精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
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Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
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English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
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Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
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Some Natural Classes
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
华中师范大学《英语语言学入门》期末考试必备通关指导2
共 3 道大题，满分 100 分一、单选题（共 15 道小题，共 30 分）1. Speech act theory did not come into being until ( ).（2 分）A. in the late 50’s of the 2021e centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century【答案】A【解析】2. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ( ).（2 分）A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs【答案】B【解析】3. Which of the followings is not consonants?（2 分）A. /p/B. /b/C. /t/D. /u:/【答案】D【解析】4. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to ( ) construction.（2 分）A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate【答案】B【解析】5. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a ( ) sentence.（2 分）A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex【答案】A【解析】6. “Alive” and “dead” are ( ).（2 分）A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above【答案】C【解析】7. ( )refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.（2 分）A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language【答案】C【解析】8. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ( ), rather than by instinct.（2 分）A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B【答案】D【解析】9. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ( ).（2 分）A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics【答案】B【解析】10. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ( ).（2 分）A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic【答案】C【解析】11. The ( ) rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.（2 分）A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational【答案】D【解析】12. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ( ).（2 分）A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism【答案】B【解析】13. Of all the speech organs, the ( ) is/are the most flexible.（2 分）A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords【答案】C【解析】14. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ( ) .（2 分）A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area【答案】A【解析】15. According to F. de Saussure, ( ) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.（2 分）A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language【答案】C【解析】二、多选题（共 10 道小题，共 40 分）16. Which of the followings are alveolars ? ( )（4 分）A. [t]B. [d]C. [s]D. [f]【答案】A, B, C【解析】17. Which of the followings are glides? ( )（4 分）A. [b]。
语言学教程第二章ppt课件
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
Allophone: phonetic variants/realizations of a phoneme
A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +…
E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased)
Allophones
Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme:
语言学课02精品PPT课件
The consonants
English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）
i: beat æ bat u: moon ɒ lot ei say ǝu so eǝ pair
i bit ǝ another ʊ put ɑ: car ai buy aʊ noãw ʊǝ poor
Speech Production (Speaker)
transmitted in the air
Speech Perception (Hearer)
The process of speech production and perception
Subdivisions:
articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds
2.5.2. Classification of English consonants
By manners of articulation Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [m] [n] [ŋ] Fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] Affricates: [ʧ] [ʤ] Liquids: lateral [l] retroflex [r] Nasals: [m][n]
l letter ϳ yard
t till g gap ŋ ring s so ð thy ʧ chain
r reef
Vowels of American English
i beet ε bet o boat ʌ butt ǝ sofa
ı bit u boot ɔ bore ɒ pot/bar ɔϳ boy
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter 4
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
17
A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
18
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:
新编简明英语语言学 课件 chapter 2 音系学
双元音
Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:
▪ Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
单元音
▪ Diphthongs or gliding vowels 双元音 [ai], [ei], [iə], [eə], [uə], [au], [əu], [ɔi].
Chapter 2 Phonology
▪ phonetics
--- What is ponetics? 什么是语音学
--- organs of speech 发音器官
--- Orthographic representation of speech sounds 语音的正字标音法
--- Classification of English speech sound 英语语音的分类
e.g. pit & spit
送气音和非送气音
Nasality -- nasal & non-nasal 鼻音和非鼻音
e.g. bank & back
Orthographic representation of speech sounds
---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)（国际音标） .The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter I
15
2.2 Definition of language
Common aspects of language agreed upon by the linguists:
a system a system of verbal symbols Communication is one of the major functions of language though language can also be said to perform other functions. Human language Language is arbitrary in the sense that the relation between speech sounds (form) and the ideas the sounds convey (meaning) is arbitrary.
Preview the part of Chapter I of course book: design features of language, Functions of language. Read the further reading material: (available in the course public e-mail box)
12
“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957)
英语语言学教程Chapter_2_PPT
Place of articulation (发音部位p. 31-32)
The point where a consonant is made Consonants may be produced at practically any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
（肺，气管，喉，鼻，口）
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
The international phonetic alphabet (P.28)
2.2 Consonants and vowels (p. 29-37)
Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. A vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth and nose.” (Crystal, 1997: 154)
自考英语语言学课件chapter
02 03
Phonology
Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns in language, including the organization of sounds into meaningful units such as phones, vegetables, and words
Phonetic changes and evolution
• Phone Change: Phone change refers to the ways in which speech sounds change over time This can be due to various factors such as language contact, social factors, and sound changes within the language itself
The Development and Current Situation of Linguistics
Linguistics has one significant development since its establishment as a discipline in the 19th century, with the emergence of various subfields such as phonetics, physiology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
The research objects of linguistics include phonetics, grammar, semantics, pragmatics, and other aspects of language.
