1001真题及答案综述
2021考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案解析（完整版）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle1oss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription1.【答案】C peaks【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。
历年考研英语一真题及答案解析
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issuerecently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart frompolitics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ thosein power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designedto set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rootedfundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves_19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separatefrom politics and, _20_, convincing as law.11.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify[D] recognize2.[A]when [B]lest[C]before [D] unless3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]establish [D] eliminated ed4.[D] [B]compromised [C]suspected [A]challengedaccepted5.[C]bound [A]advanced [B]caught[D]founded6.[C]immune [B]subject [A]resistant[D]prone7.[ [A]resorts [B]sticks[D]appliesC]loads8.[B]raise [A]evade[D]settle[C]deny9.[A]line [B]barrier[D]conflict[C]similarity[A]by [B]as[D]towards[C]though211.[A]so [B]since[C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy[C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]culti[D]offervate14.[C]studied [A]guarded [B]followed[D]tied15.[B]theories [C]divis [A]concepts[D]conceptions ions16.[C]shapes [A]excludes [B]questions[D]controls17.[C]ranked [A]dismissed [B]released[D]distorted18.[A]suppress [C]addr [B]exploit[D]ignore ess19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable[C]in a [B]atall costs 20. [A]by all mesns[D]as a result wordSection II Reading Comprehension3Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing,words peer pressure. It usually leads to no is what most of us think of when we hear theJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new bookthat peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Hazesets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critiqueof the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understandingof psychology.” Dare to be different, please don't smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing morethan fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates oughtto take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough explorationof the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The mostglaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work verywell for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidencethat the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread throughnetworks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groupsand steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never4really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the realworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced itwas reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.5Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effortto keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval forthe sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subjectto Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a coolingtower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questionsabout both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management– especially after the company mademisleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. Thelegal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offera precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns aboutthe patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergykept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alreadyso damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But thereshould be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federalpermission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind whatpromises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.6[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out theirwork. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique lifeexperience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think ourexperiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error,and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance totransform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, throughme, here, nowanyone, anywhere,becomes the community's which the individual researcher'sanytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complexsocial structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewersact as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding7to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives thenew discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through thecommunity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about thescience and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incompleteor incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what isnew-searchnot re-search. Not , surprisingly, The already known and believed. goal isnewly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be importantand convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification orrefutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokesdisbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once describeddiscovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missedmay not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discoveryclaims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds tocommons of the mind. “We reason together, what philosopher Annette Baier has described as thechallenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized byits[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.8[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that34. Albert Szent-[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number ofunionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they canshut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they aremostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers havea university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of theirties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, haslong beenassociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his positionto votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassareof the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state'sbudget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOAon prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians haverepeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modestbut adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, wherecharter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though9there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most importantpromoting ones and getting rid of bad variable, teachers' unions have fought againstgood ones.clamp to have clearer, politicians begun the cost to everyone else has become Asdown. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against ScottWalker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of cultureachievers. high bad for to stay put but is want in Western civil services suit those whoThe only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year areversity sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay unireward does not a public-sector system that much packets have attracted criticism, buthigh achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.1040. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise thatyou are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Youare the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter andprinting press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as wellas the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the modeof production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. Thecomputer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strongcommercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of peoplewho use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they aredoing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yetfor the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique intheir capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluousmaterial goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music,literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in downloadmode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, witha small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifyingthat content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asksof anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.11(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human cultureand ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a definingconstituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words andother media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickinessby amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium theyhad also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of peopleevery day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading anduploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape ourcollective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one formatbeing replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century,much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and televisionis defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encouragethoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterizedthe scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomenainto a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sortsremains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share commonorigins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced12to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtshiprituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world'slanguages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed bymight enable out what is unique from what is shared universal features.(48)To filterevolutionary in what guides it how complex cultural behavior arose and us to understandor cognitive terms.published traits study of linguistic the hope. But a comparative That, at least, isand the University of Auckland reality check. Russell Gray at online today supplies aattempts previous of two of grammars in the light his colleagues consider the evolutionto find universality in language.that who suggested Chomsky, was initiated by Noam The most famous of these effortsuniversal dictates a —acquisition capacity that humans are born with an innate languagegrammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamentalstructure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to (49)universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesChomsky's grammar should that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)pathway the family tree or change that are independent of the show patterns of languageco-dependencies strong universality predicts tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergianbetween particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borneout by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsWritingSection IIIPart ADirections:51.email an university. Write them internationals Some students are coming to yourin the name of the Students' Union toextend your welcome and1)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.2)You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the endof the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part Bwrite an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay 52. Directions:you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and133) give your comments）You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
数字电子技术_4套期末试卷_含答案综述
《数字电子技术基础》(第一套)一、填空题：（每空1分，共15分）1．逻辑函数Y AB C=+的两种标准形式分别为（）、（）。
2．将2004个“1”异或起来得到的结果是（）。
3．半导体存储器的结构主要包含三个部分，分别是（）、（）、（）。
4．8位D/A转换器当输入数字量10000000为5v。
若只有最低位为高电平，则输出电压为（）v；当输入为10001000，则输出电压为（）v。
5．就逐次逼近型和双积分型两种A/D转换器而言，（）的抗干扰能力强，（）的转换速度快。
6．由555定时器构成的三种电路中，（）和（）是脉冲的整形电路。
7．与PAL相比，GAL器件有可编程的输出结构，它是通过对（）进行编程设定其（）的工作模式来实现的，而且由于采用了（）的工艺结构，可以重复编程，使它的通用性很好，使用更为方便灵活。
二、根据要求作题：（共15分）1．将逻辑函数P=AB+AC写成“与或非”表达式，并用“集电极开路与非门”来实现。
2．图1、2中电路均由CMOS门电路构成，写出P、Q 的表达式，并画出对应A、B、C的P、Q波形。
三、分析图3所示电路：（10分）1）试写出8选1数据选择器的输出函数式；2）画出A2、A1、A0从000~111连续变化时，Y的波形图；3）说明电路的逻辑功能。
四、设计“一位十进制数”的四舍五入电路（采用8421BCD码）。
要求只设定一个输出，并画出用最少“与非门”实现的逻辑电路图。
（15分）五、已知电路及CP、A的波形如图4(a) (b)所示，设触发器的初态均为“0”，试画出输出端B和C的波形。
（8分）BC六、用T触发器和异或门构成的某种电路如图5(a)所示，在示波器上观察到波形如图5(b)所示。
试问该电路是如何连接的？请在原图上画出正确的连接图，并标明T的取值。
（6分）七、图6所示是16*4位ROM和同步十六进制加法计数器74LS161组成的脉冲分频电路。
ROM中的数据见表1所示。
试画出在CP信号连续作用下的D3、D2、D1、D0输出的电压波形，并说明它们和CP 信号频率之比。
考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版
考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版【考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版】考研英语一真题及答案解析已成为考研复习的重要内容之一。
对于考生来说，了解历年真题以及解析对于备考至关重要。
本文将为大家提供考研英语一真题及答案解析的完整版，旨在帮助考生更好地复习备考。
