研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文翻译
高等学校研究生英语系列教材综合教程下册课文原文翻译
高等学校研究生英语系列教材综合教程下册课文原文翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many peoplefind that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this:\wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.\ 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:?我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出?积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在一些方面有了改善。
3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sportsmercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists
Take a Lesson from the EconomistsEconomics is the dismal science:so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectual merits of the discipline,Much of the criticism comes from “pure”or “proper”scientists-physicists,chemists and biologists.Now,economics certainly has its failings.But the general way in which economists approach and describe the world,and how they convey their message about it to others,carries lessons which pure scientists should learn from.经济学是一门忧郁的科学，很多人都嘲笑这个学科获得的智力成果。
这其中的很多批评都来自于所谓的纯科学学科或者合理的科学学科-物理，化学和生物。
当下，经济学当然是有它的不足。
但是经济学家发现和描述世界的方式，以及他们如何向别人传达与之有关的信息，其实是有很多地方值得这些纯科学家学习的。
Economics has inexactitudes and vagueness built into it.The general lack of reliable data about past events makes virtually impossible the accurate measurement of even the most basic economic variables,such as the total volume of output in a country,or the path of consumer spending,or inflation.经济学包含很多不精确性和含糊性。
研究生英语综合教程下册1,4,5,6单元课文翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1,4,5,6单元课文翻译研究生英语综合教程（下）系列教材翻译参考译文全章节Unit 1幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳？麦克高恩1. 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说：“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
2. 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活之后与某种方式的改变。
3. 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来一甚至最终会成功发达。
4. 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证：为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气：一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5. 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质一是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义一或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历（哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻）最有发言权。
研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit5
The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。
这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。
同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。
Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hypeand ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。
研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译
Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。
要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。
科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。
所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。
但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。
这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。
我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。
Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Unit5: The Science of Custom对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。
研究生学位英语课文全文翻译-unit5
Unit5 三明治人－－生存在夹缝中的一代人1九月上旬，安妮接到卡尔加伏特山医院打来的电话，要她将住院的母亲接回家去。
已经84岁高龄的老母亲易瑞尼从三月中风以来就一直住在医院，接受精心地护理。
2六个月后，易瑞尼可以自己吃饭，也能下床走动。
但记性依然不好。
看样子，在敬老院腾出床位前她是不可能回家独自生活的。
已经42岁的安妮是社会服务顾问，同丈夫同住卡尔加城，家里还有三个孩子，老大19岁，老二15岁，最小的11岁。
安妮回忆接母亲的事时说：“她非常虚弱，简直弱不禁风。
我跟医院一再解释，我们不能接她回家——我们没法接她回来。
”但福特山医院答应帮忙安排家庭护理，安妮便将母亲接回了家。
要求隐去全名的安妮说：“这真让我们惊慌失措。
从医学上讲，医院已无力回天，他们要我接回母亲也有道理。
但是，我也无法照料好自己的老母。
”3安妮就是生活在夹缝中的人员之一上要顾老，下要顾小，同时还得努力雕自己的饭碗。
据估计在女口拿大，年长的亲戚与小一辈的家庭咸员生活在一起的大家庭大约有12万家。
尽管统计数字显示这样的大家庭越来越少，但那些确实搬到了子女家并与子女同住的大家庭已经发生了巨大的变化，他们与原来的大家庭完全不一样了，一方面现在的长辈子女少些，因而分担家庭重担的人相应减少了；另一方面，现代家庭中的女孩也都出外工作。
实际上，渥太华凡妮家庭研究所行政与交流主任安兰·马瑞贝里指出现代家庭中的一对夫妻平均一周要工作65~80小时，而20世纪50年代则只有4㈠5小时。
他说：“现代人的劳动强度是过去的两倍，只有这样才能维持一定的生活水平，”而这一变化完全为人们所忽略，相反公众舆论要求有些医疗保健上的负担从政府部门转到各个家庭，这样也许各家庭的经济问题解决了，但是，“我们不能只凭假设就认为我们能得到足够的医护人员，因为现代家庭已发生了很大的变化。
’4同时，马瑞贝里也意识到要让那些特护病人顺利回家，确实“各有各的难处”。
加拿大人流动性大，有一半的家庭平均每五年会换一个地方——家庭成员也天南地北。
研究生新阶英语阅读 Unit 5翻译
1 克里斯汀·伯吉文推迟寻找工作并为此感到骄傲。
1996年，从南加州大学毕业时，她不想身穿套装、脚蹬高跟鞋成为公司的奴隶。
相反，她花了200美元购买了赴英国工作的许可证和一张飞机票，在国外辛苦工作了六个月。
