语言学专业英语术语总表(chinese-english)龚
《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表
语言学术语(英—汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语 3。
3.1Abercrombie 10.3。
2ablative 夺格，离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1。
3.2accent 重音（符）2.4。
4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性 11。
6.4accusative 宾格 4。
1。
1achievement test 成绩测试 11。
6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1。
7。
1；2.1 acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3。
3.1action process 动作过程 12。
2。
3actor 动作者 4.4.2；12。
2.3addition 添加 3.3。
2address form 称呼形式 7.2。
3addressee 受话人 1。
4；9。
4.1addresser 发话人 1。
4;9.4。
1adjective 形容词 3.1.2；4。
1。
1；5.5。
2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语 12.2.3adverb 副词 3.1。
2affix 词缀 3。
2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3。
1affixation词缀附加法 7。
1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4。
3；2。
4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系 4。
1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵 9.3。
2；9。
3。
6allomorph 词/语素变体 3.2。
4；4。
3。
1allophone 音位变体 2。
8allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8。
3allophony音位变体现象 2。
8。
3alveolar ridge 齿龈 2。
2alveolar 齿龈音 2。
4。
4；2.4。
5ambiguity 歧义 4.2。
2；4。
3.1；6.2.3；8.2。
2;8。
语言学常用术语英汉对照表
语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Ling ｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法) 2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒa ｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spoone ｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。
《英语语言学》术语 英汉对照 表
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and Index(备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。
) Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3 assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。
(完整版)语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation,FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammatical function ; ; grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski, Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象Nnarratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representation of speechacts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of speech,NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of thoughtacts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldian linguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP 标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility 相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory,REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network 语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study of society 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language translation 口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics) 共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syntax 句法system network 系统网络system of signs 符号系统system of systems 系统的系统systemic(grammar) 系统语法systemic-functional Grammar, SFG 系统功能语法Ttacit knowledge 默契的知识tagmeme 法位tagmemics 法位学tap 一次接触音target language 目标语言tautology 同义反复冗辞template 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense 时态test content 测试内容test form 测试形式testee 受试者testing 测试test-retest reliability 一测再测信度tetrameter 四音步诗行text 语篇text comprehension 语篇理解text encoding 语篇编码text interpretation 语篇解释text style 语篇风格textual organization 语篇组织textual 语篇功能theme 主位theoretical linguistics 理论语言学third-person narrator 第三人称叙述者thought presentation 思想表达three-place predicate 三位谓语tone 声调音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic 主题trace theory 轨迹论traditional grammar 传统语法transcribed 标音transcription 音标标音transfer 移转transfer approach 移转法transformation 转换transformation of interrogation 疑问转换transformational component 转换部分、transformational grammar 转换语法transformational process 转换过程transformational rule 转换规则transformational-generative grammar, TG grammar 转换生成语法transitivity 及物性translation 翻译tree diagram 树形图trill 颤音trochee 抑扬格长短格trope 转喻隐喻truth condition 真值条件truth value 真值tu/vous distinction 你/您区别turn length 话语轮次长度turn quantity 话语轮次数量turn-taking 依次发言two-place predicate 二位谓语two-word utterance 二词话语typology 类型学UUnaspirated 不松气的underlying form 底层形式underlying representation 底层表达uninterruptibility 非中断性universal grammar, UG 普遍语法universal quantifier 普遍限量词universal 普遍现象universality 普遍性universals of language 语言的普遍现象unmarked 未标记的unrounded vowel 非圆元音urban dialectology 都市方言学user 用户user-friendly 方便用户的utterance meaning 语句意义utterance 语句uvula 小舌uvular 小舌音Vvalidity 效度variable 可变化的variable word 可变化词variation变异variety 变体语体velar 软腭音velarization 腭音化velum 软口盖verb 动词verb phrase 动词短语verbal communication 言语交际verbal process 言语过程verbiage 言辞vernacular language education 本地化教育vertical relation 选择关系vocabulary 词汇vocal cord 声带vocal organ 发音器官vocal tract 声道vocative 呼格voice 语态voiced consonant 浊辅音voiced obstruent 浊塞音voiced (sound) 浊音voiceless consonant 清辅音voiceless obstruent 清塞音voiceless (sound) 清音voicing 浊音化，有声化vowel glide 元音音渡vowel 元音Wweb page 网页Wh-interrogative 特殊疑问句women register 女性语域word 词word class 词类word formation 词语形成word group 词组word meaning 词义word order 词序word recognition 词语识别word formation 词语形成word-for-word 逐词翻译wording 措辞working memory system 工作记忆系统writing 文字writing system 文字系统written language 书面语written text 篇章XX-bar Theory X-bar理论Yyes/no interrogative 是非问句yes/no question 是非问句Zzero form 零形式。
语言学课程相关英文词汇汇总
84 借喻 / 转喻
metonymy
85 换称
86 拟人 87 夸张 88 委婉语 89 反语 / 讽刺
90 矛盾修辞
91 对偶 / 对照 92 排比 93 设问 94 反问 95 委婉暗示 96 交叉 97 拟声
98 头韵
99 尾韵
100 余韵 101 双关 102 反复 103 倒装 104 层递 105 联珠（顶真） 106 跳脱 107 曲言 / 间接肯定 / 反叙 108 省略 109 引用 110 呼语 111 句点 112 问号 113 感叹号 114 逗号 115 冒号 116 省略号 117 分号 118 连字符 119 连接号 120 破折号 121 括号：Parentheses， 122 小括号（圆括号） 123 中括号 124 大括号
83 隐喻 / 暗喻