一、阅读理解以下是一道考研英语一真题的阅读理解部分，附有答案解析：Passage 1In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production, with the telephone expanding the market for products of all kinds. But it was also clear at once that the telephone brought with it the disadvantage of the growing number of interruptions in the intimacy (亲密)of family life.As long as only telegrams could be received over the telephone, this disadvantage only concerned business and politicians who could be interrupted at home. But as soon as relatives and friends began to telephone one another, people had to start struggling with new difficulties and new obligations (义务). As many other important inventions in the course of history, the telephone became a burden (负担)for persons of culture who would not easily yield their privacy (隐私权).With the invention of the telephone, ways had to be found to establish rules as to when and by whom telephone calls could be made without interrupting. The telephone, in order to be acceptable, had to bear certain qualities which were also valid for other cultural goods – mainly the quality to bring people toward one another and to integrate (整合)them into the common world.These results could, however, be achieved only by the contribution of a large number of people who followed certain rules of behavior with regard to the telephone. But such rules had to be collectively established, they had to be known and accepted by everyone; it would not have been sufficient if only a few informed persons, acting in a purely academic capacity =by themselves, had found them out and had spread (传播)them – that is, if people had known the rules only in the abstract.As soon as propriety (礼节)became a matter of public interest, the invention of the telephone brought about the establishment of a teachers of telephone behavior – professors who explained the norms (规范)of telephone behavior, who taught people how to accept messages, how to make a call politely and yet firmly (委婉), how to end calls courteously (谦虚地), and how to use a telephone correctly. These professors were also at the service of companies and private persons for individual consultation on the same topics. Thanks to these people the invasion of privacy by telephone could be tempered (缓和), the annoyance (麻烦) of being interrupted by telephone calls could be reduced.11. According to the passage, the advent of the telephone led to ______.A) an almost immediate invasion of privacyB) the formation of new obligationsC) the integration of business and politicsD) the expansion of the market for various products答案解析：D) the expansion of the market for various products.解析：根据文章的第一句“In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production.”可知，电话的出现推动了商品市场的扩大。
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语(一)真题+解析答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。
3. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
4. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It __1__ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then __2__ starts to slowly decline as we age. But __3__ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the __4__ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the __5__ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or __6__ this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that __7__ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and __8__ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people __9__ higher measures of abdominal fat __10__ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years __11__.For women, the association may be __12__ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be __13__. It is hoped that future studies could __14__ these differences and perhaps lead to different __15__ for men and women.__16__ there are steps you can __17__ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental __18__. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your __19__ of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style __20__ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. [A] pauses [B] returns [C] peaks [D] fades2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally3. [A] while [B] since [C] once [D] until4. [A] detection [B] accumulation. [C] consumption [D] separation5. [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted8. [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied9. [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played11. [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by12. [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled14. [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] compensation [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead17. [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take18. [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination19. [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescriptionSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willingto pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passengers' fares _____.[A] will ease train operation's burden.[B] has kept pace with inflation.[C] is a big surprise to commuters.[D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for _____.[A] car drivers[B] rail travelers[C] local investors[D] ordinary taxpayers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators _____.[A] are offering compensations to commuters.[B] are trying to repair relations with the unions.[C] have failed to provide an adequate service.[D] have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face _____.[A] the loss of investment.[B] the collapse of operations.[C] a reduction of revenue[D] a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B] Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C] Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, peoplemay clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.[A] facilitate health care reform.[B] help poor families get better off.[C] improve local education systems.[D] lower deforestation rates.27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _____.[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.[B] CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.[C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.[D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.[A] its acceptance level of CCTs.[B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation.[C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.[D] the role of its forests in climate change.29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _____.[A] it will benefit other Asian countries.[B] it will reduce regional inequality.[C] it can protect the environment.[D] it can boost grain production.30. What is the text centered on?[A] The effects of a program.[B] The debates over a program.[C] The process of a study.[D] The transferability of a study.Text 3As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth," ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".31. According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter _____[A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.