她先是在伦敦的塞尔弗里吉百货公司销售高科技小装置，然后在爱丁堡的一家酒馆当了一段酒吧侍者。
“起初我很担心我会把工作搞砸”，伯吉文说，“但是我发现我几乎可以应付一切，甚至于做外币预算。
从此以后，在这儿找工作就易如反掌了。
”2 大约有十分之一的应届毕业生会推迟“真正”的工作而寻找一个临时的职位。
最近几年，这些数字变化不大，但原因却改变了很多。
不久前，由于经济衰退，这些延期找工作的学生只是短时间地干一段临时性工作。
现在大多数人故意推迟几个月甚至两三年才开始工作的磨炼。
他们充满自信，认为等他们准备好时就业市场会欢迎他们, 因此他们会找有吸引力的临时工作来做。
大约有60%的大学生毕业时都背负着学生贷款，因此10年借款偿还开始前的6个月的时间给许多人提供了“最后一次游乐的时机”。
《忙里偷闲》的合著者之一朗·莱伯这样写道。
这里，机遇向你招手，危险也潜伏其中。
3 遗憾的是，你来晚了。
首先是不好的消息。
大学毕业后延期找工作会产生严重后果，而这不只是影响到你的父母。
在商业和金融领域，延期找工作的学生也许会失去那些受尊敬的并且报酬丰厚的工作。
北卡罗来纳州立大学教会山分校的就业服务中心主任玛西亚·哈里斯提醒说，比如经纪公司的初级金融分析师的职位是专为应届毕业生预留的。
六个月的拖延完全可能把申请人从此淘汰出局。
或许，在你离开时，工作机会比比皆是；但当你回来时，就业市场却冷冷清清。
力求追上别人可能是延期找工作的同学的另一种困境。
临时酒吧招待，现年24岁的洛杉矶公关职员伯吉文估计在薪金和工作职责方面都落后于她的同学一年左右的时间。
4 最高尚的延期方式是拯救世界。
在国内，美国志愿者组织的成员花上一年的时间投入诸如从住房整修到儿童免疫方面的工作。
Unit 5研究生英语课文翻译
Unit 5 Text1Lincoln in History1．The annals of the past contain few accounts of truly good men. Historians are more used to analyzing a mixture of ingredients, good and bad intentions, success and failure, high endeavors threatened by flaws in execution, and to balance out the sums ending with a careful plus or minus.过去的那些历史，对伟人的描述不多。
历史学家习惯于综合的来分析一个人，动机的好与坏，成功或失败，他很努力了，但是在执行的过程中也会有些小错误，他通过略加酌减来综合平衡，最终得出结论。
2．Lincoln is rare in providing much for history to ponder and reflect on but little to dispute with except in the shortcomings in the execution of his policies. He is the rarer for his absolute success through four years of bitter politics and bloody warfare.He sought power, without pretending otherwise, and exercised it to the full. But he is singular, perhaps unique in history, in that he was never corrupted by power. His ambition was tied not to personal gain but to a pair of succeeding and complementary principles; to restore a nation dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and to ensure that a union so recovered was purged of the great contradiction which had lain at the heart of its constitution.林肯提供给历史来思考的地方不多，除了在他执政过程中的一些缺憾，没有让人争论的东西。
21世纪工程硕士研究生英语-综合教程（下册）Unit5课文翻译
21世纪工程硕士研究生英语-综合教程（下册）Unit5课文翻译UNIT 52. Workers of the world, get out your crystal balls. Just as the last decades have brought immense changes to the workplace—the influx of women, the advent of computers, the decline of organized labor, the rise of the service sector—the decades ahead will bring changes just as dramatic. Trying to make refined predictions of what work will look like decades from now is an exercise in folly, economists say, since the biggest changes will probably come from technological innovations we can only dream about. “T o try to predict technology, you really go out on a limb,” says David Bills, author of The New Modern Times, a book on the past and future of work. But what lies ahead is not completely unpredictable. Demographers can tell us much about what the work force will look like 10 or 15 years out. Charting other changes is a matter of extrapolating from existing trends while hoping not to be embarrassed.全世界的劳动者们，拿出你们占卜用的水晶球来预测下未来。
研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译
Unit5 An Alpine Divorce1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。
这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。
2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sportsmercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。
研究生英语综合教程（下）课文翻译（详解版）
Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happin ess1 Hurric anes, housefires, cancer, whitew aterraftin g accide nts, planecrashe s, viciou s attack s in dark alleyw ays. Nobody asks for any of it. But to theirsurpri se, many people find that enduri ng such a harrow ing ordeal ultima telychange s them for the better. Theirrefrai n mightgo someth ing like this: "I wish it hadn't happen ed, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the storie s of people who have been transf ormed by theirtribul ation s, perhap s becaus e they testif y to a bona fide type of psycho logic al truth, one that someti mes gets lost amid endles s report s of disast er: Thereseemsto be a built-in humancapaci ty to flouri sh underthe most diffic ult circum stanc es. Positi ve respon ses to profou ndlydistur bingexperi ences are not limite d to the toughe st or the braves t .In fact, roughl y half the people who strugg le with advers ity say that theirlivessubseq uentl y in some ways improv ed.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
