自动检测技术运用及发展外文文献翻译上课讲义

自动检测技术的运用与发展自动检测系统广泛应用于各类产品的设计、生产、使用、维护等各个阶段，对提高产品性能及生产率、降低生产成本及整个生产周期成本起着重要作用。

本文首先介绍自动检测系统的概念，其次通过自动检测系统的各个组成部分，详述系统的工作原理，介绍了自动检测系统组建的概念、结构以及在组建中所使用的关键技术。

以此为铺垫，进而深入探讨自动检测技术在各领域间的应用与推广1.自动检测系统的概念与组成自动检测技术是一种尽量减少所需人工的检测技术，是一种依赖仪器仪表，涉及物理学、电子学等多种学科的综合性技术。

与传统检测技术相比，这一技术可以减少人们对检测结果有意或无意的干扰，减轻人员的工作压力，从而保证了被检测对象的可靠性，因此自动检测技术已经成为社会发展不可或缺的重要部分。

自动检测技术主要有两项职责，一方面，通过自动检测技术可以直接得出被检测对象的数值及其变化趋势等内容；另一方面，将自动检测技术直接测得的被检测对象的信息纳入考虑范围，从而制定相关决策。

检测和检验是制造过程中最基本的活动之一。

通过检测和检验活动提供产品及其制造过程的质量信息，按照这些信息对产品的制造过程进行修正，使废次品与反修品率降至最低，保证产品质量形成过程的稳定性及产出产品的一致性。

传统的检测和检验主要依赖人，并且主要靠手工的方式来完成。

传统的检验和检测是在加工制造过程之后进行，一旦检出废次品，其损失已发生。

基于人工检测的信息，经常包含人的误差影响，按这样的信息控制制造过程，不仅要在过程后才可以实施，而且也会引入误差。

自动检测是以多种先进的传感技术为基础的，且易于同计算机系统结合，在合适的软件支持下，自动地完成数据采集、处理、特征提取和识别，以及多种分析与计算。

而达到对系统性能的测试和故障诊断的目的。

1.1检测与检验的概念检测是指为确定产品、零件、组件、部件或原材料是否满足设计规定的质量标准和技术要求目标值而进行的测试、测量等质量检测活动，检测有3个目标：1.实际测定产品的规定质量我及其指标的量值。

2.根据测得值的偏离状况，判定产品的质量水平，确定废次品。

3.认定测量方法的正确性和对测量活动简化是否会影响对规定特征的控制。

检验，又称试验，他是对产品功能和性能进行评定的一种质量控制方法。

检验指的是在实际工作环境或设计规定的工作条件下，对产品的功能、性能和寿命进行测定、试验和评价的质量控制活动。

检验分为破坏性试验和无损检测试验两大类。

产品的检验评价是设计改进和修改、制造过程改善的依据，特别是要求安全认证的产品。

1.2自动检测系统的概念自动检测是指在计算机控制的基础上，对系统、设备进行性能检测和故障诊断。

他是性能检测、连续监测、故障检测和故障定位的总称。

现代自动检测技术是计算机技术、微电子技术、测量技术、传感技术等学科共同发展的产物。

凡是需要进行性能测试和故障诊断的系统、设备，均可以采用自动检测技术。

自动检测系统是指能自动完成测量、数据处理、显示（输出）测试结果的一类系统的总称。

他是在标准的测控系统总线和仪器总线的基础上组合而成，采用计算机、微处理器作控制器通过测试软件完成对性能数据的采集、变换、处理、显示等操作程序，具有高速度、多功能、多参数等特点。

2. 自动检测系统的原理2.1自动检测系统的组成当前自动检测系统的基本组成如图所示，包括控制器、激励信号源、测量仪器、开关系统、适配器、人机接口、检测程序。

2.2自动检测系统的工作原理控制器，自动检测系统的核心，由计算机组成。

它是在检测程序的作用下，对检测周期内的每一步骤进行控制，完成管理检测周期、控制数据流向、接收检测结果、进行数据处理、检查读数是否在误差范围内、进行故障诊断、将检测结果送到显示器等功能。