spoken language / colloquial speech term (terminology) / jargon comparative (n.) superlative (n.) part of speech synonym / synonymous antonym / antonymous gender number case tense aspect voice mood syntax person / grammatical person address forms / salutation diction conversion addition omission / omit repetition reduplication substitution variation inversion negation division combination annotation condensation reconstruction difference peculiarity cohesion coherence holistic thought analytic thought circular / sprial / indirect thought anonymity / anonymous anonym abbreviation / acronym metaphor simile
英语语言学术语汇总
GlossaryAAE: African American EnglishAAVE: African American Vernacular Englishaccent: aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, incontrast to dialectacoustic phonetics:声学语音学；听觉发音学the study of the physical properties of speech as sound wavesacquisition: acquisition [,ækwi'ziʃən]n. 获得物，获得the gradual development of ability in a first or second languageby using it naturally in communicative situationsacronym:acronym ['ækrəunim]n. 首字母缩略词a new word formed from the initial letters of other words(e.g. NASA)active voice:主动语态the form of the verb used to say what the subject does (e.g. Hestole it)address term:称谓语 a word or phrase for the person being talked or written toadjective (Adj): a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to providemore informationadverb (Adv): a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective toprovide more informationaffective factors: emotional reactions such as self-consciousness or negativefeelings that may influence learningaffix: a bound morpheme such as un- or -ed added to a word (e.g. undressed)affricate: a consonant produced by stopping then releasing the air flowthrough a narrow opening (e.g. the first and last sounds in church)African American Vernacular English (AAVE): the casual speech styleused by many African A mericans as a vernacularagent: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the one who performsthe action of the verb in an event (The boy kicked the ball)agrammatic s peech: the type of speech without grammatical markers, oftenassociated with Broca’s aphasiaagreement: the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence, asin the connection between a subject (Cathy) and the form of a verb (loveschocolate)allomorph: one of a closely related set of morphsallophone: one of a closely related set of speech sounds or phonesalphabet (alphabetic writing): 拼音文字；字母文字a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segmentGlossaryalternate sign language: a system of hand signals used in a specific contextwhere speech cannot be used (by people who can speak), in contrast to aprimary sign languagealveolar: a consonant produced with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge (e.g. the first and last sounds in dot)alveolar ridge: the rough bony ridge immediately behind the upper front teeth Ameslan (or ASL): A merican Sign Languageanalogy: a process of forming a new word to be similar in some way to an existing wordanaphora (anaphoric expressions): use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned anomia: a language disorder in which it is difficult to find words, often associated with Wernicke’s aphasiaantecedent: the first mention of someone or something later referred to via anaphoraantonymy: the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings(‘Shallow’ is an antonym of ‘deep’)aphasia: an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing languageapplied linguistics: the study of a large range of practical issues involving language in general and second language learning in particular arbitrariness: a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaningarcuate fasciculus: a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere of the brainarticle (Art): a word such as a, an or the used with a nounarticulatory parameters: the four key aspects of visual information used in the description of signs (shape, orientation, location and movement) articulatory phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are producedASL (or Ameslan): A merican Sign Languageaspiration: a puff of air that sometimes accompanies the pronunciationof a stopassimilation: the process whereby a feature of one sound becomes part of another during speech productionassociative meaning: the type of meaning that people might connect withthe use of words (e.g. needle = …painful‟) that is not part of conceptualmeaningaudiolingual method: a mid-twentieth-century approach to language teaching, with repetitive drills used to develop fluent spoken language as a set of habitsauditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called …perceptual phonetics‟auxiliary verb (Aux): a verb such as will used with another verbGlossarybabbling: the use of syllable sequences (ba-ba) and combinations (ma-ga) by young children in their first yearback-channels: the use of words (yeah) and sounds (hmm) by listeners while someone else is speakingbackformation: the process of reducing a word such as a noun to a shorter version and using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g. babysit from babysitter)background knowledge: information that is not in a text, but is used from memory by a reader to understand the textbeats: gestures involving short quick movements of the hands or fingers that go along with the rhythm of talkbidialectal: being capable of speaking two dialectsbilabial: a consonant produced by using both lips (e.g. the first and last sounds in pub)bilingual: a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual bilingualism: the state of having two languagesblending: the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word (e.g. brunch from breakfast and lunch) borrowing: the process of taking words from other languagesbound morpheme: a morpheme such as un- or -ed that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form (e.g. undressed)broadening: a semantic change in which a word is used with a more general meaning (e.g. foda (animal fodder)→food (any kind)), in contrast tonarrowingBroca’s aph asia: a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markersBroca’s area: a part of the brain in the left hemisphere