华中科技大学药用分析化学2012年考博真题试卷

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华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题

华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题华中科技大学2001年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10）1、Mallory小体2、凋亡小体3、纤维素样坏死4、囊腺癌5、假结核结节6、肿瘤的异质性7、白色血栓8、区域性心肌梗死9、噬神经细胞现象10、白细胞附壁二、问答题1、试比较肥大和增生的形态学异同点（15分）2、何谓化脓性炎？可分为哪几型？各有何主要病变特点？（20分）3、发现一侧颈部肿块，有哪些可能的疾病？试述其主要病理诊断依据（25分）华中科技大学2002年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（3*10）1、凋落小体2、Biopsy3、稳定细胞4、Atypia5、逆行性栓塞6、调理素7、原癌基因8、假幽门腺化生9、Piecemeal necrosis10、噬神经细胞现象二、问答题1、举例说明梗死的类型及各型病变特点（10分）2、晚期胃癌患者，背部皮下肿块经病检证实为胃腺癌转移病灶，试分析其最可能的转移途径（10分）3、何谓化脓性炎？试比较试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别（14分）4、试述门脉性肝硬变的病理变化及其引起门脉高压的原因（16分）5、试述风湿性心脏病（风湿性全心炎）的主要病理变化及后果（20分）华中科技大学2003年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10，英文翻译为汉语并加以解释）1、R-S细胞2、inflammatory mediator3、创伤性神经瘤4、heart failure cells5、羊水栓塞6、干线型肝硬变7、肿瘤的异质化8、冠状动脉性猝死9、假膜性炎10、新月体肾炎二、问答题（一）何谓肿瘤的转移？常见的转移途径有那几种？并举例说明之（20分）（二）简要比较下列各组病变的区别（8*3）1胃良性溃疡（溃疡病）与胃恶性溃疡（溃疡型胃癌）2 良性高血压与恶性高血压的细、小动脉病变3 侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒毛膜癌（三）试比较原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病的区别（16分）华中科技大学2004年病理学（博士）一、简答题1. 简述凋亡的基本过程2 .水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 .低钾血症对机体的影响4 .心肌肥大的基本特点5 .简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 .何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 .一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 .何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。

华科考博病理真题1990-2015

华中科技大学同济医学院考博病理学试题（1990-2015年）华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（1）1 凋落2 血栓再通3 化生4 浓性卡他5 非典型增生问答：1 修复过程中组织再生受哪些因素影响？2 试述肺动脉栓塞的原因及后果。

3 何谓吞噬作用？扼要说明吞噬过程。

4 试述肿瘤增生与非肿瘤增生的区别。

华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（2）一名词解释1淤血2渗出3肿瘤4葡萄胎5炎性息肉 6坏死7栓塞 8肿瘤的异型性 9单核吞噬细胞系统 10 动脉粥样硬化二简述细胞与组织常见损伤原因三试述良性高血压时心和肾的病理变化四试述脓肿的病因，病理变化和结局五原发肺结核与继发肺结核的病理变化有何不同？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（1）1 试述凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪样坏死和脂肪坏死的形态学特点及其相互区别。

2 试述畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤的异同点。

3 何谓肉芽肿性炎？常见病因。

各举两例说明其形态结构和结局。

4 纤维素性炎发生与哪些器官？哪些疾病（至少两种以上）？形态学有何特点？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（2）一名词解释1吞噬溶酶体 2蜂窝织炎 3液化性坏死 4血栓形成 5梗死6免疫缺陷病 7结核结节 8尘肺 9肿瘤的异型性 10慢性萎缩性肾炎二举例说明恶性肿瘤的扩散途径三试述血吸虫性肝硬变的病变特征和临床表现四试述细菌性肺炎的病变特征华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1992一名词解释1细胞水变性 2微血栓 3蜂窝织炎 4缩窄性心包炎 5结核病6原位癌 7浆液性炎症 8粥瘤 9固缩坏死（凋落） 10交界性肿瘤二何谓坏疽？坏疽分哪几种类型？各型病变有何特征？三简述急性炎症和结局四试述急性（普通型）病理型肝炎的病理变化及临床联系五简述弥漫性新月体肾炎的病理变化及临床病理联系华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1993一名词解释1瘢痕组织 2风湿小节 3肠上皮化生 4混合血栓 5化脓性炎症6肿瘤的转移 7脑软化 8硅（矽）结节 9肝细胞碎片状坏死 10脓毒血症二试述肿瘤的生长方式及其临床意义三试述支气管炎的病理变化及其主要临床症状与病变的关系四简述结核病基本病变的转化规律五试述血栓对机体的影响，并各举一例加以说明同济医科大学一九九三年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题基础课：病理学一．解释常用病理学名词（每小题4分，共40分）1、肿瘤的异型性2、毛玻璃样肝细胞3、干酪样坏死4、栓塞 5、心肌梗死 6、嗜神经细胞现象 7、脂肪变性 8、organization 9、tuberculoma 10、化生二．何谓癌前病变？列举各种类型癌前病变并简要说明之。

