托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式

合集下载

托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写

托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写朗阁托福培训中心曹美玲托福写作考试要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇不少于300字的文章。

但是通过观察不难发现，在北美考试中，对于写作这个模块来说，要真正拿到比较高的分数基本遵循一个the more, the better的原则。

同样地，对于一篇托福作文来说，想拿到一个可观的分数，字数尽量不要少于400单词。

很多考生就会感到恐慌，如何在30分钟内写到这么多字数是一个巨大的挑战。

那么如何写到如此丰富的内容呢？很多考生会选择大量篇幅拓展开头段和结尾段。

这是一个错误的做法，因为一篇文章的中心无疑是在中间的主体段。

因此，摸索出一个特定的主体段段落结构无疑是托福写作的核心。

好的主体段不仅是一篇托福作文字数的体现，更是逻辑思维的体现。

那么托福作文的主体段有哪些写作模式呢？朗阁托福培训中心的老师通过长期的总结与研究，将在本文中结合最新考题，对主体段落结构进行分析，让烤鸭们有更深刻全面的理解。

主体段基本遵循总分结构，即写一个主旨句，再围绕主旨句用各种论证方法进行充分的拓展和论证。

我们常用的论证方法有：举例论证，对比论证，原因论证，结果论证，解释说明，数据法，假设论证。

当然一篇文章不可能用到所有的论证，每一段的论证模式也会根据思路不同有所不同。

尽量保持论证多样性，不要死板地成为模式化作文。

那么，如何将这些论证灵活地连成一篇作文呢？用得最多的方法就是启-承-转-合结构。

下面我们将结合今年1月23日的考题进行分析。

Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What is your opinion?对于5到8岁的学生来说，开设电子游戏课程是有益还是有害的。

谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式

谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式作者：王君来源：《新东方英语》2015年第01期托福独立写作的主体段是独立写作最为核心的部分，主体段的论证质量决定了整个独立写作的质量和成败。

《新托福考试官方指南》对于独立写作论证（development）部分的说明指出：Development is the amount and kinds of support （examples， details， reasons） for your ideas that you present in your essay. To get a top score， your essay should be， according to the rater guidelines，“well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications，and/or details.”这段话中的引号部分是《新托福考试官方指南》中最高档的评分标准对论证的要求，即要求“通过清晰且恰当的解释、例证和/或细节来充分论证观点”。

那么如何才能达到论证充分的要求呢？本文笔者就提供一些实用的托福独立写作主体段的论证展开模式，供考生参考和学习。

“因果+例证”模式这种模式是最为常用的一种主体段展开方式。

因果论证是指通过前因后果的关系来解释为什么段落分论点能够支撑全文总论点。

在运用因果论证时，考生可以使用一些表达因果关系的词汇和短语来加强因果逻辑，比如表示原因的有because、as、since、now that、considering that、given that、in that、this is because、due to、owing to、thanks to、because of、on account of、as a result of、as a consequence of、“the reason why … is that”等;表示从因到果的有cause、lead to、result in、contribute to、give rise to、give birth to等;表示前果后因的有result from、attribute A to B、ascribe A to B等;表示结果的有so、thus、hence、therefore、as a result、as a consequence、consequently、accordingly、this is why等。

托福写作的论证方式

托福写作的论证方式托福写作的文体是argumentative essay (议论文)，所以在写作时，时刻要记住一个完整的论证就是论点+论据。

那么我们在写议论文时，有哪些论证方式呢?一般而言，常见的有5种。

一起来学习一下!托福写作的论证方式1. 举例论证：定义：列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点。

通过列举典型事例，具体有力地证明了中心论点，增强了说服力。

这些事例可以是发生在我们平常生活中的小事，也可以是名人轶事，新闻报道或者历史事件。

举例的惯用表达:1) For example / For instance, ...2) A (具体) aptly illustrates B (抽象) = A is an apt illustration of B = To illustrate = As an illustration3) A case in point is ....4) The story of... best demonstrates this point5) T o pick / take... as an example 托福真题：Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.举例论证示范：Nevertheless, competition between friends does not necessarily put a dent in the friendship. On the contrary, friendship can be consolidated as long as friends help one another over the course of competition. A case in point is my niece who had a contest with his intimate friend Lucas. They both agreed that whoever obtained the lower score in the final exam of math had to buy a great present for the winner. During the preparation for the exam, they often shared useful materials and compared notes about some complicated problems. In the end, my niece did not perform as well as his friend Lucas, however, he still kept his promise and bought a PSP for Lucas. When asked the question whether this competition did damage to their friendship. My niece disapproved such statement and maintained that thecontest provided a wonderful opportunity to strengthen their friendship. Hence healthy competition of this kind is wholesome for friendship, indeed.2. 反面论证定义：从某个论点的对立面入手，通过证明它的错误来体现该论点的正确。

