任务型概括词总结
任务型阅读的解题技巧
中考英语任务型阅读解题技巧完成任务型阅读的过程就是：阅读(信息输入)→判断、分析、概括、推理(信息加工与处理)→答题(信息输出)。
具体说来，任务型阅读的解题策略包括以下四个方面：一、确阅读任务任务型阅读一般提供一段或几段阅读材料，在材料后设置5 个任务，做题时我们应先阅读所给的任务，明确任务是什么，再带着任务去阅读材料，这样就能做到心中有数，有针对性地去读，并能提高阅读效率。
二、读全文，了解大意明确任务后，应迅速阅读全文来了解文章主要内容，以及文章的感情基调、作者的意图、态度倾向。
在材料后的问题设置中，经常有对文章大意的考查。
对于概括大意的题目，需要通篇考虑，对要点加以归纳概括，这类题目有时可以从文中找到答案，但有时需要用自己的话来概括。
这类题，属于难度较大的题，对文章还得再读一读，才能总结出来。
除此之外，还经常考查“给文章拟一个标题”。
这类题目可以通过寻找主题句和高频词来完成。
根据英文写作的特点，主题句往往是首句或结尾句，但当没有主题句时，则应从全文中全面、简练地去提炼、概括。
文章的标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，但不管是什么，确定标题必须遵循以下两个原则：①概括性原则,即标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文,体现文章的中心大意。
②醒目性原则，即标题必须力求吸引读者的注意力。
三、读细节，逐题攻克(一) 寻找细节，从原文中找答案在经过第二步泛读全文之后，对于材料后面问题的细节考查题，在文章中所处的大体位置有所了解。
然后就可以采用“跳读”的方式来寻找细节在原文中的对应，跳读的目的就是为细节寻找答案。
如阅读填空或填表题，这种题目要求学生通过阅读材料，获取相关信息，以填写词语或补全句子的方式完成表格或图表。
还有一些题目是对文章细节的直接设问，答案通常可以从原文中找到。
从各地中考题看来，是有相当比例的此类题目。
(二) 精读细节，理解深层含义任务型阅读，也是阅读理解的一种题型，不仅考查学生直接获取信息的能力，还可考查学生通过已知信息进行推理，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。
高中读写任务之概括
读写任务写作是具有一定开放性的写作命题分为三步走，即：“概括摘要+ 任务过渡+要点拓展”选材内容：考生熟悉或比较熟悉的题材,以议论文或记叙文为主。
读写任务写作必须注意：1．首段(main idea)：用一两句话概述原文内容要点，约30个词；(三、四行)2．主体(要点)：依据材料陈述自我观点并加以例证来验证；（2,3,4自然段）广东高考英语读写任务01——概括一、记叙文的概括——串联要素法记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。
1. 谁做了什么？(who did what)2. 结果如何？(what was the result)，若是夹叙夹议的文章, 还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育。
Passage 01Jackie is perhaps the most easily annoyed koala（考拉）at the Feather dale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there are unhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activities and someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off. That’s right—sleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because it feeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy.The reason why Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is that they can be hugged and photographed by tourists, who make the trips to Feather dale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever department in the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make the practice illegal，which is understandable. How would you react, my friend, if you were trying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature smelling of grass kept waking you?要点：1.who?______________________________________________2. What happened to them?______________________________________________3. Result ?______________________________________________4. Why ?______________________________________________5. Meaning or purpose?____________________________整合所有信息、改写：1.Someone kept waking them.__________________________________________2.The reason why ... is that they can be hugged and photograph by tourists.__________________________________________3.ask us to think and do as animals__________________________________________Summary:：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage 02When Sam first got to his boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick (想家) and wanted to go homes as soon as possible.He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school.要点：1.who?___________________________________________2. What happened to them?______________________________________________3. Result ?______________________________________________4. Why ?______________________________________________5. Meaning or purpose?______________________________________________Summary:：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________二、议论文的概括——议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusionsentences)。
工作总结的内容精简和概括技巧
工作总结的内容精简和概括技巧工作总结是每个人在职场中都会遇到的任务，它不仅是对自己工作的梳理和总结，也是对工作成果的展示和整理。
如何在有限的篇幅里将工作内容精简和概括，是一个值得探讨的问题。
本文将从几个方面介绍工作总结的内容精简和概括技巧。
一、阅读数据和资料首先，我们应该阅读相关的数据和资料，深入了解工作的背景和情况。
这样可以帮助我们更好地确定需要总结的内容，并在总结中提供充分的依据。
二、明确工作目标和重点接下来，我们需要明确工作的目标和重点。
通过明确目标和重点，我们可以有针对性地收集和概括相关的工作内容，避免在总结中冗长而无效的叙述。
三、厘清工作过程和流程在总结中，我们可以通过简洁明了的语言描述工作的过程和流程。
这样做有助于读者理解我们的工作方法和思路，并更好地评估我们的工作成果。
四、突出工作亮点和成果对于工作总结来说，突出工作的亮点和成果非常重要。
我们可以用简短而有力的语言描述我们在工作中所取得的成绩和贡献，让读者对我们的工作有一个全面的了解。
五、总结经验和教训工作总结不仅要展示工作的成果，还要总结经验和教训，这有助于提高我们的工作效率和质量。
在总结中，我们可以用简洁的语言归纳出我们在工作中所得到的经验和教训，供以后的工作参考。
六、提出改进和创新的建议总结中，我们还可以提出改进和创新的建议。
这些建议可以是基于我们的工作经验和教训，帮助改进工作流程和方法，提高工作效率和质量。
七、注意总结语言的准确性和简洁性在工作总结中，我们要注意语言的准确性和简洁性。
避免使用冗长的叙述和词藻过多的形容词，用简洁明了的语言将工作的内容精炼和概括，让读者能够迅速理解我们的工作成果和价值。
八、使用图表和数据展示工作成果在总结中，我们可以使用图表和数据展示工作成果。
通过图表和数据的形式展示工作成果，不仅可以直观地呈现工作的效果和质量，还可以提高读者的阅读兴趣和理解程度。
九、根据读者需求调整总结的内容与深度在撰写工作总结时，我们需要根据读者的需求调整总结的内容和深度。
2018年南京一模任务型题目归类
2018年南京一模任务型题目归类题型总览：一、同义句转换create stories=make up stories; make sth better=improve sth;not allow sb to do sth=prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth; not do sth=without doing sth; unless=if...not ; (3not)the population goes up=the population becomes larger/bigger;instead of=rather than; go on=continue; do poorly in sth=be weak/poor at sth; bring sb some peace=help sb calm down; love=like...best/most; smile back=smile to sb in return; another=one more二、同义词、反义词替换stop-keep/continue; less-more; impatient-patient三、词性转换类smartly-smart; worry-worried; suited-suitable/fit; possibility-possible;worries-worried; include-including四、词形转换类use-using；enter-entering五、概括类advantages; services; reasons; results; effects/influence一、同义替换：【2018一模鼓楼】1.As a boy, he often created stories to make his brothers and sisters happy.He up stories to make his brothers and sisters happy.解析：同意替换，create stories= make up stories答案：made【2018一模溧水】2.This creates an advantage that the rain garden does not allow mosquitoes(蚊子) to breed(繁殖).