[B] highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies.[C] re-evaluated the Victorians' notion of public image.[D] illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A] They are in popular use among historians.[B] They are rare among photographs of that age.[C] They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D] They show effects of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?[A] Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B] Their tension before the camera.[C] Their distrust of new inventions.[D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was _____.[A] a deep-root belief.[B] a misguided attitude.[C] a controversial view.[D] a thought-provoking idea.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B] Why did the Victorians start view photographs?[C] What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D] How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on betweenthe Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would _____.[A] bring web-based firms under control.[B] slow down the traffic on their network.[C] show partiality in treating clients.[D] intensify competition with their rivals.37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC _____.[A] sticks to an out-of-date order.[B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.[C] has issued a special resolution.[D] has allowed the states to intervene.38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A] It protects against unfair competition.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C] It is under the FCC's investigation.[D] It is in pursuit of quality service.39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision _____.[A] focuses on trivialities.[B] conveys an ambiguous message.[C] is at odds with its earlier rulings.[D] is out of touch with reality.40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B] The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C] Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D] Broadband providers' rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. (41) ___________. One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _____. There are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much," says Domingos, (43) "__________."Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable," says Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions." (44) _________.Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive," says Domingos. (45) _________.[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AIgo out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during anaudit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performanceacross multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's usefulfor employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them toomuch, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.[F] We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone toaccomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selectsthe more promising candidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as inFrance, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. DirectionsA foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end. Use "Li Ming" instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1. [C] peaks2. [D] generally3. [A] while4. [B] accumulation5. [A] possibility6. [A] delay7. [C] included8. [B] compared9. [A] with10. [C] scored11. [D] went by12. [B] attributable13. [C] involved14. [D] explain15. [D] treatments16. [B] Meanwhile17. [D] take18. [A] well-being19. [A] level20. [C] dietSection Ⅰ Reading Comprehension Part AText 121. [D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. [B] rail travelers23. [C] have failed to provide an adequate service.24. [D] a change of ownership.25. [D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 226. [B] help poor families get better off.27. [D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. [C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.29. [C] it can protect the environment.30. [A] The effects of a program.Text 331. [A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.32. [B] They are rare among photographs of that age.33. [D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. [A] a deep-root belief.35. [A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?Text 436. [C] show partiality in treating clients.37. [B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.38. [B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.39. [D] is out of touch with reality.40. [A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.。
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It _____(1)in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time, and then_____(2)starts to slowly decline as we age.But_____(3)aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the_____(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the_____(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_____(6)this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that_____(7)measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and_____(8)that data toreported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people_____(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_____(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years_____(11).For women,the association may be_____(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be_____(13)It is hoped that future studies could_____(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_____(15)for men and women._____(16)there are steps you can_____(17)to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental_____(18).The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_____(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_____(20)that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.【题干】1._____【选项】A.pauseB.returD.fade【答案】C2.【题干】2._____【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D3.【题干】3._____【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4._____A.detectioB.accumulatioC.consumptioD.separatio【答案】B5.【题干】5._____【选项】A.possibilityB.decisioC.goalD.requirement 【答案】A6.【题干】6._____【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seek【答案】A7.【题干】7._____【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C8.【题干】8._____【选项】A.devotedparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B9.【题干】9._____【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A10.【题干】10._____【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C11.【题干】11._____【选项】A.ran outB.set offC.drew iD.went by【答案】D12.