营销管理论文

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市场营销管理论文(精选3篇)

市场营销管理论文(精选3篇)

7)货款管理是指依据用气户按照一定的结算期所支付的气款额度与票据信息管理。其主要业务类型分为:气款催缴方式,收款与欠款追缴,收款报表编制与管理。是在天然气得到用户安全、平稳的消费时所支付的天然气货款。目前的先款后货,日预付天然气欠款的有效方式。
8)报表管理是指依据日常业务类型,按照一定的统计方法,编制出相关业务的日、月、年度等业务报表。其主要业务类型分为:计划报表、合同报表、气量报表、合同报表、气款报表、监控报表、定制报表、综合报表等分析类型年月度报表编制与管理。是对所有市场化营销管理活动的一个综合反映,报表的结果是直接反应我们的营销活动存在的问题。
2.3天然气计划指标化管理较强,市场合同化管理不足
国内三大石油企业下属的天然气企业基本上是20世纪计划经济时代的产物。在国家和政府扶持下,多数成为长期垄断和拥有大量资源与资金的国有企业。多数时期生产经营管理意识都是注重资源的勘探、开发与生产,而不太注重资源的市场营销管理。全力确保国家和上级下达的天然气产量任务完成,而不太注重企业、市场和社会效益的协调发展。忽视市场对天然气资源的需求规律和变化研究与应对,造成企业面对市场和需求问题总显得很被动。企业靠指令性计划经营,市场化经营喊口号。企业管理仍是计划经济模式,领导者的意旨为主,不是市场规律为主。重计划,轻市场规律,导致市场与计划的符合率不高,甚至背离,引发市场、区域、用户、政府之间的矛盾与协调难度[2]。面对着市场化的竞争与挑战,我国天然气企业改变传统的计划经营模式为市场化经营模式已迫在眉睫。
2国内天然气企业存在的主要问题
当前,国内天然气市场虽然有着广阔的前景和发展潜力,但天然气企业在生产经营过程中也存在一些问题和弊端,影响和制约了天然气经济的快速发展。
2.1天然气资源有限性日趋突出

营销策划论文16篇(国际市场营销策划的成功之路)

营销策划论文16篇(国际市场营销策划的成功之路)

营销策划论文16篇国际市场营销策划的成功之路营销策划论文摘要:营销策划是根据企业的营销目标,通过企业设计和规划企业产品、服务、创意、价格、渠道、促销,从而实现个人和组织的交换过程的行为。

以满足消费者需求和欲望为核心。

现代管理学将营销策划分为营销策划市场细分、产品创新、营销战略设计及营销组合4P战术(组合)等四个方面的内容。

营销策划首先要确定营销概念,其次是在营销理念基础上的策划。

关键词营销策划论文营销策划营销论文营销营销策划论文:国际市场营销策划的成功之路当今,激烈的市场竞争使企业的经营者必须出奇制胜,进行特别的策划。

一个精彩的市场营销策划,可使一个企业由寻常变为非凡,由弱小变为强大,国际市场的竞争也已由强力抗争进入了策划制胜的时代。

别出新裁的“创维模式”国际市场全球化营销是把世界作为一个整体,在全球范围内寻求市场,开发和销售全球产品,来面对新的世界市场竞争。

90年代以来(至1997年底),我国在境外建立了5356家企业,遍布140多个国家和地区,并有一些企业正进行全球化营销的尝试。

深圳创维电子集团诞生仅10年,杀进国内彩电业才五六年时间,针对国际市场的严峻挑战和国内市场的消费低潮,创维别出新裁地提出了“创维模式”,即“开发在美国,生产在深圳,市场营销在全球”的全球化战略。

“创维”一向以技术创新的优势来开辟国际市场,他们在美国硅谷建立创维实验室,进行未来视听科技的前沿性研究,同时进行技术储备,其目标是塑造中国籍的世界名牌。

创维集团首创的数码100HZ护眼电视第三代——创维数码双频彩电以其技术含量高,功能强大,设计超前,使用时间跨度长而风靡全球,尤其在欧美市场,深受商家和消费者的欢迎。

创维的经营思想是以市场为导向,以服务顾客为中心;以国际竞争为第一目标,追求效益第一;以销定产,快速生产适销对路产品;并建立快速反应机制,从开发、生产到销售严格遵循市场法则,以适应瞬息万变的市场。

创维还实行了本土化营销战略,在市场环境比较熟,人力成本相对低廉的马来西亚建立了一条中档电视机的生产线,主要面向印尼、泰国、马来西亚、越南等东南亚国家和地区;在邻近美国地价较低的墨西哥和土耳其投资建厂。

大学毕业市场营销论文精选5篇

大学毕业市场营销论文精选5篇

大学毕业市场营销论文精选5篇摘要随着社会经济的飞速发展,企业间产品的差异性相差不大,客户对企业在市场中发展的越发重要,整个市场渐渐转变为以客户为中心的经营格局。

客户是企业重要的资本资源,企业能否长久生存,取决于是否有稳定的客户源,因此,企业与客户良好的关系,是企业生存与发展的关键因素。

为了能让企业保持并吸引到更多的客户,提高客户的满意度至关重要,而客户关系管理则是企业维护客户资源的重要手段。

基于此,本文对客户关系管理的内容进行了概述,分析了客户关系管理在企业的市场营销活动中的作用,并阐述了客户关系管理在市场营销中的应用。

关键词客户关系管理;市场营销;策略应用一、引言随着全球经济一体化的逐步加快,经济市场竞争加剧,企业不断寻求合适的策略来提高企业效益,渐渐转变为以客户为中心、满足客户需求的经营方式,企业文化大多都变为“顾客就是上帝”,与客户建立良好的关系是企业能够在市场竞争中获胜的关键,而客户关系管理则是企业获得这种关键的重要途径。

客户关系管理对维护并建立相互信赖的企业与客户间的关系有着重要的促进作用,有助企业制定更具有针对性的市场营销策略,有利于企业在市场中形成稳固的地位。

二、客户关系管理概述客户关系管理作为一种提升企业业绩的营销策略,与企业各个方面的运作都有重要关联。

通过对企业的最终客户、分销商以及合作伙伴深入培养其对本企业产品及企业本身的喜好,并借此保护及扩大客户源。

客户关系管理主要有客户关系管理理念、实施途径、技术支持三个部分。

企业要遵循“以客户为中心”的核心理念,转变企业的管理方式,重组企业的内部业务流程,以当前最为先进的信息技术为手段,使用客户关系管理软件系统,提高企业的核心竞争力,促进企业与客户间的关系进一步发展。

客户关系管理会针对客户在不同时期的需求,提供相适应的产品或是周到的服务来满足客户,提升客户的满意度的同时也相应的减少了成本,实现企业与客户在交易中的双赢目标。

三、客户关系管理在企业市场营销中的影响企业市场营销行为不仅能够反映企业的文化,还能够增进客户与企业之间的感情,使其相互依存。

市场营销的论文六篇

市场营销的论文六篇

市场营销的论文六篇市场营销的论文范文1服务营销这个概念的提出、进展、运用、到完善,经受了一个长时期的过程,刚刚开头,仅仅是部分企业重视服务这个过程,后来有学者正式提出服务营销这个概念,很快,许多企业都意识到这种概念的重要性,纷纷在改进服务营销上做足文章,使服务营销完全融入企业营销的全过程。

1.1服务营销的进展历程20世纪80年月后,营销学者开头着重讨论服务营销,将这种理论可能产生的实质后果加以讨论。

上世纪90年月后,大量学者涌现出来了,相关学术性会议和学术性刊物也在不断增加,在相互争论中服务营销的完整理论体系就构建出来了。

1.2服务营销的概念服务营销是指企业在市场营销活动中,以产品为基础,通过技术服务、设备服务和人员服务等为顾客供应的一系列服务活动,是一种通过为顾客供应服务而使顾客在消费过程中得到物质和心理双重满意而进行的营销活动,它包含了两个方面的内容:其一,就企业性质来说,服务是企业产品的附加值;其二,作为一种营销方式,服务就是企业的营销手段,始终贯穿于其营销的全过程。

就企业来说,服务可以是纯粹意义的服务,也可以是传统服务业的延长和进展,其核心理念是顾客满足和顾客忠诚,通过取得顾客的满足和认可来促进相互有利的交换,最终实现营销绩效的改进和企业的长期成长。

2服务营销的特别性服务营销是现代市场营销理念中的一个内容,其实施对象就是顾客,是消费者,对企业来说,服务营销不仅是一个过程,更重要的是一种经营理念,企业不仅需要关怀产品销售量,更需要关注顾客在整个服务过程中的感受与满足度。

与实物产品营销相比,服务营销有着一些独特之处。

2.1服务营销是无形的与有形的产品营销相比,服务营销是无形的,这种营销模式看不到实物,只能靠消费者去感悟。

服务营销必需依附在实物营销之中,与实物营销密不行分,贯穿于实物营销的至始至终,体现在运输、储存、交易、售后、修理、定期回访等等环节之中。

服务营销是销售人员和顾客打交道的过程,需要消费人员专心灵、情感打动顾客,最终使顾客购买本企业的产品。

关于市场营销的毕业论文参考

关于市场营销的毕业论文参考

关于市场营销的毕业论文参考关于市场营销的毕业论文范文一:企业市场营销论文一、市场营销管理存在的问题1.1市场营销观念落后虽然改革开放几十年,我国的市场经济体制逐步成熟,我国企业也都自计划经济进入市场经济的自由竞争时代,但是在现阶段许多企业管理人员的思想观念没有跟上时代发展潮流,市场营销方面表现出严重的“短腿”现象。

