第2章 国际法的渊源和编纂

第二章国际法的渊源和编纂

第一节国际法的渊源

渊源的含义

A.国际法渊源是指国际法作为有效法律规范所由形成的方式。

B.国际法渊源是指国际法规范第一次出现的地方

严格意义上的法律渊源

1.国际条约

公约：covenant/convention

协议：agreement/treaties/statute

建议书：protocol

条约是国际法主体间就权利义务关系缔结的一种书面协议

两种:一般General conventions ＆特别Particular conventions

（普通,几乎所有国家）(少数国家)

↓↓

造法性条约契约性条约

Law-making treaties Treaty contracts

(normative treaties)

作为一般国际法渊源的条约只能是普遍性的造法条约：维也纳《外交关系公约》芝加哥《国际民用航空公约》

即使是大多数国家参加的造法性条约，通常也只约束其缔约国，而对非缔约国无效.

由少数国家参加的契约性条约，不能直接成为一般国际法的渊源

2.国际习惯

是各国在其实践中形成的一种有法律约束力的行为规则

Custom in international law is a practice followed by those involved because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way.

To establish a rule of customary international law, it is necessary to demonstrate both a material element and a psychological element.

物质因素Material element

1.时间上较长的延续性Duration

A.公海自由Freedom of sea;

B.北海大陆架Continental shelf (North

C.国际海底International seabed

2.Consistency (continuity) and repetition

e.g. 庇护权案Asylum case ( Columbia vs. Peru 195)

a customary rule must be “in accordance with a constant and uniform usage practised by the States in question”

But in Nicaragua vs. US (1984)

3.普遍性Generality

A. Major powers 国际政治对国际法的影响

B. Relative importance of particular states during formation of a customary rule

如领海国家荷兰西班牙葡萄牙

心里因素Psychological element

法律确信opinio juris

The general practice must be one accepted as law and international tribunals will be require some evidence of opinio juris together with the proof of State practice.

※Customary law and treaty law have equal authority although, if there is a conflict between the two, it is the treaty which prevails. Treaties should be interpreted to avoid such conflicts wherever possible.

广泛意义上的国际法渊源

1.The general principles of law

2.Judicial decisions and the teachings学说

3.Resolutions of int’l organizations (esp. UN)

1.The general principles of law

to principles of

where treaties or use of principles of equity and has stated them to be an integral part of international law.

e.g.

Principle of estoppels ;

good faith

Equity

2.Judicial decisions and the teachings

Although there is no stare decisis in international law, the ICJ does make use of its own earlier decisions and has also referred to decisions of higher municipal courts.

Less express use has been made of publicists国际法学家, although States themselves will often make considerable use of them when arguing a particular position.

3.Resolutions of int’l organizations(esp. U.N.): soft law重要国际组织的决议Three categories of UN resolutions:

1.Decisions

2.Resolutions

3.declarations

Soft law ??

It refers to the international instruments which, while not binding on States in the manner of treaty provisions, nonetheless constitute normative claims and provide standards or aspirations of behavior.