独立主格结构精讲精练
独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
(表示时间) 注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。
例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
英语独立主格结构精讲精练
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解和习题(完整版)
4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词 短语或并列谓语.如： 1>.We have lessons every day, __A______. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2>.The boy fell asleep,___A______. A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above
• 不能省略being <having been>的情形在下列两 种情况下,独立主格结构中的being〔或having been不能省略.
•
<1> 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时.如：It
being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,
我们去了做礼拜.
•
<2>在There being＋名词的结构中.如：
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合 宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与 主句之间不应有从属连词〔如when, if, as soon as, as, while等或并列连词〔如and, but, or, so等.例如：
1.__A___ the teacher told the class to go
B.Being
C.Having been
D.There was
2>___B____no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
高中英语 高考二轮复习语法专项：独立主格精讲及巩固提升练习(有答案)
独立主格精讲及巩固提升练习一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。
1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。
如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。
2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。
如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。
3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。
如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。
4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。
如：The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。
5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。
如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。
6.名词/ 代词+ 介词短语。
如(from )：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
独立主格结构精讲及练习
独立主格结构精讲及练习三、独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语1.主格名词/代词+分词 (现在分词/过去分词）例句：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．The storm drawing near在句中作：原因状语＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
改写If time permits, I will go with you.2. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
独立主格精讲精练
语法直击：独立主格结构口诀：主语不一样，主谓不一致。
1)独立主格结构例：The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless.主语不一样：the baby, his face.主谓不一致：his face very pale. 完整句型应该为his face was very pale.例：Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.主语不一样：class, all the student.主谓不一致：class over. 完整句型应该为class is over.1）with复合独立主格结构口诀不变，分句前加上with.例：Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep, with the lamp burning.主语不一样：he, the camp.主谓不一致：the lamp burning. 完整句型应该为the lamp is burning.例：Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open.主语不一样：Frank, his mouth主谓不一致：his mouth open.整句应该为his mouth was open.语法体现：The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.主语不一致：a large car, its headlight/its horn主谓不一致：its headlights on. 完整句应该为its headlights was on.应试难点：1)独立主格的作用2)独立主格的种类难点解析：1）独立主格的作用独立主格的使用范围非常的广泛，在需要表达时间，原因，条件，伴随等状语时，都可以使用独立主格结构。
独立主格精讲精练
独立主格精讲精练Absolute Structure独立结构，又称独立主格结构，是由名词/代词+现在分词/ 过去分词/不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语构成。
这种结构在句子中通常作状语，表示原因，时间，条件，方式或伴随动作等。
独立主格中的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，要独立存在。
名词或代词为逻辑主语。
1). n./pron. +V.ing (主动关系)Weather permitting, we will go swimming.The old black woman used to tell stories under the tall tree, her grandchildren seated and ________ carefully. (listen )2). n. / pron.+ pp. (被动关系)Everyone went, me included.He lay on his back, his hands _crossed_____ under his head.The job _finished_____, they are packing up to leave.3). n./pron. + to do/ to be done （将来的动作或状态)Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. ( follow )4). n./ pron. + adj. (表伴随状态）His stomach empty, he looked for something to eat when he came back.It was snowing heavily outside. Jason hurried into the room, __his nose red with cold_____________________ .他的鼻子冻得发红。
独立主格结构精讲精练
独立主格结构精讲精练一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。
名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
①He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon). 他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
②He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.(=and an English-Chinese dictionary was his tool.)用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。
2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
独立主格结构及精选习题
独立主格结构（一）定义：不定式或分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。
但有时它也可以有自己的独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
（二）构成：1.名词（代词） + 不定式、现在分词或过去分词Weather permitting, we'll go s ightseeing.= If w eather permits, ... 作条件状语天气允许的话，我们要去观光。
Homework finished, the boy went out to play football.=When homework was finished,... 作时间状语作业做完了，男孩出去玩足球。
The exam to be held tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight.明天要考试，我今晚不能去看电影。
2.名词（代词） +（being ）+表语（名词、形容词、副词或介词短语）It (being) Sunday, we went climbing.= As it was Sunday, ... 作原因状语由于是星期天，我们去爬山。
Tod l ooked a t the million-pound n o te,his eyes (being) wide o pen.托德眼睛睁得大大的看着百万钞票。
S u m m e r vacations (being) over, students returned to s chool.暑假结束了，学生们返回学校。
3.with+ 名词（代词）+宾补，宾补可用现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语。
此句型又称with 复合结构。
a.They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning .他们点着灯假装整晚都在努力工作。
独立结构精讲及练习
高考语法复习独立结构精讲及练习状语有时可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构充当，称为独立（主格）结构。
独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。
独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cav e.Night falling, we hurried home.2.名词(代词)+过去分词He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.This done, we went home.3.名词(代词)+形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.4.名词(代词)+副词He put on his socks wrong side out.The meeting over, we all went home.5.名词(代词)+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1．时间状语The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）2．条件状语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow.(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow.)3．原因状语The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.(=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop wo rking.)4．伴随状语He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.(= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：1）伴随状语With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).He used to sleep with the window open.2) 原因状语He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.With Tom away, we have got more room.3）时间状语With everything well arranged, he left his office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1) there be形式There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.2) such形式Such being the case, she had nothing to say.3) 介词短语形式In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at i t, full of fear.独立结构练习I.