involved in speech productioncalque: a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language (e.g. gratte-ciel …scrape sky‟ for skyscraper) caregiver speech: speech addressed to young children by the adult(s) or older children who are looking after themcategory: a group with certain features in commoncharacters: forms used in Chinese writingclassifiers: grammatical markers that indicate the type or …class‟ of a noun clipping: the process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form (e.g. ad from advertisement)co-articulation: the process of making one sound virtually at the same time as the next soundcoda: the part of a syllable after the vowelcognates: words in different languages that have a similar form and meaning (e.g. English friend and German Freund)cognitive category: a category used in the organization of how we think Glossarycoherence: the connections that create a meaningful interpretation of texts cohesion: the ties and connections that exist within textscohesive ties: the individual connections between words and phrases in a text co-hyponyms: words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate(‘Daffodil’ and ‘rose’ are co-hyponyms of ‘flower’)coinage: the invention of new words (e.g. xerox)collocation: a relationship between words that frequently occur together (e.g. salt and pepper)communication strategy: a way of overcoming a gap between communicative intent and a limited ability to express that intent, as part of strategic competencecommunicative approaches: approaches to language teaching that are based on learning through using language rather than learning about language communicative competence: the general ability to use language accurately, appropriately and flexiblycommunicative signals: behavior used intentionally to provide information comparative reconstruction: the creation of the original form of an ancestor language on the basi s of comparable forms in languages that are descendantscomplementizer (C): a word such as that introducing a complement phrase complement phrase (CP): a structure such as that Mary helped George used to complete a construction beginning with a structure such as Cathy knew completion point: in conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentencecompounding: the process of combining two (or more) words to form a new word (e.g. waterbed)conceptual meaning: the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of wordsconduction aphasia: a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult conjunction: a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentencesconsonant: a speech sound produced by restricting the air flow in some way consonantal alphabet: a way of writing in which each symbol represents a consonant soundconsonant cluster: two or more consonants in sequencecontext: either the physical context or the linguistic context (co-text) in which words are usedconvergence: adopting a speech style that attempts to reduce social distance by using forms that are similar to those used by the person being talked to, as a type of speech accommodation, in contrast to divergence conversation analysis: the study of turn-taking in conversation conversion: the process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words, also known as …category Glossarychange‟ or …functional shift‟ (e.g. vacation in They’re vacationing in Florida)cooing: the earliest use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few monthsco-operative principle: an underlying assumption of conversation that you will “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stageat which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange i n which you are engaged” (Grice, 1975: 45)corpus linguistics: the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms in a large collection of texts typically stored in a computerco-text: the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence, also called the linguistic contextcountable: type of noun that can be used in English with a/an and the plural (e.g. a cup, two cups), in contrast to non-countablecovert prestige: the status of a speech style or feature as having positive value, but which is …hidden‟ or not valued similarly among the larger community, in contrast to overt prestigecreole: a variety of a language that developed from a pidgin and is used as a first language by a population of native speakerscreolization: the process of development from a pidgin to a creole, in contrast to decreolizationcritical period: the time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take placecultural transmission: the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the nextculture: socially acquired knowledgecuneiform: a way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft claydecreolization: the process whereby a creole is used with fewer distinct creole features as it becomes more like a standard variety, in contrast to creolizationdeep structure: the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rulesdeictics: gestures used to point at things or peopledeixis (deictic expressions): using words such as this or here as a way of …pointing‟ with languagedental: a consonant produced with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (e.g. the first sound in that)derivation: the process of forming new words by adding affixes derivational morpheme: a bound morpheme such as -ish used to make new words or words of a different grammatical category (e.g. boyish), in contrastto an inflectional morpheme Glossarydescriptive approach: an approach to grammar that is based on a description of the structures actually used in a language, not what should be used, in contrast to the prescriptive approachdiachronic variation: differences resulting from change over a period of time, in contrast to synchronic variationdialect: aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accentdialect boundary: a line representing a set of