡、思想活跃而又天资聪慧的人来说，现实就是历史事实，就是庄严的形式，就是无所不包的科学、神话、艺术以及人们喜闻乐见的常识的王国。

研究生英语教材综合教程下泛读部分译文

5 我们全家到达伊斯坦布尔的时候很疲惫，但还是异常快速地浏览了当地的景色——时间可是有限的。圣索菲亚大教堂、蓝色清真寺、托普卡帕宫、以及地下的拜占庭池，我们都走马观花地看了一番。
6 作为一个团体，我们既可以说是轻松自然的〖毕竟是一家人〉，也可以说是不自然的 (在旅途中我们每个人都倾向于走自己的路线^有些结果是可预测的。慢慢地走下人行道时，会突然爆发灌木起火般猛烈的争论。队伍亳无组织性，其中只有一部分可归
11 一天，我们停泊在一个小海湾中一和煦的微风、温暖的阳光、轻拍的海浪一我父亲与船长攀谈起来。
12 “你80岁了，”他对我父亲说道，“但你还在工作？ ”
13 “是的，我还在工作。”
14 船长停顿了一会说：“土耳其人很懒。”
15 “希腊人也是。”我父亲说道。
16 这是个微小而意义深远的和解。归根结底，我们不都是由懒惰联接起来的兄弟姐妹么？
14 想想切尔西队长约翰‘特里的遭遇吧，星期三晚上，因他在助跑时滑跤而错失点球，
；^^^(！ 00111‘36 (！)
球队便与奖杯失之交臂，为此他悲痛不已。大约1,460万名现众眼睁睁看着他罚失点球，这还不包括亲临莫斯科现场的上万名球迷。我们中极少有人在众目睽睽之下有如此糟糕的工作经历。特里当时的反应是泪流满面地倒在雨水浸透的球场。我不怪他。
11 要迎接未来社会的巨大变革，继续教育是先决条件。爱默生是这样说的：“学校传授的知识不能算是教育，而是一种教育的方法。”塞内加则指出，“只要你有不知道的，你就应该不断地学习。”
12 学会变通的人知道今天的事实或许是明天的谬误。他会赞同阿尔弗雷德丨诺思‘怀特海德的话，“知识和鱼一样无法保持新鲜。”他会接受怀特海德的警告，反对“一味地毫无目的地积累精确的知识，却从不加以利用。

Unit 14 泛读

• Emerson's religious views were often considered radical at the time. He believed that all things are connected to God and, therefore, all things are divine. • His views, the basis of Transcendentalism, suggested that God does not have to reveal the truth but that the truth could be intuitively experienced directly from nature. • There is evidence suggesting that Emerson may have been bisexual. During his early years at Harvard, he found himself ―strangely attracted‖ to a young freshman named Martin Gay about whom he wrote sexually charged poetry. Gay would be only the first of his infatuations（痴迷对象）and interests, with Nathaniel Hawthorne numbered among them.
Nature
• Nature is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published anonymously in 1836. It is in this essay that the foundation of transcendentalism (超验主义) is put forth, a belief system that espouses （信奉） a non-traditional appreciation of nature. Recent advances in zoology, botany, and geology confirmed Emerson's intuitions about the intricate relationships of Nature at large. A visit to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris inspired a set of lectures delivered in Boston and subsequently the ideas leading to the publication of Nature. • Emerson defines nature as a paradise rather than being ruled by a superior being.

研究生英语《阅读B》unit14

研究生英语《阅读B 研究生英语《阅读B》Unit 14
10. assess (para.5):
• determine the value, significance, or extent of; appraise • e.g. —— The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at＄900. • —— It is still early and difficult to assess the effect on the country which just acceded to the WTO last December.
研究生英语《阅读B 研究生英语《阅读B》Unit 14
14. repeal (para.7):
• withdraw (a law, etc) officially; make no longer a law • e.g. —— It is high time that this grossly unfair law was repealed. • —— Some of the religious leaders in our city are organizing a campaign to repeal the abortion law.
研究生英语《阅读B 研究生英语《阅读B》Unit 14
5. accreditation (para.2):
• official approval for a person or organization; official recognition of meeting a standard • e.g. —— The college was given full accreditation in 1965. • —— She has had her accreditation withdrawn by the authorities.