指出下列句子中的独立结构1.In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.2.The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.3.The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.4.A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, h is face red with cold.5.The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy l ook in her eyes.6.With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.7.A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glasses, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled over hi s brows.8.Mary left left the office with tears in her eyes.9.Such being the case, you have no reasons for dismissing him.10.He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, a nd his glaring eyes looking straight upward.II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误1.Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2.Having finished his homework, we went home.3.A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her li ttle son.4.His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5.Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6.They were angry with their money to be stolen.III.单项填空1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complai ned that his leaving distured the speaker.A.beganB.beginningC.having begunD.being beginning2.Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.A.beingB.isC.wasD.to be3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A.setB.settingC.has setD.was set4.With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than a ll the others in achieving the goal.A.being consideredB.consideringC.consideredD.are considered5.A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked outC.working outD.having been worked out6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ear s ______, alert, listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our wo rk ______, we didn’t accept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasi ng supply of raw material (原料).A.has gone upB.is going upC.having gone upD.being gone upIV.用独立结构完成下列句子1.Jane ran into the classroom, _____________________________ (手里拿着一个新文具盒).2.______________________ (午饭时间到了), the students all went to the dining-hall.3.A little girl was making paper flowers, ___________________________ _________________________ (她的妈妈面带微笑坐在她旁边).4.Here comes the bus from Yiwu, _____________________________________ _____________ (永康来的班车十分钟后到).5.__________________________ (由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night.6.___________________________ (有那么多书要读), I can’t kill time by playing cards.7.At the gate stood a PLA man, __________________________ (手里握着枪).8._____________________________ (做完家庭作业), he went to bed.9.______________________ (她的钱包被偷了), she had no money to buy ev en a bus ticket.10.________________________ (所有的灯都亮着), our teaching building l ooks more beautiful.Keys:II.1.Being前加It 2.Having前加He或His homework finished 3.followe d her little son改为her little son following her 4.His bike wrong改为Something being wrong with his bike或There being something wrong w ith his bike5.covering改为covered6.to be stolen改为stolenIII.1.with a new pencil-box in her hand 2.It being time for lunch 3. her mother sitting beside her with a smile on her face 4.that/the bu s from Yongkang to come in ten minutes 5.(With) The guide leading th e way 6.With so many books to read 7.gun in hand (with a gun in his hand) 8.The/His homework done/finished (With his/the homework done/ finished) 9.Her wallet stolen 10.(With) All the lights onIV. 1—5 CABCD 6—10 AADCC。
高考难点英语句型：独立主格精致讲义+练习
一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
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独立主格结构精讲精练独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。
With( without)的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式。
一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.5．名词（或代词） + 副词副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。
The meeting over, we all went home.School over, we all went home.6．名词（或代词） + 介词短语A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.He left the office, tears in eyes.注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。
但with 的复合结构不受此限制。
例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语1.表示时间His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.2.表示原因There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.3.表示条件Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.4.表示方式或伴随He sat at the table, head down.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to be settled.The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.The man lay there, his hands trembling.四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能（一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:1. with+名词/代词+形容词He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.2. with+名词/代词+副词The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.3. with+名词/代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词With his homework done, Peter went out to play.= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.5. with+名词/代词+现在分词The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语)2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语)3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语）4．With the signal given, the train started.= After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）五、选择题1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directlyA. to beB. isC. wasD. being4. --- They sat still in the room, ___.--- Why did they do like that?A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawnC. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.A. has risenB. having risenC. has raisedD. having raised6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launchedC. being launchedD. to be launched7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.A. comes outB. came outC. coming outD. to come out8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.A. to disappointB. to be disappointingC. disappointingD. being disappointed9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.A. filledB. fillingC. to fillD. being filled10． John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished11. ___ , I had to ask for two days’ leave.A. Mother being illB. Mother illC. As mother was illD. A, B and C12. With so many books ___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.A. to readB. to be readC. readingD. read13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .A. with his dropping headB. dropping his headC. raising his headD. with his head down14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.A. close, trembleB. closed, tremblingC. closing, tremblingD.closed, trembled16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .A. leavingB. leaveC. leftD. to leave17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .A. forB. withC. ofD. from18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.A. to goB. wentC. goingD. goes19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.A. Because ofB. WithC. As forD. Besides20. Tom came home, ___ .A. a dog following himB. a dog followed himC. being followed himD. a dog was followed him。