特别是某些中小企业中,管理者对于市场营销的理解只停留在概念上,但是未将市场营销落到实处,致使企业市场营销效果差、效率低[1]。

1.2市场营销工作人员综合素质较低在经济全球化时代,我国的大型企业和中小企业在数量和规模上不断扩大,企业的发展需要大量的人才,而我国企业市场营销岗位的人员素质相对较低,不能满足企业发展的客观需要。

尤其在一些生产型企业中,市场营销人员的综合素质相对较低,在他们看来,市场营销是和推销划等号的,在这种错误的认识指导下,普遍缺乏对市场营销的重视,没有兴趣和时间去学习掌握市场营销的这门科学。

这种严重缺乏专业人才的情况,造成了企业市场营销效率低下的问题。

多数企业在市场营销方面重视眼前利益,没有站在长远发展的高度对待[2]。

在企业经营管理中,市场营销环节被放在了较低的地位。

1.3企业市场营销工作以产品为中心,不重视消费者需求在过去很长一个时期,企业的市场营销以产品为中心,关注的是生产过程。

企业在经营过程中,首要做好的是产品的生产计划,然后依据此计划编制营销计划,然后围绕着既定计划开展各项经营活动。

企业的管理者将工作重心放在了生产的管理与控制上,更关注企业产品生产的有序化和安全性[3]。

在市场经济飞速发展的今天,企业面临着激烈的市场竞争,以上这种以生产为主的经营模式无法适应新形势下企业发展的客观要求,为了适应新的时代发展要求,企业管理者要对经营管理模式做出适时调整,将传统模式中以生产为中心的管理理念转变为以消费者的客观需求为中心,企业的决策层要加大对市场营销的重视程度,加大对市场营销工作的管理与控制力度,以消费者客观需求为中心,从而保证企业在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟[4]。

关于市场营销的论文精选范文

关于市场营销的论文精选范文

关于市场营销的论文精选范文市场营销学萌生于本世纪初期,形成于本世纪中叶,成熟于80年代,已经历了一个世纪的发展。

下面是店铺为大家整理的关于市场营销的论文,供大家参考。

关于市场营销的论文范文一:中小企业市场营销策略思考[摘要]随着经济的快速发展,中小企业在担负推动社会经济发展重任的同时,还能解决大学生就业难的问题,由此可见,中小企业是社会稳定进步发展的重要促进角色。

本文通过对市场营销对策概念及中小企业市场营销现状和目前的不足进行深入研究和讨论,总结概括出中小企业提升市场营销效果的实际对策,以供相关人员借鉴参考。

[关键词]中小企业;市场营销;营销策略1市场营销策略的概念一个产品营销的成功与否与其对应的营销管理策路有着直接的关系,市场营销策略分很多种方式,比如:促销、打折还有某购物网站刚刚结束的“双11”购物狂欢节都属于市场营销策略。

对于中小企业来说,一份好的市场营销策略会使经营利益成倍翻。

一个企业的市场营销策略从另一种角度上来讲就是整个企业的中心部分和核心部位,同时其也是使整个公司保证正常运转的重要因素。

所以不论是大型企业还是每一个中小企业都应该有和自己企业相应的企业市场定位,而决定中小企业市场定位是否准确有效的因素就是市场营销策略。

所以不论从哪方面来看,市场营销策略都是一个企业发展的“灵魂”。

市场营销策略必须严格遵循企业自身发展的实际情况和真正发展需求,以使整个企业的定位更加精准。

2中小企业市场营销概况2.1企业目标不明确当今,不管是公司还是个人,全部把自己的效益当成最终宗旨,即使一定程度上能带动社会经济进步,然而若单纯只是盲目追求经济效益,日后的经营难度也会加大。

在当前新形势背景下,中小企业在经营层面应避免盲目追求经济效益却不重视其他因素的情况,这对公司工作人员不公平,其仅重视经济效益,可能会损害社会利益。

在中小型企业经营过程中,应把诚信当成宗旨与行为准则,全面响应有关部门的指令,秉着负责于社会与人民的信念运行。

市场营销论文范文3000字(精选10篇)

市场营销论文范文3000字(精选10篇)

市场营销论文市场营销论文范文3000字(精选10篇)无论在学习或是工作中,许多人都写过论文吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。

你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?下面是小编精心整理的市场营销论文(精选10篇),仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

摘要:新知识时代背景下,随着高职院校课程教育变革不断深入,以致传统市场营销课程教学理念、模式越来越难以满足学生学习需求与教育教学目标,严重制约了学生、高职院校及社会持续稳定发展。

为解决这一问题,国内多数高职院校纷纷着手于推进市场营销课程教学模式改革,以提高教学质量为目标,以市场需求为导向,广泛汲取国内外其他高职院校优秀教学经验建立一套完善的市场营销实践教学模式,同时,国内高职院校依托于该模式创造良好的市场营销课程教学效果,从而为社会培养一批高素质、高水平实用人才。

关键词:高职院校市场营销实践教学模式一、推行市场营销课程教学新模式的必要性(一)传统市场营销课程教学模式教学理念、手段滞后。

传统市场营销课程教学模式背景下,教师教学时一味强调理论知识的系统性,要求学生将大部分时间、精力放在理论知识学习方面,而安排的实践课时较少,以致高职院校学生动手、动脑能力相对较弱,大都呈现“高理论知识、低实践能力”的状态,不利于日后更好的适应职业生涯;另一方面,教师通常热衷于以讲授法、讨论法等教学方法开展市场营销课程教学活动,即教师完全凭借自身经验或实证举例的方式向学生教授相关市场营销技能。

同时教师给学生提供的互动、沟通交流的机会较少,使得学生只顾听取教师讲解,降低了学习的趣味性,如此以来,不仅无法获取到良好的教学效果,而且还大大削弱了学生学习的主观能动性。

(二)学生难以接触到营销岗位实质性工作。

随着全球经济一体化、自由化不断推进,国内各行业竞争日益激烈,此形势下企业为防止内部商业机密外泄,保证自身竞争力往往抵制实习学生接触核心利益部门,这样以来实习学生只能够接触到一些表面无关紧要的工作,难以参与到营销岗位实质性工作中去,故而不利于实习学生培养核心实践能力。

销售管理 毕业论文

销售管理 毕业论文

销售管理毕业论文销售管理销售管理是现代企业中至关重要的一环。

它涉及到企业销售策略的制定与执行,销售团队的管理与激励,以及市场营销活动的监控与评估。

在竞争激烈的市场环境下,一个高效的销售管理团队可以帮助企业提高销售额、拓展市场份额,并实现可持续发展。

一、销售策略的制定与执行销售策略是企业实现销售目标的重要手段。

制定一个有效的销售策略需要考虑市场需求、竞争对手、产品特点等多个因素。

首先,企业需要对市场进行深入分析,了解目标客户的需求和购买行为。

其次,企业需要研究竞争对手的销售策略,找到自身的竞争优势。

最后,企业需要根据产品的特点和市场需求制定相应的销售计划和销售目标,确保销售策略的有效执行。

二、销售团队的管理与激励一个高效的销售团队是销售管理的核心。

销售团队的管理包括招聘、培训、激励和绩效评估等方面。

首先,企业需要根据销售目标和销售策略来确定所需的销售人员数量和岗位要求。

其次,企业需要为销售人员提供专业的培训和技能提升机会,提高他们的销售能力和专业素养。

此外,企业还需要通过激励机制来激发销售人员的积极性和创造力,例如提供奖金、晋升机会等。

最后,企业需要建立科学的绩效评估体系,及时发现和解决销售团队的问题,提高销售团队的整体绩效。

三、市场营销活动的监控与评估市场营销活动是企业实现销售目标的重要手段。

企业需要通过各种市场营销活动来宣传和推广产品,吸引潜在客户的关注和购买。

然而,市场营销活动的效果并不总是理想的,因此,企业需要对市场营销活动进行监控和评估,及时调整和改进市场营销策略。

监控市场营销活动需要通过市场调研、销售数据分析等手段来了解市场反馈和客户需求。

评估市场营销活动需要对市场营销活动的目标、执行过程和结果进行定量和定性的分析,找出问题和改进的方向。

销售管理在现代企业中扮演着重要的角色。

一个高效的销售管理团队可以帮助企业实现销售目标,提高市场竞争力。

然而,销售管理也面临着一些挑战和难题。

例如,如何制定一个适合企业的销售策略,如何激励和管理销售团队,如何评估和改进市场营销活动等。

市场营销战略论文范文精选3篇(全文)

市场营销战略论文范文精选3篇(全文)