♦They mosquitoes from breeding.解析：同义替换，don’t allow sb to do sth=prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth答案：prevent/stop/keep【2018一模溧水】3.What's more, planting a rain garden helps cut down on pollution and make the environment better.♦They help to cut down on pollution and the environment.解析：同义替换，make sth better=improve sth答案：improve【2018一模溧水】4.The gardens don’t use expensive machinery and chemicals. They remove harmful chemicals in the rainwater and reduce the amount of pollution reaching streams and rivers by up to 30%.30% of the pollution is reduced using machinery and chemicals.解析：句意转换，表示not do sth=without doing sth，可以替换not答案：without【2018一模溧水】5.Don’t water it if you have had at least an inch of rain during the week.♦Water the garden you have had at least an inch of rain during the week.解析：句意转换，unless=if...not，因此有否定的概念在里面，可以替换not答案：unless【2018一模建邺】6.The population of Earth is still going up.The population on Earth is becoming than before.解析：同义句，the population goes up=the population becomes larger/bigger.答案：larger/bigger【2018一模建邺】7.At the moment we grow plants for fuel in good land. If we do it in deserts instead, more good land can be used to grow plants for food.It will be better if we can grow plants for fuel in deserts than in good land.解析：意义替换，instead of=rather than答案：rather【2018一模秦淮】8.“I feel really happy to go on sharing happiness with other people by short videos,”said Elsa.Elsa feels happy to sharing videos with others.解析：同义替换，go on=continue答案：continue【2018一模秦淮】9.Some videos are telling people what products are worth buying. Some users buy the products after watching, but they should think twice. If they don’t think carefully, they may regret soon.Some users easily buy products which are introduced in the videos thinking carefully,and they may regret soon.解析：意思转换，don’t think carefully=without thinking sth carefully答案：without【2018一模玄武】10.You may not sleep well, feel very tired, lose interest in activities, or do poorly in schoolwork.Be at schoolwork.解析：同义替换，do poorly in sth=be weak/poor at sth答案：weak/poor【2018一模玄武】11.Getting out can be hard if you feel like you don’t want to be around people. That’s OK for now, but at least make yourself walk to a spot with a nice view or a place that brings you some peace.Going somewhere with nice views can help you down.解析：同义替换，bring sb some peace=help sb calm down答案：calm【2018一模玄武】12.Don’t overdo it, but allow yourself to eat whatever foods you love.Eat food you like解析：同意替换，love=like...best/most答案：best/most【2018一模玄武】13.Practice at home first, and then go to a public place and wear that smile. People will smile back, and that will make you feel happier.Smile to others, then they will smile to you in .解析：同义替换，smile back=smile to sb in return, back与in return答案：return【2018一模玄武】14.You can’t do everything on this list at once, so try one or two ideas, and see what works for you. If the results are positive, then try another.If the results are positive, then try one .解析：同义替换，another=one more答案：more二、反义词：【2018一模鼓楼】15.David, the dreamer, grew up and became a teacher. He didn’t stop dreaming, though.He dreaming as before.解析：反义词，stop-keep/continue答案：kept/continued【2018一模建邺】16.It can absorb（吸收）carbon dioxide(CO₂) at night. It only needs 10 times less water than food plants like beans.Food plants like beans need 10 times water than it does in deserts.解析：反义词，比较句，less-more答案：more【2018一模秦淮】17.“Because I can’t spend many hours watching a complete video and I am a very impatient person. I don’t like waiting for a program to end. I prefer to watch short videos of wonderful parts in a concert or a TV series,”said Wang Zhihao.To users who are not enough, it takes less time to watch short videos."解析：反义词，impatient-patient答案：patient三、词性转换【2018一模溧水】18.Rain gardens smartly used rain and storm water.Rain gardens use rain in ways.解析：词性转换，smartly形容词smart答案：smart【2018一模建邺】19.There will be less and less good land for growing crops in the future. People worry that there will not be enough food for everyone in the middle of this century.There will not be enough food in the future, which makes people .解析：词性转换，sb worry sth=sth make sb worried答案：worried【2018一模建邺】20.Although it is dangerous to eat this plant, scientists can still study something about it: how it absorbs CO₂at night while many other plants only do this during the day, and why it is suited to the desert.◆The scientists are studying how it absorbs CO₂and why it is for living in desert.解析：词性转换，be suited to the desert=be suitable/fit for living in desert.答案：suitable/fit【2018一模建邺】21.Producing a desert plant to eat will be difficult, but there is still possibility to use the genes(基因)from this plant and put them into food plants.◆It is to use genes from one plant and then put it inside another.解析：词性转换，there is possibility to do sth=it is possible to do sth答案：possible【2018一模联合体】22.Worries about food safety, for example mad cow disease, also play a part.Some people are about food safety. They don’t think the meat they eat are safe enough.解析：词性变换，worries-worried答案：worried【2018一模玄武】23.Certain foods that include something special like fresh peach, dark chocolate can make you feel happier.Any food, something special can cheer you up. For example, dark chocolate and peaches can help fight low moods.