激励信号源，主要应用于主动式检测系统，它向被测单元提供检测所需的激励信号。

测量仪器，检测被测单元的输出信号。

开关系统，控制被测单元和自动检测系统中有关部件间的信号通道。

即控制激励信号输入被测单元，和被测单元的被测信号输往测量装置的信号通道。

适配器，实现被测单元与自动检测系统之间的信号连接。

人机接口，实现操作员和控制器的双向通信。

操作员用键盘或开关向控制器输入信息控制器将检测结果及操作提示等有关信息送到显示器显示。

当需要打印检测结果时，人机接口内应配备打印机。

机接口、检测程序。

检测程序，自动检测系统是在检测程序的控制下进行性能检测和故障诊断的。

检测程序完成人机交互、仪器管理和驱动、检测流程控制、检测结果的分析处理和输出显示、故障诊断等，他是自动检测系统的重要组成部分。

2.3自动检测系统的组建计算机技术的发展为自动检测系统的组建提供了多种可能，典型的自动检测系统包括三部分：自动检测设备（Automatic Test Equipment,ATE）、测试程序集（Test Program Set,TPS）和TPS软件开发工具. 自动检测系统组建中的关键技术包括程控接口技术、虚拟仪器技术、专家系统、现场故障检测技术、开放或可互操作的ATS实现技术。

3.自动检测技术的应用检测技术与自动化装置的应用基础是扎实的理论以及科研和工程实践过程中不断积累的新技术，加上学科基础理论和光、机、电结合导致技术的迅速发展，更加促进了检测技术与自动化装置学科的发展。

4.自动检测技术的发展随着半导体和计算机技术的发展，新型或具有特殊功能的传感器出现出现，检测装置也向小型化、固体化及智能化发展，应用领域更加宽广。

首先，不断提高监测系统的测量精度、量程范围、延长使用寿命、提高可靠性。

科学技术的发展要求测量系统有更高的精度。

近年来，人们研制出许多高精度的检测仪器以满足各种需求。

例如，用直线光栅测量直线位移时，测量范围可达二三米，而分辨率可达到微米级；人们已经研制出测量低至几个帕的微压力和高达几千兆帕高压的；力传感器；开发了能够测出极微弱磁场的磁敏传感器等。

从20世纪60年代开始，人们对传感器的可靠性和故障率的数学模型进行了大量的研究，使得监测系统的可靠性和使用寿命大幅度提高。

其次，应用新技术和新的物理效应，扩大检测领域。

检测原理大多以各种物理效应为基础，近代物理学的进展如纳米技术、激光、红外、超声波、微波、光纤、放射性同位素等新成就为检测技术的发展提供了更多的依据。

如图像识别、激光测距、红外测温、C型超声波无损探伤。

放射性测厚。

中子探测爆炸物等非接触测量得到迅速发展。

20世纪70年代以前，检测技术主要用于工业部门，如今，检测领域正扩大到整个社会需要的各个方面，不仅包括工程、海洋开发、航空航天等尖端科技和新兴工业领域，而且已涉及生物、医疗、环境污染监测、危险品和毒品的侦查、安全检测等方面，并且已经开始渗入到人们的日常生活设施之中。

再次，发展集成化、功能化的传感器。

随着半导体集成电路技术的发展，硅和砷化镓电子元件的高度集成化大量向传感器领域渗透。

人们将传感技术与信号处理电路制作在同一块硅片上，从而研制体积更小、性能更好、功能更强的传感器。

例如，高精度的PN结测温集成电路；又如，将排成阵列的上千万个光敏元件及扫描放大电路制作在一块芯片上，制成彩色CCD数码照相机、摄像机以及可摄像的手机等。

今后还将在光、磁、温度、压力等领域开发出新型的集成度很高的传感器。

第四，采用计算机技术，使检测技术智能化。

自20世纪70年代微处理器问世以来，人们迅速将计算机技术应用到测量技术领域中来，使检测仪器智能化，从而扩展了功能，提高了精度和可靠性，目前研制的测量系统大多带有微处理器。