托福独立写作如何进行分段论述

托福独立写作如何进行分段论述托福独立写作如何进行分段论述?议论文格式要求不可不知托福独立写作段落要求介绍在应试型议论文写作中,通常遵循引言段-主体段-结论段的〝三步曲〞.主题段落提供了论证观点的理由,是整个文章的主体,占分最大.一篇满分作文必须论据充分.1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topicsentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraphwill be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not supportthe thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement orreconsider your topic sentences.(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence foreach paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideasstated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence. (支持句必须围绕主题句展开)托福独立写作如何进行分段?新托福满分作文(5分)也要求〝is well organized and well developed,using clearlyappropriate e_planations, e_emplifications, and/ordetails〞,同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现.一般来说,一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段.每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句〝topicsentence〞和若干支持句〝supporting sentences〞.他们共同组成文章的理由段,对全文的论点提供理由支持.托福写作解析:Money and success托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earna lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and e_amples to support youranswer.写作思路分析:不能同意.Only是绝对修饰词.确实,往往成功的一个表象是金钱的多少.钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准.黑社会分子(members of criminal syndicate).一些黑心的商人(evil-mindedbusinessman).有些职业收入远不如其他行业,比如,我国的教师,护士.成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献:甘地(Gandhi)就身无分文(without a cash in his pocket);特蕾莎修女( NurseTheresa )也是好例子.不同意挣了很多钱的人是成功的(1)钱不代表一切.很多人非常富有,但是是因为他们的成就,人们才认为他成功/(2)有些人非常贫穷,如有些科学家,但是他们作出了巨大的成就,被认为所纪念,他们虽然没有钱,也一样成功的(3)有些人虽然挣了很多钱,但是都是非法的,所以他们并不成功.参考范文:Money and successSince people s criteria for success differ, there is much debate overwhether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I amconcerned, in today s society that stresses on individual achievement, moneyprovides the best evaluation of one s accomplishment.To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one s achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one s earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one s success. Each year, FortuneMagazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful peoplethroughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are noother methods to rely on.In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one s hardwork and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny thesources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual valuesand then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves nomoney at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changedmy opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for inhis way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms oftime, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental andphysical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way forselfaccomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one s lifetime. Aseveryone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to besatisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without acertain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her materialdemand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificenthouses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do alot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people.All these will not only satisfy one s need for personal fulfillment, but alsoadd grandness to one s success.In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one s achievement. But weshould keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use itto benefit the society are really successful.托福写作解析:Member vs leader一.托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be amember of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons ande_amples to support your answer.二.写作思路分析讨论做leader的好处:主动,可以操纵更多的资源,获得更多;缺点:风险大讨论做member的好处:安逸;没有风险;缺点:收获较小做leader和member一定程度上与一个人的性格有关.另外,还要看是做什么的group.视情况而定.不同意,应当成为团队的领袖(1)当领袖有责任感,领袖总是要做最多的工作,这激励着自己能把事情作好.(2)锻炼自己的团队合作能力.(3)能够学到更多的知识.三.参考范文Member vs. leaderAccording to my opinion, it is always better to be a leader than afollower. True leader show initiative. They take actions and they assumeresponsibilities. A leader makes a decision. Some followers may approve of thedecision, others may complain about it. However, these followers all chose tofollow, not to lead. They chose not to make a decision. That s how I amdifferent. I am not a follower. I want to make decisions.A good leader will not react to events, but will anticipate them. A leaderwill start a plan of action and then will persuade others to follow. For e_ample, a class president at a local college may feel that the relationshipbetween the community and the campus is not a good one. The citizens may feelthat the college kids make too much noise on the street, litter public areas,and shop in other communities. A good class president will recognize that thecommunity and the campus depend on one another. The president will ask thestudent body to keep noise down, help clean up the neighborhood, and work withbusinesses to attract students. A good leader takes the initiative.Good leaders must be action-oriented. Having taken the initiative, theymust see the job though. They have to take charge and lead the followers. Theyhave to motivate and encourage the followers. The followers (in thise_ample,the student body) must understand why good relations with the community arenecessary. The followers must be persuaded to do something about it.I enjoy taking the initiative, determining the direction, and beingresponsible for my actions. I do not want to suffer through other people sstupid decisions. If there are going to be stupid ways to do something, let thembe mine. Would not you agree?托福写作解析:Hand vs machine托福写作练习题目:Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or bymachine. Which do you prefer —items made by hand or items made by machine? Usereasons and specific e_amples to e_plain your choice.写作思路分析:这道题选择比较自由,无论选哪一种都行,只要列出几个好的理由.(注意,家具也有很多种,根据不同的种类,也可以有不同的偏好)手工:可以按照特定要求制作,有特色;成本高;机械:一般批量生产,所以相对缺乏特色;成本低喜欢用机器做的东西(1)机器做的东西比较便宜(2)机器做的东西比较耐久(DURABLE,LASTING).(3)机器做的东西更加好看.参考范文:Hand vs. machineFrom my point of view, there are many factors affecting whether to choosean item made by hand or by machine. The main factor to make a judgment is whether we use the item for our daily life or for collection and decorationpurposes.For items used in our daily life, the choices we make depend on thefollowing factors: function, form, and price. Function is the most importantthing for us. If a product is beautiful, but it is not able to perform thefunction, it can only be called a decoration, or a piece of garbage. Fore_ample, when we buy a TV, what we really care about first it is the quality ofthe picture and sound, how many stations it can receive, and whether it can beconnected easily to the VCR and DVD player at home. The second factor thataffects our choice of a product for daily use is its form. Is the TV too big,too small, or too ugly? Will it fit into the living room? Will it be compatiblewith the colors of other appliances and the furniture? The third factor we mayconsider is the price. Even if we are very happy with the item, there is nomeaning if we cannot afford it.So, in our daily life, there is really no difference whether our clothes orfurniture are made by hand or made by machine. It just doesn t matter as long asthey can perform their function. For items for collection and decoration, it isa completely different story. Ancient tools and historical artifacts have moremarket and educational value than modern day massively produced products, andtraditional handicrafts make good tourist souvenirs and beautiful decoration forthe house. Therefore, when it comes to items for collection and decoration, Iwould definitely choose items made by hand, because they are just sospecial.In conclusion, depending on different items and different uses, I will makedifferent choices.托福独立写作如何进行分段论述。