英语语言学Chapter2
英语语⾔学Chapter2Chapter T woⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A refers to a strong puff of airstream in the production of speech sounds.2. A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bsounds.4. Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of pof articulation.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called ass.7. S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called srules.9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called ntranscription.10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i.11. P is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.13. T one are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.14. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.perception.16. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three important cavities. These three cavities are p o and n cavitythe production of them.18. Vis a feature of all vowels and some consonants. When the vocal cords do cause vibration, the sounds produced are ; otherwise they are named sounds19. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without .20. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through an arrow passage in the mouth soas to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a .21. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of .22. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong tophoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from phoneme(s); and finally when free variation is talked about, we understand that the sounds are derived from phoneme(s).23. In English, complementary distribution of allophones is required to meet two conditions, one condition is that they never occur in the ; the other is that they shouldshare .24. In English, the study of phonology hasso far mainly found three phonological rules. They areand rule.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. Of all the speech organs, the _______is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones11. Phonetics is the study of _______.A. all the sounds that occur in the world’s languagesB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used inhuman languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding12. /m, n/ are _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals13. /w, j/ belong to _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals14. Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel?A. [i:]B. [u:]C. [i]D. [a:]15. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. syllable16. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT _______.A. the position of the tongueB. the openness of the mouthC. the shape of the lipD. the width of the vowels17. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ______.A. phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph18. /p, t, k/ are _______.A. fricativesB. affricatesC. glides19. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______.A. language universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs20. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a______ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD. central21. In English, there is only one glottal. It is ______.A. [f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]22. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]23. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _______ of that phoneme.A. minimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones24. [i:], [i], [e] are all ______ vowels.A. frontB. centralC. backD. back25. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A. [m]B.[p]C.[w]26. There are _______ nasals in English.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four27. _______ are not a minimal pair in English.A. “sink” and “zinc”B. “fine” and “vine”C. “bat” and “pat”D. “teach” and “cheat”。
英语专业,考研,期末,语言学必备
1. Course information and requirements
1. Instructor: Aimei (Grace) Chen gracechen89@ 2. Teaching Method: discussion and presentation. 3. Grading: Attendance (5%) Performance (presentation and participation) (15%) Mid-term paper(20 %); Final exam (60 %).
Syntax
is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences.The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax, which specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.
2. What is linguistics
1) Definition “Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language” (Lyons 1968: 1). This definition is well accepted because it pinpoints the object and methods of linguistics as a discipline.
Pragmatics
英语语言学第二章讲课课件
英语语言学第二章讲课课件一、教学内容本节课我们将学习英语语言学第二章，主要内容包括：语系与语言分类、语音学与音系学基础、以及词汇学初步。
具体涉及教材第二章的13节，重点探讨语言的起源、语言如何通过语音和词汇表达意义，以及不同语言之间的相似与差异。
二、教学目标1. 理解世界主要语系的特点及其分类依据，能列举至少三种语系并说明其代表性语言。
2. 掌握语音学基本概念，识别不同语音特征，并能在实际语境中进行应用。
3. 运用词汇学知识分析词语构成，提高词汇理解和运用能力。
三、教学难点与重点重点：语音学基本概念、词汇学的主要理论。
难点：语音的发音规则、词汇在不同语境中的应用。
四、教具与学具准备教具：PPT展示、录音机、语音示例CD。
学具：笔记本、词典、语音学基础教材。
五、教学过程1. 导入（5分钟）：通过展示世界地图，引入不同地区语言的多样性，激发学生对语言起源和分类的兴趣。
2. 理论讲解（20分钟）：介绍语系分类、语音学基础和词汇学构成，结合教材第二章13节内容。
3. 实践情景引入（10分钟）：播放不同语言的问候语录音，让学生体验语言差异。
4. 例题讲解（15分钟）：讲解语音学中元音、辅音的分类及发音规则，通过例词进行示范。
5. 随堂练习（10分钟）：分组进行语音模仿和词汇构造练习。
六、板书设计1. 语系与语言分类印欧语系汉藏语系阿尔泰语系2. 语音学基础元音与辅音发音规则3. 词汇学初步词根、词缀词语构成七、作业设计beautifulunderstand2. 答案：beautiful: beauty, beautifully, beastunderstand: understanding, understandable, misunderstand八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：关注学生在课堂上的参与度，针对语音模仿环节进行教学调整，提高学生的发音准确性。
2. 拓展延伸：鼓励学生课下阅读更多关于语音学和词汇学的资料，了解语言的发展趋势及其背后的文化因素。
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Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
The vowel diagram shows the CARDINAL VOWELS, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrary defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The vowels are shown their relevant positions in a cross-sectional diagram of the oral cavity.
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
The “other symbols” are a group of consonants that involve more than one place or one manner of Articulation, which cannot be placed into one of slots in the consonant chart.
The manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (a closure) they may narrow the space considerably; (narrowing) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
2. Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced „by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction‟, i.e. there is obstruction of air happened in a certain point of vocal tract in the production of consonants. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such „stricture‟ so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose‟, i.e., there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur‟. Take an individual language, say English, as an example, to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers‟ Association was founded It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages, more specifically is to study the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
• Stop (or Plosive) (6 sounds in English) • Nasal (3 sounds in English) • Fricative (9 sounds in English) • (Median) Approximant (3 in English) • Lateral (Approximant) • Trill • Tap or Flap • Affricate
2.1 Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved. The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors, but two are important: the Manner of articulation & the Place of Articulation
Non-pulmonic consonants are produced either by sucking air into the mouth, such as clicks, or closing the glottis and manipulating the air between the glottis and a place of articulation further forward in the vocal tract, as in the case of implosives and ejectives.
1. How speech sounds are made
1.1 Speech organs (vocal organs)
Three Cavities of Vocal Tract
• Sounds made with different parts of the tongue:
– Coronal (tip and blade): /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /θ/ – Dorsal (front and back): /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ – Radical (root): /h/