解析：词性变换，include-including答案：including四、词形变换【2018一模联合体】24.Another rising trend appears in the UK’s food production. They want their food to be organically produced. Organic farmers use very few or no chemicals O rganic farmers use very few or no chemicals.Organic meat is produced without drugs.解析：词形变换，答案：using【2018一模溧水】25.Rain gardens smartly used rain and storm water by temporarily(暂时)holding water from rain and storms and letting it soak(渗透) slowly into the ground before it runs into streams or enters the public drinking water supply.Rain water is held and soaks into the ground before running into streams or the drinking water supply.解析：词性转换，before后面加句子=before后面加现在分词形式答案：entering五、总结概括【2018一模溧水】26. of rain gardensRain gardens smartly used rain and storm water by temporarily(暂时) holding water from rain and storms and letting it soak(渗透) slowly into the ground before it runs into streams or enters the public drinking water supply.The water will soak. Slowly into the ground within a day or two. This creates an advantage that the rain garden does not allow mosquitoes(蚊子) to breed(繁殖).解析：总结概括答案：Advantages【2018一模秦淮】27.Some short videos even sell fake (假) products, but these sellers won’t let you return them to get your money back, or deal with your trouble.Some short videos sell fake products, but they don’t offer buyers any after selling."解析：总结概括，难题答案：service(s)【2018一模联合体】28.Three for cutting out meatSo why are British people cutting out meat? Many are unhappy about the poor treatment of animals and the effects of meat and fish production on the environment. Worries about food safety, for example mad cow disease, also play a part. Others choose to change their eating habits to get healthier. According to the Vegetarian Society, a meat-free diet could help prevent the certain cancers, as well as heart disease and high blood pressure(压力).解析：概括why-reason答案：reasons【2018一模玄武】29.You still often end up with bad feelings. You may not sleep well, feel very tired, lose interest in activities, or do poorly in schoolwork.The of bad feelings解析：概括总结答案：results/influence六、句型或者句意方面的变换句子变介词词组【2018一模鼓楼】30.David decided to take a break from teaching when his first son was born.He took a break from teaching his son’s birth.解析：句子变介词词组答案：after【2018一模联合体】31.More and more British people are deciding not to eat meat and animal products. As a result, vegetarianism(素食主义) is increasing in the UK.Vegetarianism is increasing in the UK more and more British people are choosing to live a meat-free style.解析：反义词组，as a result-because答案：because主动变被动【2018一模联合体】32.There’s even a National Vegetarian Week organized every year toencourage people to try a meat-free lifestyle.The government a National Vegetarian Week every year to encourage people to stop eating meat.解析：主动-被动，organized-be organized答案：organizes【2018一模玄武】33.I know when you’re in a low mood, you may not want to make yourself laugh. But the cycle of sadness must be broken so you can get back to your normal life, and this is a very easy way to start.Watching a comedy can help you the cycle of sadness.解析：被动-主动，be broken-break答案：break句意转换【2018一模秦淮】34.If you want to know which social app Chinese young people use a lot now, you had better not miss “short videos”. "lShort video apps, including Tik Tok (抖音) and Kuaishou, are very now."解析：句意转换，use a lot=popular答案：popular【2018一模秦淮】35.“Killing time is the main reason for me to watch the short videos, but many are almost the same, so I think it is a waste of time. Moreover, I really don’t like the videos which show strange even dangerous things,”said Wen Nan, another college student.Wen Nan believes that people shouldn’t much time on short videos as many of them are almost the same now.解析：句意转换，答案：spend【2018一模联合体】36.A recent survey showed that 3 million people (5.7 percent of the country’s population) were vegetarians.It is reported that the of vegetarians in the UK is about 3 million .解析：句意转换，答案：number【2018一模玄武】37.This is the obvious answer, but that’s only because it works. When you talk about your feelings and someone you respect understands how you feel, it starts you on the path to healing.l your feelings with someone may help you heal.解析：句意替换答案：Sharing【2018一模建邺】38.Desert plants have special qualities, which could be an answer to our future food or energy needs. Scientists are working hard on it. "◆Because desert plants have special qualities, it may our food and energy problems in the future."解析：同义替换，an answer to our future food or energy needs=solve our food and energy problems in the future答案：solve七、其他：语法题：【2018一模建邺】39.Recently scientists have discovered one strange plant named fedtschenkoi （玉吊钟）may help.It is an plant named fedtschenkoi.解析：语法题答案：unusual/uncommon国籍-国家【2018一模秦淮】40.If you want to know which social app Chinese young people use a lot now, you had better not miss “short videos”.Short videos in 56解析：国籍-国家答案：China推断：【2018一模鼓楼】41.He still spends a lot of time dreaming. It is how he comes up with ideas for his books.It’s his dreaming that him to come up with ideas for his books解析：推断答案：leads/encourages/inspires/help【2018一模联合体】42.According to the Vegetarian Society, a meat-free diet could help prevent the certain cancers, as well as heart disease and high blood pressure(压力).A meat-free diet could help reduce the of the certain cancers, as well as heart disease and high blood pressure.解析：推断答案：risk。
任务型词语总结