isoglosses, used to separate one dialect area from anotherdialect continuum: the gradual merging of one regional variety of a language into anotherdialectology: the study of dialectsdichotic listening: an experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simultaneously, each through a different earphonediglossia: a situation where there is a …high‟ or special variety of a l anguage used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a …low‟ variety used locally and informally (e.g. Lebanese Arabic)diphthong: a sound combination that begins with a vowel and ends with a glide (e.g. boy)direct speech act: an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) directly matches the function (e.g. question) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to an indirect s peech actdiscourse analysis: the study of language beyond the sentence, in text and conversationdis placement: a property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environmentdivergence: adopting a speech style that emphasizes social distance by using forms that are different from those used by the person being talked to, as a form of speech accommodation, in contrast to convergenceduality: a property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called …double articulation‟elision: the process of leaving out a sound segment in the pronunciation of a wordemblems: non-verbal signals such as “thumbs up” (= things are good) thatfunction like fixed phrases with conventional interpretationsepenthesis: a sound change involving the addition of a sound to a word (e.g.timr→timber)eponym: a word derived from the name of a person or place (e.g. sandwich) etymology: the study of the origin and history of wordsexperiencer: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. The boy feelssad) Glossaryexternal change: influences from the outside that cause changes in a language, in contrast to internal changeface: a person‟s public self-image as described in the study of politeness face-saving act: saying something that reduces a possible threat to another person‟s self-imageface-threatening act: saying something that represents a threat to another person‟s self-imagefilled pause: a break in the flow of speech, using sounds such as em and er finger-spelling: a system of hand configurations used to represent the letters of the alphabet in sign languagefixed reference: a property of a communication system whereby each signal is fixed as relating to one particular object or occasionflap: a sound produced with the tongue tip briefly touching the alveolar ridgeforeigner talk: a way of using a language with non-native speakers that is simpler in structure and vocabularyfossilization: the process whereby an interlanguage, containing manynon-L2 features, stops developing toward more accurate forms of the L2 free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand by itself as a single word fricative: a consonant produced by almost blocking the air flow (e.g. the first and last sounds in five)functional morpheme: a free morpheme that is used as a function word, such as a conjunction (and) or a preposition (in)gender: a term used in three ways: (1) a biological distinction between male and female, also called natural gender; (2) a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (or neuter), also called grammatical gender;(3) a distinction between the social roles of men and women, also called social gendergenerative grammar: a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a languagegestures: use of the hands, typically while speakingglides: sounds produced with the tongue in motion to or from a vowel sound, also called …semi-vowels‟ or …approximants‟ (e.g. the first sounds in wet, yes)glottal: a sound produced in the space between the vocal cords (e.g. the first sound in hat)glottal stop: a sound produced when the air passing through the glottis is stopped completely then releasedglottis: the space between the vocal cordsgoal: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to the window)gradable antonyms: words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g.big–small) Glossarygrammar: the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentencesgrammar–translation method: the traditional form of language teaching, with vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rulesgrammatical competence: the ability to use words and structures accurately as part of communicative competencegrammatical gender: a grammatical category designating the class of a noun as masculine or feminine (or neuter), in contrast to other types of gender hedge: a word or phrase used to indicate that you are not really sure that what you are saying is sufficiently correct or completehierarchical organization: the analysis of constituents in a sentence showing which constituents are higher than and contain other constituents holophrastic (utterance): a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence in the early speech of young childrenhomonyms: two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (e.g. mole (on skin) –mole (s mall animal))homophones: two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (e.g. to–too–two)hypocorism: a word-formation process in which a longer word is reduced to a shorter form with -y or -ie at the end (e.g. telly, movie)hyponymy: the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. ‘Daffodil’ is a hyponym of ‘flower’) iconics: gestures that seem to echo or imitate the meaning of what is said ideogram (ideographic writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a conceptidiolect: the personal dialect of an individual speakerimmediate constituent analysis: a grammatical analysis of how s mall constituents go together to form larger constituents in sentences implicature: an additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to theco-operative principleindirect speech act: an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) does not directly match the function (e.g. request) performed by a speaker withan utterance, in contrast to a direct s peech actinference: additional information used by a listener/reader to create a connection between what is said and what must be meantinfix: a morpheme that is inserted in the middle of a word (e.g. -rn- in the Kamhmu word srnal)inflectional morpheme: a bound morpheme used to indicate the grammatical function of a word, also c alled an …inflection‟ (e.g. dogs, walked)informative signals: behavior that provides information, usually unintentionallyinnateness hypothesis: the idea that humans are genetically equipped to acquire language Glossaryinput: the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to, in contrast tooutputinstrument: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. The boy cut the rope witha razor)instrumental motivation: the desire to learn an L2, not to join the community of L2-users, but to achieve some other goal, in contrast to integrative motivationintegrative motivation: the desire to learn an L2 in order to take part in the social life of the community of L2-users, in contrast to instrumental motivationinterdental: a consonant produced with the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth (e.g. the first sound in that)interlanguage: the interim system of L2 learners, which has some features of the L1 and L2 plus some that are independent of the L1 and the L2internal change: change in a language that is not caused by outside influence, in contrast to external changeisogloss: a line on a map separating two areas in which a particular linguistic feature is significantly different, used in the study of dialectjargon: special technical vocabulary associated with a specific activity or topic as part of a registerL1: first language, acquired as a childL2: second languagelabeled and bracketed sentences: a type of analysis in which constituents in a sentence are marked off by brackets with labels describing each type of constituentlabiodental: a consonant produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip (e.g. the first sounds in very funny)language planning: choosing and developing an official language or languages for use in government and educationlarynx: the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords, also called the voice boxlateralization (lateralized): divided into a left side and a right side, with control of functions on one side or the other (used in describing the human brain)learning: the conscious process of accumulating knowledge, in contrast to acquisitionlexicalized: expressed as a single word, in contrast to non-lexicalizedlexical morpheme: a free morpheme that is a content word such as a noun or verblexical relations: the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between wordslexical rules: rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules Glossarylexifier (language): the main source (language) of words in a pidgin linguistic context: the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence, also called co-textlinguistic determinism: the idea that we can only think in the categories provided by our language, in contrast to linguistic relativitylinguistic geography: the study of language variation based on where different varieties of the language are usedlinguistic relativity: the idea that, to some extent, we think about the world using categories provided by our language, in contrast to linguistic determinismlinguistic variable: a feature of language use that distinguishes one group of speakers from anotherliquid: a sound produced by letting air flow around the sides of the tongue (e.g. the first sound in lip)loan translation: a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called calquelocalization view: the belief that specific aspects of linguistic ability have specific locations in the brainlocation (in semantics): the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. The boy is sitting in the classroom)location (in sign language): an articulatory parameter of AS L identifying the place where hands are positioned in relation to the head and upper bodyof the signerlogogram (logographic writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a wordmajority principle: in comparative reconstruction, the choice of the form that occurs more often than any other form in the set of descendant languagesmalapropis m: a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and number of syllables (e.g. medication used instead of …meditation‟)manner maxim: the assumption in conversation that you will “be clear, brief and orderly” (Grice, 1975: 46)maxim: one of four assumptions in conversation connected to theco-operative principlemetathesis: a sound change involving the reversal in position of two sounds (e.g. hros→horse)metonymy: a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (e.g. He drank the whole bottle (= the liquid))Middle English: the form of English in use between 1100 and 1500minimal pair (set): two (or more) words that are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme in the same position in each word (e.g. bad, mad)monolingual: having, or being able to use, only one language, in contrastto bilingual Glossarymorph: an actual form used as part of a word, representing one version ofa morphememorpheme: a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function morphology: the analysis of the structure of wordsmost natural development principle: in comparative reconstruction, the choice of older versus newer forms on the basis of commonly observedtypes of sound changemotor cortex: a part of the brain that controls muscle movement movement: an articulatory parameter in AS L describing the type of motion used in forming signsnarrowing: a semantic change in which a word is used with a less generalmeaning (e.g. mete (any type of food)→meat (only animal flesh)), incontrast to broadeningnasal: a sound