研究生英语精读教程课文原文翻译短文unit5
The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。
这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。
同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。
Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hype and ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit 5
Take a Lesson from the EconomistsEconomics is the dismal science:so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectual merits of the discipline,Much of the criticism comes from “pure”or “proper”scientists-physicists,chemists and biologists.Now,economics certainly has its failings.But the general way in which economists approach and describe the world,and how they convey their message about it to others,carries lessons which pure scientists should learn from.经济学是一门忧郁的科学，很多人都嘲笑这个学科获得的智力成果。
这其中的很多批评都来自于所谓的纯科学学科或者合理的科学学科-物理，化学和生物。
当下，经济学当然是有它的不足。
但是经济学家发现和描述世界的方式，以及他们如何向别人传达与之有关的信息，其实是有很多地方值得这些纯科学家学习的。
Economics has inexactitudes and vagueness built into it.The general lack of reliable data about past events makes virtually impossible the accurate measurement of even the most basic economic variables,such as the total volume of output in a country,or the path of consumer spending,or inflation.经济学包含很多不精确性和含糊性。
读思研研究生英语阅读翻译UnitfiveGender,PovertyandEnvironment
Gender, Poverty and EnvironmentGender is rarely considered as a mainstream issue in environmental policies and programmes. However, a better understanding of the different priorities and perceptions of men and women can be used to maximize policy effectiveness.1In many parts of the world, women tend to be the poorest of the poor in a very literal sense. In addition to being the majority among the poor, they are often denied the most basic rights and access to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit. Their labor and knowledge are undervalued.Their needs are often overlooked. They are more vulnerable to disease and disasters and the situation is made worse by their poverty. Cultural and social norms sometimes complicate matters further by placing additional expectations, restrictions and limitations on women. Gender gaps are widespread, and in no region of the world are women equal to men in legal, social and economic rights.2The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women –including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management.3Energy, environment and genderThe synergies between gender, environment and the energy sector were first recognized in relation to biomass energy. Women were recognized as users and collectors of fuel wood, and as victims of environmental deterioration that caused energy scarcity.4The surveys have shown that women spend long hours in fuel collection. The burden increases as deforestation worsens, and this affects the time available to women for other ac tivities including income-generating activities, education and participation indecision making. In Sudan, for instance, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spent gathering fuel wood.This stimulated efforts to promote afforestation and design more fu el-efficient stoves. Funding petered out, however, when the improved stoves and forestry projects were not as successful as anticipated.5Attention to biomass energy and its impact on women‟s lives has recently revived. Indo or air pollution, mainly from woodfuel smoke, ranked as the fourth largest health problem in developing countries. It is estimated to kill 2 million women and children in developing countries every year and also causes respiratory and eye diseases. There are differences in exposure according to age and economic status, and in some cultures women tend to undervalue their own health, leading to under-reporting of problems.6 In many developing countries communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yetprivatization of these lands continues apace – reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources.7In developed countries, the links between gender, environment and energy have been explored mainly in the areas of equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production systems, access to scientific and technological education and the division of labor in the home.8Climate