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇托福独立写作对于很多托福考生来说是取得高分难以逾越的一道鸿沟，这不仅需要大量的练习，还需掌握其中的诀窍。

托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证

托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证在托福写作中，有一种方法是因果论证法，这种方法在很多写作题目上都是非常有用的，那么今天就为大家带来托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证，告诉大家怎样用因果论证法。

托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证首先明确，在托福独立写作中怎样的论证称得上一个“好论证”呢?如果你的论证可以说服考官，那么这就是一个成功的论证。

如果考官读完你的论证，觉得言之无理甚至还想反驳，那就是一个比较失败的论证，你的写作分数也就只能拿到20分左右。

如果你的论证整体符合逻辑，仅仅有一些小的论证瑕疵，那么写作分数会拿到25分左右，也就是大部分同学的目标写作分数段。

这5期音频课，我会为大家讲解如何做好独立写作中的“论证”。

首先介绍独立写作中常用的论证方法：因果论证;对比论证;举例论证;数据论证;多事例论证。

今天先介绍第一种论证方法：因果论证。

因果论证的逻辑关系非常直白：因为……所以……。

但是很多同学都难以构建合理的因果逻辑链条。

比如这道题：Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作业可以提高学生的学习成绩”，后面的论证就是要解释这句话成立的原因。

很多考生的的逻辑论证是：每天做作业有利于复习，因此考试可以取得高分。

这是一个中规中矩的论证，只能被评价为“说得通”，但是不会让考官赞同为“很有道理”。

那么怎样的因果逻辑才会得到考官的青睐呢?首先来讲一个最简单的逻辑论证套路：三段论。

这是逻辑学上最简单的一个逻辑判定过程，分为大前提、小前提以及结论三部分。

举个例子：大前提：胖子都爱吃肉;小前提：小明是个胖子;结论：小明爱吃肉。

这就是一个三段式逻辑论证链条。

这种逻辑方式成立的前提是：大前提和小前提都要在普遍认知里是基本正确的。

那我们来验证一下以上的这个论证逻辑。

大前提“胖子都爱吃肉”的论断不够有说服力;小前提“小明是个胖子”是一个合理的判断;最后得出的结论“小明爱吃肉”的说服力也就不足。

托福独立写作格式

托福独立写作格式
1.引言：首先，需要引出整篇文章的主题，并简要说明自己的立场。

引言通常包括一个有趣的事实、引用一句名言或者是一个问题，旨在吸引读者的注意力。

2. 主体部分：接下来，需要列出两到三个论点，支持自己的立场。

每个论点都需要有一两个相关的例子，用以证明自己的观点。

建议按顺序列出每个论点，并在每段的开头使用一个主题句，让读者清楚地了解自己的论点。

3. 对立论点：在主体部分的最后一段，需要列举一个对立的论点，并指出其缺陷或不足之处，加强自己的立场。

4. 结论：最后，需要对整个文章进行总结，并重申自己的立场。

可以使用一个总结性的句子来结束文章。

在写作过程中，需要注意语言表达的准确性、逻辑性和连贯性。

尽量使用简洁的句子和合适的词汇，展示出自己的语言水平和思维能力。

- 1 -。

托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法

托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法这种托福写作方法尤其是对于一些考生在开头提出观点之后，就不知道该如何继续下去的情况是一个非常好的解决办法。