produced through the nose (e.g. the first sounds in my name) nasalization: pronunciation of a sound with air flowing through the nose, typically before a nasal consonantnatural gender: a distinction based on the biological categories of male, female or neither, in contrast to other types of gendernegative face: the need to be independent and free from imposition, in contrast to positive facenegative transfer: the use of a feature from the L1 (that is really different from the L2) while performing in the L2, in contrast to positive transfer negotiated input: L2 material that an acquirer/learner is exposed to when active attention is drawn to that material during interaction in the L2 neologism: a new wordneurolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and the brain non-countable: type of noun that is not used in English with a/an or the plural (e.g. ∗a furniture, ∗two furnitures), in contrast to countablenon-gradable antonyms: words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive–dead) non-lexicalized: not expressed as a single word, in contrast to lexicalized NORMS: …non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers‟ selected as informan ts in dialect surveysnoun (N): a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or ideanoun phrase (NP): a phrase such as the boy or an old bicycle, containing a noun plus other constituentsnucleus: the vowel in a syllablenumber: the grammatical category of nouns as singular or pluralOld English: the form of English in use before 1100one-word stage: the period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms for objectsonomatopoeia (onomatopoeic): words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe (e.g. bang, cuckoo) Glossaryt: the part of the syllable before the voweloralism: a method designed to teach deaf students to speak and read lips rather than use sign languageorientation: the way the hand is positioned as an articulatory parameterof ASLoutput: the language produced by an acquirer/learner, in contrast to input overextension: in L1 acquisition, using a word to refer to more objects than is usual in the language (ball used to refer to the moon) overgeneralization: in L1 acquisition, using an inflectional morpheme on more words than is usual in the language (e.g. two foots)overt prestige: status that is generally recognized as …better‟ or more positively valued in the larger community, in contrast to covert prestige palate: the hard part of the roof of the mouthpalatal: a consonant produced by raising the tongue to the palate, also called …alveo-palatal‟ (e.g. the first sounds in ship and yacht)passive voice: the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (e.g. The car was stolen)person: the grammatical category distinguishing first person (involving the speaker, me), second person (involving the hearer, you) and third person (involving any others, she, them)person deixis: using words such as him or them as a way of …pointing‟ to a person with languagepharyngeal: a sound produced in the pharynxpharynx: the area inside the throat above the larynxphilology: the study of language history and changephone: a physically produced speech sound, representing one version ofa phonemephoneme: the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a languagephonetic alphabet: a set of symbols, each one representing a distinct sound segmentphonetics: the study of the characteristics of speech soundsphonology: the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languagesphonotactics: constraints on the permissible combination of sounds in a languagephrase structure rules: rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consi sts of one or more constituents in a particular order physical context: the situation, time or place in which words are used pictogram (pictographic writing): a way of writing in which apicture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object。
语言学术语英汉对照
语言学术语英汉对照——考@翻译硕士唯一认准@鬼谷一喵第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音 trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能。
《英语语言学》术语 英汉对照 表
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and Index(备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。
) Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3 assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。
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Chinese by Jerry Norman龚群虎Page number, Chinese, English1 02 共时synchronic3 历时diachronic4linguist语言学家5 汉语研究Chinese studies6 调号tone mark7 1-18 甲骨文oracle boneinscription/script9 古汉语Classical Chinese10 中古汉语Middle Chinese11 早期白话Early Vernacular Chinese12 上海方言Shanghai dialect13 书面语言written language14 口头语言spoken language15 文化连续性cultural continuity16 汉语方言Chinese dialects17 北京话Peking dialect18 广州话Cantonese19 文言文Literary Chinese20 方言学家dialectologist21 金文bronze inscription/script22 孔子Confucius23 孟子Mencius24 方言描写dialect description25 高本汉（人名）Bernhard Karlgren26 中古汉语（高本汉）Ancient Chinese27 赵元任（人名）Yuen Ren Chao28 吴语Wu dialects29 方言调查dialect survey/fieldwork30 共通语koine31 现代汉语Modern Chinese32 方言dialect33 1-234 （汉语）周边语言neighboring languages35 阿尔泰语系Altaic language family36 突厥语言Turkic languages37 蒙古语言Mongolian languages38 通古斯语言Tungusic languages39 日语Japanese40 朝鲜语Korean41 无声调语言atonal/non-tonal language42 多音节语言polysyllabic language43 类型学（的）typological44 后缀suffix45 元音和谐现象vowel harmony46 语序（词序）word order47 主语subject48 宾语object49 藏缅语言Tibeto-Burman languages50 马提索夫（人名）James Matisoff51 苗瑶语言Miao-Yao languages52 亲属关系genetic relationship53 张琨（人名）Kun Chang54 唐纳（人名）G.B.Downer55 奥德里古（人名）Haudricourt56 台语Tai languages57 李方桂（人名）Fang Kuei Li58 《比较台语手册》 A Handbook of ComparativeTai59 侗水语言Kam-Sui languages60 白保罗（人名）Paul K. Benedict61 “泰-卡岱”语言Tai-Kadai languages62 南亚语系Austroasiatic languagefamily63 孟高棉语言Mon-Khmer languages64 南岛语系Austronesian languagefamily65 1-366 类型特征typologicalfeatures/characteristics 67 语音对应phonologicalcorrespondence68 音系的phonological69 形态的morphological70 句法的syntactic71 