任务型词语总结every other yearon the dot=on time recreation=pastime make it a rule for sb to do an imbalance in …be addicted to physcially=actually intentionally=on purpose spare time to do memorable=unforgettable in evidence=clearly seen be unlikely to domake analyses ofmake forlay emphasis/stress on financial interest contact otherspass/kill timethe output ofsee one’s boundarybe faced withhave a good knowledge of be supposed to do violate the rulesbe combined withboost motivationfinding of …be determined byclaim one’s payfeature sth.difference/distinction(s) between ensure one’s right toincrease one’s popularityat sb’s expenseapproaches/solutions to doinga letter of thanks/gratitudelimit/restrict … to…sth defeats sbcover upbear responsibilityon a scale ofspeak with sbgo wrongcontinuouslybuild a relationship with sb. response toeffectiveness ofsupport from sbstore information convince sb of…learning materialsbe consistent in applicationcause problems between distribute sth to sb requirement(s) of…make difference to expand one’s network reliablethink positively of engage in the process to do share…with…save space foraccess toempty the fridgerid sb of…lay stress onthink highly ofsth worksinvovle sb in view sb as supportive concern about be resistant toa common belief gain benefit annoy sb。
英语任务型读写常用的概括性词汇及经典取代
英语任务型读写常用的概括性词汇及经典取代一、常用概括性词汇归纳：原因和结果：reason (for) , result; cause (of) , effect; consequence异同点与优缺点：difference , similarity；advantage/benefit/strengths , disadvantage, /weaknesses/drawback/shortcomings功能：function数字/数据：data, figure, statistics观点与态度：opinion , view (on/about) , viewpoint , idea ；attitude to/towards评论、评价：comment (on) , remark (on/upon) , assessment ,evaluation表方式、方法：means , way , method (of) ; solution , approach ( to doing sth. ); take measures to do sth, solution, manner,目的：purpose , aim , goal ,intention, target积极和消极：positive ,negative; optimistic建议：advice [u] ,proposal, suggestion , tip概括、总结: summary , conclusion特点：feature , characteristic, personality,种类：kind , type , category , class精神上与身体上：mentally ，physically影响: influence , impact , effect (on ) 情形，状况: situation，condition, case 建立：build , create , establish , found出现：appear ,occur(red)实现，完成：reach , realize , accomplish必要，必需: must /necessity方面，项目条款：item / aspect材料: materials知识消息：knowledge / information日程计划: schedule / agenda百分比：percentage性别:sex年龄: age满意:satisfaction 忧虑，担忧，焦急: concern(不)熟悉:familiar /unfamiliar个人，个人的: individual,personal细节:description , detail文化: culture责任：(take) responsibility贡献: (make) contributions to成就achievement重要: value importance significance比较: contrast comparison时期: period / time存在: existence exist花费: cost / expense人口: population天气与气候: weather[u] / climate [c]位置place,situation, location种类type, kind/sort/species/variety/category 主题: theme,topic,subject背景: setting，background情节: plot高潮: climax结尾:ending反对者与支持者：supporter , opponent定义：definition介绍/导入：introduction描述：description,Age,process,origin,history,develop ment,sex,time,event,facts,二、常用的经典替代1.100 years = 1 century = 10 decades2. two decades= 20 years3. fortnight=two weeks4. take advantage of = make use of5. parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents6. oppose the move = be against the move = object to = disagree with7. consider … = take … into consideration / account8.. at the beginning = at first9. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for10. since the beginning of human evolution =throughout human history11. in search of better job opportunities. = seeking a better job. / searching /looking /hunt for a better job.12. housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked/relevant to / connected with housing 13. take an active part in = take part in sth. actively14. encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in/ play a role in quite activities15. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones16.valuable information = information of great value17.understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.18.affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.19.matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference 20.be over = end = put …to an end= come to an end21.despite = in spite of22. share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up23.online = on the Internet24.learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens25.list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at26.explain sth. = make an explanation27.enjoy sth = get pleasure from; take pleasure in28. besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from = as well as29. be better than = be superior to30. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.31.have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to32.stop = quit = give uppensate for = make up for34.in part = partly 35.every year = yearly = annually = on a yearly basise up = run out of (主动)37.run out = give out = be used up (被动)38.be accused of = be charged with39.most of the people = the majority of the people40.cater to /for one’s needs / demands /requirements = satisfy / meet one’s ….41.starve to death = die of hunger/ starvation drown to death = die of drowning42.be tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary43.socially responsible = social responsibility44.sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth .mit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.46.make full use of = make the most \ best of47. be proud of = take pride in48. never...anthing more than=nothing more than49. in secret = secretly in total = totally in peace = peacefully in surprise = surprisedly in a hurry = hurriedly in brief = briefly 50. offer sb sth = provide sb with sth = provide sth for sb = supply sth to sb51. apologize to sb for sth =make an apology to sb.= say sorry to sb52. turn sb down = refuse sb happen=take place53. increasingly popular = more and more popular54. change rapidly = a rapid change55. shared interests=common interests56. keep\bear...in mind = remember57. sb takes\shows (an) interest in / sb. be interested in =sth appeals to sb58. as a result of = because of。
