专题08-2021年新高考英语拓展阅读训练-健康与饮食(解析版)

专题08 健康与饮食
Text 1 (2020年全国统一高考英语试卷新课标Ⅰ)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 28．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
29．What advantage does race walking have over running?
A．It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B．It’s less challenging physically.
C．It’s more effective in body building.
D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30．What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A．Getting experts’ opinions.
B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach.
D．Doing regular exercises.
31．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.
C．Tolerant.D．Conservative.
【答案】28．C29．D30．A31．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。

28．
细节理解题。

根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。

由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。

故选C项。

29．
细节理解题。

根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。

由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。

故选D项。

30．
细节理解题。

根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。

)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。

故选A项。

31．
推理判断题。

根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。

不过，它也有自己的问题。

由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。

故选B项。

Text 2 (2020年山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷）)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12．What is the recent study mainly about?
A．Food safety.B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand.D．Eating behavior.
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters.B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters.D．Tall thin persons.
14．Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A．To see how she would affect the participants.
B．To test if the participants could recognize her.
C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D．To study why she could keep her weight down.
15．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A．How hungry we are.B．How slim we want to be.
C．How we perceive others.D．How we feel about the food.
【答案】12．D13．D14．A15．C
【解析】本文是说明文。

最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。

文章详述了这个实验的过程。

12．细节理解题。

根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。

因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。

故选D。

13．词义猜测题。

根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。

后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。

由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。

故选D。

14．推理判断题。

根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。

根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。

参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。

然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。

由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。

故选A。

15．推理判断题。

根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。

但
如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。

如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。

故选C。

Text 3 (2020年浙江省高考英语试卷（1月）)
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Something significant is happening to the world population-it is aging. The median(中位数的)age of an American in 195056．(be)30-today it is 41 and is expected57．(increase)to 42 by 2050. For Japan, the58．(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. In 2015, one in 12 people around the world were over 65；by 2050, it will be one in six.
This aging of the population is driven59．two factors. The first is declining birthrates, which means old generations are large60．(compare)to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes61．(old)than before. This is62．(particular)true in the US. The second reason is that people are living longer. A child born in the US today
has63．very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
People tend to focus on the first factor. However, greater attention should64．(place)on longevity(长寿). It isn't just that people are, on average, living longer. It's also that they are on average healthier65．more productive for longer. Therefore, they can work for longer, consume more and in general be a boost to the economy.
【答案】
56．was57．to increase58．numbers59．by60．compared
61．older62．particularly63．a64．be placed65．and
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

主要说明了世界人口正面临老龄化问题，并分析了其产生的两个原因。

56．考查动词时态。

句意：1950年美国人的中年年龄是30岁，今天是41岁，预计到2050年将增加到42岁。

结合上文in 1950可知应用一般过去时，且主语为The median age of an American，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。

故填was。

57．考查非谓语动词。

句意同上。

根据短语be expected to do sth.“被期望做某事”后跟不定式，故填to increase。

58．考查名词的数。

句意：对日本来说，这个数字更加惊人——1950年是22岁，今天是46岁，2050年是53岁。

number为可数名词表示“数字”，且根据下文are可知主语应用复数形式，故填numbers。

59．考查介词。

句意：人口老龄化是由两个因素造成的。

表示“由；被”应用介词by。

故填by。

60．考查动词时态语态。

句意：首先是出生率的下降，这意味着老一代比年轻一代人口多，因此，平均而言，人口比以前老龄化。

短语be compared to“与……相比；与某事相提并论”，故填compared。

61．考查形容词比较级。

句意同上。

根据下文than before可知应用形容词比较级，故填older。

62．考查副词。

句意：在美国尤其如此。

此处修饰形容词true应用副词，故填particularly。

63．考查冠词。

句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。

chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词，故填a。

64．考查动词时态语态。

句意：然而，更多的关注应放在寿命上。

本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且should后跟动词原形，故填be placed。

65．考查连词。

句意：而且，平均而言，他们更健康，更长寿。

结合上下文语境可知此处连接上下文两个并列短语应用连词and，故填and。

Text 4 (2019年全国卷I)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

选项中有两项为多余选项。

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” ____36____ According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES，if the air quality in your camping area is good.
___37___ If the air you’re breathing is clean-which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.
Recently，people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).
_____38_____ In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green，growing things can reduce stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients Who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. ______39______ It gives us a great feeling of peace.
___40___While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin— put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B. So what are you waiting for?
C. Being in nature refreshes us.
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
【答案】36. E 37. A 38. G 39. C 40. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了新鲜空气的好处：新鲜空气中的氧气，阳光对人们的身心健康均有好处。

人们已经开始利用大自然和治愈疾病的关系，建造“康复花园”，治疗病人了。

【36题详解】
根据下一句中的“the answer is a big YES”可知，该空应该是一个一般疑问句，选项中只有E选项是一般疑问句。

故选E：但是新鲜空气真得像你母亲说的那样对你有好处吗？空前的people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air”和选项中的“your mother always said”亦是呼应。

【37题详解】
根据下一句中提到的“If the air you’re breathing is clean…the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen”可知，新鲜空气充满赋予人生命的，充满活力的氧气。

下文中“…breathe more deeply, allowing more oxygen to get to your muscles and your brain”是对前文的递进：在户外，更多的氧气进入你的肌肉和大脑。

根据前面的分析可以推知，该空应该提到新鲜空气的基本作用，根据常识，我们知道吸入的空气首先进入的是肺部，然后才会使我们的肌肉和大脑受益，故该空应选A选项：新鲜空气清洁我们的肺部。

【38题详解】
根据下一句中提到的“these places”可以推知，该空应该提到表示地点的复数名词。

选项中只有G选项提到该类名词，故选项G：在全国，康复中心已经开始建造“康复花园”。

these places就是指Healing Gardens。

【39题详解】
前文介绍的是“康复花园”中的绿色植物对于病人康复的好的作用：绿色的正在成长的植物可以减轻压力，降低血压，使人情绪良好。

空后提到“它给我们一种平和感”。

该空起承上启下的作用，仍然要提到处于“康复花园”这种自然环境中的好处，空后的it也要指代这种情况。

故C选项切题：身处大自然可以使人精神焕发。

【40题详解】
根据下文中提到的“the sun’s rays…give us beneficial Vitamin D”可知，该段介绍的阳光的好处。

故该选项应该提到阳光。

选项中只有D选项涉及阳光。

故选D：获得新鲜空气的另一个好处是阳光。

Text 5 (2019年全国卷I)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind.
B. Lonely.
C. Generous.
D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。

文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。

【32题详解】
推理判断题。

根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。

）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。

unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。

【33题详解】
主旨大意题。

第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。

）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。

【34题详解】
推理判断题。

根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。

【35题详解】
主旨大意题。

通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的
各个方面有深远的有益影响。

与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。