武汉大学2012年药学考研试题及详解

A: B:凯库勒, 德国化学家。首先提出碳四价概念他的
另一重大贡献是第一次提出了苯的环状结构理论。这一理论极大地促进了芳香族化学的发展和有机化学工业的进步。。 C:费歇尔，德国化学家。发现了苯肼，对糖类、嘌呤类有机化合物的研究取得了突出的成就，因而荣获1902年的诺贝尔化学奖。 D:布特列洛夫是俄国的化学家。他提出了化学结构理论。
Br
Me2NH
TM
4.以环戊烷和必要的有机及无机试剂为原料合成下列化合物
Br2/hv
Br
H2O OH-
OH
CrO3 H2SO4
O
Mg C6H6
OH OH
Al2O3 加热
TM
七、实验题
1.在如下贝诺酯的合成过程中：
OCOCH3 SOCl2 CO2H
OCOCH3
OCOCH3 COCl
+
COCl
ONa
2.在实验室中，邻硝基苯酚和对硝基苯酚是用苯酚硝化制备的，其生成的混合物通过水蒸气蒸馏，可将邻硝基苯酚从反应混合物中蒸出而与对硝基苯酚分离。为什么两种硝基苯酚只有邻硝基苯酚能被水蒸汽蒸出？

邻硝基苯酚可以形成分子内氢键，沸点降低，而对硝基苯酚可以形成分子间氢键，沸点升高，因此邻硝基苯酚可用水蒸汽蒸馏法进行分离。
2.二环己基碳二亚胺（DCC）在多肽合成中的作用 A.活化氨基 B.活化羧基 C.保护氨基 D.保护羧基解析：常温下，DCC首先与羧酸形成一种活泼酯中间体，然后该中间体与氨基酸的氨基反应生成肽键
3.亲核取代反应和亲电取代反应最主要的区别是 A.反应的立体化学不同 B.反应动力学不同 C.反应进攻的活性中心的电荷不同 D.反应热力学不同解析：亲核取代是指亲核试剂进攻正碳离子的反应，亲电取代指亲电试剂进攻负碳离子的反应

华中科技大学诊断学2012年考博真题试卷

华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释3‘×10
1、Murphy's sign 2、chief complaint 3、vital sign
4、coma 5、opening snap 6、shifting dullness
7、vital capacity 8、histic proteinuria 9、APTT 10、ANCA
二、问答题70’
1、男，29岁，确诊为先天性主动脉瓣重度关闭不全，近1年来出现双下肢水肿和进行性劳力性呼吸困难。可出现哪些阳性体征，从全身、心脏、肺部、腹部、四肢，视触叩听方面简述（10’）
2、女，56岁，突发胸憋闷胀痛，伴头晕、乏力1小时。体检：焦躁不安，面色苍白，大汗淋漓。问题：①问诊；②重点体检；③根据题目给出的心电图分析并给出诊断（急性心肌梗死）（10‘）
3、女，31岁，高热、尿痛2天，初步诊断：急性尿路感染。请补充问诊内容。（10‘）
4、男，57岁，乏力、腹胀4月，加重伴腹痛、发热5天。[体征及检查提示：脾肋下3cm、贫血、腹水结果、肝功能等等，记不全了]
病例分析：初步诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、进一步检查（15’）
5、男，22岁，车祸伤及左胸部、腹部，持续疼痛伴头晕、乏力4小时。[左下胸部皮肤瘀斑，腹穿抽出不凝血液]
病例分析：初步诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、进一步检查（15’）
6、肺源性呼吸困难的发生机制及临床表现（10‘）

中科院应化所考博真题2012高等物理化学及答案

中国科学院长春应用化学研究所2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题高等物理化学一、选择题(包括8小题，每小题2分，共16分)1.298.15 K，已知气相反应2CO(g)﹢O2(g) → 2CO2(g)的r m ΔG﹦-514.2 kJ/mol，则发生1 mol 反应进度的Δr Am: （C）A. r m Δ A﹦-514.2 kJ/molB. r m Δ A﹦0C. r m Δ A>-514.2 kJ/molD. r m Δ A﹤－514.2 kJ/mol2.1mol 苯(l)在正常沸点完全变为蒸气时，一组不变的热力学函数是：（C）A. 温度、压力、定压热容B. 热力学能、温度、吉布斯函数C. 温度、总（系统和环境）熵、吉布斯函数D. 热力学能、焓、熵3.在一定压力下，纯A 的沸点、饱和蒸气压和化学势分别为b T∗，A p∗，A μ ∗，加入少量不挥发的溶质形成溶液后分别变成b T ，A p ，A μ ，因此有：（D）A. b T > b T∗，A p >A p∗，A μ > A μ∗B. b T < b T∗，A p <A p∗，A μ < A μ∗C. b T < b T∗，A p >A p ∗，A μ < A μ∗D. b T > b T∗，A p <A p ∗，A μ < A μ∗4.298 K，浓度均为0.01 mol·kg−1的下列电解质溶液，其γ±最大者是：（A）A.KC lB.CaC l2C l3D.ZnSO45.对于亲水性固体表面，其界面张力间的关系是：（B）A. s g σ < l s σB. s g σ > l s σC. s g σ﹦l s σD. g s σ< l g σ6.298 K 时有相同物质的量浓度的NaOH(l)和NaCl(2)溶液，两溶液中Na+的迁移数1 t 与2 t 之间的关系为：（C）A. 1 t ﹦2 tB. 1 t > 2 tC. 1 t < 2 tD.无法比较7.下面属于水包油型乳状液（O/W 型）基本性质之一的是：（A）A.有导电性B.易于分散在油中C.无导电性8.下列物质在水溶液中能发生正吸附的是：（D）A.烧碱B.蔗糖C.食盐D.肥皂二、填空题(包括10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1．下列四个过程：（a）物质的量为n的理想气体由始态（p1,V1,T）变化到末态（p2,V2,T）（b）实际气体的节流膨胀（c）物质的量分别为n B，n C的纯液体B，C在恒温恒压下形成理想状态混合物的混合过程（d）绝热，恒压，不做非体积功的化学反应过程。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

2012华中科技大学考博英语真题

华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating "stuff." Once they've gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same observation about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to store it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data they've acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer external storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. But some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to anoff-site storage system maintained by a third party. Instead of storing information to your computer's hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages over traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, you'll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You wouldn't need to carry around a physical storage device or use the same computer to save and retrieve your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a collaborative effort.So cloud storage is convenient and offers more flexibility, but how does it work? Find out in the next section.There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific focus, such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are available to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage systems are small operations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill up an entire warehouse. The facilities that house cloud storage systems are called data centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server connected to the Internet. A client (e.g., a computer user subscribing to a cloud storage service) sends copies of files over theInternet to the data server, which then records the information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses the data server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the files back to the client or allows the client to access and manipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally rely on hundreds of data servers. Because computers occasionally r equire maintenance or repair, it's important to store the same information on multiple machines. This is called redundancy. Without redundancy, a cloud storage system couldn't ensure clients that they could access their information at any given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use different power supplies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.Not all cloud storage clients are worried about running out of storage space. They use cloud storage as a way to create backups of data. If something happens to the client's computer system, the data survives off-site. It's a digital-age variation of "don't put all your eggs in one basket."Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their currentsuccess.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should [A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.[B] concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.[C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt change the brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how even the thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made about irresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waiting for a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter infront of her had been heaped with food. The dish was described on the menu as "smoked chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla," and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She held the egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to her mouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And she would probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percent to about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat."The tortilla is really going to absorb a lot of fat," he said. "It looks like an egg roll is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside."The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. "Cooked white meat chicken, binder added, smoke flavor. People like smoky flavor — it's the caveman in them." "There's green stuff in there," he said, noting the spinach. "That makes me feel like I'm eating something healthy." "Shredded Monterey Jack cheese.... The increase in per-capita consumption of cheese is off the chart."The hot peppers, he said, "add a little spice, but not too much to kill everything else off." He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar."This is highly processed?" I asked."Absolutely, yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rulesout all that stuff you have to chew."By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. "When you're eating these things, you've had 500, 600, 800, 900 calories before you know it," said the consultant. "Literally before you know it." Refined food simply melts in the mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants.(B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience.(D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much(C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today.(D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word "vigor" most nearly means(A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftinessPassage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it issubjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convectioncurrents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin，such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea， and perhaps the North Sea.1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the oceanbasins， which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates？（A） Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors（B） Spreading of ocean trenches（C） Movement of mid-ocean ridges（D） Sinking of ocean basins（E） Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2. It can be inferred from the passage that， of the following， the deepest sediments would be found in the（A） Indian Ocean（B） Black Sea（C） Mid-Atlantic（D） South Atlantic（E） Pacific3. The author refers to a “conveyer belt ”in line 13 in order to （A） illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle（B） show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents（C） demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge（D） describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling （E） account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges4.According to the passage， which of the following are separated bya plate that is growing on both sides？（A） The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan（B） The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge（C） The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge（D） The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（E） The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage？（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World（B） Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation（C） The Traditional View of the Oceans（D） Convection and Ocean Currents（E） Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged toengage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation wastechnically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from(A) an economic history of Japan(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?(A) Warmly approving (B) Mildly sympathetic(C) Bitterly disappointed(D) Harshly disdainful (E) Profoundly shocked4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese(C) remained within families(D) existed only in castle-towns(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time5. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.(B) Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.汉译英北京，7月11日-中国警方命令一个报道中国社会和经济发展超过10年的知名西方时事通刊物志停刊，该刊物的英国编辑如是说。

