澳大利亚加拿大新西兰爱尔兰

多为丘陵，也有草场平原。全境多山，最高峰为库克山。
InNorth Islandthe central plateau is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains. Ruapehu and Ngaurohoe are active volcanoes. The third mountain, Tongariro is dormant. The steam from this area has been producing electricity at geothermal power station at Waitakei. Lake Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand.
1840年，英国人威廉。霍布森，作为第一位官方总督来到新西兰，并代表维多利亚女王与毛利酋长签订了《怀坦吉条约》。协议签订的周年纪念日2月6日，成为新西兰国庆节，也叫怀坦吉节。协议有三条：
第一，立法权属于英国女王。
第二，毛利人拥有对土地，资源的所有权。如果毛利人要卖土地，只有英女王有权买。
第三，毛利人拥有所有英国国民的权利和特权。
两个主要岛屿：北岛和南岛，狭长形，国家距海近。斯图尔特岛位居第三。
New Zealandis a land uplifted high, and much of it is hilly.South Islandhas large plains.NorthIslandhas rich grassland plains. There are mountains all overNew Zealand. The highest peak is Mt Cook.
澳大利亚首都直辖区：1901年从新南威尔士划出。国家首都堪培拉（花园城市）。
3. New Zealand新西兰
New Zealand's geography新西兰的地理状况
The capital ofNew ZealandisWellington. It is in theSouthern Pacific Ocean. It is the first country to get the new day. It has only one time zone.
Composition of Australia's population澳大利亚的人口构成
人口1800万。绝大多数是移民及其后代，主要是英国人的后裔。
另有25万土著人和托雷斯海峡岛居民占1.5%。
多元文化主义。随着英国影响的减弱，美国和日本的影响不断增加。
Australia's built environment澳大利亚的人造环境
Many of New Zealand’s native flowering plants are unique. Some of the world’s oldestplant forms can be found here.
独一无二的有花植物，原始森林中的古老植物。
New Zealandnative trees are evergreens, so the country remains green all year round. The red phutukawa is called New Zealand Christmas tree because is flowers in December.
欧洲人的历史始于17世纪。荷兰人艾贝尔塔斯曼，是第一个考察者。第一个英国考察者，是皇家海军“奋进”号的詹姆斯库克船长，画出第一份完整的新西兰地图。
Businessmen, hunters and missionaries all came to settle here, and the Maori traded with them and learned a new kind of farming, based on pigs and potatoes.
断层线贯穿新西兰，地震和火山是最严重的潜在灾害。
Characteristics of New Zealand's climate新西兰的气候特点
The climate ofNew Zealandis generally temperate, but because the country runs north-south, the climate is varied. Seasonal variations are less extreme. Rain falls all year, but it rains more in the winter.New Zealandhas changeable weather and it is often windy.
Characteristics of Maori culture（Maoritanga）毛利人的文化特征
Maoritanga is Maoriculture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maoritanga is agrowing and changing part of life inNew Zealand. Maori views of the world , of nature, of education, of spirituality and of death, are becoming more and more part of theNew Zealandway of life. Maoris believe their ancestors, and all living things in the world were descended from the gods. The god Tane succeeded in separating the father, Ranginui the sky and the mother, Ppa-tua-nuku the earth. Tane was the creator of the bush, the trees, and all the creatures living there. Tane formed Hine-ahu-one the woman. Their daughter, Hine-Titama, also bore Tane’s children. From them all people are descended.Mauicame later.Mauiwas a rogue, but with his magic power he brought great benefits to his people. He showed the sun to make the days longer; he discovered the secret of fire. He fished Aotearoa (New Zealand) out of the sea, which was discovered by the great explorer Kupe fromPolynesia. After him Polynesians sailed here and established a tribal society. The key elements were kinship (family connections) and links with the land.
人造环境指被人营造或改变的部分环境。相对于天然环境。
城市面积很大，80%的人口集中在沿海城市。城区的延伸是因为，澳大利亚人喜欢在自己的土地上建自己的住宅。很多城市有林荫街道和漂亮的公园。
五大城市是：东海岸的悉尼（大型海港），墨尔本（文体中心），布里斯班，阿德莱德（艺术节）；和西海岸的佩斯（气候宜人的美丽城市）。
The only native land mammals are two species of bats. All other animals have been introduced, mostly formEngland. The best known reptile is the lizard-like tuatara, described as a“living fossil”.
唯一的本国陆地哺乳动物是两种蝙蝠，其它均为引进，主要来自英国。最著名的爬行动物是蜥蜴状的喙头蜥，被认为是“活化石”。
Historical background of New Zealand新西兰的历史背景
There are tow histories ofNew Zealand: the Maori history and the European history. TheEuropean history begins in the 17thcentury. The first European to visit New Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman. The first Englishman to New Zealand was Captain James Cook of British Royal Navy. He produced the first complete map of the country.
首都惠灵顿。位于南太平洋，第一个迎接新一天的国家，只有一个时区。
New Zealandhas two main islands:NorthIslandandSouth Island. They are long and narrow. A third small island is Stewart Island.
南岛最大的克卢萨河，北岛最大的怀卡托河和黄加雷河。
A fault line, where two parts of the earth’s crust meet, runs the length of the country. Earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters.