英语专业语言学历史发展及特征

Background
Theoretical foundation
• 哲学基础：经验主义 哲学基础： • 心理学基础：行为主义 心理学基础：
• 结构主义三大流派中影响最 大的一个（布拉格学派、 大的一个（布拉格学派、哥 本哈根学派和美国描写语言 学派）。 学派）。 • 以鲍阿斯为代表，对美洲的 以鲍阿斯为代表， 本土语言———印第安语系 本土语言 印第安语系 诸语言调查和研究 • 彻底摆脱欧洲的历史比较语 言学的传统， 言学的传统，完全以描写的 方法对所调查的语言进行整 理，将语言的结构系统清楚 地呈现出来， 地呈现出来，不讲语言的历 史渊源和系属关系， 史渊源和系属关系，所以称 为描写语言学。 为描写语言学。
Three Periods
Boas-Sapir Period (1911-1932) Franz Boas Edward Sapir Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The Bloomfieldian Period (1933-1950) The Bloomfield the man Bloomfield and Behaviourism The Post-Bloomfieldian Period (19521956)
American Structuralism
潘超博 惠 玲 王 倩 李婷婷
Contents
• • • • • • Background Three Periods Features Advantages Disadvantages Influences
பைடு நூலகம்
Background
Brief Introduction
His Influences
Leading the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. In the history of American linguistics, these years between 1933 - 1950 is called "the century of Bloomfield “
“discover, for each language under study, its own particular grammatical structure ”
“to develop descriptive categories appropriate to it” but not impose the rules of other it。 languages or traditional grammar on it。
Descriptive VS Prescriptive
• describing shows are” “how things are • the prescribing lays down “how things ought to be”.
For instance A descriptive one would say, “People do/don’t say X ”, while the latter one would present as “Do/Don’t say X ”
BACK
Edward Sapir
• 1884-1939 • Anthropological linguist who was influenced by Boas • Book: Language: An Introduction to the study of Speech( in 1921)
non“a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system voluntarily produced symbols.” basic views on relationship between language, race and culture are: race, language and culture are not evenly distributed; the history of language and culture cannot be accounted for in terms of race. race
Three Principles
• When one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual react accordingly • The division of labor and all human activities based on the division of labor are dependent on language • The distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves
Comparison between Traditional and Structural Grammar
• The structural approach to analyze “how words form and how those words are used together to form larger structures” structures • the traditional grammar focuses mainly on “the meaning of the collection of words portrayed”
• A Synchronic description means taking “a fixed instant as its point of observation” observation” • The Diachronic description means studying “a language through the course of its history”
S r……….s R
• “S” stands for practical stimulus, • “r” stands for the substitute reaction of speech, • “s” stands for the substitute stimulus, • “R” stands for external practical reaction reaction.
Features of American Structuralism
• synchronic vs. Diachronic
• Descriptive VS Prescriptive
• Structuralism VS Traditional Grammar
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
The Bloomfieldian Period
• • • • 1887Bloomfield 1887-1949 Born in Chicago Book: Language in 1933 Principle representative of American Structuralism Founder of American Structuralism
His works
• An Introduction to the Study of Language （《语言 究导论》 研 究导论》 ） published in 1919 based on the psychology to illustrate the language • Language (《语言论》） (《语言论》 published in 1933 a revised version of An Introduction to the Study of Language
The Post-Bloomfieldian Period
• 1952-1956 • Representatives C. Hockett Pike Z. Harris • Characters a strict empiricism
Z. Harris
• most distinguished one • His Methods in Structural Linguistics published in 1951 marks “the maturity of American descriptive linguistics. ”
Disadvantages of American Structuralism
• Neglected Syntax • Ignored Meaning • Bottom-Up
现代语言学教程》 《现代语言学教程》是美国结构语言学集大成的 理论著作， 理论著作，对美国结构语言学的发展进行了一次 科学的总结, 科学的总结,被人视为后布龙菲尔德时期的象征和 转折点
• formulate “a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basic of structural analysis” • the analysis of language should be done without referring to the meaning. • the basic steps of the language analysis are “distribution and substitution”
• American descriptive linguistic • a branch of synchronic linguistics • the beginning of 1900
•
Reason
American anthropologists and linguists • Features of American Indian language • War and Preaching • Drawback of traditional ways
“linguistic is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as behaviorism.” stimuluslanguage is “a chain of stimulus-response” behavior and believes that the linguistic description should base on the observation of language.
Boas
• • • • 1858-1942 1858Born in Germany Anthropologist Pioneer of the American Structuralism Handbook of American Indian Languages in 1911 paved way for future American descriptive linguistics.
Advantages of American Structuralism
a great landmark in the linguistics history vividly important in documenting the diversity of human languages”
describing techniques