华中科大2231现代分析化学专业考博大纲及试题样题

华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《现代分析化学》考试大纲一、考试性质：鉴于分析化学在生物医学工程和生物信息技术专业中的重要性，所以把现代分析化学列入生物医学工程和生物信息技术博士研究生考试科目中。

通过考试，保证所录取的考生具有较好的分析化学基础，满足新世纪生物医学工程和生物信息技术对本专业研究生的要求。

二、考试形式1、考试方式：闭卷、笔试2、考试时间：180分钟3、题型及比例：填空题30%左右选择题20%左右问答题40%左右计算题10%左右三、考查要点：1、定量分析概论：分析方法分类、定量分析过程、定时分析结果的表示、分析化学中的误差、有效数字和运算规则、滴定分析概论：基准物质、标准溶液、滴定分析计算2、酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定：浓度、活度和活度系数、酸碱平衡常数、分布系数及其计算、质子条件和pH计算、酸碱缓冲溶液、酸碱指示剂、酸碱滴定基本原理、滴定曲线、终点误差、酸碱滴定应用3、络合滴定法分析化学中常用的络合物、络合物的平衡常数、副反应系数和条件稳定常数、金属例子指示剂、络合滴定基本原理、络合滴定中的酸度控制、提高络合滴定选择性的途径、络合滴定方式和应用4、氧化还原滴定法氧化还原平衡、氧化还原滴定原理、氧化还原滴定的预处理、氧化还原滴定应用5、重量分析和沉淀滴定法重量分析概述、沉淀的溶解度及其影响因素、沉淀类型和沉淀形成过程、影响沉淀纯度的主要因素、沉淀条件的选择、有机沉淀剂、重量分析中的换算因素、沉淀滴定法、滴定分析小结6、吸光光度法概述、光度分析法的设计、光度分析法的误差、光度分析法的应用7、分析化学中的数据处理标准偏差、随机误差的正态分布、少量数据的统计处理、误差传递、回归分析法、提高分析结果准确度的方法8、分析化学中的分离和富集方法概述、液液萃取分离法、离子交换分离法、液相色谱分离法、气浮分离法、新型分离富集方法简介。

华科考博分子生物学历年真题汇总

华中科技大学同济医学院考博分子生物学（专业基础）简答题历年试题汇总1.顺式作用元件有哪些，并加以解释。

2015，2012考2.人类基因组计划的4张图，各自的意义是什么？3.癌基因激活的主要途径？问答：1.什么是基因治疗，基因治疗的主要策略是什么？基因治疗的技术及主要内容，2015，2014，2013考问答2.蛋白质组学的主要技术有哪些并解释？2015，2012考2014简问答题1.PCR原理，步骤，写出6种PCR衍生技术 2013，2014，2009考2.何谓基因克隆？简述其基本过程。