市场营销战略论文范文精选3篇现在是该把战术转化为战略的时候了。

在激烈竞争的情况下,小凯萨比萨店曾运用“买一送一”的战术,来与毕塞克、教父等比萨店抗衡。

这种特卖活动,一般都有一定的期限(如一天、一周、一个月等)。

主要用于刺激实效购买。

通过向潜在顾客提供某些初次购买的优惠条件,可能会使其中一部分人在正常价格下,成为企业的长期顾客。

这是大多数战术的正常命运。

然而,小凯萨之所以能够通过这种特卖活动将战术转化为战略,关键还在于这种活动的持续性。

为了将战术转化为战略,必须加进时间的因素,并努力使战术与企业组织机构融为一体,进而使之成为企业的主要战略观念。

“买一送一”后来进展成为小凯萨的一致性市场营销方针,从而使得小凯萨成为美国最成功的比萨饼外卖店。

大多数比萨连锁店,都被迫在菜单上加进“买一送一”项目,但这些竞争者的反应,还都只停留在战术层次上。

以毕赛克为例,它根本无力将整个连锁体系改为“买一送一”经营方式,因为它支付不起黄金地段的店面、舒适的桌椅以及服务员的工资。

小凯萨为了长期实行“买一送一”,就必须尽量选择成本低廉的地段,并提供有限的服务。

多明诺也是将战术成功地转化为战略的比萨连锁店,促使其成功的战术是“30分钟内送货到家”。

传统的自上而下经营程序,往往以逻辑的方式提出问题:首先,我们想卖什么食品;其次,运送它们要花多少时间。

自下而上经营程序则恰恰相反,它只注重战术做法,将整个规划程序都颠倒过来了,即:我们能卖什么食品来适应30分钟送货到家的要求。

为了达到这些条件,多明诺将比萨饼的规格减至两种,将上面的佐料减至六种,并且比萨店只卖出一种可乐饮料。

将战术转化为战略的重点,在于改变公司内部和产品本身,而不是试图去改变外部环境。

战术就是你的竞争性切入角度,不管是买一送一还是30分钟送货到家,当将战术转变为战略时,其中的挑战在于要持续保持战略简单明了的特性。

这并不容易做到。

难就难在不要为了配合其它产品或战术思想而去改变战略。

工商管理市场营销论文范文3篇

工商管理市场营销论文范文3篇

⼯商管理市场营销论⽂范⽂3篇⼯商管理论⽂-三维市场营销(摘要:当代市场营销出现了许多新情况,新情况产⽣新思想。

在过去,市场经营者往往是通过能够为顾客提供质优的产品以及其他⼀些特⾊的功能利益⽽获得成功的。

⽽如今,仅仅这些是远远不够的,原因是这种功能利益⾮常容易被效仿。

因此,当今的市场营销⼈员急需寻求新的途径,使⾃⼰的产品与服务与众不同。

麦肯锡咨询公司的专家们分析并指出:功能利益,流程利定以及关系利差是当代市场营销的三⼤诀窍。

要取得成功,就必须遵循这三条规则。

)要解决市场营销问题的答案在于要强调流程利益(这种利益使得买卖双⽅的交易更加简单、快捷、省钱更令⼈愉快)以及关系利益(对那些愿意透露⾃⾝情况、显⽰他们购买⾏为的顾客给予他们回报)换⾔之,创建成功营销战略的基础已经从⼀维变成了三维。

麦肯锡专家在四个⾏业中展开了市场营销的课题研究,它们分别为汽车⼯业,化妆品,信⽤卡以及长途电信服务。

研究表明:跟只注重功能利益相⽐,当今的消费者对这两种新型利益给予同等的,甚⾄更多的重视。

这意味着,如果你的公司不能满⾜这三种利益的要求,那么将⾯临着同⾏们的冲击。

我们的调查研究同时还表明,根据这三种不同的利益取向来划分顾客类型,可以建⽴⼀个更多元化,更直观的消费者偏好取向分布图。

在我们所调查的四个⾏业当中,主要消费者群的容量和特性均有着很⼤的区别。

只有在汽车⾏业,才能找到真正意义上的“都需要”的消费者群,这或许反应了这么⼀个事实:汽车⼯业是⼀种⾼价值的买卖。

要不然,在其他的许多⾏业,不同的顾客群体对这三种利益有着不同的取向组合,我们认为,这是⼀种各⾏业普遍存在的市场模式。

替损:“过程利益”“流程利益”。

很显然,流程利益以及关系利益对顾客转变购买经验的影响越来越明显。

在流程利益⽅⾯,让我们看看STREAMLINE,⼀家家庭⾷品递送服务公司,⾄今,他们的业务已经从发源地波⼠顿扩展到了华盛顿。

该公司的业务代表挨家挨户到客户家中查看⾷品室⾥的产品情况,制定购物清单,主要包括每星期需要⾃动补充的⾷品。

国际市场营销论文【5篇】

国际市场营销论文【5篇】

国际市场营销论文【5篇】国际市场营销论文篇一当今世界,知识经济迅猛发展,各行各业都受到全球化的冲击和影响,来自经济全球化的影响更是已经涉及各个行业。

很多经济学者都对经济全球化作出了各自的定义,大多数学者认为:经济全球化是优化全球经济资源分配,以发达国家为领导,跨国公司为发动引擎和越来越多的国家加入WTO组织为特点的,通过全球商品、资金和技术的流动,使得资源得以在全球范围内高效率地被应用的一种全球化形态[1]。

在经济全球化的背景下,各国的许多企业都顺应当今的国际化趋势,积极的加入到全球性的市场营销。

在此过程中,新的营销管理观念和新的经营方式不断出现,对传统市场营销客观上提出了新的要求和标准,同时也给国际市场营销带来了变革和发展。

一、经济全球化的特征经济全球化的特征主要表现在以下三个方面:1、贸易范围全球化。

主要体现在各国国际贸易的范围在进一步扩大,许多国家从单一的邻国贸易发展到跨越越大洲的全球性贸易,贸易规模、速度等均得到迅速发展。

经济全球化大大减少了商品、服务、资本、人才等各种要素流动的技术性和政策性障碍,从而加快了世界贸易的自由化。

2、信息活动全球化。

当今经济全球化的一个重要特征就是经济信息的全球共享化,经济信息全球化是建立在新技术革命基础之上的,它将极大地改变和提高人类现有的生产方式和生产力水平。

信息全球化对经济全球化进程与水平起到至关重要的影响作用[2]。

3、生产活动全球化。

既表现在全球经济分工的进一步细化和国际间经济协作的多样化,实力雄厚的跨国公司将其自身的生产经营活动拓展至全球范围。

生产活动全球化不仅带动全球范围内的就业,也促进全球生产要素与资源配置的不断优化。

二、经济全球化对国际市场营销带来的影响1、营销策略和竞争方式的改变经济全球化意味着市场无国界,全球市场是互通的、统一的。

企业进行国际市场营销时势必要结合全球消费者的消费习惯,另一方面,在全球市场开拓的过程中,企业要面对各国同行业的竞争者,尤其是具有丰富营销经验和强大品牌形象的跨国企业或东道国公司。