这种情况下，考生可以举实例论证，举例是我们解释论证一个观点最好的方式，也是最有说服力的。

托福大作文的主体段是整篇托福作文的核心，在这个部分大家可以应用实例论证的托福写作方法，这样即可以增加字数，有有说服力，是非常实用的写作方法。

下面新东方网托福频道就通过两个例子来为大家更加清晰地介绍一下这个方法。

1、第一种应用实例论证的托福写作方法就是应用名人实例，因为这是大家都知道的事情，能够引起共鸣。

Although sticking to one’s goal is key to success, sometimes one should be ready to give up. Napoleon’s story is a case in point. After Napoleon succeeded in seizing the crown of France, he should have been satisfied with his achievement. But he did not. He went on to conquer the whole Europe. Then after he succeeded in ruling almost the whole Europe, he should have given up this ambition to e某panding his empire. But he did not. He went on to invade Russia and there he suffered a total defeat. Later he was sent into e某ile and died in a lonely island.在这个托福大作文主体中，引用了拿破仑的事迹来加以论证。

托福独立写作body段论点句的写作方法

1、独立写作body段论点句的写作方法T.S（topic sentence）+ development（论述）+ （conclusion）specific examples and details范文：综合写作T.S必须能概括全段必须只包含论证的一个方面（或一个原因）不能过于笼统：first, English is very important (*)==>English is very important when we are looking for a job.不能过于详细：论点句简单粗暴，没有论证TPO 17Thesis statement: in USA, there will be fewer and fewer birds.Firstly, human population and settlements leads to the decrease of bird’s population除了观点，某些事实，名人名言也可以作为T.S使用最无耻的是，某些both-agree的题目，改写题目也可以【例】Above all, the world today has become a global village, where not a single nation is isolated from others.In fact, diversified measures are being taken by the government to limit the use of cars.Firstly, emphasis should be placed on what has been suggested in the famous saying “interesting is the best teacher”.On the one hand, thanks to tremendous accomplishment of scientists in many fields, people’s lives have been made much simpler than in the past.简单的判断方法——能否从论点句中推文章的核心观点？===》包括分论点和立场==》要将一个分论点同题目/立场相联系论点句写作利器：1》动名词做主语2》结果状语的表达A. Topic sentence(结论）的写法（形式角度）分论点关键词+Cause make let +句+Lead to, result in, contribute to，exert negative/positive effect on +词组(Because of, result from, due to)+主观点的同义改写分论点关键句+，which ....., making......, thus/so/so that+主观点的同义改写【例】young people today are more likely to help others than young people were in the past.立场：disagree_年轻人不再乐于助人(S.S)A 社会竞争压力大==》年轻人不乐于助人B 社会风气不好==》年轻人不乐于助人C 独生子女==》自私==》不乐于助人The fierce social competition makes young people today be less likely to help othersThe fierce social competition exerts negative effect on young people’s mutual helpThe fierce social competition exerts negative effect on young people’s offering help to others.The bad social atmosphere results in young people’s being less likely to help others.There are less and less children in the modern family,making young people become selfish, which exert negative effect on young people’s offering help to others.There are less and less children in the modern family, making young people become so selfish that they are unlikely to offer help to others.B. Topic sentence(结论）的写法（内容角度）➢冰淇淋法：I ndependence and altruism(独立与利他）S afety and technology (安全与科技）C ooperation and competition（合作与竞争）C ommunication and trust （交流与信任）C ulture and values（文化与价值）C onvenience and time（方便与时间）K nowledge and emotion（知识与情感）R ights and perseverance（权利与毅力）E conomy and efficiency（经济与效率）E nvironment and health（环境与健康）M oney and interest（金钱与兴趣）【例】1. An effective leader should try to make others feel that theyare part of the decision making process.Cooperation: 需要同被领导者合作得出更好更全面的结论（正）更好更全的结论result from合作==》应该这样做Communication and trust: 交流产生信任、消除误会（正）Time: 沟通耗费时间（反）Interest：参与决策使得被领导者更有动力做事情（正）===》Agree:Getting the team member involved in the decision making process can help the leader to make a more comprehensive decision.团队成员合作==》更完善的决定The team members’sharing idea in the process of the decision making will help to establish the sense of trust among colleagues.团队成员合作==》信任感The team members will be more interested in the task if they are a part of the decision-making process.➢绝对观点反驳法：The best way for parents to teach children aboutresponsibility is to have them care for an animal.Most business people are motivated only by the desire for money.➢拆分法：个人、社会、国家学习、工作、生活科技、社会、文化儿童时期、青少年时期、成人时期People are never satisfied with what they have; they always want something more or something different.Society benefits more from the work of great artists than from political leaders.➢都好都同意中庸法。