09年3.重组DNA技术，问答题20分，14年考4.举例说明基因表达的调控机制。

题目太大，原核调控，真核调控？13年问答5.人类基因定位的常用方法及原理。

12年，09年考简问6.简述反式作用因子的结构特点及作用方式 09年简问7.简述逆转录病毒的结构特点 09年考问答：真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么？根据他们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型？它们和DNA相互识别的原理是什么？2013年考问答：试述大肠杆菌中表达蛋白质产物的步骤。

2013年考试比较克隆载体、原核载体和真核载体的特点 2012年考2016年真题英译中名词解释（20分）反义RNA；操纵子；限制性核酸内切酶；选择性剪切；抑癌基因；基因诊断；RNA 干扰；质粒；gene maping；管家基因简答题。

真核基因组的结构和功能特点20分人类基因组的结构特征15分原癌基因的特点15分蛋白质组研究常用技术有那些，简介其作用。

15分当前基因治疗技术面临的技术问题有哪些？15分以下为2001-2004年试题及网上答案基因工程是在分子水平上对基因进行操作的复杂技术，是将外源基因通过体外重组后导入受体细胞内，使这个基因能在受体细胞内复制、转录、翻译表达的操作，又叫分子克隆，DNA 重组技术。

1. 在GENBANK中检索IL-2的mRNA序列；在genecard里检索IL-2高表达的组织；同时检索一下有关文献；2. 如果考虑使用原核表达系统（通常是大肠杆菌表达系统），将IL-2的成熟肽的基因序列找出（呵呵，我没有检索，不清楚是否有信号肽）进行分析；3. 根据表达载体，设计含有合适酶切位点的、对应成熟肽编码区的引物；4. 提取IL-2高表达的组织的mRNA，RT-PCR，T载体克隆或直接酶切克隆至表达载体中、测序。

华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1

同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。

2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。

3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。

4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。

5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。

2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。

请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。

简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。

并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。

注：名解是用英文出的。

3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。

2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(B卷)

2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）
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学科、专业名称：中药学硕士（专业学位）
研究方向：
考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

本试卷共300分，由有机化学和生物化学两个部分组成。

其中有机化学部分150分，生物化学部分150分。

第一部分：有机化学（150分）
一、写出结构式或根据结构式命名（15小题，每题2分，共30分）
1. 3-甲氧基苯磺酸
2. 二环[3, 2, 2]壬烷
3. (E)-2-甲基丁烯醛
4. R-2-碘丁酸
5. 反-1-氯- 4-叔丁基环己烷（优势构象）
6. 邻-苯二甲酸二乙酯
7.CH
2
CH2NHCH(CH3)28.H2NCH2CH2COOH
9.C3H7OH
CH3
CH(CH3)210.
N NH2
Br
11.
O
HO
HO
OH
OH
OC2H5
12.
OH
CH2CH=CH2
13.
CH2Cl
CHCONH2 H3C 14.
N
H
CH2CH2CH2OH
15.
O O
Et
二、选择题（含多选题）（20小题，每小题2分，共40分）
1. 沸点最高的化合物是( )
A. 正庚烷
B. 正癸烷
C. 正己烷
D. 2-甲基戊烷
2. 所有碳原子处于同一平面的分子是( )。

华中科技大学药物分析2012年考博真题试卷

华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：同济医学院药学院药物分析注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上来自写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页共1页
一、名词解释标准品、药物的鉴别试验、专属性、耐用性，二、简答题 1、生物样品定量分析方法的验证内容 2、红外光谱和紫外光谱用于定性鉴别的特点 3、什么叫内标？内标法的优势和内标的选择原则 4、药品质量标准规定的药品分析方法的验证内容 5、药品质量标准的制定原则，原料药和制剂的含量测定的方法选择依据。三、论述题 1）比较液质联用和气质联用（从结构、定性鉴别、优缺点等方面分析） 2）有一极性很大、热稳定性差但可离子化的物质，你会选择哪种联用，选择依据。
第1页共1页

2012华中科技大学药学综合回忆

药学综合回忆版从后往前
治疗糖尿病的药物分类及其药理作用，ACEI的降压作用机制及其特点
高效液相色谱ODS柱分离苯，甲苯，芴，（1）用甲醇70%和水30%做流动相，出柱顺序是什么，为什么？（2）用乙腈70%水30%做流动相，保留时间怎么变化？（3）保留时间12.2min 和12.8min的两组分，塔板数3600，是否可以得到完全分离？（4）是否可以用气相色谱分离？出峰规律是什么？
有机合成用两个碳以下的化合物合成（CH3CH2）2CHCOOH
从环己基甲醇合成2-环己基丙酸。