【题干】12._____【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B13.【题干】13._____【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C14.【题干】14._____【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explai【答案】D15.【题干】15._____【选项】pensatioB.symptomC.demandD.treatments【答案】D16.【题干】16._____【选项】A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead【答案】B17.【题干】17._____【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D18.【题干】18._____【选项】A.well-beingB.proceC.formatioD.coordinatio【答案】A19.【题干】19._____【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A20.【题干】20._____【选项】A.desigB.routineC.dietD.prescriptio【答案】CPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)A.Stay calm.B.Stay humble.C.Decide whether to waitD.Be realistic about the risks.E.Don't make judgements.F.Identify a shared goal.G.Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than youYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up?And if you do,what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree,too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking一all the things that would makethe disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in ameeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about一it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.State it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying toadvance a common objective.The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential,but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can see something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work.I'd like to layout my reasoning-Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally optin.And,assuming he says yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message.It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gels to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,a can speaking more slowly and deliberately. Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthep aceandtalkinginaneven tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you.It also makes youseemconfident,even if you aren't.Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion,but it's still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline,we will never make it"say,"This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not asa fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique.Be open to hearing other opinions.参考答案：43.[C]Decide whether to wait42.[F]Identify a shared goal43.[G]Ask permission to disagree44.[A]Stay calm45.[B]Stay humblePart C46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSIWER SHIEET.(15points) We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection,laughter,and warmth.While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago -area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it tums out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.参考译文：我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。
考研英语一真题及答案解析
考研英语一真题及答案解析2021年的考研英语一真题备受考生关注。
在这篇文章中，我们将对该真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地理解题目背后的逻辑和思维方法，从而提升答题技巧和得分水平。
第一部分：阅读理解本次阅读理解共包含四篇文章，分别来自不同领域。
接下来就让我们逐篇解析。
第一篇文章主要讲述了人工智能在医学领域的应用。
根据文章内容，我们可以了解到，人工智能技术可以帮助医生在诊断和治疗方面做出更准确的决策。
例如，通过深度学习算法，人工智能可以分析海量的医学数据，识别出疾病的早期迹象，提前进行干预和治疗。
另外，人工智能还可以辅助医生进行手术操作，提高手术的精确度和成功率。
通过学习这篇文章，我们可以了解到人工智能在医学领域的应用前景和挑战。
第二篇文章讲述了海洋环境变化对生态系统的影响。
文章指出，随着全球气候变暖，海洋环境中的温度和酸碱度发生了变化，这对海洋生态系统造成了严重的影响。
例如，海洋中许多物种面临着物种灭绝的威胁，部分海洋生态系统已经出现了崩溃。
文章还强调了保护海洋生态系统的重要性，并提出了一些可能的解决方案。
通过阅读这篇文章，我们可以深入了解海洋环境变化对生态系统的危害和应对策略。
第三篇文章讨论了人工智能对职业的影响。
文章指出，随着人工智能技术的快速发展，许多传统职业正在面临被替代的风险。
例如，自动驾驶技术可能会导致出租车司机和货车司机等职业的就业机会减少。
然而，人工智能也为新型职业创造了机会，例如数据分析师和人工智能工程师等。
文章还提出了如何应对这一挑战的建议，例如提高自身职业技能和转行等。
通过阅读这篇文章，我们可以更好地理解人工智能对职业发展的影响和可能的解决方案。
第四篇文章讲述了音乐对人类的重要性。
文章指出，音乐是人类情感和文化的重要表达方式。
它可以帮助人们舒缓情绪，减轻压力，提高人们的创造力和学习能力。
此外，音乐还可以拉近人与人之间的距离，促进人际交往和沟通。
通过阅读这篇文章，我们可以更好地理解音乐对人类生活的积极影响和作用。
2012年考研英语一真题答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语答案及解析1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B，when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as...“被认为是”。
5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有_ _道德规范”。
后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受…支配”。
故本题选B。
7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to “适用于”符合题意。
resort to “求助于”;stick to “坚持(原则等)”语意不通。
8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。
提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise。
9.【答案】A【解析】根据第8题可知，空内应填line，“界限”。
barrier “障碍”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“冲突”都不合题意。
考研英语1真题答案及解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。
PO_BT1001_C01_1 宽带接入技术综述 V2.0
在终端上体现为各种多频多 模的终端
融合是综合的、复杂的，它涉及网络、业务等多个方面
全球固网接入设备投资分析
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1,000
49413 76075 28841 73464
14326 51521 13714 40975
4511 34392 5068 22632
1192 23059 1188 11573
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M$
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E Source: Gartner
DSL建设量在2008年后逐渐下降 EPON/GPON的规模部署带动FTTx（PON）投资快速增长，10G EPON在2011年开始规模
计国内2020年前每用户带宽需求将达到100Mbps
业务多样化推动带宽需求
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84.50% 213,660k 81.50% 206,200k 77.20% 195,360k 71.00% 179,630k 69.20% 175,080k 62.60% 158,380k 58.30% 147,460k 42.30% 107,060k 38.80% 98,220k 28.00% 70,920k 25.00% 63,290k 23.40% 59,310k 23.40% 59,310k 22.50% 56,970k 18.50% 46,690k 16.90% 42,880k 14.90% 37,750k
2018年考研英语一真题与答案解析
2018年考研英语一真题与答案解析2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-andrealized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired w ith the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues[D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted[D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums—from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complexcommunication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as theearned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided/doc/df8385061.html,cation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction incyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They c ross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the su rv ey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” moreso than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social mediamay be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Lin e 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpreta tion[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individualthere gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressu re on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign t hat they’re getting serious about transforming thepostal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by。
2000-2017历年考研数学一真题(答案+解析)