托福写作技巧：三大论证方法

托福写作技巧：三大论证方法托福写作的时候，大家也需要论证自己的观点，那么在论证的过程中，其实也是讲究方法策略的。

具体的常见的托福写作的论证方法都有哪些呢?店铺为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考。

托福写作技巧：三大论证方法方法一：举实例举实例是在文章主体部分最常用也是最实用的方法!而且这也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子!或者上面我们举过的例子：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.方法二：擅用“换言之”没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.更多短语：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply方法三：作比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的;世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。

下面是一些短语：相似的比较：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner相反的比较：on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, n evertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …托福独立写作范文：对人印象判断Some people trust their first impressions about a person's character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person's character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? Support your choice with specific examples.In our daily life, we will always be told a wealth of such cases as a guy who has fallen into love with a girl at the first sight, one of your friends who impresses your mother deeply on his or her first visit to your house and then is treated exceptionally well by your hard-to-be-pleased mother, and even the applicant who attracts to the HRM (human resources manager) immediately at the first sight of the interview and then is easily employed, to name just a few. All of the above-mentioned cases tell us many people in the world trust the first impressions of a person, his or her character, her conduct and her eloquence, etc., all of which he or she displays at each other's first meet. But is all that he or she displays, or all that you understand through what he or she displays or hints correct or just a blur image which needs to be proved in the later days?Before we get the question to be treated, let’s think of the most probable (not absolutely) results of the cases mentioned in the first paragraph:The guy who has just experienced the above-said romance has to say goodbye to his newly-known girlfriend because later on he finds out that the girl is not as good as she looks; the friend of yours who has just won your hard-to-be-pleased mother's trust is criticized by your mother because of his or her great incoherency in the manners, and even the newly-employed employee is dismissed because of he is not telling the truth in his resume. Till now, do you still think the first impressions of a person’s character are dependable?Psychologically, in our head we had a very perfect image of a person, of course, which varies from one another owing to his of her specific experiences, education and family background, his or her own opinion about a special view, etc. and when such a person as confirms with the image in our head pretty congruently presents, we will, to great extent, overestimate or even exaggerate the his or her merits, while omit the shortcomings as we can help it. Maybe this is the psychological reason, thus we can ourselves lead to the answer to the question referred above that the first impressions of a person are generally incorrect and also irresponsible for yourself.In a word, to judge a person needs time and the first-sight impression is always undependable.托福独立写作范文：做决定稳妥还是迅速Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.I disagree with the statement that the decisions people make quickly are always wrong. However, I think those decisionsprobably turn out to be wrong more often than carefully made decisions do. Usually, fast decisions are based on what we call our "gut reactions," or feelings we have about a situation. Sometimes these gut reactions are based on good sense backed by experience, but sometimes they're based on nonsense or poor reasoning.Let's say you're at work and the boss calls you to his office and tells you there's a big project that needs to be done. He thinks you're the best person for the job, but he needs an answer from you on the spot. He hasn't told you what the project is, but you make the quick decision to accept. This is the right quick decision, because you're basing it on a lot of factors that will occur to you later. One is that it wouldn't make sense for the boss to ask you to do something he didn't think you could handle. That would only hurt his business. Plus, doing a good job on this project might help your career. You realize it's good to reach higher, if you want to get ahead.But let's say you're on a deserted highway late at night and your car breaks down. Along comes a car driven by someone who doesn't seem quite right to you. He offers you a ride to the nearest gas station. You make the quick decision to accept the ride because it's late, you 're cold and tired and you don't want to sit there waiting for the highway patrol to arrive. This is a case where a quick decision is a wrong decision. You shouldn't trade your personal safety for physical comfort, and if you thought about it, you wouldn't.How do you know when it's okay to make a quick decision? You have to be able to guess at the possible benefits versus the possible dangers. If it's a small decision like where to go to lunch, .who cares? However, if my whole future were at stake, I'dwant as much time as I could get to think about it.托福独立写作范文：不的学习方式People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.The effectiveness of a learning method varies from person to person and also from activity to activity. Learning by doing, learning by reading, and learning by listening all have the transfer of information as their goal, but the information is transferred in very different ways in each case.Each has its benefits. In my own opinion, learning by doing is the method that works best for me.Learning by doing works because it gives a learner first-hand experience. Other methods are more passive; you're either listening to a conversation or trying to pay attention to words on a page.However, learning by doing means actually participating in the activity. Can you imagine learning how to play a musical instrument from a book? As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.Frankly, I can't think of a way that better ensures one has truly learned than by seeing and doing.In contrast, reading makes learning less easy to visualize. Not only that, learning by reading often requires extra research, such as looking up unfamiliar words. Also, you might not be a good reader, or you might be learning in a second language. If so, you might find it hard to concentrate or become frustrated by the slow pace. So while reading is fun and useful for many people, for others it may not be the best way.Learning by listening can be enjoyable. Lively debate is interesting, and interesting things are usually easier to learnabout. Plus, unlike reading, you can ask questions if you don't understand. However, as with reading, it is all too easy to become a passive listener and not truly learn anything. If you get bored, you might even fall asleep while you're listening! When you're actively participating in something, you're more likely to stay alert.Overall, when it comes to learning, I believe that nothing substitutes for the firsthand experience that physically doing an activity provides.。