市场营销管理_英语论文及译文

市场营销管理_英语论文及译文

市场营销管理_英语论文及译文Multi-dimension Benefits Lead to Brand ExtensionThe traditional view of marketing is that marketers used to succeed by providing superior products and other distinctive functional benefits. But today for such benefits can readily be imitated. Marketers must therefore find new ways of differentiating their products and services by identifying new customer benefits from the customer’s view. Basing on this background, some companies emphasize process benefits and relationship benefits or integrate them with functional benefits to reshape the three benefits combination to attract the consumers who value these new types of benefits as highly as functional ones. The basis for creating successful marketing strategies has expanded to three dimensions and consequently leads to brand extension.This essay aims at make a brief discussion on these issues. Process benefits and relationship benefits are critically analyzed firstly. Then maximizing value creation by identifying new customer benefits from the customer’s cognitive space will be evaluated. Additionally, relevant brand differentiation and brand extension, the key to competitive advantage, will be assessed. In general, brand benefits deriving from adding dimensions to single functional benefits and resulting in strong brand ripple effect, are running through the whole article as a main clue.Today’s marketplace is fundamentally different as a result of major societal forces that have resulted in many new consumer and company capabilities (Kotler and Kevin, 2009). Consumers now tend to pursuit more convenience, pleasantness in consumption process except for high quality products and service. Their needs and wants, also says the consumers value, have expanded and updated to multi-dimensions including process benefits which make transactions between buyers and sellers easier, quicker, cheaper, and more pleasant and relationship benefits which reward the willingness of consumers to identifyopportunities and challenges, and marketing management has change significantly in recent years as companies seek new way to achieve marketing excellence (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Because a buyer’s satisfaction is a function of the product’s perceived performance and the buyer’s ex pectations. Swanson and Kelley (2002) pointed out that high consumer satisfaction has many benefits for the firm, such as increased consumer loyalty, enhanced firm reputation, reduced price elasticities, lower costs of future transactions, and higher employee efficiency.Under this circumstance, in order to occupy market and achieve maximum profits, many companies began to rethink their strategies for future growth. In response to consumers’ multi-dimensions needs, it is important for companies to gain a thorough indepth consumer understanding which helps to make sure that the right products are marketed to the right consumers in the right way. To do this, the first step is market segmentation according to the consumer extending needs. A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants (Kotler and Keller, 2009). The core is to format corresponding branding extension to attract the consumers’ multi-dimensions needs.One research shows that consumers can be segmented by all three dimensions of benefit (functional, process, and relationship benefits) to create more complex and powerful maps of preferences. The size and nature of the important clusters vary substantially (Court et al.). So it is necessary and beneficial that a company needs to identify which market segments it can serve effectively. The most savvy marketers have fashioned hundreds of functional, process, and relationship combinations and identified a similar number of distinct consumer segments that might be attracted to them. A cell phone manufacturer looking for promising offerings in several profitable markets, for example, established cross-functionalcustomer segment panels. With this information in hand, it was truly meeting the needs of target customer segments in critical markets (John et al., 2006). Such decisions require a keen understanding of consumer behavior and careful strategic thinking. The identification of customer needs in order to serve and build the value of customer segments is a major challenge that marketers encounter (Johnson and Schultz, 2004).Rather than creating the segments, the marketer’s task is to establish and delive r the distinctive benefits of the companies’ market offering to the exact segmentation. The choice of corresponding benefits to communicate and emphasize would seem to be especially important in situations where consumers may vary widely in the benefits sought and evaluate brands rather than products (Orth et al., 2004).In addition, the competitive advantage of successful products and service providers is often explained with a logic wherein offering contributes to customer value, resulting in increased satisfaction and behavioral intentions, eventually creating loyalty that manifests itself in enhanced profitability (Cronin et al., 2000; Slater and Narver, 1994; Wang et al., 2004). For example, Starbucks offers added cultural value to attract customers; BMW, Audi, and any other automobile companies, locate four ‘s’ stores in China to offer a comprehensive after-sale service and strengthen the brand image (Fisk, 2006).In another words, the more important thing for companies is put forth a customers value proposition, a set of distinctive benefits or benefits combinations they offer to customers to satisfy their cognitive needs. From the company's perspective, these buying motives should be captured in a customer value proposition (CVP), making it a strategic priority issue in areas such as segmentation, service development, and marketing communications (Rintamäki et al., 2007).According to the view of Anderson (et al., 2006), in order to differentiate itself from its competition, the company needs to have points of difference in its value proposition. In general, identifying customer value propositions begins with understanding the key dimensions of customer value that motivate the targeted customers, and development of customer value propositions benefits from hierarchical evaluation and combining of economic, functional, emotional, and symbolic customer value dimensions (Rintamäki et al., 2007). Foe example, creating functional value is often associated with products that meet the target customers' needs, and processes that increase convenience at different stages of the shopping experience (Seiders et al., 2000). Tesco is a British retailer that has gained competitive advantage by creating superior value for its customers. Tesco's customer-focused commitment to provide customers value is summarized in the company's value proposition “Every little helps,” which is successfully communicated to customers as well as the employees.It is commonly acknowledged that effective marketing communications must recognize the relationship between a product/a brand and the consumption values or benefits consumers seek (Sheth et al., 1991). Because consumers can vary greatly in their value composition, they may seek a range of different benefits from products and brands and hence will react differently to marketing communications emphasizing selected brand benefits (Orth et al., 2004). So from a managerial point of view, extensions are more powerful when they are connected to the customer relationship and brand positioning (Davis and Halligan, 2002).It is clear that that every organization needs to develop strong brands as an essential part of their business strategy (Kay, 2006). It has been accepted that strong brand is a very important factor for a company to win the competition. Good brands make them win customer loyalty, and loyal customers will cost lessto retain and service (Cheverton, 2000). It is an expression of competitive advantage. A brand is thus a product or service whose dimensions differentiate it in some way from other products and services designed to satisfy the same need (Kotler and Keller, 2009). From the customer's point of view, a brand can be defined as the total accumulation of all his/her experiences, and is built at all points of contact with the customer (Kapferer, 2004).To a successful branding marketer, it is vital to realize that customers must see any competitive advantage as a customer advantage. A strong brand identity that is well understood and experienced by the customers helps in developing trust which, in turn, results in differentiating the brand from competition. A company needs to establish a clear and consistent brand identity by linking brand attributes with the way they are communicated which can be easily understood by the customers (Ghodeswar, 2008). Southwest airlines gave a good example. Southwest airlines distinguished itself as a “fun” airlines and adopted “the first-come, first-served opini ng seating”. Southwest airlines is now the nation’s largest airline in terms of passengers flown and holds the distinction of being the only low-fare airline to achieve long-term financial success.Apart from that, effective brand extensions play a key role in the innovation and it is accepted by more and more companies. The established brand can easily be retrieved from memory and the extended brand can be more accessible than individual brands. Extensions are more powerful when they are connected to the customer relationship and brand positioning (Davis and Halligan, 2002).Meanwhile, McQuiston (2004) pointed out firms endeavor to create some form of brand distinctiveness to avoid their products being viewed as commodities. Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have managed to maintain their brand differentiation, irrespective of the similarities of their physical product. In other words, differentiated brands can be based on a feature, service, program or ingredient (Aaker, 2003).In conclusion, consumers become much more dynamic than ever before, because of the constantly changing conditions and environments. Similarly, consumer behavior has made a tremendous changes compared with the past one. Mowen and Mino (2000) describe consumer behavior is defined as the study of the buying units and the exchange processes involved in acquiring, consuming, and disposing of goods, services, experiences and ideas. Incremental income and knowledge makes consumers’ consumption concepts and self-concepts become mature.Consequently, these changes profoundly impact on the consumer attitudes and behaviors to the traditional marketing. How to keep the consumer loyalty in these conditions is one of the challenges faced to the marketers. The traditional view of marketers being used to succeed by providing superior products and other distinctive functional benefits doesn’t work. As a result, the traditional commercial criteria and principles are facing with new challenges. This circumstance have driven more and more marketers to treat brand benefits deriving from adding dimensions to single functional benefits as their core of marketing programs. Firms often try to exploit their existing well-established brands by extending them into new product categories (Wu and Yen, 2007). Brand benefits integrate both functional benefit and process and relationship benefit i.e. emotional benefits that are relevant to the consumer, build on concrete and abstract attributes, are sufficiently known, and are perceived to be different from competition. Just as CEO of BP Browne said: in a global marketplace, branding is crucial in attracting customers and business. It is not just a matter of a few gas stations or the underpin everything that you do and every relationship that you have (Wheeler, 2003).Through launching new products under the parent brand, brand managers may gain several advantages: Not only are new products launched effectively andcost-efficiently, but the extended brand product may also help revitalize the parent brand or flagship products (Supphellen et al., 2004). From this point of view, marketing in three dimensions also means branding in three dimensions, which represents an opportunity to extend what a brand represents beyond narrow functional lines—and to gain leverage by doing so. This expansion of the branding space derived from adding dimensions to single functional benefits represents an enormous opportunity and may lead to marketing success. Therefore, any companies who want to survive and develop in this high competition marketing world should always keep consecutive efforts in establishing brand benefits and implementing brand extension.Words count: 2158REFERENCES:Aaker, D.A. (2003) The power of the branded differentiator. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45 (1), pp.83-7.Anderson, J.C., Narus, J.A., and Van, R. W. (2006) Customer value propositions in business markets. Harvard Business Review, 84 (3), pp.91-97.Chailan,C. (2008) Brands portfolios and competitive advantage: an empirical study. Product & Brand Management, 17 (4), pp. 254-264./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Articl e&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0960170405.htmlCheverton, P. (2000) Key Marketing Skills: A Complete Action Kit of Strategies, Tools & Models, Kogan Page, 2000,292.Cronin, J.J., Brady, M.K., Hult, G.T.M. (2000) Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76 (2), pp.193-218.Davis, S., Halligan, C. (2002) Extending your brand by optimizing your customer relationship. Consumer Marketing, 19(1), pp.7-11.Ghodeswar, B. M. (2008) Building brand identity in competitive markets: a conceptual model. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(1), pp.4-12. /Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Articl e&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0960170101.htmlJohnson, C.R., Schultz, D.E. (2004) A focus on customers. Marketing Management, 13 (5), pp.20-72.Kapferer, J.N. (2004) Brand NEW world, brand equity. The Economic Times, 30.Keller, K. (2003) Brand Synthesis: The Multidimensionality of Brand Knowledge. Journal of Consumer Reserch, 29(3).Keller, K.L. (2003b) Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. 2nd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, pp.351.Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2009) Marketing management. In Ledward, R. and Moran, F. Economics and Marketing, Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education Limited, P154.Kotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2008)Marketing Management. Pearson Custom Publication.p.360.Mark, J. K. (2006), Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), pp.742-760./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Articl e&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0070400702.htmlMcQuiston, D.H. (2004) Successful branding of a commodity product: the case of RAEX LASER steel. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(4), pp.345-54.Mowen, J., Minor, M.S. (2000) Consumer Behavior: A Framework. New Jerse: Prentice—Hall, Inc.,Orth, U. R., M, Mina., Shellhammer, T., and Lopetcharat, K. (2004) Promoting brand benefits: the role of consumer psychographics and lifestyle. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21 (2), pp. 97-108./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Articl e&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0770210202.htmlReid, M. (2008) Contemporary marketing in professional services. Services Marketing, 22 (5), pp. 374-384.Rintamäki, T., Kuusela,H., and Mitronen, L. (2007) Identifying competitive customer value propositions in retailing. Managing Service Quality, 17(6), pp. 621-634./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Articl e&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1080170602.htmlSeiders, K., Berry, L.L., and Gresham, L.G. (2000), Attention, retailers! How convenient is your convenience strategy?. Sloan Management Review, 41(3), pp.79-90.Sherrington, M. (2003) Added Value: The Alchemy of Brand-Led Growth, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 21-49 .Supphellen, M., Eismann, Ø., Hem, L. (2004) Can advertisements for brand extensions revitalize flagship products? An experiment., International Journal of Advertising, 23 (2), pp.173-96.Swanson, S.R. and Kelley, S.W. (2001) Service recovery attributions and word-of-mouth intentions. Marketing, 35 (1/2), pp.194–211.Vargo, S.L., Lusch, R.F. (2004), Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68 (1), pp.1-17.Wheeler, A (2003) Designing Brand Identity. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Wu, C. and Yen, Y. (2007), How the strength of parent brand associations influence the interaction effects of brand breadth and product similarity with brand extension evaluations. Product & Brand Management,16(5),pp.334-341.Bibliography:Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W. M., and Ferrell, O. C. (2001) Marketing:concept and strategies. 4th ed.,New York: Houghton Mifflin.Anderson, J. C., Narus, J. A., and Narayandas, D. (2008) Business market management. 3rd ed., Pearson Education Ltd..Kotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2008)Marketing Management. Pearson Custom Publication.译文:多维利益引起品牌延伸传统的营销观念是卖主通过提供优质的产品或者其他特殊的功能性利益来成功进行营销。