历年考研数学一真题1987-2017 （答案+解析） （经典珍藏版）最近三年+回顾过去 最近三年篇（2015-2017）2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 数学(一)试卷一、选择题 1—8小题．每小题4分，共32分．１．设函数()f x 在(,)-∞+∞上连续，其二阶导数()f x ''的图形如右图所示，则曲线()y f x=在(,)-∞+∞的拐点个数为（A）0（B）1 （C）2 （D）3 【详解】对于连续函数的曲线而言，拐点处的二阶导数等于零或者不存在．从图上可以看出有两个二阶导数等于零的点，以及一个二阶导数不存在的点0x ．但对于这三个点，左边的二阶导数等于零的点的两侧二阶导数都是正的，所以对应的点不是拐点．而另外两个点的两侧二阶导数是异号的，对应的点才是拐点，所以应该选（C ）2．设21123()x x y e x e =+-是二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程xy ay by ce '''++=的一个特解，则（A ）321,,a b c =-==-（B ）321,,a b c ===-（C ）321,,a b c =-==（D ）321,,a b c ===【详解】线性微分方程的特征方程为20r ar b ++=，由特解可知12r =一定是特征方程的一个实根．如果21r=不是特征方程的实根，则对应于()xf x ce=的特解的形式应该为()x Q x e，其中()Q x应该是一个零次多项式，即常数，与条件不符，所以21r=也是特征方程的另外一个实根，这样由韦达定理可得213212(),a b =-+=-=⨯=，同时*xy x e=是原来方程的一个解，代入可得1c =-应该选（A ） ３．若级数1nn a∞=∑条件收敛，则3x x ==依次为级数11()nnn na x ∞=-∑的 （Ａ）收敛点，收敛点（Ｂ）收敛点，发散点(Ｃ）发散点，收敛点（Ｄ）发散点，发散点【详解】注意条件级数1nn a∞=∑条件收敛等价于幂级数1n nn a x∞=∑在1x=处条件收敛，也就是这个幂级数的收敛为1，即11lim nnnaa+→∞=，所以11()nnnna x∞=-∑的收敛半径111lim()nnnnaRn a→∞+==+，绝对收敛域为02 (,)，显然3x x ==依次为收敛点、发散点，应该选（B ） ４．设D 是第一象限中由曲线21,x y xy==与直线,y x y ==所围成的平面区域，函数(,)f x y 在D 上连续，则(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰（ ） （Ａ）1321422sin sin (cos ,sin )d f r r rdrπθπθθθθ⎰⎰（Ｂ）34(cos ,sin )d f r r rdrππθθθ⎰（Ｃ）1321422sin sin (cos ,sin )d f r r drπθπθθθθ⎰⎰（Ｄ）34(cos ,sin )d f r r drππθθθ⎰【详解】积分区域如图所示，化成极坐标方程： 也就是D：43r ππθ⎧<<⎪⎪⎨<< 所以(Df x y=⎰⎰34(cos ,sin )d f r r rdrππθθθ⎰，所以应该选（B ）． 5．设矩阵2211111214,A a b d a d ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪== ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，若集合{}12,Ω=，则线性方程组Ax b=有无穷多解的充分必要条件是（A ）,a d ∉Ω∉Ω（B ）,a d ∉Ω∈Ω（C ）,a d ∈Ω∉Ω（D ）,a d ∈Ω∈Ω【详解】对线性方程组的增广矩阵进行初等行变换：方程组无穷解的充分必要条件是3()(,)r A r A b =<，也就是120120()(),()()a a d d --=--=同时成立，当然应该选（D ）． 6．设二次型123(,,)f x x x 在正交变换x Py=下的标准形为2221232y y y +-，其中()123,,P e e e =，若()132,,Q e e e =-，则12(,,)f x x x 在x Qy=下的标准形为（A ）2221232y y y -+（B ）2221232y y y +-（C ）2221232y y y --（D ）2221232y y y ++【详解】()()132123100100001001010010,,,,Q e e e e e e P ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=-== ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭，100001010T TQ P ⎛⎫⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭所以10000100100T T Q AQ P AP ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪=-=-=-⎪ ⎪⎪⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪---⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭故选择（A ）． 7．若,A B为任意两个随机事件，则（ ）（A ）()()()P AB P A P B ≤（B ）()()()P AB P A P B ≥（C ）2()()()P A P B P AB +≤（D）2()()()P A P B P AB +≥【详解】()(),()(),P A P AB P B P AB ≥≥所以2()()()P A P BP AB +≤故选择（C ）． 8．设随机变量,X Y不相关，且21,,EX EY DX ===，则2(())E X X Y +-=（ ）（A ）3-（B ）3（C ） 5-（D ）5【详解】222(())()()(E X X Y E X E XY EX DX E+-=+-=+故应该选择（D ）． 二、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上） 9．20ln(cos )limx x x→=【详解】200122ln(cos )tan limlim x x x x x x →→-==-．10．221sin cos x x dx x ππ-⎛⎫+= ⎪+⎝⎭⎰． 【详解】只要注意1sin cos xx+为奇函数，在对称区间上积分为零，所以22202214sin .cos x x dx xdx x ππππ-⎛⎫+== ⎪+⎝⎭⎰⎰11．若函数(,)z z x y =是由方程2cos z e xyz x x +++=确定，则01(,)|dz =． 【详解】设2(,,)cos z F x y z e xyz x x =+++-，则 且当01,x y ==时，0z =，所以010101001010010010(,)(,)(,,)(,,)|,|,(,,)(,,)y x z z F F z zx y F F ''∂∂=-=-=-=∂∂''也就得到01(,)|dz =.dx -12．设Ω是由平面1x y z ++=和三个坐标面围成的空间区域，则23()dxdydz x y z Ω++=⎰⎰⎰． 【详解】注意在积分区域内，三个变量,,x y z具有轮换对称性，也就是 13．n阶行列式200212020022012-=-． 【详解】按照第一行展开，得1111212122()()n n n n n D D D +---=+--=+，有1222()n n D D -+=+由于1226,D D ==，得11122222()n n n D D -+=+-=-．14．设二维随机变量(,)X Y 服从正态分布10110(,;,;)N ，则{}0P X Y Y -<=．【详解】由于相关系数等于零，所以X ，Y 都服从正态分布，1~(X N ，且相互独立． 则101~(,)X N -．三、解答题 15．（本题满分10分）设函数1()ln(f x xa x=+++，3()g x kx =在x →时为等价无穷小，求常数,,a b k的取值．【详解】当x →时，把函数1()ln()sin f x x a x bx x=+++展开到三阶的马克劳林公式，得 由于当0x →时，(),(f x g x是等价无穷小，则有10023a ab a k ⎧⎪+=⎪⎪-+=⎨⎪⎪=⎪⎩， 解得，11123,,.a b k =-=-=- 16．（本题满分10分） 设函数)(x f y =在定义域I上的导数大于零，若对任意的0x I∈，曲线)(x f y =在点00(,())x f x 处的切线与直线x x =及x轴所围成区域的面积恒为4，且02()f =，求()f x 的表达式． 【详解】)(x f y =在点00(,())x f x 处的切线方程为000()()()y f x x x f x '=-+ 令0y =，得000()()f x x x f x =-'曲线)(x f y =在点00(,())x f x 处的切线与直线x x =及x轴所围成区域的面积为 整理，得218y y '=，解方程，得118C x y =-，由于02()f =，得12C =所求曲线方程为84.y x=-17．（本题满分10分） 设函数(,)f x y xyxy=++，曲线223:C x y xy ++=，求(,)f x y 在曲线C上的最大方向导数． 【详解】显然11,f f y x x y∂∂=+=+∂∂．(,)f x y x y xy=++在(,)x y 处的梯度()11,,f f gradf y xx y ⎛⎫∂∂==++ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭(,)f x y 在(,)x y 处的最大方向导数的方向就是梯度方向，最大值为梯度的模gradf =所以此题转化为求函数2211(,)()()F x y x y =+++在条件223:C x y xy ++=下的条件极值．用拉格朗日乘子法求解如下： 令2222113(,,)()()()L x y x y x y xy λλ=++++++-解方程组22212021203()()x y F x x y F y y x x y xy λλλλ⎧'=+++=⎪⎪'=+++=⎨⎪++=⎪⎩，得几个可能的极值点()11112112,,(,),(,),(,)----，进行比较，可得，在点21,x y ==-或12,x y =-=处，方向导数取到最3.=18．（本题满分10分） （1）设函数(),()u x v x 都可导，利用导数定义证明(()(ux v xu '''=+； （2）设函数12(),(),,()n u x u x u x 都可导，12()()()()n f x u x u x u x =，写出()f x 的求导公式．【详解】（1）证明：设)()(x v x u y =由导数的定义和可导与连续的关系（2）12()()()()n f x u x u x u x =19．（本题满分10分） 已知曲线L 的方程为z z x⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩起点为0()A ，终点为00(,)B ，计算曲线积分2222()()()Ly z dx z x y dy x y dz++-+++⎰． 【详解】曲线L 的参数方程为cos ,cos x ty t z t =⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩起点00(,)A 对应2t π=，终点为00(,)B 对应2t π=-．20．（本题满分11分） 设向量组123,,ααα为向量空间3R 的一组基，11322221,,()k k βααβαβαα=+==++．（1）证明：向量组123,,βββ为向量空间3R 的一组基；（2）当k为何值时，存在非零向量ξ，使得ξ在基123,,ααα和基123,,βββ下的坐标相同，并求出所有的非零向量.ξ【详解】（1）()12312321020201(,,),,k k βββααα⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭， 因为201212024021201kk kk ==≠++，且123,,ααα显然线性无关，所以12,,βββ是线性无关的，当然是向量空间3R 的一组基． （2）设非零向量ξ在两组基下的坐标都是123(,,)x x x ，则由条件 可整理得：1132231320()()x k x x k ααααα++++=，所以条件转化为线性方程组()1321320,,k k x ααααα++=存在非零解．从而系数行列式应该等于零，也就是 由于12,,ααα显然线性无关，所以101010020kk=，也就是0k =．此时方程组化为()11212130,,()x x x xx x αααα⎛⎫⎪=++=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭， 由于12,αα线性无关，所以1320x x x +=⎧⎨=⎩，通解为1230x C x x C ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭，其中C为任意常数． 所以满足条件的0C C ξ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪-⎝⎭其中C为任意不为零的常数． 21．（本题满分11分） 设矩阵02313312A a -⎛⎫ ⎪=-- ⎪⎪-⎝⎭相似于矩阵1200031B b-⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭．（1）求,a b的值； （2）求可逆矩阵P，使1AP -为对角矩阵．【详解】（1）因为两个矩阵相似，所以有t r A t=，A B=． 也就是32235aba a bb +=+=⎧⎧⇒⎨⎨-==⎩⎩．（2）由212050131()(E B λλλλλλ--=-=--=--，得A，B的特征值都为12315,λλλ===解方程组()E A x-=，得矩阵A的属于特征值121λλ==的线性无关的特征向量为12231001.ξξ-⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪==⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭；解方程组50()E A x-=得矩阵A的属于特征值35λ=的线性无关的特征向量为3111ξ-⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭令()123231101011,,P ξξξ--⎛⎫ ⎪== ⎪⎪⎝⎭，则1100010005.P AP -⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭22．（本题满分11分）设随机变量X 的概率密度为22000ln ,(),x x f x x -⎧>=⎨≤⎩对X 进行独立重复的观测，直到第2个大于3的观测值出现时停止，记Y为次数．求Y的分布函数； （1） 求Y的概率分布；（2）求数学期望.EY 【详解】（1）X进行独立重复的观测，得到观测值大于3的概率为显然Y的可能取值为234,,,且2211117171888648()(),k kkP Y k C k k---⎛⎫⎛⎫==⨯⨯=-=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭（2）设2222211 ()()()n n nn n nx S x n n x x xx ∞∞∞-===''⎛⎛⎫''=-===⎪-⎝⎭⎝∑∑∑23．（本题满分11分）设总体X 的概率密度为 其中θ为未知参数，12,,,nX X X 是来自总体的简单样本． （1）求参数θ的矩估计量； （2）求参数θ的最大似然估计量． 【详解】（1）总体的数学期望为 令()E X X=，解得参数θ的矩估计量：21ˆX θ=-．（2）似然函数为 显然()L θ是关于θ的单调递增函数，为了使似然函数达到最大，只要使θ尽可能大就可以，所以 参数θ的最大似然估计量为12ˆmin(,,,).nx x x θ=2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 数学(一)试卷一、选择题：1~8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求的，请将所选前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上。