托福培训丨托福独立写作段落结构分析

托福培训丨托福独立写作段落结构分析朗阁海外考试研究中心在托福独立写作的结构中，很多同学最苦恼的就是：怎么样构成整个主体段段落结构？还有一些基础并不是很好，词汇量又不是很多的学生甚至于不太清楚托福写作主体段的段落究竟应该分几段，每段写什么？如果连平稳发挥都没有办法保证的话，那么这场分手之战必输无疑！下面就是朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家特地为大家解决托福独立写作主体段段落结构组成的烦恼。

首先，我想跟同学们说明一下托福独立写作一般由五段文构成，除去引言段和结尾段，主体段大致可以分为这三段：第一个主体段：支持自己观点的一段第二个主体段：进一步支持自己观点的一段第三个主体段：让步段（这是要冲28分以上的高手写法）或者不写让步段，还是写支持自己观点的一段内容（这是一般25分左右的写法）。

在这里我先跟大家说一下托福写作主体段最为平常、也是最一般的一个主体段的构成：一、主体段一般由四个层次组成：第一句：topic sentence（主题句或者中心句）。

第二句：supporting ideas（1-2句支持句），注意这1-2句支持句是主题句的展开，起到为主题句解释说明的作用。

第三句：举例子（写出一个符合美国人思维结构的例子或者调研用于举例论证）。

第四句：这一段的小结（注意是这一段的小结，不是整篇文章的小结）。

或者同学们也可以参考下面的图，马上就可以对主体段一目了然：接下来我们结合托福写作的最新考题，来看一下高手写作的主体段是怎样很好地诠释笔者前面跟同学们讲的最常规的托福某一个主体段的构成。

例：2016年2月28日托福独立写作题目Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like puters, smartphone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development. Do you agree or disagree?我们来看一位托福高手写的X文的其中一个主体段：For another thing, video games have been designed to be more alluring and intellectually demanding. To be more specific, there have occurred many more video games that are invented to exploit children’s imagination and also release their pressure. Take Minecraft, a popular game sweeping many primary and high school students, as an example. In the game, players can use diverse construction materials and tools to construct what they like such as a castle or a skyscraper or even a city. Besides, by decorating the entities they created in many different styles, massive intellectual activities are needed like how to design the roof of the house and where should put the pets in the city, etc. During the process, students can be fully occupied in the game, serving as an antidote to boredom that will be detrimental to students’mental health if it can be erased promptly. Consequently, playing video games is a better choice for students to make to release their pressure and ensure their health.（本X文来源于网络）分析：1.作者在第一句话就写了主题句：有些电脑游戏开发出来的时候就更加具有诱惑力以及需要一定智力水平才能玩。

托福独立写作论证方法有哪些

托福独立写作论证方法有哪些托福独立写作过程中难免少不了论证观点。

如何在托福独立写作中顺利展开论证，有什么方法?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福独立写作论证方法，希望对你有用!托福独立写作论证方法第一种论证方法：一线式一线式，或者单链式，由1推理到2推理到3再推理到4，这是最为常用的一种。

这种方法看似十分简单，其实不然。

最困难的地方就是我们经常容易从1直接推到3，粗略一看没什么不妥，但仔细想想的确不够严谨。

举个例子，比如说出the impacts of environmental pollution on people’s life. 我们可以给出一个观点是环境污染影响经济发展。

如果用单链式来论证，首先我们列出逻辑链：环境污染→不利于人们的健康→不健康之后工作效率下降→生产力下降→影响经济这个逻辑链里我们常常容易漏掉人们的工作效率下降这一点，从不健康直接推理到生产力下降，想想看觉得理所当然，但是在写作中确是严重的错误。

要想在单链式中做到逻辑性严密，首先放慢自己的思维，一步一步的想，有时候平常被认为是废话的东西不能轻易省掉。

另外在这种论证方法中，承接词是十分重要的。

句与句之间一定要有承接的词汇或短语来表示出两句之间的逻辑关系，比如more specifically, under this condition, consequently, apparently等等，这样不仅增强了段落的逻辑性，还有助于使我们的思路更加清晰。