change and genderClimate change is predicted to cause displacement of populations due to sea level rise. In manyparts of the developing world it is expected to increase water scarcity, to increase the disease burden, to negatively impact agriculture, and to cause more frequent extreme weather events. The effects of climate change and adaptive capacity are very likely to differ by gender, because of the strong relationship between poverty and vulnerability, and the fact that women as a group are poorer and less powerful than men.9The potential value of gender as a factor in deciding on policies and programmes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has received even less attention. For example, as users of household energy, women can play a key role in energy conservation, as well as in promoting renewable energy technologies.10Both sexes make decisions about the forms of transport they use and how frequently they travel, and there are gender differences in the choices they make. In developed countries, for example, women tend to use public transport more than men.11Land tenure and agricultureDespite women‟s key role in agriculture, most of the world‟s women do not equally own, inheritor control land and other property. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict women‟s ability to ensure long-term food security for the family, and to get loans using land as collateral. They also have important consequences for soil and land management –it is widely acknowledged that owners of land take more care to ensure soil conservation. Improved access to agricultural support systems, including credit, technology, education, transport, extension and marketing services, is essential to improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmentally sustainable practices – yet often women have no access to these services.12The division of labour between men and women in agricultural production varies considerably between cultures. However, as a broad generalization, it is usually men who are responsible for large-scale cash cropping, especially when it is highly mechanized, while women take care of household food production and some small-scale, low technology cultivation of cash crops. This has important implications for biodiversity. Gender-differentiated local knowledge systems play a decisive role in conserving, managing and improving genetic resources for food and agriculture. In Kenya, men‟s knowledge of traditional crops and practices is actu ally declining as a result of formal schooling and migration to urban areas. By contrast, women retain a widely shared level of general knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity about wild foods, craft and medicinal plants, and acquire new knowledge about natural resources as their roles and duties change.13WaterLack of access to clean potable water has been recognized as a factor increasing women‟s work burdens in those parts of the world where they are responsible for collecting water for basic needs like cooking, cleaning and hygiene. In some cases water collection can take up to 60 per cent of their working time.14In rural Africa, women and girls spend as much as three hours a day fetching water, using up more than one-third of their daily caloric energy intake. This limits the time available for them to engage in wage-earning economic and social activities and development projects. Lack of clean water is also responsible for waterborne diseases among children – one of the major causes of child disease and mortality. This further adds to women‟s childcare responsibilities.15The lack of easily accessible water has health implications for women as well. Carrying heavy water jars over long distances during pregnancy can result in premature births, prolapsed uterus or back injuries. Constant exposure to water while collecting, washing clothes, cleaning and cooking puts women at greater risk of contracting water-related diseases. For instance, in eastern Tanzania, urinaryschistosomiasis1, a water-related disease, was most common among boys, and also among girls and women between the ages of 10 and 40. The incidence among boys was associated with swimming.Among women and girls, it was associated with the local practice of washing clothes while standing in schistosomiasis-infested water.16HealthThe link between health and the environment has been widely recognized, if not fully acted upon, in recent years. Unclean water and untreated sewage are responsible for the spread of w ater-borne diseases such as cholera and intestinal parasites. Limited access to water may be responsible for the spread of germs. Pollutants in the environment (including air pollutants from transport and industry, chemical toxins and heavy metals from industrial processes, and dioxins from waste incineration) pose a constant threat to the human body. Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes or altitudes where current temperatures prevent them.Men and women are exposed differently to environmental risks, and their bodies may respond differently even to the same threats. For instance, the incidence of respiratory illnesses is considerably higher among women and young children, who are constantly exposed to indoor air pollution, than among men.17Poor nutritional levels can make people particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases, and age and gender may exacerbate this risk. Malaria, for example, is more likely to cause serious problems or death in young children or pregnant women. During pregnancy, it can cause severe anemia, and it can also harm the fetus, increasing the chances of abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and low infant birth weight.18One of the newest threats to health and social welfare is the spread of HIV/AIDS. Both sexes are affected, but to different extents indifferent parts of the world. Globally, men account for 52 per cent of infected adults. Lack of information among women on how the disease is transmitted confounds the problem in many regions. In sub-Saharan Africa, 55 per cent of those infected are women. In this region, women grow most of the food, and women‟s agricultural labor often shows the first signs of wider community disruption by HIV/AIDS. For example, in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe where women are responsible for most food production, there has been a progressive shift from maize production to less labour-intensive, and less nutritious, cassava production to compensate for the labour lost through HIV/AIDS.19UrbanizationUntil recently, the link between gender, the environment and urbanization was mostly seen as rural women being left behind in rural areas to take care of agriculture, while men migrated to cities in search of a better income. This focus has slowly expanded to include the impact of urban environments on women.In many developing countries, people migrating as unskilled laborers to a city face a challenge in accessing even basic necessities such as food, water, and housing, and they are vulnerable to exploitation and economic abuse.1Schistosomiasis: any of various generally tropical diseases caused by infestation with schistosomes, widespreadin rural areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America through use of contaminated water, and characterized byinfection and gradual destruction of the tissues of the kidneys, liver, and other organs. Also called bilharziasis,snail fever20Air and water pollution can be extreme in urban settings, and sanitation and waste treatment poor or non-existent in low-cost residential areas and slums. Housing tenure patterns in towns and cities are sometimes gender distorted: it is often harder for women to have secure tenure of their housing or land.In addition, inequitable inheritance practices leave female-headed households extremely vulnerable, especially where land grabbing occurs. Many urban households have female heads, and typically these are poorer and more vulnerable than households with a couple.21Environmental disastersDisasters do not strike evenly by social class or gender. However, it is well established that the poor are more exposed to environmental and other disasters, and also more vulnerable to them when they occur. They are more likely to live in disaster-prone areas, in vulnerable, badly built and badly sited housing, and with few resources to pay for rescue or rehabilitation.22Anyone who is located (socially and /or spatially) …out of the loop‟ of information supplied by early warning