第五，发展网络化传感器及检测系统。

随着微电子技术的发展，现在已经可以将十分复杂的信号处理和控制电路集成到单块的芯片中去。

传感器的输出不再是模拟量，而是符合某种协议格式（如可即插即用）的数字信号。

从而可以通过企业内部网络，也可以通过网络实现多个系统之间的数据交换和共享，从而构成网络化的检测系统。

还可以远在千里之外，随时随地浏览现场工况，实现远程调试、远程故障诊断。

远程数据采集和实时操作。

5.总结随着信息技术和计算计技术的发展，大量的技术成果被应用到自动检测技术当中，促进了自动检测技术的快速发展。

目前，自动检测技术已经应用到社会生产的各个领域，因此其功能极为强大；自动检测技术所需人员很少，因此可靠性较高；自动检测技术测得的被检测对象的参数信息基本不会受到来自人的随机干扰，因此精确度较高；运用自动检测技术的测量过程主要是自动完成的，只要测量之间设置好时间、程序等指数，就可以很好地完成测量工作，因此实时性很强。

自动检测系统从被检测对象出发，经传感器等检测元件将被检测对象转化为信号，通过复杂的变换过程进行信号处理，最终将信号输出。

近年来计算计技术和物理科学的不断更新为自动检测技术的发展创造了可能。

自动检测技术能够采用更加先进的检测方法，应用范围也更加广泛。

自动检测技术在高新领域的广泛运用，形成了具有现代特点的智能检测技术。

随着自动检测技术在高新领域的不断增长，网络化、集成化、智能化将成为自动检测技术的发展方向。

Development of automatic detection technologyAutomatic testing system is widely used in the design, production, use and maintenance of all kinds of products, which plays an important role in improving product performance and productivity, reducing production cost and whole production cycle cost. This paper first introduces the concept of automatic detection system, secondly, through the various components of automatic detection system, detailed the working principle of the system, introduced the concept of automatic detection system, structure and the key technology used in the construction. Based on this, it further discusses the application and popularization of automatic detection technology in various fields.1.The concept and composition of automatic detection systemAutomatic detection is a kind of technology which can reduce the need of manual testing, and it is a kind of comprehensive technique which relies on instruments and meters, involving physics and electronics. Compared with the traditional detection technology, this technology can reduce the intentional or unintentional interference to the detection result, lighten the work pressure of the people, thus ensuring the reliability of the object, so the automatic detection technology has become an indispensable part of the social development. Automatic detection technology has two main responsibilities, on the one hand, through the automatic detection technology can directly get the value of the object and its change trend and so on, on the other hand, the detection of detected objects directly measured by the information to take into account the scope of the relevant decision making. Detection and testing is one of the most basic activities in the manufacturing process. Through the inspection and inspection activities to provide product and manufacturing process quality information, in accordance with this information on the product manufacturing process to amend, so that waste defects and reverse repair rate to the minimum, to ensure product quality formation process stability and output product consistency. Traditional testing and testing are primarily dependent on people and are done mainly by hand.The traditional inspection and testing is done after the manufacturing process, and once the waste defective is detected, the loss has occurred. Based on manual detection of information, often contain human error impact, according to such information to control the manufacturing process, not only after the process can be implemented, but also introduce errors. Automatic detection is based on a variety of advanced sensing technology, and is easy to combine with computer systems, with the appropriate software support, automatically complete data acquisition, processing, feature extraction and recognition, as well as a variety of analysis and calculation. and to achieve the system performance testing and fault diagnosis purposes.1.1The concept of testing and testingDetection is defined as the test, measurement and other quality inspection activities to determine whether products, parts, components, parts or raw materials meet the quality standards and technical requirements of the design, and detect 3 objectives:1.the actual determination of the quality of products I and the value of the measure.2.according to the deviation of the measured value, the quality level of theproduct is judged and the waste defective is determined.3.determines whether the measurement method is correct and the simplificationof the measurement activity will affect the control of the specified characteristics.Inspection, also known as the test, he is a product function and performance assessment of a quality control method. Inspection refers to the quality control activities for measuring, testing and evaluating the function, performance and life of the product under the working conditions of the actual working environment or the design. The tests are divided into two main categories: destructive test and nondestructive testing test. Inspection and evaluation of products is the basis for design improvement and modification, especially for safety certification.1.2 The concept of automatic detection systemAutomatic detection refers to the performance detection and fault diagnosis of system and equipment on the basis of computer control. He