高中英语读写任务概括及常用句式
高中英语读写任务专题突破---概括S ummary读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。
然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。
事实上，所谓“读写任务”其实是“读”和“写”的有机结合，“读”的材料是为了后面的“写”提供情景，同样，“写”也是对“读”的材料的思考和延伸。
因此在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。
一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括一般第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。
后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的写作步骤：1. 确定主题句。
确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。
没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。
分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。
概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。
可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。
支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：缩长见短，省却细腻。
四、写概括的具体方法1、写概括的步骤A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时；不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passagetells us that----- - --.B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
（特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；）C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法You will fail. = You will ____________.3)Change the part of speech词性转换法Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.→Children should ________ more praise.简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
广东高考英语读写任务型作文复习独家资料
读写任务型作文复习资料模板一[写作内容]以约30词概括短文的要点。
然后，以约120词就“感恩”主题发表你的看法，并包括以下的内容：1. 根据你的学习、生活经历，简述你的感受，表达你对朋友或父母的感恩和祝福。
2. 你认为中学生应学会感恩。
3. 你的同学对这观点有何看法和建议。
Be Grateful For Our ParentsThe writer tells us a story that (上文作者告诉我们）he had an experience of recalling his old friends Michael suddenly（他突然回忆起他的朋友迈克的经历）, and later they met each other at such moment that made him feel grateful to life anddidn’t feel lonely.This story reminds me of an similar experience of （这个故事让我想起了自己的一个类似经历）forgetting my mother’s birthday.On the evening of April 9th , I was watching TV while my mother was busy preparing for dinner in the kitchen. How attentive I was watching TV program when the telephone rang（当电话铃响起的时候我正聚精会神地看电视）. It was from a friend of my mother’s, who wanted say HAPPY BIRTHDAY to my mother . “Today is my mother’s birthday?”I was a little puzzled（疑惑）. “How come that I have forgotten all about it”I thought to myself, feeling ashamed.At the story, I got deeply shocked and ashamed.（在这件事上，我感到很震惊和羞愧）It is not easy for parents to bring us up.（养育我们）They give us lots of love and care, while/however we don’t care for them enough. Now it’s never too lateto realize this and show our love and care for them. In fact, every one of us wishesour parents to be healthy and happy, so it is with me. So , we really should expressour endless thanks （无尽的感谢）to our parents. And my classmates share my opinion. To sum up, we should be grateful for our parents because of their greatest love and unselfish care.（总之，我们应该对我们父母伟大的爱和无私的关怀表示感恩。
高三语文概括题知识点总结
高三语文概括题知识点总结高三语文概括题是高中语文考试中的一道常见题型，要求考生根据给定的语句或文章段落，准确概括出主旨或要点。
这种题型既考察了考生对文本的理解能力，也考验了他们的归纳整理能力。
下面对高三语文概括题常见的考点进行总结：一、文本理解在概括题中，首先要对文章的内容进行准确理解。
考生需要通读全文，抓住文章的中心思想以及各个段落的内容要点。
理解文本时，要注意抓住关键词和词语的搭配，通过上下文的线索来推测作者的意图和态度。
二、主题概括主题概括是概括题中最常见的形式，要求考生准确把握文章的中心思想。
在进行主题概括时，可以使用主题句的提取法。
通常，主题句位于文章的开头或结尾，用来概括全文的中心思想。
考生可以通过找到主题句，并根据其它段落的内容进行补充，来准确概括文章的主旨。
三、要点概括有时概括题会要求考生概括出文章的要点，即文章的核心内容。
要点概括需要考生具备良好的归纳整理能力。
考生可以通过标注关键词、提取关键句以及总结段落的逻辑关系来进行要点概括。
此外，还可以使用提纲法或思维导图等工具来帮助整理要点。
四、逻辑关系把握概括题往往会涉及到文章中不同段落之间的逻辑关系。
考生在进行概括时，要注意分析段落之间的因果关系、转折关系或并列关系等。
通过理解逻辑关系，可以更准确地把握文章的主题和要点。
五、语句精炼概括题对考生的语言表达能力也有一定的要求。
在给定的字数限制内，要求考生用简明扼要的语言概括文章的主题或要点。
考生需要注意语句的逻辑结构和修辞手法，以及词汇的准确性和多样性。
适当的修辞和表达方式可以使概括更具有吸引力和说服力。
总结：高三语文概括题是考察学生文本理解和归纳整理能力的重要形式之一。
要想在概括题中取得较好的成绩，考生需要掌握文本理解的技巧，准确把握文章的主旨和要点。
同时，要注意语言表达的准确性和思维的严密性。
通过不断练习和积累，提升自己的概括能力，相信在高三语文考试中取得优异的成绩将不再是难事。
高考英语任务型阅读概括性词汇汇总
1. 标题title2. 主题topic3. 原因cause of / reason for4. 结果result/consequence5. 措施/步骤measure to sth /step towards6. 方法solution to sthway of sth/ding sth/to do sthmanner to do sth /approach to /method of7. 态度attitude8. 积极主动的positive/active9. 消极被动negative/passive10.主观客观subjective/obxxxxjective11.乐观悲观的optimistic/pessimistic12.支持反对support/supportive/backing/ be in favor of approve of/favour/agreeoppose/be opposed to/obxxxxject to/be against13.趋势tendency/trend14.结论conclusion/summary15.背景background16.性别sex/gender17.男/女 male/female18.建议suggestion/advice/tip onproposal of sth/ for doing sth/ to do sth19.要求requirement/demand20.问题problem/trouble/difficulty21.观点opinion/view/idea/viewpoint/22.观点看法sight/thought/perspective23.意义significance/meaning24.数据data25.统计数字statistics/data/number26.现象phenomenon (phenomena)27.目的/目标 purpose/aim/goal28.影响effect/impact/influence29.定义definition30.来源source31.数量/.质量quantity /quality32.分析analysis/analyze33.优势advantage/strength34.劣势disadvantage/weakness35.特色.特征feature/ characteristics个性personality36.人物/角色character/figure./role37.类型type/kind/sort38.情节plot39.内容content40.行为behavior/action/conduct/deed41.