有调语言tonal language72 单音节的monosyllabic73 语素morpheme74 固定音高模式fixed pitch pattern75 平调level tone76 升降调(轮廓调) contour tone77 音位的phoneme/phonemic78 元音音段vocalic segment79 辅音音段consonantal segment80 四声the four tones81 高平调high level82 高升调high rising83 低降调low falling84 低降升调low falling-rising85 缅彝语言Lolo-Burmese languages86 语系language family87 浊（带音）voicing88 音节首音syllable onset89 送气aspiration90 喉音化glottalization91 复辅音consonant/consonantalcluster92 复辅音的简化和消失simplification and loss ofconsonantal clusters93 语言接触language contact94 孤立语isolating language95 分析语analytic language96 语法关系grammatical relationship97 词缀affix98 准词缀quasi-affix99 量词measure100 数词numeral101 限定词determinative102 历史演变historical development103 语言类型分类typological classificationof languages104 越芒语言Viet-Muong languages105 句法特点syntactic feature106 修饰词modifier107 东亚语言East Asian languages108 泰语（暹罗语）Thai(Siamese)109 越南语Vietnamese110 高棉语Khmer111 藏文Written Tibetan112 马来语Malay113 满语Manchu114 维吾尔语Uygur115 1-4116 发生学的（亲属的）genealogical117 构拟reconstruction118 转写transcription119 同源词cognates120 语义的semantic121 汉藏语Sino-Tibetan languages122 确定同源词identification of cognates 123 语音对应规则rule of phonologicalcorrespondence124 同源词集cognate set125 上古汉语Old Chinese(OC)126 汉语上古音Old Chinese phonology127 中古汉语Middle Chinese(MC)128 韵书rhyme dictionary/book129 上古音构拟reconstruction of OldChinese Phonology130 《汉藏语概论》（白保罗）Sino-Tibetan: a conspectus 131 汉学家sinologist132 谱系树family tree133 比较语言学comparative linguistics134 汉藏语言学Sino-Tibetan linguistics 135 1-5136 非汉（人、语）non-Han137 不操汉语的non-Chinese-speaking138 （音译）借词loanword139 词源（学）etymology140 注疏家commentator141 原始苗瑶语proto-Miao-Yao142 原始台语proto-Tai143 北京土语Peking vernacular144 第一人称first person145 复数plural146 排除式exclusive form147 包括式inclusive form148 仿译词calque149 复合词compound150 希腊语Greek151 拉丁语Latin152 术语terminology153 造（新词）coin/coinage154 汉语音韵史History of Chinesephonology155 （汉字）字形graph156 （汉字）读音pronunciation157 汉语的域外“方言”foreign 'dialects' ofChinese158 欧洲语言European languages159 汉语词根Chinese roots160 原始汉语proto-Chinese161 拼写法（正字法）orthography162 2-1163 汉语的分期periodicization of Chinese 164 2-2165 原始汉语Proto-Chinese166 上古汉语Old Chinese167 中古汉语Middle Chinese168 早期官话Early Mandarin169 韵图rhyme table170 押韵rhyming171 四声the four tones/tonecategories172 平声level tone173 上声rising tone174 去声departing tone175 入声entering tone176 辅音韵尾consonantal ending177 元音韵尾(后滑音) offglide178 音节syllable179 双声alliteration180 押韵rhyme181 同音homophonous182 音段(sound)segment183 语音的phonetic184 音系（音韵）的phonological185 韵rhyme186 韵目rhyme heading187 声母initial188 韵母final189 介音medial190 主元音main vowel191 韵尾ending192 反切上字fanqie upper character193 音值phonetic value194 2-3195 蒲立本（人名）Edwin G. Pulleyblank196 清音voiceless197 浊音voiced198 塞音stop199 塞擦音affricate200 擦音fricative201 响音resonant/sonorant202 鼻音nasal203 边音lateral204 半元音semi-vowel205 发音部位place of articulation206 唇音labial207 双唇音bilabial208 唇齿音labiodental209 卷舌音retroflex210 舌根音velar211 齿音dental212 咝音sibilant213 喉塞音glottal stop214 元音音位vocalic phoneme215 开口open216 合口closed217 等grade/division(Karlgren) 218 2-4219 汉语域外借词Sinoxenic220 舌尖tip of tongue221 送气aspirated222 不送气unaspirated223 文白异读colloquial vs. literaryforms224 2-5225 韵部rhyme group226 开音节open syllable227 闭音节close syllable228 形旁signific229 声旁phonetic230 同声必同部charaters sharing the samephonetic belong to thesame rhyme group231 语文学家philologist232 《汉文典》Grammata Serica233 雅洪托夫（人名）Sergei Yakhontov234 谐声系列phonetic series235 辅音前缀consonantal prefix236 鼻音nasal237 流音liquid238 圆唇舌根辅音labiovelar239 腭化palatalization240 央化centralization241 前化fronting242 央元音schwa243 2-6244 女真族Jurchen245 八思巴字Phags-pa246 龙果夫（人名）Dragunov247 桥本万太郎（人名）Hashimoto Mandaro248 2-7249 舒声lax/non-abrupt tone250 促声abrupt tone251 调类tone categories252 调值tone value253 音位变体allophone254 区别特征distinctive features255 高低调register256 马伯乐（人名）Henri Maspero257 奥德里古（人名）André Haudricourt258 基本词汇basic words259 无调语言toneless language260 外来词的汉语转写transcription of loanwords 261 无标记的unmarked262 声调起源tonogenesis263 3-1264 汉字Chinese writing system，Chinese character， Chinesescript265 甲骨文oracle bone script266 金文bronze script267 语素文字morphemic script/writing268 音节文字syllabic script/writing269 字graph/character270 象形字pictograph271 近音字near-homophone272 3-2273 文字改革script reform274 篆书seal script275 隶书clerical script276 3-3277 古文字ancient script278 大篆(籀文) great seal script279 小篆small seal script280 字书graphic dictionary281 商代甲骨文Shang oracle bone script282 周代金文Zhou bronze script283 战国文字Warring States script284 3-4285 书法家calligrapher286 笔划stroke287 楷书standard script288 草书cursive script289 六书the six principles of writing290 文(独体字) simple graph291 字(合体字) composite graph292 形声字phonetic compound，phonogram293 形旁signific/semantic294 声旁 phonetic295 假借字loan character， loangraph 296 部首radical， graphic classifier297 字形graphic shape298 3-5299 章草regulated cursive script300 今草modern cursive script301 行书running script302 3-6303 方言词dialectal word304 标准化standardization305 十三经the thirteen Confucian classics 306 3-7307 拼音文字alphabetic writing308 拉丁字母Latin alphabet309 西里尔字母Cyrillic alphabet310 阿拉伯字母Arabic alphabet311 词源学etymology312 高频词high-frequency word313 词根root314 方言字dialectal character315 音节字母syllabary316 假名字母kana317 谚文字母hangul318 字喃chu nom319 拉丁化书写体系Latinized writing system320 繁体字traditional character/script321 简化字simplified character/script322 4-1323 符号系统symbolic system324 语法系统grammatical system325 聚合类paradigmatic class326 动宾结构verb-object construction327 句法位置syntactic position328 4-2329 单语素的monomorphemic330 派生构词法derivational morphology331 能产的productive332 双语素的bimorphemic333 否定词negative334 指示词demonstrative335 祈使的imperative336 代名词的pronominal337 合音词fusion word338 叠音词reduplicate339 叠韵词rhyming semi-reduplicate 340 双声词alliterative semi-reduplicate 341 4-3342 词类word class343 句法功能syntactic function344 词性part of speech345 名词性的nominal346 动词性的verbal347 虚词empty word348 实词full word349 封闭(词)类closed class350 开放(词)类open class351 方位词localizer352 时间词time word353 单数形式singular form354 复数形式plural form355 第二人称second person356 不定代词indefinite pronoun357 疑问代词interrogative pronoun358 