营销技巧论文(5篇)

营销技巧论文(5篇)

营销技巧论文(5篇)营销技巧论文(5篇)营销技巧论文范文第1篇1.1成本定价依据成本定价是以产品单位成本为依据,加上预期利润来确定价格的方法,是中外企业最常用,最基础的定价方法。

依据成本进行定价的价格技巧又包含了总成本加成定价、边际成本定价、盈亏平衡定价、目标收益定价等多种定价技巧。

依据成本定价的市场营销价格技巧是最基本的价格技巧,其优点是简洁易用,缺点是不考虑市场价格和需求及竞争问题。

因此,企业应结合市场状况,利用价格企业价格策略,确定恰当的加成比例,敏捷把握价格尺度,最终报出符合市场变化的产品价格。

1.2依据客户需求进行的价格调整依据客户的需求进行价格调整,是市场营销过程中常用的一种价格技巧。

这种价格技巧的应用要点在于,在企业对商品进行价格定位时,不以成本作为商品价格的基础,而是以市场上客户对商品的需求状况作为定价的依据。

由于市场客户需求是不断变化的,因此,即使不以成本作为定价的依据,企业也能够通过价格的浮动来实现利益。

但是,应用这种价格技巧有一个缺点,即依据客户需求定价很简单使营销组合中的其他环节被忽视,直接导致企业在某个阶段所获得的利益不能满意企业资金运转的需求,对于急需资金运转的中小企业来说,使用这种价格技巧应非常慎重。

1.3不同市场环境下的价格依据市场环境的不同采纳不同的价格,是企业在行业竞争中常用的几个技巧,也是使企业在竞争的市场环境下实现市场营销目的的价格策略。

以竞争为导向定价是企业通过讨论竞争对手的生产条件、服务状况、价格水公平因素,依据自身的竞争实力,参考成本和供求状况来确定商品价格。

以市场上竞争者的类似产品的价格作为本企业产品定价的参照系的一种定价的方法和技巧。

这种方法可在竞争中削减风险,并协调同行业间的关系。

主要有随行就市定价、产品差别定价法:、密封投标定价等。

1.4品牌价值与价格依据商品的品牌进行定价,是市场营销中比较高级的价格技巧之一,例如,一些大的国际浪费品品牌,其价格比商品的实际应用价值高出很多,但还是备受消费者青睐,是由于商品品牌自身所代表的精神价值已经远远超过了商品的实物。

MBA《市场营销管理》论文《公司STP营销分析》

MBA《市场营销管理》论文《公司STP营销分析》

承诺:本答题卷系本人按学校考试规定独立完成,如有违规行为,愿接受学校相关规定处理。

MBA课程作业学年学期: 2019-2020学年第1学期课程名称: 《市场营销管理》授课教师: 许德昌学号: 21XXXXXXXXXX姓名: XXXXXX班级: 国际1班电话: 135XXXXXXXX邮箱: 27650XXXX@得分:四川XX建设集团有限公司STP营销分析STP营销即目标市场营销,又称STP三步曲,其中S指市场细分(Segmenting Market),T指选择目标市场(Targeting Market),P指市场定位(Positioning Market)。

营销大师菲利普·科特勒认为:当代战略营销的核心,可被定义为STP。

下面我以四川XX建设集团有限公司(下称A公司)的市场营销战略为例,诊断其目标市场营销开展现状与存在的问题,剖析问题的原因,并提出改进思路与建议。

一、目标市场营销开展现状A公司是位于成都市的一家民营建筑施工企业,注册资本金3.8亿元,以房屋建筑工程、市政公用工程、公路工程、水利水电工程施工总承包服务为主营业务,兼营施工劳务作业、建筑设计服务、建筑信息化推广与应用业务,年产值约15亿元。

根据企业的资质、人员、设备、技术、资金等方面的实力,紧跟国家和各省对建筑业的相关政策,结合建筑市场的发展趋势,参考同行企业的经营方式,A公司实行的是差异性目标市场营销战略,选择施工总承包、施工劳务作业、建筑设计服务、建筑信息化推广与应用四个细分市场作为目标市场,并针对四个目标市场的不同特点,分别运营不同的产品或服务,以满足建筑行业不同客户的需求。

针对施工总承包市场,A公司有与房屋建筑工程、市政公用工程、公路工程、水利水电工程四大类型项目施工相配套的人员、技术、机械设备,承接单个工程规模可达2亿元,历年所施工完成的工程均质量合格;针对施工劳务作业市场,A公司旗下成立了建筑劳务企业,可承接规模1000万元以内的劳务作业;针对建筑设计服务市场,A公司旗下成立了建筑设计公司,具有同建筑工程行业甲级和公路工程行业乙级设计资质相配套的人员;针对建筑信息化推广与应用市场,A公司旗下成立了科技公司,与上海鲁班软件有限公司形成区域级全方位合作,拥有国内领先的鲁班BIM系统西南代理权,并与杭州新中大软件股份有限公司合作开发与应用新中大—XX项目应用软件。

企业管理市场营销毕业论文 公司营销策略分析与改进对策研究

企业管理市场营销毕业论文 公司营销策略分析与改进对策研究

企业管理市场营销毕业论文公司营销策略分析与改进对策研究企业管理市场营销毕业论文公司营销策略分析与改进对策研究一、引言在当今竞争激烈的市场环境中,企业的市场营销策略对于其发展至关重要。

本论文旨在探讨企业在市场营销方面所遇到的挑战,并提出改进对策以提高市场竞争力。

二、背景分析2.1 企业市场营销的重要性市场营销是企业与市场接触的重要方式,它能够帮助企业识别客户需求、推广产品和服务,进而提高销售额和市场份额。

2.2 公司营销策略的影响因素公司的市场营销策略受到多方面因素的影响,包括市场环境、竞争对手、目标客户以及企业内部资源等。

三、现有问题分析3.1 市场调研不到位由于市场调研不够深入细致,公司在产品开发和宣传推广方面存在盲目性,造成了市场需求和实际销售情况之间的差距。

3.2 市场定位不准确公司未能精确界定目标客户群体,导致市场定位不准确,无法通过针对性的市场推广活动有效吸引潜在消费者。

3.3 缺乏创新的市场营销策略公司市场营销策略相对保守,缺乏创新,导致产品和品牌形象相对陈旧,无法吸引消费者的关注。

四、分析与改进对策4.1 加强市场调研公司应加强对市场的调研,了解客户需求和竞争对手的动态。

通过市场研究报告和消费者反馈,公司能够更准确地把握市场趋势,调整产品策略和宣传策略。

4.2 精准市场定位在市场定位方面,公司应通过细分市场、目标市场和定位市场等手段,精确确定目标客户群体。

这样能够更好地满足客户需求,提高产品竞争力。

4.3 创新市场营销策略为了提升市场竞争力,公司需要进行市场营销策略的创新。

可以通过互联网营销、社交媒体推广、跨界合作等方式来拓展市场,吸引更多的潜在消费者。

五、实施与预期效果5.1 实施步骤公司应建立完善的市场调研机制,成立专门的市场营销团队,并制定详细的实施计划。

同时,公司需要加大投入,保证市场营销策略的顺利实施。

5.2 预期效果通过加强市场调研和精准市场定位,公司能够更好地满足客户需求,提高产品销售量和市场份额。

零售业市场营销论文范文3篇

零售业市场营销论文范文3篇
2产品策略
零售业的产品策略主要体现在商品选择和采购上,进货渠道基本相同,主要通过以下几种途径实现:制造商的销售代表主动上 门拜访,并负责配送;去市里的批发市场选货,现款自运;参加订货会。采购时都应注意的事项是维持好同供货商的关系;严 格把控质量关,杜绝假冒伪劣商品;选择畅销产品。
不同的是商品的采购价位和采购范围。
零售业市场营销的管理论文
论文摘要:随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,中国零售商业对外资的全面开放,越来越多的外资零售巨头在中国零售市场大肆攻 城略地。使零售市场的竞争变得更加激烈,零售商业企业要全面加强企业管理,特别是市场营销的管理。
0引言ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,零售企业如雨后春笋般遍布大街小巷,中国零售商业对外资的全面开放,越来越多的外资零售 巨头在中国零售市场大肆攻城略地。使零售市场的竞争变得更加激烈,这就要求零售商业企业认清形势,全面加强企业管理,特别 注意加强市场营销的管理。市场营销是企业在变化的市场环境中,为满足消费需求,实现企业目标的商务活动过程,它包括市场调 研,选择目标市场、商品促销、商品储运、商品销售和提供服务等一系列与市场有关的企业业务经营活动。
(1)促销时机。很多消费者在购物时往往是冲动的,零售店可在特定时间或时段,配合不同的季节和节日、气候、温度等安 排促销活动,来刺激顾客需求,改变顾客购买习惯。如夏季里以雨伞、太阳伞为促销重点。
(2)促销预算。为了在价格上保持竞争优势,零售店应对各项费用的开支均有很强的计划性,严格控制促销费用。一般来 说,确定促销预算总的原则是:因促销增加的销售额应当大于促销费用的支出。
2.3促销策略
促销策略是指企业如何通过人员推销、广告、公共关系和营业推广等各种促销方式,向消费者或用户传递产品信息,引起他们 的注意和兴趣,激发他们的购买欲望和购买行为,以达到扩大销售的目的。零售促销(retailpromotion)一般被定义为:零售商 为告知、劝说/提醒目标市场关注有关企业任何方面的信息而进行的一切沟通活动。吸引目标顾客,应注意以下几个方面:

有关市场营销论文(精选)

有关市场营销论文(精选)

有关市场营销论文(精选)市场营销论文篇1摘要:烟草市场营销是行业发展的关键问题,因此对零售商的管理也十分关注。

然而,由于零售商分布广泛,管理起来难度较大,会出现网点布局不科学,对零售商的控制力度有限以及“访销配送”未达到真正的目的等问题。

本文在研究营销渠道中零售商管理问题的基础上,提出了改进措施,以期对零售商进行科学、合理的管理。

关键词:烟草市场;营销渠道;零售商一、零售商的重要作用二、烟草市场营销渠道中零售商的管理问题1.零售网点布局不合理随着烟草行业网络建设的不断发展,烟草公司也通过多种形式来控制终端市场,不仅具有加盟连锁店,还有零售自营店,但是这样的规划和发展也出现新的问题。

一是对零售户的管理不到位,有些紧俏烟供应不足时,还是有零售商从系统外进货来处理;二是对城乡网点布局不平衡,重视对整个城市系统的零售网点布局,却没有关注农村日益增长的消费能力,卷烟供应不足,造成市场比较混乱,假烟横行;第三,一些繁华地段的零售商过于集中,造成了过于激烈的竞争,为了销售而采用降价处理的方法。

这些现象的出现都是因为对零售商的管理不到位导致的,有些也是很难监测的。

三、加强零售商管理与控制的对策建议1.加大对加盟店的控股比例在专卖体制下,我国烟草公司的零售商主要以三种形式出现,一种就是烟草公司注资成立的自营店,一种是与烟草公司采取合伙经营方式的加盟店,再一种就是取得烟草专卖许可证的社会网络店。