中公 逻辑1001题2024
中公逻辑1001题2024解题思路：按照中公逻辑1001题的章节顺序，逐题进行解答。
每道题的解答包括题目内容、问题分析和解题步骤。
下面对前几道题进行解答，帮助读者理解解题过程。
第一题：题目内容：甲和乙两人参加了一次考试，已知甲的得分是乙的92%，还已知乙的得分是80分，那么甲的最低得几分？问题分析：乙的得分是甲的92%，即乙 = 甲 * 92%，而乙的得分是80分，所以可以列立方程，推导出甲的得分。
解题步骤：1.设甲的得分为X，则乙的得分为0.92X；2.根据题意，得出0.92X = 80；3.解方程得X ≈ 87，所以甲的最低得分为87分。
第二题：题目内容：等差数列211, 213, 215, …. 少了一个数，问是多少？问题分析：题目给出了等差数列的前几项，要求找出缺失的项。
解题步骤：1.计算等差数列的公差d，将第一项211和第二项213相减得到d = 2；2.由等差数列的通项公式可知，第n项的值可以表示为n*d + a （a为等差数列的首项）；3.根据所给的前几项，假设缺失的项为第n项，可得n = 106；4.将n代入通项公式，得到缺失的数为106*2 + 211 = 423。
第三题：题目内容：根据下面的条件判断哪些选项的说法正确？1. 若明天是星期三，则今天是星期一；2. 若明天下雨，那么今天一定是阴天；3. 甲比乙年纪大，乙比丙年纪大，那么甲比丙年纪大；4. 一个以人为单位的办公楼可以同时办理50桌婚宴。
问题分析：根据题目组合判断各个选项的真假。
解题步骤：1.根据条件1，若明天是星期三，则今天是星期一，选项1的说法为真；2.根据条件2，若明天下雨，那么今天一定是阴天，选项2的说法为真；3.根据条件3，甲比乙年纪大，乙比丙年纪大，那么甲比丙年纪大，选项3的说法为真；4.根据条件4，一个以人为单位的办公楼不可能同时办理50桌婚宴，选项4的说法为假。
以上是前几题的解答过程，根据这样的解题思路依次解答后续题目，可以得到完整的解题结果。
2021考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2021考研英语（一）真题及答案解析2021考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is__8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__when homeless individuals manage to find a__12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notesthat the situation will improve only when there are _17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19__it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a pa ckage deal.”1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore2.[A]stand [B]cope[C]approve [D]retain 3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range[D]differ7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8.[A]inflating[B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending 9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers 10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss 11.[A]Hence[B]But [C]Even [D]Only12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering 14.[A]when [B]once[C]while [D]whereas15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance 16.[A]around [B]over[C]on [D]up17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating 18.[A]So[B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the dem ocratizing uniformity ofdress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered‘vast arrays of go ods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sp orts are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigra tion isneither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to bebilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence thedescription of America as a grave yard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarria gethan do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americansfear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune tothe nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest adark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Pa ragraph 1) most probablymeans_____. A. identifying B. associating C. assimilating D. monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19thcentury_____. A. played a role in the spread of popular culture. B. became intimate shops for common consumers. C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. _____.A. are resistant to homogenization.B. exert a great influence on American culture.C. are hardly a threatto the common culture. D. constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A. To prove their populari ty around the world.B. To reveal the public’sfear of immigrants. C. To give examples of successful immigrants.D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_____. A. rewarding B. successful C. fruitless D. harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to seethe plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage,Shakespeare’s birthplaceand the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their longhair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deli ciously ironic whenyou consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor(with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come bybus---and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side---don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bringin much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them fouror five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseerscan take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wingor cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may besure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside thetheatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that_____.A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_____.A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.C. the town is not really short of money.D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because_____.A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.B. the company is financially ill-managed.C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.D. the theatre attendance is on the rise.30. From the text we can conclude that the author_____. A. is supportive of both sides. B. favors the townsfolk’s view. C. takes a detached attitude. D. is sympathetic to the RSC.Text 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular partsof the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80%within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, ithas halved again since then.Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason forthis is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, whichwere not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocksin the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fishwere lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the datasupport an idea current among marine biologists, that of the \massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes whenthe biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggestthat_____. A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment. B. small species survived as large animals disappeared. C. large sea animalsmay face the same threat today. D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that_____.A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.33.By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.D. the data collected so far are out of date.34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomassC. the oceanbiomass should restored its original level.D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _____.A. management efficiencyB. biomass levelC. catch-size limitsD. technological application.Text 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