systems is likely to suffer more from disasters. In some countries, these individuals are more likely to be women than men. The 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh resulted in a disproportionate number of female deaths (71 per 1 000women as against 15 per 1 000 men). This was partly because warnings of the cyclone were displayed in public places, less frequented by women. Researchers also found that women delayed leaving their houses for much longer, in order to avoid the impropriety of being alone in public. Women were also less likely to have been taught how to swim.23On the other hand, men sometimes treat disaster warnings less seriously. More men than women died in Florida and the Caribbean during Hurricane Mitch in 1998, in part because they ventured into the storm. The earthquake in Kobe, Japan in 1995 demonstrated clear gender differentiated impacts both during and after the event.24Challenges for the FutureThe full success of forward-looking strategies for bringing gender into environmental analysis –and vice versa –may hinge on three major areas of activity.25First, improving and supporting w omen‟s capacity to participate and shape environmental policy and action at all levels from grassroots to government. Worldwide, women are still very poorly represented in governments and other decision-making bodies. There has been an improvement in women‟s participation in development programmes, but their role still falls far short of men‟s. Part of the solution is to prepare women for greater participation by equalizing education and literacy rates for girls and women with those of boys and men.26Second, adjusting government priorities so that awareness and promotion of gender equality are integrated into financial planning. In 20 countries so far, UNIFEM has supported the development of gender responsive budgets that examine how the allocation of public resources benefits women and men, and addresses gender equality requirements. In Mexico, the government earmarked the equivalent of 0.85 per cent of the total budget in 2003 for programmes promoting gender equity.Fourteen ministries are required to report quarterly on the status of these programmes.27Third, improving institutional capacities to incorporate gender-related environmental analysis.Much of modern environmental analysis is framed by the technical/scientific paradigm and relies mostly on quantitative biophysical data. Much of the work on gender and environment, on the other hand, is framed by a social science approach relying more on qualitative material, case study narratives, and anecdotal evidence. Merging these two paradigms will be a challenge.28It is difficult enough to mainstream social considerations within environmental work; adding gender as a third dimension is even more challenging. Many people in the environmental field seeissues such as climate change or loss of biodiversity as urgent, first-order global problems. Bringing a gender perspective into the discussion is often dismissed as trivial – or at least not essential to priority problem solving. It is not unusual for environmentalists to consider that attention to gender diverts energy and time away from pressing issues; it is “like rearranging the chairs on the Titanic”, one environmentalist was recently cited as saying. Part of this challenge is to convince technical experts that gender matters, and that analyses of gender balance and equity do not weaken or delay, but actually strengthen and sharpen environmental analyses, policies and programmes. (2300 words)。
研究生综合英语 第二版 曾建彬主编 课文翻译Unit5
Unit Five一个小时的故事凯特·肖班马拉德太太有心脏病，要告知她丈夫意外身亡，得格外小心才是。
她姐姐约瑟芬来亲口转告，吞吞吐吐，年遮半掩。
马拉德先生的好友理查兹也在场，就坐在马拉德太太身边。
火车事故的消息传来时，他正好在报馆，发现布伦特利马拉德先生的名字就是“遇难者”名单上的第一个。
他只来得及根据接下来的一份电报确认了一下使匆匆赶了过来，唯恐那些不那么细心体贴的人说漏了嘴，冒冒失失地把噩耗告诉马拉德夫人。
马拉德太太听到这一噩耗，并没有像大多数女人那样手足无措，无法接受这个事实，她一头栽进姐姐的怀里，号啕痛哭。
当悲伤的风暴平息之后，她独自走进房间，不让任何人进来。
房间的窗户敞开着，对面放了张舒适、宽大的沙发。
身体的疲惫令她精疲力竭这种疲惫感似乎浸透到她的灵魂处，让她一下子瘫倒进沙发里。
她看得见房前开阔的广场上大树的树梢，树梢上洋溢着初春的勃勃生机。
空气中散发着春雨的醉人气息，楼下有个小贩吆喝着，远处隐约传来阵阵歌声，屋檐下成群的麻雀叽叽喳喳地闹个不停。
窗外西边的天际，浮云相聚后重叠在一起，只露出几处依稀可辨的蓝天。
她头靠着沙发坐着，几乎一动不动，喉咙里偶尔抽泣一声，身体会随之微微颤动。
就像个哭睡着的小孩，睡梦中仍在啜泣。
她还年轻，面色白皙，显得从容自若，脸上的皱纹述说着生活的压抑，透露出生命的力量。
可是此刻，她目光呆滞，双眼直勾勾的凝望着远方的一片蓝天。
这种眼神不是沉思的眼神，而像是经过一番理性思考后，随之产生的一种忐忑不安的眼神。
有件事正在降临到她身上，她期盼着，又有点惧怕。
那是什么事呢?她不理解。