糖皮质激素类药物的不良反应。

为什么阿司匹林可以预防和治疗缺血性心脏病？
从原理和应用方面比较紫外可见光谱，红外吸收光谱，核磁共振光谱，质谱。

分析大题总是出一些这样的方法比较，要综合把握各种分析方法的异同。

如何控制试剂和溶液的吸光度在0.05-0.1？
有机写出迈克尔加成的机理，C5H10O2的羧酸同分异构体，比较它们与乙醇在酸性条件下成酯反应的速率，为什么？
选择题不算难，很多原来的原题，比较基础，要注意历年真题。

记住了几个。

下列不可以用克莱森缩合制的的是什么比较酰胺和苯胺等的碱性。

比较酸碱性的题每年都有，还有芳香性，要注意含氮有机物的部分。

分析化学滴定概论那部分肯定是选对错的题。

今年考了个分析纯物质的标签什么颜色-_-|||这让人情何以堪！
药理部分要选几个冷门的药物记一下，也就是考主要作用是什么，今年有一个叫石杉碱甲的药物。

没见过……还有吗啡那节，部分激动剂这个选择题考了好几次。

量效曲线平行右移的也考了几次了。

就记住这些了。

华中科技大学神经病学2012年考博真题试卷

6、帕金森病非运动症状的临床表现及治疗
7、CADASIL的诊断及鉴别诊断
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中பைடு நூலகம்技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Lambert-eaton syndrome
2. clinically isolated syndrome
3. west syndrome
4. pseudobullar palsy
5. Gerstmann syndrome
二、问答题
1.糖尿病神经系统并发症
2.重症肌无力免疫调节治疗的研究进展
3.癫痫联合治疗的选药原则及常见配伍方案
4.“小卒中”的定义、临床特征及治疗
5、如何正确认识缺血性脑血管病的溶栓治疗

华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.

华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。

华中科技大学肿瘤学2012年考博真题试卷

1.目前应用于临床的EGFR药物，作用机制及使用原则
2.大肠癌的分期及治疗原则
3.以Ⅲ期NSCLC为例说明MDT的作用及肿瘤综合治疗的临床意义
4.试述肿瘤精确放疗的常用靶区及其临床意义
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：(4*5=20分)
1.IGART
2.α/β
3.亚临床病灶
4.类癌综合征
5.建成效应
二、问答题：（20*4=80分）

2华中科技大学同济医学院考博免疫学历年真题 (1)

第一章：同济医科大学免疫学1992年考博真题一、翻译并解释下列名词1. Immunotoxin2. T inducer3. T cell receptor4. Accessory cell5. Fcεreceptor6. Cytokine:二、问答题1. 免疫系统中，哪些细胞能特异或非特意性地杀伤靶细胞，试分别简述杀伤作用的不同特点。

2. 根据T、B细胞表面标志的不同，可以应用哪些免疫学技术鉴别这两类细胞，简述有关的实验原理？3. 在IV型超敏反应中，致敏T细胞释放哪些淋巴因子参与免疫损伤，详述其作用机理。

) ];4. 试述HLA复合体的遗传特点及这些特点的生物学意义？5. 何谓单克隆抗体？详述其在基础与临床医学中的应用。

第二章：同济医科大学免疫学1993年考博真题一、翻译并解释下列名词1、Complement receptor type Ⅰ2、Serologically defined antigen3、Transfer factor4、Immunotoxin5、Perforin.6、Arthus reaction7、Network theoty8、Lymphocyte transformation test9、Hybridoma technic10、Mitogen11、Dentritic cell12、Immunoproliferation二、回答下列问题1、吞噬细胞对细菌的吞噬过程包括哪几个主要阶段，试详述之。

2、试述IL-2的细胞来源功能及临床应用。

3、药物或化学试剂引起的药疹属于什么型超敏反应，试述其机理。

4、体内的免疫分子包括哪几类？试简述各类免疫分子的主要功能。

5、何谓免疫标记技术？主要有哪几类免疫标记技术？试分别简述它们的主要原理。

-第三章：同济医科大学免疫学1994年考博真题一、名词解释1、迟发型变态反应T细胞2、C1抑制物3、集落刺激因子4、抗原提呈作用5、HIA与疾病的关联6、双功能抗体7、免疫耐受二、问答题1、T淋巴细胞具有哪些表面标志？试述各表面标志的生物学作用及/或意义。