及物性transitivity359 使动用法causative usage360 意动用法putative usage361 被动语态passive voice362 助动词auxiliary verb363 从句clause364 次范畴/次类subcategory365 范围副词adverbs of scope366 程度副词adverbs of degree367 名物化nominalization368 连词conjunction369 叹词interjection370 系词copula371 4-4372 名词(谓语)句nominal sentence373 动词(谓语)句verbal sentence374 附加成份adjunct375 直接宾语direct object376 间接宾语indirect object377 存在句existential sentence378 互补分布complementary distribution 379 并列结构parallel construction380 4-5381 否定negation382 疑问interrogation383 语气mood384 语态voice385 情态modality386 是非问句yes/no question387 疑问词question word388 句末助词sentence-final particle389 反义词antonym390 发语词sentence-initial particle391 情态助词modal auxiliary392 反问rhetorical question393 名物化的动词nominalized verb394 反身结构reflexive construction395 4-7396 定语从句relative clause397 4-8398 主谓结构subject-predicate construction 399 4-10400 新词语neologism401 5-1402 白话written vernacular403 通俗文学popular literature404 历史语法historical grammar405 年代确定dating406 5-2407 双音节词disyllabic words408 亲属称谓kinship terms409 人名personal names410 语义范畴semantic category411 名词后缀noun/nominal suffix412 小称后缀diminutive suffix413 语义引申semantic extension414 贬义pejorative sense415 5-3416 属格形式genitive form417 宾格形式accusative form418 数number419 复数标记plural marker420 谓词predicative421 动词搭配verbal collocation422 5-4423 复合动词verbal compound， compoundverb424 结果补语resultative complement425 方向补语directional complement426 及物动词transitive verb427 体貌系统aspectual system428 系动词copular verb429 委婉表达circumlocution， euphemism 430 程度副词adverb of degree431 形容词最高级superlative degree of adjectives 432 （语言）创新innovation433 文学语言借用literary borrowing434 使役动词causative verb435 动词后位置postverbal position436 5-5437 语序的演变change in word order438 工具(格)标记marker of instrumentality439 派生derive， derivation440 语序普遍现象word order universals441 句法的历史演变historical syntactic change442 格林伯格（人名）Joseph Greenberg443 介词词组prepositional phrase444 动词前位置preverbal position445 类型性演变typological change446 6-1官方语言official language447 国语national language448 通用语lingua franca449 土语localism450 6-2451 语言政策language policy452 多语的multilingual453 多方言的multidialectal454 单语的monolingual455 6-3456 北京音Peking pronunciation457 音系描写phonological description 458 历史比较historical comparison459 语言理论linguistic theories460 唇音labial461 齿龈音/舌尖中音alveolar462 齿擦音/舌尖音dental sibilant463 翘舌音/舌尖后音retroflex464 硬腭音/舌面前音palatal465 舌根音guttural466 塞音stop467 鼻音nasal468 擦音fricative469 通音continuant470 送气aspirated471 不送气unaspirated472 浊voiced473 音长length， duration474 音强intensity475 声门化glottality476 6-3477 弱辅音lenis478 舌尖tip of the tongue479 舌叶blade of the tongue480 小舌uvula481 元音音首vocalic onset482 6-4483 国际音标IPA484 声学语音学acoustic phonetics485 （元音描写）高high486 （元音描写）前front487 （元音描写）不圆唇unrounded488 （元音描写）圆唇rounded489 （元音描写）后back490 （元音描写）中mid491 央化centralization492 央中元音schwa，shwa493 儿化音rhotacization494 6-6495 变调tone sandhi496 语素音位morphophoneme497 6-7498 语调intonation499 重音stress500 重音音位stress phoneme501 轻声neutral tone， atonic tone，weak tone502 6-8503 语素音位交替morphophonemic alternation 504 昵称terms of endearments505 7-1506 索绪尔(人名) de Saussure507 叶斯柏森(人名) Otto Jespersen508 布龙菲尔德(人名) Leonard Bloomfield509 结构主义structuralism510 参考语法reference grammar511 转换生成语法transformational generativegrammar512 7-2513 三音节词trisyllabic words514 名词后缀nominal suffix515 序数前缀ordinal prefix516 7-3517 词界word boundary518 非能产的unproductive519 准前缀quasi-prefix520 词根语素root morpheme521 7-4522 实体词content word523 功能词function word524 动词后缀verbal suffix525 完成体perfect aspect526 持续体durative aspect527 性gender528 连词conjunction529 语气词particle530 叹词interjection531 象声词onomatopoeia532 7-5533 语法范畴grammatical category 534 有定的definite535 无定的indefinite536 从属subordination537 修饰modification538 格case539 施事agent540 非标记的unmarked541 与格dative542 离格ablative543 未完成体imperfect aspect544 状态动词stative verb545 动作动词action verb546 否定negation547 7-6548 简单句simple sentence549 复合句composite sentence550 话题topic551 评述comment552 体后缀aspectual suffix553 动物性animate554 非动物性inanimate555 陈述declarative556 疑问interrogative557 祈使imperative558 真值truth value559 不合语法的ungrammatical560 7-7561 词典学lexicography562 同音字homophonous characters 563 7-8564 拉丁化romanization;latinization 565 8-0566 方言变异dialectal variation567 8-1568 方言分区/分类dialect classification569 同质的homogeneous570 8-2571 方言分歧/差异dialect diversity572 8-3573 历史语言学家historical linguist574 底层语言substratum language575 罗曼语族语言Romance languages576 8-4577 中央研究院史语所Institute of History andPhilology of the AcademiaSinica578 方言学家dialectologist579 方言地理dialect geography580 方言特征dialectal features581 8-5582 方言边界/分界dialect boundary583 方言地图dialect atlas584 同化assimilate /assimilation585 汉语方言学Chinese dialectology586 8-6587 少数民族语言minority languages588 方言岛dialect island589 清化devoice590 自由变异free variation591 普遍特征universal feature592 尖音sharp sounds593 团音round sounds594 圆唇介音rounded medials595 舌尖元音apical vowels596 双元音diphthong597 三元音triphthong598 调值tonal value599 代词系统pronominal system600 等言线isogloss601 非官话方言non-Mandarin dialects602 8-7603 音位对立phonemic contrast604 8-8605 气音murmur/ breathy voice606 (音)强的fortis607 单元音化monophthongization608 高调/阴调upper register/tone609 低调/阳调lower register/tone610 词汇化lexification611 混合语言/克里奥尔语言Creole language612 8-10613 官话化mandarinize/mandarinization 614 9-1615 原住民语言aboriginal language616 轻唇化/唇齿化labiodentalization617 塞擦（化）affrication618 区别特征distinctive feature619 后世形式reflex620 异质的heterogeneous621 9-2622 广州话方言字Cantonese characters623 音节结构syllable structure624 元音对立vocalic contrast625 单元音化monophthongization626 长元音long vowel627 短元音short vowel628 9-3629 低调/阳调lower tone630 高调/阴调upper tone631 平行演变parallel development632 9-4633 古词语archaism634 条件分化conditioned split635 鼻音清化denasalization636 半元音semivowel637 自由变异free variation638 条件变体conditioned variant639 舌尖元音apical vowel640 9-5641 阴阳之分/高低调区别register distinction642 10-1643 同义homonymy644 10-2645 高低双语diglossia646 双方言bidialectalism647 双语bilinguialism648 音系省减phonological reduction 649 后置词postposition650 10-4651 片假名katakana652 10-5653 （音标等）区分符号diacritics654 汉字简化character simplification 655 信息检索information retrieval。