第二种论证方法：平行法平行法。

顾名思义，平行法就是在论证的过程中举出多个互相平行的例子来进行论证，这种论证方法的说服力是极其强大的。

运用这种方法一定是在你有足够的例子来证明你的观点的情况下，一般用四个例子最好。

说到举例子的时候，大家可能都会想到用历史名人，但其实在考试那么短的时间里，如果不是平时有足够的积累的话，一下子想到四个论证同一观点的名人例子可能会有些难度，当然如果能想到是最好的。

托福写作主体段常见写法

期中考试试题----地理2015-11（一）单项选择题（共54分）本大题共36小题，每小题1.5分，共54分 1．决定我国自然地理环境差异的两个基本因素是A ．土壤和植被B ．气候和地貌C ．水文和土壤D ．植被和水文每一个区域都具有特定的地理环境条件，并对区域发展产生深刻的影响。

不同区域由于地理环境的差异，人们的生产、生活的特点有许多不同，区域的发展水平、发展方向等也存在差异。

此据比较长江三角洲和松嫩平原两个区域，回答2-3题。

2．下列各项，不属于长江三角洲和松嫩平原共性的是 A ．都是平原地区 B ．都位于我国的东部季风区 C ．都位于入海口处 D ．土壤都比较肥沃 3．有关这两个区域农业生产活动的说法不正确的是A ．长江三角洲属于水田耕作业，主要种植水稻。

B ．松嫩平原发展旱地耕作业，主要种植玉米、春小麦、大豆等作物。

C ．长江三角洲的作物熟制以两年三熟为主，松嫩平原则一年一熟。

D ．长江三角洲水产业较为发达；松嫩平原的西部降适宜发展畜牧业。

水土流失是形成黄土高原千沟万壑自然景观的主要原因，每年流失的土壤约16亿吨，据此回答4—7题：4．黄土高原水土流失严重，主要人为原因是A ．长期以来的毁林开荒B ．过度放牧和过度樵采C ．土壤疏松，降水变率大D ．干旱和大风现象5．保持水土的根本措施是A ．平整土地B ．修水平梯田C ．深耕改土D ．造林种草 6．黄土高原人地矛盾尖锐，关键问题在于A ．植被破坏B ．人口过度增长C ．贫困D ．环境恶化 7．黄土高原地区可持续发展的基础是A ．经济可持续发展B ．社会经济持续发展C ．生态可持续发展D ．减少污水排放量 8．山西省产生生态环境问题的根源是A ．露天开采B ．矿区道路的铺设C ．开矿井巷道的建设D ．重化工业为主的产业结构我国为了改善日益恶化的生态环境，建设了许多防护林体系，其中规模较大的是“三北” 防护林和长江中上游防护林。

据此，回答9—10题： 9．“三北”防护林所起的主要的环保功效是A ．吸烟除尘B ．美化环境C ．防风固沙D ．净化空气 10．长江中上游防护林所起的生态作用是A ．涵养水源、保持水土B ．繁衍物种、维护生物多样性C ．调节气候、稳定大气成分D ．净化空气、吸烟除尘图2是某地区的地形图，回答11—14题：11．与长江三角洲、珠江三角洲等地区相比，图示平原地区成为商品粮基地的优势条件是A ．交通发达B ．单位面积产量高C ．水热条件好D ．人均耕地面积广 12．以下不属于．．．该商品粮基地特点的是 A ．以国营农场的经营方式为主B ．粮食商品率处于较低水平C ．已经形成粮食作物的地区专业化生产D ．是我国农业机械化水平最高的地区之一13．城市P 某家具厂生产的实木家具销往全国许多地方。

新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合

新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合朗阁托福考试研究中心新托福独立写作的论证方式和雅思大作文的论证方式有着一定的差异，这个差异主要体现在论证方式的种类数量上，雅思大作文的论证方式相对比较集中，主要是举例，因果和对比等；而新托福独立写作的论证方式除了这几种外，常见的还有假设，让步，排比等。

在接下来的文章里，朗阁托福考试研究中心的专家将和考生们一起来看看独立写作的这些常见论证方式。

首先在因果和举例法的使用上，独立写作经常是先因果后举例的组合，在给出一个分论点后，通常先通过解释其背后原因作为发展的第一步，然后根据原因的内容再辅以例子进行详细说明。

