chapter 5 短语结构树(2)
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短语结构树
(18) The PS tree for the sentence “ the child found a puppy”
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
The child found Det N
a puppy
X-bar 图示
XP (NP)
Specifier X’(N’)
( The)
X(N) Complement
(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )
各种短语的X-杠标图示
NP: The tall black student of English from china.
[NP[Spec The [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier black [N’[N student [Comp[pp of English]] [Adjunct[pp from china]]]]]]]]] (a detailed illustration of the sentence by the nested square backets).
XP
(NP)
Specifier N’
(The)
Modifier N’
(tall)
Modifier N’
( black)
N’Adjunct(PP)
(from China)
N Complement (PP)
(student) (of English)
b. VP : ……all read the letters after lunch.
[VP[Spec all [V’[V read [NP the [N’[N letters [PP after lunch]]]]]]]]
VP
Specifier V’
(all)
V’PP
after lunch
V NP
read the
N’
N Comp
letters (empty)
c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes. [PP right [P’[P through [NP the center]]]] [AP very[A’[A afraid [PP of snakes]]]] PP AP
spec.
right P’very A’
P NP A PP
through the center afraid of snakes
e: AdvP:quite independently of any outside pressure.
[AdvP quite [Adv’ [Adv independently [PP[P’[P of [NP[Spec any [N’outside [N pressure]]]]]]]]]]
AdvP
quite Adv’
Adv PP
independently
P’
P NP
of
any N’
outside N
pressure
句子结构:曲折短语IP
(23) a. John would study English
b. John to study English.
IP
John I’
I VP
would
( to ) V’
V NP
study English
(24) a. John studies English.
b. John is studying English.
c. John has studied English.
D. They study English.
IP
John I’
I VP
-s
( is…-ing ) V’
( has.. –n)
(-pres.) V NP
study English
标句词词组CP:
They say that John will study English.
[IP They [I’I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP John [I’ will [VP study English]]]]]]].
IP
Spec I’
They
I VP
( -pres.)
( present tense)
V CP
say
C IP
that
John will study English 并列结构
(26). The cat and the dog.
NP
NP1CoordP
The cat
Coord. NP2
and the dog
合并操作MERGER
1. A labeled bracketing technique: [VP[V reduce] [N taxes]]
2. A labeled tree diagram:
VP
V N
reduce taxes
The following phrases may be tree diagrammed below in the same manner:
(31) a. DP: such a pity,
b. PP: right inside it,
c. AP: very afraid of the person.
a. DP
b. PP
Spec D’Spec P’
(such) ( right)
D N P N
( a ) (pity) ( inside ) ( it )
c.AP
Spec. A’
(very)
A PP
(afraid)
P DP
( of )
D N
(the) (person) In fact, we can hypothesize that all phrases are formed in essentially the same way, namely by merging two categories together to form a larger category.
Reduce taxes to [reduce taxes] try [to [reduce taxes]]