从三种零售商的发展来看,加盟店是今后网络建设的主要方向,店铺专营能够有效的向最终消费者推送卷烟,资金回收的速度较快。

因此,烟草公司要与加盟店形成利益与风险共享的机制,这样避免培育多年的加盟店随意转行,降低烟草公司的经济损失。

另外,烟草公司对加盟店进行专门管理,设置专门的监督人员,避免了销售假烟的情形,同时可以在外树立烟草公司规范管理的形象。

2.适当增加直营店的数量直营店就是烟草商业企业注资成立的直接经营的零售店,与加盟店有着很大的区别,但是都是作为零售终端出现在消费者面前。

市场营销管理_英语论文及译文

市场营销管理_英语论文及译文

Multi-dimension Benefits Lead to Brand ExtensionThe traditional view of marketing is that marketers used to succeed by providing superior products and other distinctive functional benefits. But today for such benefits can readily be imitated. Marketers must therefore find new ways of differentiating their products and services by identifying new customer benefits from the customer’s view. Basing on this background, some companies emphasize process benefits and relationship benefits or integrate them with functional benefits to reshape the three benefits combination to attract the consumers who value these new types of benefits as highly as functional ones. The basis for creating successful marketing strategies has expanded to three dimensions and consequently leads to brand extension.This essay aims at make a brief discussion on these issues. Process benefits and relationship benefits are critically analyzed firstly. Then maximizing value creation by identifying new customer benefits from the customer’s c ognitive space will be evaluated. Additionally, relevant brand differentiation and brand extension, the key to competitive advantage, will be assessed. In general, brand benefits deriving from adding dimensions to single functional benefits and resulting in strong brand ripple effect, are running through the whole article as a main clue.Today’s marketplace is fundamentally different as a result of major societal forces that have resulted in many new consumer and company capabilities (Kotler and Kevin, 2009). Consumers now tend to pursuit more convenience, pleasantness in consumption process except for high quality products and service. Their needs and wants, also says the consumers value, have expanded and updated to multi-dimensions including process benefits which make transactions between buyers and sellers easier, quicker, cheaper, and more pleasant and relationship benefits which reward the willingness of consumers to identify themselves and to reveal their purchasing behavior.Meanwhile, companies are finding the market environment increasingly complex and competitive (Reid, 2008). They struggle to market more distinctive offerings to satisfy consumer needs. Delivering multi-dimension benefits to customers is the key, realistic and feasible step. The ability of process and relationship benefits to transform the customer’s shopping experience is becoming more and more apparent (Court et al., 1999). IBM and AT&T, which are both significantly stronger in such elements than their competitors, illustrate the point well. The two companies communicate confidence: consumers feel that if they buy these brands, they will not go wrong; as the saying goes, "Nobody ever got fired for buying IBM." (Leiter et al., 2002).On the relationship benefit side,British Airways redesigned its cabins to offer the first flat beds in business class when other airlines merely increased the pitch or width of their seats. Virgin Atlantic Airways reinforced its famous "doing things differently" brand personality with a restyled "Upper Class" service that features "designer-styled" cabins, a sit-down bar, an in-flight massage service, and flat-bed seats (Aufreiter et al., 2003). British Airways has found that building relationships with its "premium customers" increased the amount of business generated by these customers by nine percent (Kristy, 2003).Just as the cases mentioned above indicated that, with the rapid development of the economy and modern industry, more and more excellent products are available. Consumers are more powerful, active and intelligent than ever before and are becoming more and more benefits sensitive to select the products and service between the different benefits.It is sure that customers are value maximizers and estimate which offer will deliver the most perceived value and act on it. These forces have created new opportunities and challenges, and marketing management has change significantly in recent years as companies seek new way to achieve marketing excellence (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Because a buyer’s satisfaction is a function of the product’s perceived performanceand the buyer’s ex pectations. Swanson and Kelley (2002) pointed out that high consumer satisfaction has many benefits for the firm, such as increased consumer loyalty, enhanced firm reputation, reduced price elasticities, lower costs of future transactions, and higher employee efficiency.Under this circumstance, in order to occupy market and achieve maximum profits, many companies began to rethink their strategies for future growth. In response to consumers’ multi-dimensions needs, it is important for companies to gain a thorough indepth consumer understanding which helps to make sure that the right products are marketed to the right consumers in the right way. To do this, the first step is market segmentation according to the consumer extending needs. A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants (Kotler and Keller, 2009). The core is to format corresponding branding extension to attract the consumers’ multi-dimensions needs.One research shows that consumers can be segmented by all three dimensions of benefit (functional, process, and relationship benefits) to create more complex and powerful maps of preferences. The size and nature of the important clusters vary substantially (Court et al.). So it is necessary and beneficial that a company needs to identify which market segments it can serve effectively. The most savvy marketers have fashioned hundreds of functional, process, and relationship combinations and identified a similar number of distinct consumer segments that might be attracted to them. A cell phone manufacturer looking for promising offerings in several profitable markets, for example, established cross-functional customer segment panels. With this information in hand, it was truly meeting the needs of target customer segments in critical markets (John et al., 2006). Such decisions require a keen understanding of consumer behavior and careful strategic thinking. The identification of customer needs in order to serve and build the value of customer segments is a major challenge that marketers encounter (Johnson and Schultz, 2004).Rather than creating the segments, the marketer’s task is to establish and deliver the distinctiv e benefits of the companies’ market offering to the exact segmentation. The choice of corresponding benefits to communicate and emphasize would seem to be especially important in situations where consumers may vary widely in the benefits sought and evaluate brands rather than products (Orth et al., 2004).In addition, the competitive advantage of successful products and service providers is often explained with a logic wherein offering contributes to customer value, resulting in increased satisfaction and behavioral intentions, eventually creating loyalty that manifests itself in enhanced profitability (Cronin et al., 2000; Slater and Narver, 1994; Wang et al., 2004). For example, Starbucks offers added cultural value to attract customers; BMW, Audi, and any other automobile companies, locate four ‘s’ stores in China to offer a comprehensive after-sale service and strengthen the brand image (Fisk, 2006).In another words, the more important thing for companies is put forth a customers value proposition, a set of distinctive benefits or benefits combinations they offer to customers to satisfy their cognitive needs. From the company's perspective, these buying motives should be captured in a customer value proposition (CVP), making it a strategic priority issue in areas such as segmentation, service development, and marketing communications (Rintamäki et al., 2007).According to the view of Anderson (et al., 2006), in order to differentiate itself from its competition, the company needs to have points of difference in its value proposition. In general, identifying customer value propositions begins with understanding the key dimensions of customer value that motivate the targeted customers, and development of customer value propositions benefits from hierarchical evaluation and combining of economic, functional, emotional, and symbolic customer value dimensions (Rintamäki et al., 2007). Foe example, creating functional value is often associated with products that meet the target customers' needs, and processesthat increase convenience at different stages of the shopping experience (Seiders et al., 2000). Tesco is a British retailer that has gained competitive advantage by creating superior value for its customers. Tesco's customer-focused commitment to provide customers value is summarized in the company's value proposition “Every little helps,” which is successfully communicated to customers as well as the employees.It is commonly acknowledged that effective marketing communications must recognize the relationship between a product/a brand and the consumption values or benefits consumers seek (Sheth et al., 1991). Because consumers can vary greatly in their value composition, they may seek a range of different benefits from products and brands and hence will react differently to marketing communications emphasizing selected brand benefits (Orth et al., 2004). So from a managerial point of view, extensions are more powerful when they are connected to the customer relationship and brand positioning (Davis and Halligan, 2002).It is clear that that every organization needs to develop strong brands as an essential part of their business strategy (Kay, 2006). It has been accepted that strong brand is a very important factor for a company to win the competition. Good brands make them win customer loyalty, and loyal customers will cost less to retain and service (Cheverton, 2000). It is an expression of competitive advantage. A brand is thus a product or service whose dimensions differentiate it in some way from other products and services designed to satisfy the same need (Kotler and Keller, 2009). From the customer's point of view, a brand can be defined as the total accumulation of all his/her experiences, and is built at all points of contact with the customer (Kapferer, 2004).To a successful branding marketer, it is vital to realize that customers must see any competitive advantage as a customer advantage. A strong brand identity that is well understood and experienced by the customers helps in developing trust which, in turn, results in differentiating the brand from competition. A company needs to establish aclear and consistent brand identity by linking brand attributes with the way they are communicated which can be easily understood by the customers (Ghodeswar, 2008). Southwest airlines gave a good example. Southwest airlines distinguished itself as a “fun” airlines and adopted “the first-come, first-served opini ng seating”. Southwest airlines is now the nation’s largest airline in terms of passengers flown a nd holds the distinction of being the only low-fare airline to achieve long-term financial success.Apart from that, effective brand extensions play a key role in the innovation and it is accepted by more and more companies. The established brand can easily be retrieved from memory and the extended brand can be more accessible than individual brands. Extensions are more powerful when they are connected to the customer relationship and brand positioning (Davis and Halligan, 2002).Meanwhile, McQuiston (2004) pointed out firms endeavor to create some form of brand distinctiveness to avoid their products being viewed as commodities. Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have managed to maintain their brand differentiation, irrespective of the similarities of their physical product. In other words, differentiated brands can be based on a feature, service, program or ingredient (Aaker, 2003).In conclusion, consumers become much more dynamic than ever before, because of the constantly changing conditions and environments. Similarly, consumer behavior has made a tremendous changes compared with the past one. Mowen and Mino (2000) describe consumer behavior is defined as the study of the buying units and the exchange processes involved in acquiring, consuming, and disposing of goods, services, experiences and ideas. Incremental income and knowledge makes consumers’ consumption concepts and self-concepts become mature.Consequently, these changes profoundly impact on the consumer attitudes and behaviors to the traditional marketing. How to keep the consumer loyalty in these conditions is one of the challenges faced to the marketers. The traditional view of marketers being used to succeed by providing superior products and other distinctivefunctional benefits doesn’t work. As a result, the traditional commercial criteria and principles are facing with new challenges. This circumstance have driven more and more marketers to treat brand benefits deriving from adding dimensions to single functional benefits as their core of marketing programs. Firms often try to exploit their existing well-established brands by extending them into new product categories (Wu and Yen, 2007). Brand benefits integrate both functional benefit and process and relationship benefit i.e. emotional benefits that are relevant to the consumer, build on concrete and abstract attributes, are sufficiently known, and are perceived to be different from competition. Just as CEO of BP Browne said: in a global marketplace, branding is crucial in attracting customers and business. It is not just a matter of a few gas stations or the underpin everything that you do and every relationship that you have (Wheeler, 2003).Through launching new products under the parent brand, brand managers may gain several advantages: Not only are new products launched effectively and cost-efficiently, but the extended brand product may also help revitalize the parent brand or flagship products (Supphellen et al.,2004). From this point of view, marketing in three dimensions also means branding in three dimensions, which represents an opportunity to extend what a brand represents beyond narrow functional lines—and to gain leverage by doing so. This expansion of the branding space derived from adding dimensions to single functional benefits represents an enormous opportunity and may lead to marketing success. Therefore, any companies who want to survive and develop in this high competition marketing world should always keep consecutive efforts in establishing brand benefits and implementing brand extension.Words count: 2158REFERENCES:Aaker, D.A. (2003) The power of the branded differentiator. MIT Sloan Management Review,45 (1), pp.83-7.Anderson, J.C., Narus, J.A., and Van, R. W. (2006) Customer value propositions in business markets. Harvard Business Review, 84 (3), pp.91-97.Chailan,C. (2008) Brands portfolios and competitive advantage: an empirical study. Product & Brand Management, 17 (4), pp. 254-264./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Fi lename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0960170405.htmlCheverton, P. (2000) Key Marketing Skills: A Complete Action Kit of Strategies, Tools & Models, Kogan Page, 2000,292.Cronin, J.J., Brady, M.K., Hult, G.T.M. (2000) Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76 (2), pp.193-218.Davis, S., Halligan, C. (2002) Extending your brand by optimizing your customer relationship. Consumer Marketing,19(1), pp.7-11.Ghodeswar, B. M. (2008) Building brand identity in competitive markets: a conceptual model. Journal of Product & Brand Management,17(1), pp.4-12./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Fi lename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0960170101.htmlJohnson, C.R., Schultz, D.E. (2004) A focus on customers. Marketing Management, 13 (5), pp.20-72.Kapferer, J.N. (2004) Brand NEW world, brand equity. The Economic Times, 30.Keller, K. (2003) Brand Synthesis: The Multidimensionality of Brand Knowledge. Journal of Consumer Reserch, 29(3).Keller, K.L. (2003b) Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. 2nd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, pp.351.Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2009) Marketing management. In Ledward, R. and Moran, F. Economics and Marketing, Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education Limited, P154.Kotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2008)Marketing Management. Pearson Custom Publication.p.360.Mark, J. K. (2006), Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), pp.742-760./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Fi lename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0070400702.htmlMcQuiston, D.H. (2004) Successful branding of a commodity product: the case of RAEX LASER steel. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(4), pp.345-54.Mowen, J., Minor, M.S. (2000) Consumer Behavior: A Framework. New Jerse: Prentice—Hall, Inc.,Orth, U. R., M, Mina., Shellhammer, T., and Lopetcharat, K. (2004) Promoting brand benefits: the role of consumer psychographics and lifestyle. Journal of Consumer Marketing,21 (2), pp. 97-108./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Fi lename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0770210202.htmlReid, M. (2008) Contemporary marketing in professional services. Services Marketing,22 (5), pp. 374-384.Rintamäki, T., Kuusela,H., and Mitronen, L. (2007) Identifying competitive customer value propositions in retailing. Managing Service Quality, 17(6), pp. 621-634./Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Fi lename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1080170602.htmlSeiders, K., Berry, L.L., and Gresham, L.G. (2000), Attention, retailers! How convenient is your convenience strategy?. Sloan Management Review, 41(3), pp.79-90.Sherrington, M. (2003) Added Value: The Alchemy of Brand-Led Growth, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 21-49 .Supphellen, M., Eismann, Ø., Hem, L. (2004) Can advertisements for brand extensions revitalize flagship products? An experiment., International Journal of Advertising, 23 (2), pp.173-96.Swanson, S.R. and Kelley, S.W. (2001) Service recovery attributions and word-of-mouth intentions. Marketing, 35 (1/2), pp.194–211.Vargo, S.L., Lusch, R.F. (2004), Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68 (1), pp.1-17.Wheeler, A (2003) Designing Brand Identity. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Wu, C. and Yen, Y. (2007), How the strength of parent brand associations influence the interaction effects of brand breadth and product similarity with brand extensionevaluations. Product & Brand Management,16(5),pp.334-341.Bibliography:Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W. M., and Ferrell, O. C. (2001) Marketing:concept and strategies. 4th ed.,New York: Houghton Mifflin.Anderson, J. C., Narus, J. A., and Narayandas, D. (2008) Business market management. 3rd ed., Pearson Education Ltd..Kotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2008) Marketing Management. Pearson Custom Publication.译文:多维利益引起品牌延伸传统的营销观念是卖主通过提供优质的产品或者其他特殊的功能性利益来成功进行营销。

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KPI思想在销售员绩效考核中的应用叶棉金(西南政法大学管理学院企业管理研究生;重庆401120)[摘要] 销售部门是一个企业实现利润目标最直接最重要的部门,其效率的高低直接影响到企业的发展。

因此,对于销售部门和特别是销售员工作绩效的考核就显得尤为重要。

关键绩效指标(KPI)是一种科学的绩效考核方法,本文即通过对KPI思想与销售员绩效考核结合的探讨,指出两者结合需要注意的问题,并为销售员绩效考核的改进提供建议。

[关键词] KPI思想;企业战略目标;导向作用;基本原则一、 KPI的基本涵义与导向作用效绩是业绩和效率的统称,描述的是活动的结果和获得结果的效率,强调投人与产出的关系。

关键效绩指标(Key Performance Indicators,以下简称KPI)评价是指在企业战略的基础上,提炼影响企业战略实现的关键性因素,定期以企业投人产出分析为内在核心,对照企业战略目标和管理需求,分析关键性因素产生的价值,评判企业经营状况从而改善企业管理,引导和控制战略的实施,保证战略目标的实现,是企业管理控制系统的重要组成部分。

KPI方法之所以行之有效,是它符合“8020原理”:员工80%的任务是由20%的关键行为完成的。

因此,抓住了这20%的关键行为就抓住了绩效考核的重心。

对于销售员工来说,由于其工作的特殊性如经常出差,工作时间和地点不固定等,导致了销售员个人绩效的考评比其它部门困难,因此应用KPI绩效考核一方面有利于抓住工作重点,另一方面也有利于降低销售员考核的成本。