is a general term for performance testing, continuous monitoring, fault detection, and fault location. The modern automatic detection technology is the product of the common development of computer technology, microelectronics technology, measurement technology and sensing technology. Automatic detection technology can be used in all systems and equipments which need performance testing and fault diagnosis. Automatic detection system is the general name of a kind of system which can automatically complete the measurement, data processing and display (output) test results. He is in the standard measurement and control system bus and instrument bus based on the combination of a computer, microprocessor as a controller through the test software to achieve performance data collection, transformation, processing, display and other operating procedures, with high speed, multi-function, multi-parameter and so on2. The principle of automatic testing system2.1 The composition of automatic detection systemThe basic composition of the current automatic detection system is shown in thefigure,include controller, excitation signal source, measuring instrument, switching system, adapter, human-machine interface,detection program.2.2 The working principle of automatic testing systemController, the core of automatic detection system, composed of computers. It is under the action of the detection program, to control each step of the testing cycle, complete the management detection cycle, control the data flow, receive the detection results, carry out data processing, check whether the reading is within the error range, carry out fault diagnosis, send the test results to the display and other functions.Excitation signal source,It is mainly used in the active testing system, which provides the excitation signal to the test unit.Measuring instrument,Detecting the output signal of the measured unitSwitch system The signal channel between the measured unit and the related part in the automatic detection system is controlled. That is to control the excitation signal input to the measured unit, and the measured signal of the measured unit to the signal channel of the measuring device.The adapter realizes the signal connection between the measured unit and the automatic Detection system.The human-computer interface realizes bidirectional communication between the operator and the controller. The operator uses the keyboard or the switch to input the information controller to the controller to send the test results and operation tips to the display. When a test result needs to be printed, the human-machine interface should be equipped with a printer. Machine interface, testing procedures.Detection program, automatic detection system is under the control of the detection program performance detection and fault diagnosis. The detection procedure completes the Man-machine interaction, the instrument management and the drive, the inspection flow control, the detection result analysis processing and the output display, the fault diagnosis and so on, he is the automatic detection system important constituent.2.3The establishment of automatic detection systemThe development of computer technology provides a variety of possibilities for the establishment of automatic detection system, which includes three parts: automatic testing equipment (Automatic test equipment,ate), test program Set,tps and TPS software development tools. The key technologies of automatic detection system include program-controlled interface technology, virtual instrument technology,expert system, field fault detection technology, open or interoperable ATS implementation technology.3. Application of automatic detection technologyThe application basis of detection technology and automation device is the solid theory and the new technology that accumulated in the process of scientific research and engineering, combined with the rapid development of technology caused by the combination of Discipline foundation theory and light, machine and electricity, which promoted the development of the subject of detection technology and automation device.4. Development of automatic detection technologyWith the development of semiconductor and computer technology, new or special sensors appear, the detection device to miniaturization, solid and intelligent development, the application of a broader field. First of all, continuously improve the monitoring system measurement accuracy, range, prolong service life, improve reliability. The development of science and technology requires the measurement system to have higher precision. In recent years, many high-precision testing instruments have been developed to meet various needs. For example, when linear displacement is measured with a linear grating, the measurement range is up to two or three m, and the resolution can reach micron level; people have developed micro pressure measurements low to several KPA and up to