考研英语一真题及答案详细解析
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English:Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related, frien ds are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_. While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why thissimilarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains mon archs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, theMiddle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who havemost to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according toParagraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, riflin g through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personaldomain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phone s without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s c omparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working withthe American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welc ome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because o f a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editorof the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation,sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-Gto fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merelyrelative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning weperceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across theAtlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survivedthe journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almos t inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use LiMing instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
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全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试高级财务会计试题课程代码：00159一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.下列外币报表折算方法中，资产负债表的所有外币资产项目和外币负债项目均根据资产负债表日的即期汇率进行折算的是( )A.时态法B.现行汇率法C.流动与非流动项目法D.货币性与非货币性项目法2.根据我国会计准则的规定，外币报表折算差额应列示在( )A.资产负债表的所有者权益项目下B.利润表的利润总额项目下C.资产负债表的负债项目下D.资产负债表的资产项目下3.下列各项负债中，其账面价值与计税基础可能产生差异的是( )A.预计负债B.应付账款C.应付职工薪酬D.其他应付款4.某企业2008年利润表中的利润总额为1000万元，适用所得税税率为25％。
当年发生的有关交易和事项有：取得国债利息收入10万元；年末计提存货跌价准备20万元。
据此计算，该企业2008年应交所得税为( )A.247.5万元B.250万元C.252.5万元D.255万元5.在所得税会计中，与直接计入所有者权益的交易或事项相关的应纳税暂时性差异的纳税影响，应记入的账户是( )A.盈余公积B.所得税费用C.资本公积D.营业外支出6.根据上市公司信息披露的有关规定，下列各项中应属于重大事件公告内容的是( )A.公司对外提供担保B.公司发生亏损或者损失C.公司发生投资行为浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 1 页（共11 页）D.持有公司5％以上股份的股东，其持有股份的情况发生变化7.根据我国会计准则的规定，下列不属于．．．企业中期财务报告构成内容的是( )A.资产负债表B.利润表C.现金流量表D.所有者权益变动表8.售后租回融资租赁业务中，对出售资产的收入或损失的处理，下列说法正确的是( )A.计入当期损益B.将其作为递延融资费用按折旧进度进行分配，调整折旧费用C.将其作为递延融资费用按租金支付比例进行分配，调整折旧费用D.将其作为递延融资费用按折旧进度进行分配，调整未确认融资费用9.在进行衍生金融工具的账务处理时，在资产负债表日，其公允价值变动额应计入( )A.投资收益B.套期损益C.公允价值变动损益D.汇兑损益10.下列衍生金融工具中，在确定的将来某一时间按照确定的价格购买或出售某项资产的合约称为( )A.金融远期B.商品期货C.金融期货D.金融期权11.在进行套期保值时，与被套期项目相关的被套期风险一般不包括．．．( )A.外汇风险B.利率风险C.商品价格风险D.固定资产毁损风险12.在非同一控制下的企业合并中，合并方转让的非现金资产的公允价值大于账面价值的差额应记入的账户是( )A.营业外收入B.资本公积C.盈余公积D.投资收益13.在非同一控制下的企业合并中，下列项目中与合并成本无关的是( )A.为实现合并支付的律师服务费B.合并企业承担的负债的公允价值C.被合并企业可辨认净资产的账面价值D.合并企业支付的非货币性资产的公允价值浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 2 页（共11 页）14.甲公司拥有乙公司、丙公司和丁公司表决权资本的比例分别为70％、50％和40％；乙公司拥有戊公司和丁公司表决权资本的比例分别为60％和29％。
若不考虑其他影响因素，则不应纳入甲公司合并财务报表范围的是( )A.乙公司B.丙公司C.丁公司D.戊公司15.根据我国会计准则的规定，编制合并报表时产生的少数股东权益，正确的列示方法是( )A.作为负债项目单独列示B.作为所有者权益项目单独列示C.计入合并损益在合并利润表中列示D.作为长期股权投资的调整项目列示16.母公司将成本为50000元的商品以62000元的价格出售给其子公司，子公司对集团外销售了40％，编制合并报表时，抵销分录中应冲减的存货金额是( )A.4800元B.7200元C.12000元D.62000元17.在通货膨胀会计中，资产持有损益作为权益类项目，其余额直接列入资产负债表的权益类“资本维护准备金”项内单独反映，这种处理方法体现了( )A.按名义货币考虑的财务资本维护观念B.按货币购买力考虑的财务资本维护观念C.按实物生产能力考虑的实物资本维护观念D.按实物生产能力考虑的财务资本维护观念18.现时成本会计对资产负债特有的计量原则是( )A.现时价格计量B.历史成本计量C.成本与市价孰低计量D.成本与可变现净值孰低计量19.与通货膨胀其他会计模式相比，一般物价水平会计特征之一是( )A.以历史成本和一般物价水平变动为计价基准B.以现时成本和一般物价水平变动为计价基准C.以现时成本和个别物价水平变动为计价基准D.以现时成本和资产的变现价值为计价基准浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 3 页（共11 页）20.甲企业进行破产清算，转让原无偿划拨取得的未入账土地，实际取得价款180万元，按规定缴纳营业税9万元，通过银行以土地转让所得支付职工安置费用145万元，则甲企业应计入清算损益的金额是( )A.0万元B.26万元C.171万元D.180万元二、多项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
21.汇兑损益是企业发生的外币业务在折合为记账本位币时，由于汇率的变动而给企业带来的收益或损失，其类型包括( )A.交易汇兑损益B.兑换汇兑损益C.调整外币汇兑损益D.外币折算汇兑损益E.即时汇兑损益22.关于企业所得税的性质，国际上存在的观点有( )A.费用观B.利润观C.收益分配观D.资产负债观E.现金流量观23.下列各项中，属于确认企业报告分部重要性标准的条件有( )A.一个分部的收入占企业所有分部收入总额的10％或者以上B.一个分部资产占企业所有分部资产总额的10％或者以上C.一个分部的成本费用占企业所有分部成本费用总额的10％或者以上D.一个分部的所有者权益占企业所有分部所有者权益总额的10％或者以上E.一个分部的营业利润占所有分部的营业利润总额的10％或者以上24.下列各项中，属于金融资产的有( )A.银行存款B.应收账款C.股权投资D.债权投资E.权益工具25.下列关于购买法的表述中，正确的有( )A.可能会产生商誉浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 4 页（共11 页）B.将合并过程的费用计入当期损益C.将被合并企业的净资产按公允价值入账D.将参与合并企业的净资产按账面价值入账E.将被合并企业的留存收益计入合并方财务报表中26.根据我国会计准则的规定，下列各项中，符合合并日确认条件的有( )A.企业合并协议已经过股东大会通过B.合并方支付的合并价款一般应超过30％C.参与合并各方已办理了必要的财产转移手续D.企业合并双方已签订合并意向书E.合并方实际上控制了被合并方的财务和经营政策，并承担风险享有收益27.与个别财务报表相比，合并财务报表的特点有( )A.由母公司编制B.有独特的编制方法C.以账簿记录为编制基础D.以个别财务报表为编制基础E.主体是经济意义上的复合会计主体28.下列各项中，合并现金流量表编制中应抵销的内容有( )A.母公司以现金向子公司投资B.子公司以现金偿还母公司欠款C.母公司以现金向子公司购买商品D.子公司以现金向母公司分派现金股利E.母公司以现金向子公司的少数股东购买子公司的股票29.一般物价水平会计中，在通货膨胀的前提下，下列说法正确的有( )A.持有应收账款，将因物价变动而遭受损失B.持有应付账款，将因物价变动而遭受损失C.持有银行存款，将因物价变动而得到收益D.持有长期借款，将因物价变动而得到收益E.持有存货，将因物价变动而得到收益30.下列各项中，体现现时成本会计特点的有( )A.进行持产损益的计算B.进行货币购买力的计算浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 5 页（共11 页）C.以名义货币作为计价单位D.以一般物价变动作为计价基准E.以现时成本和一般物价水平变动为计价基准三、简答题(本大题共2小题，每小题5分，共10分)31.简述关联方的含义及其特征。
32.简述资产负债表债务法下所得税会计核算的一般程序。
四、核算题(本大题共5小题，每小题10分，共50分)33.2008年12月1日，甲企业进口材料一批，购货成本为USDl0000，已办理入库手续，当日即期汇率为USD1=RMB7，约定于2009年1月10日付款。
假设不考虑有关税费，2008年12月31日的汇率为USD1=RMB6，2009年1月10日的汇率为USD1=RMB6.7。
要求：按照两项交易观，根据上述业务分别做出交易日、报表日和结算日的相关会计分录。
34.2008年12月10日，A公司与B租赁公司签订了一份设备租赁合同，租入甲生产设备。
合同主要条款如下：(1)起租日：2008年12月31日。
(2)租赁期：2008年12月31日至2012年12月31日。
(3)租金支付方式：2009年至2012年每年年末支付租金80000元。
(4)甲生产设备2008年12月31日的公允价值为280000元，预计尚可使用5年。
(5)租赁合同年利率为6％。
甲生产设备于2008年12月31日运抵A公司，当日投入使用。
要求：(1)判断该租赁的类型。
(2)计算最低租赁付款额的现值和未确认融资费用(计算结果保留整数)。
(3)编制A公司起租日、2009年支付租金的有关会计分录。
(利率为6％，期数为4期的普通年金现值系数为3.4651)35.甲公司与乙公司同属于丙集团，甲公司于2008年1月1日发行每股面值1元的股票900000股吸收合并乙公司，合并日，甲公司及乙公司资产、负债和所有者权益如下：浙00159# 高级财务会计试题第 6 页（共11 页）要求：(1)编制甲公司合并日的有关会计分录。
(2)计算甲公司合并后的资产、负债及所有者权益金额。
36.2008年6月30日，A公司将其所生产的产品以300000元的价格销售给其全资子公司B 公司作为管理用固定资产使用。
该产品的成本为240000元。
B公司购入当月即投入使用，该项固定资产的预计使用期限为10年，无残值，采用平均年限法计提折旧。
要求：(1)编制A公司2008年度合并工作底稿中的相关抵销分录。
(2)编制A公司2009年度合并工作底稿中的相关抵销分录。
37.甲公司由于经营期满，于2008年6月1日解散，6月30日清算结束。
甲公司发生下列清算业务：(1)收回各项应收账款158600元，款项存入银行。
(2)变卖原材料和库存商品，取得销售价款450000元(其中，应交增值税65385元)，所得款项存入银行。