重要性importance/significance/essentiality/fundamentality42.必要性necessity/must43.情感feeling/emotion44.异同difference/similarity45.外表appearance/ outside /surface46.信息information/message47.人口population48.贡献contribution/devotion/dedication49.想象力imagination/imaginary50.创造力creativity/creative51.事实细节fact/detail52.过程process/procedure53.对比comparison/comparing/compared54.同意赞成agree/agreeable/agreement/approve of/approval of(for) / favour disagree/disagreement/disapprove/disapproval of55.概括、总结summary56.要点、提纲outline57.时间地点time/hour /while/period/place/spot/site/location58.情形situation/condition59.喜好、偏爱preference / favorite / like/dislike60.调查（问卷）survey/investigation/research/questionnaire61.结构框架structure/form/frxxxxamework62.an introduction of something63.instructions for something/doing something64.key to something65.knowledge of/about something66.way of doing sth/to do sth。
任务型阅读概括性词汇
任务型阅读概括性词汇1.标题、话题：title; topic2.主题：theme3. 观点：ideas / opinions / views / thoughts4. 理由：reason/reasons; why5. 起因：cause; why6. 过程：process; course; procedure7. 结果：result/results; consequence/consequences8. 结论：conclusion9. 解决的办法：solution10. 现象：phenomenon/phenomena11. 因素：factor/factors12. 建议：tip/tips; advice; suggestion/suggestions; instruction/ instructions13. 优点、好处：advantage/advantaged; benefit/benefits;14. 缺点、坏处：disadvantage/disadvantages;15. 影响：influence/influences; effect/effects; (positive/negative)16. 损失：damage/damages; harm/harms;17. 地点：place/location/where18. 情况：situation19. 事件：event20. 内容：content21. 起源：origin22. 概要：summary23. 态度：attitude24. 评论：comment /comments; remark/remarks25. 分析：analysis /analyses26. 问题 problem/problems; doubt/doubts ; question/questions27. 质量：quality28. 功能 function；29. 证据：evidence30. 百分比：percentage31. 项目：item32. 方面：aspect33. 背景background34. 情节：plot35. 时间: time/when36. 阶段：period； stage37. 日期：date38. 特点 characteristic/characteristics; feature/features39. 目的：aim/aims; purpose/purposes; goal/goals; intention/intentions40. 方法：way、ways; method/methods; means; measure/measures; step/steps41. 种类：kind/kinds; type/types; species; category/categories42. 比较：comparison; contract43. 国籍：nationality44. 技能：skill45. 成就：achievement46. 全面发展：all-round development47. 区别：difference48. 相似：similarity。
读写任务之概括
Task writing -----Summary
Task
Content
writing
1. Summary (about 30 words)
2. Your opinion,
argument and conclusion (about 120 words)
What is a summary? 1.A shortened version of the text 2.Main points of the text 3.Written in your own words A summary is a brief account of the main points of an article in your own words .
• Nowadays, it’s common in China that some pedestrians tend to run the red light in groups when crossing the street, which has raised widespread concern. Actually, running the red light, also called Chinese style of crossing road, is quite dangerous for it may lead to more traffic jams and accidents.There are two main reasons behind the phenomenon, one of which is that some people are in such a hurry that they ignore the traffic light to save time.
任务型阅读解题技巧
任务型阅读解题技巧考点解读1.任务型阅读：考查学生的读写能力。
一般从主旨、细节、判断、推理、概括、总结、顺序关系、意图、态度、预测、运用、计算、释义等角度获取信息，并经过处理按要求用英语准确表达文章内容。
《考试说明》中有树状图和表格图两种题型。
2.任务型阅读的解题技巧及方法：1．读文章前先看后面的题目及要求，这样做题有针对性；2．阅读时注意文章主旨的归纳和细节信息的收集；3．核对题目，正确表达。
一般采用“三读法”来做题，即通读、细读（边读边做）、复读（检查所填内容是否正确）。
注意：书写工整，语言规范，注意同一级栏目下词形的一致性，并注意字母的大小写。
一、主动语态与被动语态相互转换1. A big earthquake caused the great damage to Yaan, Chian.The great damage was ________ to Yaan, Chian in a big earthquake.2.Yuan Longping, a world-famous scientist, is devoted to the research in rice, making greatcontributions to the world starvation.Yuan Longping ______ himself to the research in rice, making great contributions to the world starvation.3.We Chinese should make great efforts to realize our dream for China.Great efforts ought to be _______ to realize our dream for China.二、词性相互转换动词←名词←形容词→副词1. Playing too many computer games does harm to you.Playing too many computer games is to you.2. We should speak to the old man in a polite way.We should speak to the old man .3. They are lucky to have escaped from the burning building with the help of the firemen.________, they escaped from the burning building with the help of the firemen.4.Fruits and vegetables are important for people’s mental and physical health.Fruits and vegetables are of ________ to people’s mental and physical health.三、前后缀转换not: im- in- un- dis- mis- ab- ir- il- anti- -less non-again: re-between/ among: inter-after: post-en+adj / adj + en vt enrich weakentogether: co-自动的：auto- 最大的：maxi- 最小的：mini-许多：multi- 一半：semi- bi-1. If it is not ___________(convenient) to you, I shall call on you in the morning.2. The big company split into two ___________(dependent) companies.3．Change the direct speech into _________(direct) speech.4. Some families go without medical treatment because of their (ability) to pay.5. It’s (usual) for the trees to flower so early.6. An person is not famous or publicly recognized. ( known)7. He was (fortune) to lose in the final round.8．Many African children look poor and (healthy)9．The traffic is so busy that it’s (possible) for me to be there on time.10. Don’t be so __________! The bus will be here soon. (patient)11. As we all know, it’s _________ to steal. (moral)12. The reason why some officials get corrupt is that they ______ (use) their power given by the people.13. some officials are arrested by the policemen as they are said to have held a flood of money ______ (legal).14. The old man is recovering soon after an operation in that he has been working out_________ ( irregular).15. Because of his serious mistakes, Tom was scolded by the classteacher and his classmates were _____ ( help).16. the old historic temple which is being ______ ( build) will soon open to the public.17. As a member of a company, we are supposed to have the spirit of teamwork, which means we ______ ( operate) for a project.18. As the college entrance examination is getting tougher and tougher, we students have got to ______ (large) vocabulary.四、议论文常用的总结性词语：title / name / topic suggestion(s) / advice/ recommendation / tip(s)opinion / view / viewpoint / attitude/comment type / kind / categoryresult / effect / influence/consequence/problemconclusion / summary/outlinereason / cause/ invitationideas/ opinions/ views about----- attitudes towards/to ----- comments on五、说明文常用的总结性词语：aim / purpose / intention / goal step / procedure / processproblem / ways to do / solution / means / measure / method / approach to doingadvantage / disadvantage, weakness / strength七、同义词转换1. Having considered everything, they will be given a second chance.Having taken everything into _______ , they will be given a second chance.2. This newly made car is not expensive. Besides, it is of high quality.This newly made car is not expensive. ________ , it is of high quality.3. Twenty hundred journalists in all attended the press conference.Twenty hundred journalists ________ attended the press conference.5.We Chinese will trust the Party which has been leading us to live a happier and moreharmonious life.6.We Chinese will have ______ in the Party which has been leading us to live a happier andmore harmonious life.7.Whatever happens, teenagers have to keep calm, determined and brave to fight againstchallenges in front of them.___________, teenagers have to keep calm, determined and brave to fight against challenges in front of them.8.Tom was delighted to have been admitted to a key university.To his ______, Tom was delighted to have been admitted to a key university.附同义词转换1．by accident / chance= _______________ (accidentally)2．without accident = ___________ (safely)3．take sth into account/consideration = _____________ (consider)4．in addition/what’s more / apart from=_______/________/_______ (besides/moreover/furthermore) 5．in all / in total = ___________ (altogether / totally)6．approve of /be in favor of/agree to= ___________ (favor)7．attend on/upon /wait on / upon= ________ (serve)8．have faith/trust in; consider…to be true= __________(trust)9．out of breath = ________________ (breathlessly)10．but for = ___________ (without)11．in any case / at any rate / at any price / at any cost /whatever happens= _____________ (anyhow)12．now that = _________ (since)13．cope with / deal with / do with / try to find a solution to = _______ (handle)14．deal with= _______ (concern)15．to one’s d elight / regret / sorrow / shame / surprise / astonishment= _______ / _______ /_______ /________/________/__________(delightfully / regretfully / sorrowfully / shamefully / surprisingly/ astonishingly)16．do away with / get rid of = ______ (abolish/remove)17．without doubt =____________ (undoubtedly)18．(be)of no effect = __________ (useless)19．come to an end / put…to an end =_______/________ (finish / end)20．be equal to / amount to= _________ (equal)21．fit in with / fall into agreement = ________ (suit)22．guard against / keep safe = __________ (defend)23．in a hurry / in a rush= ___________ (hurriedly) 24．make (leave) an impression on sb= _______________ (impress)25．by oneself / without help / on one’s own = _________(alone)26．put up with=________/_________/__________ (bear / stand / endure) 29．before long = ________ (soon)30．by all means / of course = ____________ (certainly) 31．bear(or keep)…in mind/bring…to mind =______(remember)32．at the moment=__________ (now)33．for nothing / without payment = _________ (free)34．nothing but = ________ (only)35．all at once / all of a sudden = _________ (suddenly) 36．once in a while = ____________ (occasionally) 37．in particular = ____________ (particularly) 39．point out = ___________ (indicate)42．on purpose = ___________ (deliberately) 43．out of the question = _________ (impossible) 44．with / in reference / regard to = _______/_______ (about / concerning) 45．regardless of/without worrying about/in spite of =_______(despite) 46．run(take)risk of / do sth dangerous = _________ (risk)47．for sure/certain = _________/__________ (certainly, definitely) 48．behind time = ___________ (late)49．for the time being = ____________ (temporarily) 50．in no time / very quickly = _____________ (immediately) 51．on the whole / for the most part = ____________ (generally) 52．against one’s will = ______________(unwillingly) 53．work out = ____________/_____________ (solve / exercise) 54．show respect for sb / look up to sb = _________ (respect) 55．make preparations for / get ready for = _________for (prepare)56．like crazy / mad = _______________ (madly)57．take in = __________/_________ (cheat / absorb) 58．take exercise = ____________ (exercise)59．take on = ____________ (employ)60．turn up / show up =____________ (appear)61．as a matter of fact / in fact / in reality / in effect = _________ (actually) 62．look forward to = _____________ (expect)63．no matter what = ______________ (whatever) 64．give a description of = _______________ (describe) 65．lead to / bring about / result in = ___________ (cause)66．