这样论证的优点是：逻辑编排上更有层次感，属于递进式的论证。

以下我们来看一个例子：First of all, the reason why dance in a particular country is so unique is because many art forms are put together. People need music, costumes, singers and of course dancers to perform. Each of these art forms is unique and singular for every country.这个段落的第一层发展是由“原因”开始的，通过解释原因来说明舞蹈为什么可以将很多不同艺术形式结合，那么接下来，我们就可以针对这一原因举些例子：In old times people gathered to celebrate or mourn and every occasion had their own music and costumes. For example, ancient tribes painted their faces with ugly and strange pattern, put on colorful clothes and made strange movements around the fireplace.通过这个例子，读者就能很好地明白舞蹈结合不同艺术的方式了，而且古老部落以舞蹈形式祭祀这种场景我们在很多电视和书上都看到过，因此很容易就能理解，这样的话本段的论证目的就可以很轻松地达到了。

【托福写作备考】3个论证方法让你搞定托福写作

【托福写作备考】3个论证方法让你搞定托福写作在托福写作过程中，我们真正落笔时就会发现，由于自己寻常生涯中对托福写作问题的话题自己没有深入的感受和履历，说了一句话来举行拓展接下来就急忙收尾，基础举不出有力的论据去支持论点，导致考官要不读得“意犹未尽”，要不爽性以为“云里雾里”。

那么，在以下内容中我们就为大家详细介绍一下，怎样让自己的文章变得更加充实。

1. 原理论证法：自力作文的论证中，原理论证法是一个很是好用的要领，当你在无话可说，或者是说得太笼统、朴陋的时间，不妨运用讲原理的要领，把一些抽象、难明白的名词的内容、形式、特点或者缘故原由、影响写出来，这样写得越发详细，越发有说服力，逻辑性也会越发紧凑。

通过引用名人名言、反映科学纪律的俗语谚语警句、各人都公认的事实等来证实自己看法准确可信，以是具有庞大的说服力。

E.g. Successful people try new things and take risks rather than only doingwhat they already know how to do well. Do you agree or disagree with thisstatement?例文：The most crucial reason why businessmen must take risks is that consumer’demands for something new and innovative will never diminish, especially infashion and entertainment industries. 【分论点本段主题句】A once-considered fashionableoutfit might go out of style within months or weeks because of the rapid shiftof trends. Therefore, to keep up with the consumers’ wants, companies are forcedto squeeze out unique ideas and often make bold moves.【原理论证，进一步剖析为什么要冒着风险创新的缘故原由】Also, the reason why most songs on billboard chartsnever stay for more than two months is that people keep looking for somethingnew. 【原理论证，进一步剖析为什么要冒着风险创新的缘故原由】2. 举例论证法：举例论证法实在是童鞋们平时最常用的论证要领，通过枚举典型事例，详细有力地证实中央论点，增强说服力。

托福独立写作如何构思分论点

托福独立写作如何构思分论点面对托福考试，写作时没有想法是最可怕的事，直接导致丢分。

独立写作最重要的事给出考生自己的表达支持或反对的观点，然后通过具体的理由和例子进行支持便可，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作如何构思分论点。

托福独立写作分论点排列托福独立写作分论点要有逻辑性和合理性，要求我们在分论点排列顺序上要注意逻辑。

一般说来，五段式托福独立写作的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，可以有两种逻辑顺序：1、按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;2、第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。

如果所有的分论点并没有主次之分，例如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少。

有的说的放前面，素材多的放前面。

托福独立写作分论点写作注意事项1、托福独立写作在审题，彻底把握题目主旨，方可进行段落布局。

根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场。

2、假如考生大致理清了分论点，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向。

采用五段式结构布局/用四段式结构布局进行写作就可以。

3、新东方在线提醒考生们，托福独立写作分论点在布局的时候要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。

4、分论点如果是平行关系，逻辑关系中一定要跟主题成因果关系，并且论点之间互相不重合。

托福独立写作分论点要想迅速、有效的找到并写出来，并不是件容易的事，在实际托福写作考试中要多多理清思路，练习写提纲的习惯。

托福写作如何有效、快速推导分论点方法1：15条通用理由此方法的操作十分简便，只需记住下表1中的15个词语就可以了。

从托福写作考试的题目范围来看，我们可以将这15个词语作为15条通用理由划分为两大类别，即：“事物类”和“人物”类。

“事物类”通用理由(7点)：方便、经济、效率、耐久、安全、环保、空间“人物类”通用理由(8点)：经验、性格、乐趣、成就、健康、交流、情感、他人表1：. 汽车吃饭雇佣好处坏处在家吃饭店吃年轻人年长者方便√ × √经济√ ×效率√ × √ √× √×耐久×安全× √ ×环保×空间√ √经验性格乐趣√ × √成就健康×交流√情感√ √他人使用说明：1. 将题目中的关键词(Key Word)填入“话题”一栏的第一格;2. 简单的判断一下题型，从而决定“话题”栏中第二行的内容。