从上文的涵义可以看出KPI的核心在于“关键”,原因是这些指标只占到所有考核指标的20%,但对销售员工绩效却起着80%的功效。

因此,KPI对于销售员工的工作行为有着无可替代的导向作用。

对于销售员工进行绩效评价的目的无外乎两个;一是评估销售员在一定工作周期内的工作状况,二是通过业绩结果有针对性地找出改善销售员工绩效的途径,并且后者对于企业的发展更加重要。

因为企业更希望的是销售员不断改善工作而不是保持原状。

因此,如何选择和制定对于销售员工作方向有着巨大导向作用的关键绩效指标就变成了应用KPI思想的关键步骤,其科学性直接影响到其对于销售员工作导向作用的大小。

二、 KPI思想与销售员绩效考核的结合传统的销售人员考核的一级指标一般有工作业绩、工作态度和工作能力三方面,但这三方面太泛以至于难以量化和抓住具体的重点。

因此,确定能进一步反映销售人员实绩的二级指标体系及各自的权重十分重要,因为权重的大小对销售员的工作方向起着直接的导向作用。

本文尝试通过KPI法确定销售人员考核指标中关键指标工作业绩的二级指标,然后根据企业现时的战略目标讨论确定工作业绩二级指标的权重,再根据销售员个人工作能力和特点具体制定KPI,最终构建适合企业发展的能充分调动销售人员工作积极性的绩效考评指标体系。

(一)用KPI法确定销售员工作业绩考评的二级指标。

KPI体系包括三个层面的指标:第一个层面是企业级的KPI,是通过基于战略的关键成功要素法分析得来的;第二个层面是部门级KPI,是根据企业级KPI、部门职责和业务流程分解而来的;第三个层面是个人的KPI,是根据部门KPI、员工个人能力特点、岗位职责和业务流程演化而来的。

这三个层面的指标共同构成企业关键绩效指标体系。

通过KPI体系的建立,把公司的总战略目标通过自上而下的层层分解落实为部门和销售员工个人的具体工作目标,确保战略目标实现的同时有效激励销售员工。

根据企业发展目标和销售部门职责,我们可以得到销售部门KPI;根据部门KPI、岗位职责和业务流程我们可以得到个人的KPI。

我们通过一个具体和简化的目标来理解这一过程:现在假设公司的战略目标是十年内占领华南市场80%的份额,这是企业级KPI;根据公司的现有市场份额和销售部门的实力,确定销售部门明年的总目标是提高华南区市场占有率10%,这是部门级的KPI;销售部门要完成这样一个年目标,每一个销售员都需要完成很多方面的工作,我们假设主要要完成以下五个方面的工作,则销售员工作业绩考评的二级指标可以确定为表1:表1 销售部部门员工工作业绩KPI(二)根据企业现时的战略目标讨论确定工作业绩二级指标的权重。

上文提到企业的战略目标是十年内占领华南市场80%的份额(企业级KPI),销售部门明年的总目标是提高华南区市场占有率10%(部门级KPI)。

从这一、二级KPI中可以看出企业最核心的目标是提高市场占有率,因此对于销售员工来说其最应该做的工作就是如何促进企业市场占有率的提高。

从上表中的可以看出前两个销售员个人KPI跟市场占有率的联系更加紧密。

因此这两个KPI应该占有最大的比重,而后三个KPI则相对占有较低的权重。

通过专家小组法我们可以确定这五个KPI的权重,现假设为表2:表2 销售部部门员工工作业绩各KPI权重(三)根据销售员个人工作能力和特点具体制定KPI。

在确定了各KPI指标的权重后,接下来要做的就是根据员工的特点确定具体的评分规则及标准。

我们首先有一个基本的假设:有经验的老员工比新进员工开展工作更容易,所以对于他们的KPI要求要更高一些,新进员工则相反。

同时,由于老员工的企业忠诚度其基本工资应该比新员工高。

基于这个假设我们可以把上表进一步完善确定为表3:表3 销售部新进员工工作业绩KPI从上表我们可以简单地得出销售员个人绩效的计算方式:销售员个人绩效=A+B+C+D+E=目标值A×40%+目标值B×30%+目标值C×10%+目标值D×10%+目标值E×10%(各目标值可能大于或小于100)。

以上是将KPI思想与销售员绩效考核结合的简单流程,为了简单明了地说明问题,各步骤都采取了简化和假设的方式。

但其基本思想还是包含在这一过程中。

从最终的销售员个人绩效KPI来看,销售计划完成率和销售增长率的权重最大,也就是说这两个指标对销售员的导向作用最明显。

换句话说,这两个方面的业绩基本上决定了一个销售员的整个业绩。

因此,作为销售员工其工作的倾向会明显不自觉地向扩大企业市场占有率这一方向靠拢。

而事实上是,这正是公司的战略目标——十年内占领华南市场80%的份额(企业级KPI)和销售部门明年的总目标——提高华南区市场占有率10%(部门级的KPI)的一个综合反映。

所以,从这一过程可以明显地看出KPI思想将企业三个层面的目标紧密地联系在一起;部门级KPI体现企业级KPI,销售员个人KPI体现部门级KPI,结果是销售员个人的具体工作直接与企业总的战略目标相联系。

因此,KPI思想对于销售员绩效考核的作用显而易见。

三、KPI思想与销售员绩效考核结合的基本原则从上文我们比较清楚地看到了KPI思想与销售员绩效考核结合的流程,但正如改变思维比改变行为困难的多一样,科学有效地执行这些绩效考核方案比制定这些KPI困难得多。

因为在执行中会遇到许多新的情况,同时如何让这些KPI与时俱进跟上企业战略的发展变化也是一个很大的问题。

因此,在KPI的设计和执行过程中我们应该注意许多方面的问题,同时应该遵循一些基本的原则。

这些原则主要有以下几点:(一)动态调整。

这应该成为一种制度,因为计划赶不上变化。

以上文中的例子来说:企业的战略目标是十年内占领华南80%的市场,十年是一个相当长的时间段,在这期间可能因为企业实力的增强目标调整为90%或者是扩大到华东区,也可能因为经济不景气而缩减为70%。

在这样的变化之后,明显地企业级的KPI发生了变化,而相应地销售部门的KPI和销售员个人KPI都应该随之变化。

理论上我们都知道应该这么做,但实践上企业销售员个人绩效KPI的调整明显地滞后于企业战略目标的变化,这是一些企业特别是那些处于快速成长期的企业销售增长和考核面临的一个普遍和严重的问题。

要避免这个问题就必须适时和快速对企业战略目标的变化作出反应。

这里可以建立一种专门的沟通制度来规范这一要求;当企业高层作出调整企业战略目标的决策后,马上应该有一个副总把这一变化传达到各相关部门,人力资源部应该立刻与销售部门人员讨论确定调整后的各级KPI。

只有这样,KPI才会始终保持其科学性和有效性,销售员绩效考核也才能够真正有效。

(二)反馈控制。

这主要体现在三级KPI都制定后的执行过程中,因为制定一个KPI体系并不是为了一劳永逸地解决销售员绩效考核的问题,而是希望不断改进其工作,最终促进企业的不断发展。

因此,每一轮考核完成之后都不应该简单地存档然后继续下一周期的考核。

而是各级的负责人要一起根据上一考核周期的结果对员工的工作做一个评价,在这之中最重要的是提出员工工作改进意见和根据实际环境和员工个人的发展变化调整销售员个人KPI。

同时,在考核执行过程中,销售部门或者其它监督部门要适时地对KPI绩效考核的执行情况进行检查,以便保证整个考核在控制之中。

(三)充分沟通。

这是一个普遍存在却被普遍忽视的问题。

因为沟通无时不在,它贯穿于整个KPI与销售员绩效考核过程中。

之所以说它被普遍忽视,是它的作用非常巨大。

在整个KPI制定的过程中主要有两种沟通方式:一是是同级之间的沟通,二是上级与下级之间的沟通。

在企业实际操作中前者的沟通做的比后者好,而且好很多。

这说明一个问题:上下级的沟通存在很大的问题。

上文提到的KPI与销售员绩效考核相结合要经过三个步骤,在每一个步骤中都存在着上下级的沟通,也就是每一个步骤中都存在沟通的问题。

首先,在由企业级KPI 到部门级KPI过程中,往往企业高层要求的目标不能被销售部门理解和接受;高层认为销售部借口太多,销售部门认为高层只会说瞎话。

这一过程中主要的是提前沟通的问题,即高层在决策前应该与销售部门沟通,了解销售部门的实际情况,同时把自己的决策草案和原因传达给销售部门,做到了这一提前沟通,这一过程中的沟通问题就基本解决。

而在由部门级KPI到销售员个人KPI的过程中主要存在着诚意沟通的问题。

在这一过程中员工经常抱怨的问题是很多时候的民主都是形式,即形式上确定员工KPI征询了员工的个人意见,而实际上是销售主管说了算。

在整个员工素质日益提高的今天,尊重员工的意见是必然趋势。

因此在确定销售员个人KPI过程中,企业和部门应该有一个诚意沟通的态度,尽量考虑员工的意见。

只有这样,KPI的作用才能实际地发挥出来。

整个企业的战略目标也才能够更好地实现。

KPI无疑是一种科学有效的考核方法,其与销售员绩效考核的结合可以给销售员的工作绩效带来更大的激励作用。

在这之中,最关键的是在遵循动态调整、反馈控制和充分沟通的基本原则上科学有效地制定和执行KPI。

做到了这一点,KPI与销售员绩效考核的结合也就落到了实处。

当然,这一方法并不是万能的,销售员绩效考核还有许许多多的方式和方法,本文只是就其中一种作一些探讨,以期对企业销售员绩效的改善有一些参考性的建议。

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