thousands of MPA, force sensors, and magnetic sensors that can measure extremely weak magnetic fields. Since the 1960s, a lot of research has been made on the mathematical model of sensor reliability and failure rate, which makes the reliability and service life of the monitoring system greatly improved.Second, applying new technology and new physical effect to enlarge the detection field. Most of the detection principles are based on various physical effects, and recent advances in modern physics such as nanotechnology, lasers, infrared, ultrasonic, microwave, optical fiber, radioisotopes and other new achievements for the development of detection technology to provide more evidence. such as image recognition, laser ranging, infrared temperature measurement, C-type ultrasonic nondestructive testing. Radioactive thickness. Non-contact measurement such as neutron detection explosive has developed rapidly. Before the 1970s, testing technology was mainly used in the industrial sector, and now the detection field isexpanding to all aspects of social needs, not only in engineering, marine development, aerospace and other cutting-edge technology and emerging industries, but also in biological, medical, environmental pollution monitoring, dangerous goods and drug detection, Safety testing and so on, and has begun to infiltrate into people's daily life facilities. Again, the development of integrated, functional sensors. With the development of semiconductor integrated circuit technology, the high integration of silicon and gallium arsenide electronic components penetrate into the sensor field. The sensor technology and signal processing circuit are fabricated on the same wafer to develop sensors with smaller volume, betterperformance and stronger function. For example, a high-precision pn junction temperature-measuring integrated circuit; If the array of tens of thousands of photosensitive components and scanning amplifier circuit made on a chip, made of color CCD digital cameras, cameras and mobile phones can be camera. In the future will also be in the light, magnetism, temperature, pressure and other fields to develop a new type of highly integrated sensors.Third, the use of computer technology to make detection technology intelligent. Since the advent of microprocessors in the the 1970s, people quickly applied computer technology to the field of measurement technology, so that the detection instrument intelligent, thus expanding the function, improve the accuracy and reliability, the current development of the measurement system with microprocessors.Fourth, the development of networked sensors and detection systems. With the development of microelectronic technology, it is now possible to integrate very complex signal processing and control circuits into monolithic chips. The output of the sensor is no longer an analog amount, but a digital signal that conforms to a protocol format such as Plug and Play. Through the enterprise internal network, can also through the network to achieve the data exchange and sharing between multiple systems, thus constituting a networked detection system. can also be far away from afar, anytime, anywhere browsing the field conditions, remote debugging, remote fault diagnosis. Remote Data acquisition and real-time operation.5. ConclusionsWith the development of information technology and computing technology, a large number of technical achievements are applied to the automatic detection technology, which promotes the rapid development of automatic detection technology. At present, the automatic detection technology has been applied to all fields of socialproduction, so its function is very powerful, the need for automatic detection technology is very low, so the reliability is higher, the parameter information of the detected object is not subject to random interference from people, so the precision is higher. The measurement process of automatic detection technology is mainly done automatically, so long as the index of time and program is set up between the measurement, the measurement can be done well, so the real time is very strong.Automatic detection system from the object of detection, sensors and other detection elements will be detected objects into the signal, through the complex transformation process for signal processing, the final signal output. In recent years, the continuous updating of the calculation technology and physical science has created the possibility of the development of automatic detection technology. The automatic detection technology can adopt more advanced detecting method and wider application range. Automatic detection technology is widely used in high and new fields, and has formed the intelligent detecting technology with modern characteristics. With the rapid development of automatic detection technology in high and new fields, network, integration and Intellectualization will become the direction of automatic detection technology.。