这件事情太微妙，太难以名状了，可是她能够感觉得到，它正从空中悄然而下，穿过弥漫在空气中的声音、气味和色彩降落到她身上。
此刻，她胸口剧烈起伏，开始意识到这种莫名的事情慢慢通近，慢慢将她吞噬，她挣扎着用意志力抗拒它——可她的意志力却如同她那白皙纤弱的双手一样绵软乏力。
就在她稍有懈怠之际，从微微张开的嘴唇间喃喃地蹦出一句话来。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Unit5 An Alpine Divorce1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。
这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。
2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。
但是如果你考虑一下:每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已，在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少，在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友;别忘了，居住在这世上的人有多少个百万，因此显而易见:自地球存在以来，这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。
从概率上来讲，这样相遇的机会微乎其微，这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。
婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协，而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了，那就肯定会有麻烦。
3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance. The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr. and Mrs. Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind.3对于两个这样的年轻人来说，生活没有什么中间点，其结局注定要么是爱，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫妇而言，他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。
4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaininga divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.' Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs. Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men. Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards. If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy.4在这世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由，但是在英格兰，并没有如此微妙的区分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴，否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去，直至死神将他们分开。
没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了，而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。
然而，也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的，因为约翰?伯德曼已经忍无可忍，下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。
如果他是个穷人，也许他会抛弃她，但是他很富有，而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。
5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.The mind is such a delicate instrument that it is easily thrown off balance. Bodman's friends-for he had friends-claimed that his mind became unhinged. Whether John Bodman was sane or insane at the time he made up his mind to murder his wife, will never be known, but there was certainly craftiness in the method he devised to make the crime appear the result of an accident. Nevertheless, cunning is often a quality in a mind that has gone wrong.5一个人的心思要是太专注于一件事情，没有人敢说他最后会做出什么来。
大脑是如此脆弱的一个思维工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。
伯德曼的朋友(他确实有几个朋友)事后声称他精神错乱。
下定决心要谋杀妻子时，约翰?伯德曼的神智清醒还是不清醒，现在已无从知晓，但无疑他把谋杀方案设计成看起来像是意外事件，这种方式的确很狡猾。
不过，一般来说，脑子有问题的人才狡猾。
6.Mrs. Bodman well knew how much her presence afflicted her husband, but her nature was as relentless as his, and her hatred of him was, if possible, more bitter than his hatred of her. Wherever he went she accompanied him, and perhaps the idea of murder would never have occurred to him if she had not been so persistent in forcing her presence upon him at all times and on all occasions. So, when he announced to her that he intended to spend the month of July in Switzerland, she said nothing, but made her preparations for the journey. On this occasion he did not protest, as was usual with him, and so to Switzerland this silent couple departed.6伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相当折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷无情跟他不相上下，而她对他的恨—有可能的话—恐怕比他对她的恨还更人骨。
不管他去哪儿，她都跟着。
要不是任何时间任何场合，她都要顽固地强行出现在他面前，他也许永远不会心生谋杀之念。
就这样，他一跟她说打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二话不说就打点行李。
往常他总会抗议，但这次没有，于是这对无话可说的夫妇动身去了瑞士。
7.There was a hotel near the mountain-tops which stood on a ledge over one of the great glaciers. It was a mile and a half above sea level, and it stood alone, reached by a toilsome road that zigzagged up the mountain for six miles. There was a wonderful view of snow-peaks and glaciers fro钾the verandahs of this hotel, and in the neighborhood were many picturesque walks to points more or less dangerous.7有一间旅馆位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，离山峰只有几步之遥.旅馆海拔一点五英里，孑然独立，仅有一条长六英里、盘旋而上的崎岖山路可以到达.在旅馆的回廊可以观赏到雪峰和冰川的美景。