set off / set out = ___________ (start)67．be different = _________ (differ)68．in the end / at last = ___________/___________ (finally / eventually) 69．be aware of = _____________ (sense)70．have sth in common = ___________ (share )71．give up = __________/ __________ (quit / stop)72．bring sth under control = ___________ (control)73．have a good mastery of = ___________ (master)74．in one’s opinion = ___________(personally)75．commit suicide =_______ oneself (kill)76．succeed in doing = __________ to do (manage)77．break in upon .= __________ (interrupt)78．be anxious / eager/long to do = _________to do (desire)79．be in response to sth = __________to (respond / react)80．make up something new= __________ (invent)81．two weeks = ____________ (fortnight)82．a person with a physical disability = a ______person (disabled)83．go through (great changes) = ____________ (experience)84．do a lot for sth = __________to sth (contribute)85．varieties of/different kinds of / a variety of = _______ (various)86．take part in = _____________in (participate)87．make a discovery= _________ (discover)88．make an agreement to do sth=_________to do (agree)89．make contributions to = ______________to (contribute)90．all the year round = __________the year (throughout)91．stand for = _____________ (represent)92．make an apology to sb = ___________to sb (apologize )93．be willing to do sth = do sth ___________________ (willingly)94．cause damage to = ________________ (damage)95．give permission to = ______________ (permit)96．give birth to = __________________ (bear)97．ten years = _____________ (decade)98．have an effect / influence / impact on /upon= ________/__________/__________ (affect / influence / impact) 99．come to one’s aid / help / assistance= _______/__________/________ (aid / help / assist)100．that is (to say) / in other words = __________ (namely)101. 必要，必需: must /necessity102. take advantage of = make use of103. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference 104. despite = in spite of105. explain sth. = make an explanation106. .offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.107. compensate for = make up for108.in part = partly109.every year = yearly = annually e up = run out of (主动)111..run out = give out = be used up (被动)112.be accused of = be charged with114 .most of the people = the majority of the people115..cater to /for one’s needs / demands /requirements = satisfy / meet one’s …. 116.starve todeath = die of hunger/ starvation117.be tired out = be worn out = be exhausted118.sth. benefits sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefits from sth . mit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.120. share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up121. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for122. 100 years = 1 century = 10 decades123. be better than = be superior to124.. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.125 .have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to = have a(n) chance opportunity to do。
怎样概括文章大意
指导之一
怎样概括文章大意
万江中学 彭家胜 东莞市教研室 刘守君
解题方法
1. 通读短文，了解大意。 2. 2. 找出短文的关键词，尤其是每段都论及的名词 3. 3.划出短文及各个段落的主题句。 4. 4. 写出1－3句话，概括全文。
解题技巧
1. 利用文章所给的语言材料, 分析归纳句组 2. 间的逻辑关系, 并用自己的话来写作。
二.同义词替代法
理解文章大意, 找出主题句, 保留其名词, 用动词的同义词 或词组替代原来的谓语.
二.同义词替代法
start begin be good for /help
be beneficial to be worried
be concerned
Summary:
Morning classes begin an hour later in some schools in Sichuan, which is beneficial to both students’ health and study. But some parents are concerned that more sleep will mean less learning.
Summary:
Children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers. Children would become dependent on the teacher if they were made to correct their mistakes with help of teachers.
东莞市教研室 刘守君
Summary:
任务性阅读解题指导
Diagram completing
➢ Tree-shaped ➢ nternet
语篇结构
先 The Internet offers information to us
The Internet enables us to (1)_____ in a new way.
清楚大意， 明白框架
2.Find information for the title in Para 1 首段找标题信息
3.Follow key words to look for detailed information
找准关键词，顺藤摸瓜找信息
4. Catch the contrast information in the chart
Wecan(2)__ __Informati on throughout the World, because the Internet can Connect millions of computers.
The Internet is often called the “information superhighway”, because vast of information travel over it.
“任务型阅读”，有什么样的解题方法？
文章
抓住文章的框 架及每段大意
略读
表格
分析表格结构和内容 准确定位填空的要求 (以时间 地点 因果对比
性设题)
扫读
深入理解文章内容
细读
捕捉信息题 组织信息题
综合概括题
查读 转换信息正确表述 归纳概括
建议：学会查读
1.带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记 2.根据最醒目的字眼（time age number place…） 3.依据信息词,如： （1）5W：
2022版高考语文一轮复习 复习任务群二 任务组三 任务二 概括内容要点——删繁就简提炼要点
特定指向信息概括“三步骤” 第一步:审题干,明指向 这一步的关键是明确概括对象是什么以及指向对象的哪一方面信息(原因、 结果、作用、意义、影响、方式、特点、情感等)。 第二步:理思路,定区间 不论是概括哪类指向信息,要确保不遗漏要点,都必须理清全文思路,这样 才能明确所要概括的信息在哪里。
Hale Waihona Puke 第三步:巧提炼,组答案 在确定信息存在的区间后,要逐段(层)提炼,分类整合。分类整合的原则有 两个:一是看赋分,一般而言,若赋分为6分,应有3个要点;二是合并同类,求同存 异,就是说提炼出来的信息要点难免有同类信息,这时候要将同类信息合并为一 个要点,避免答案要点交叉重复。
虹关徽墨,不小心遗失在古村落、古驿道边,等待人们去擦亮这张泛着黑色 光泽的名片——“徽墨名村”。在一栋民居内,我兴奋地发现,有人在挖掘、研 发传统徽墨工艺,遗憾不见墨工,不知那一双手是怎样捣鼓着黑色的诗篇。不大 的台面上摆放了刀、小锤、木槽、墨模等工具,还有一些看不懂的物品,想必都 是与徽墨有关的器皿、墨料。壁板上挂有制墨工序图《一块墨的前世今生》: 点烟、和料、烘蒸、杵捣、揉搓、入模、晾墨、描金。从采取数种原料到试磨 鉴定墨质,一锭墨才得以面世,具体制作起来,其工序之繁复岂是图解所能说得 清楚的,想想真不容易。一锭墨,千杵万揉,浓缩的精华,浓缩的是民族文化的瑰 宝。
送猪用的独轮车已经备好,奶奶特意在上头垫了一只麻袋,这是她能够为她 的猪做的最后一件事情了。独轮车转动起来,一路上的坎坷,全都通过那只上了 辐条的木轮来到猪身上,在它腹部和臀部的肥膘上颤动、晃荡。猪跟着颠簸一 路哼哼唧唧,起伏大叫得也响,叫得响肥膘也荡得汹涌一些。那不是一般的肥膘, 那是春荒时的粮食,一家人的命根。路的一端传来奶奶的呼唤:
养一头猪是一个家庭屋顶下的大事件。一个“家”字早就说出了一头猪在 家庭中的地位。一家人就像对待命根子一样对待它,喂它养它,为它搔痒,为它 梳理毛发,清除上头的虱子。当年,我的爷爷奶奶就这样在家里养猪。