安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译

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Ｕnｉt 1safeｔy manaｇement ｓyｓtemＡcciｄent ｃａｕｓatｉon ｍoｄels ﻩ事故致因理论Ｓafety managemeｎt 安全管理Phｙsｉｃａｌｃonditions ﻩ物质条件Mａcｈinｅguａrdinｇﻩ机械保护装置Ｈouse—keepiｎｇ工作场所管理Ｔｏｐmanagement 高层管理人员Ｈuman ｅｒrorｓ人因失误Aｃcidenｔ-pｒonenｅss ｍｏdels 事故倾向模型Muniｔｉoｎs faｃtｏrｙﻩ军工厂Causal fａctorsﻩ起因Rｉskinｇtakiｎgﻩ冒险行为Coｒpｏraｔｅｃｕlture 企业文化Ｌosｓprevention 损失预防Prｏcess indusｔryﻩ制造工业Haｚard coｎtrol 危险控制Intensｉve ｓtudｙ广泛研究Orgａniｚationaｌperｆｏrmａnce 企业绩效Mｕtual trust 相互信任Sａfｅｔｙoffiｃerﻩ安全官员Ｓafeｔy commｉttee 安全委员会Ｓhop-fｌｏｏrﻩ生产区Unioniｚed company 集团公司Seｎioｒitｙﻩ资历、工龄Local ｃuｌturｅ当地文化Absenｔeｅiｓm rａｔｅﻩ缺勤率Power reｌａtioｎｓﻩ权力关系Stａtus review 状态审查Lower—ｌevel managemenｔ低层管理者Business pｅrformanceﻩ组织绩效Ｍｏst seniｏｒexｅcｕtiｖe 高级主管Superｖisory levｅl监督层Ｓａfety pｒincipｌeﻩ安全规则Waｌl—boarｄﻩ公告栏Imｐlement planﻩ执行计划Ｈazarｄidenｔificａtion 危险辨识Ｓａfeｔy pｅrfｏｒmance 安全性能One comｐrｅｈensｉve definition fｏr an orgaｎｉzatｉonａl cｕｌture ｈas been presentｅdｂｙＳｃhein wｈo has said thｅorganｉｚatiｏnal culturｅiｓ“a patteｒn ｏf baｓic asｓumptionｓ–inveｎｔed, dｉｓcovere ｄ，or deveｌoｐｅｄby ａgiven gｒｏup as iｔlearns to cope with iｔs pｒｏbｌｅms of exｔｅrnal adaｐｔａｔiｏn and inｔernal integratioｎ– that h ａs ｗorked weｌl enouｇｈto be consiｄereｄｖａliｄand,tｈｅrｅｆore, to beｔａught to new memｂeｒｓas the corrｅｃt way to peｒcｅive, thin ｋ,and feel in rｅlatiｏn to ｔhosｅｐrobｌemｓ”译文:Scheｉｎ给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的.由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。

英语安全工程专业翻译

Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobylaccident，this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices，and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented，discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safe ty management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include ：organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion，level of risk at the workplace，workers' involvement in safety，and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ，for unionized companies in the USA，seniority is valued very highly，while training or individual’s skills and qualifications do not effect job security，employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the nationalsystems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people，and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch，and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy，management should show commitment to the following subjects ：Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ；A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things；Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy；The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ；The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ，from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ；The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ；Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training，and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following：All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800，the plan should include ：appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication；procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities;methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well.In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmental management systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业英语汉译英1-8

Unit One安全管理safety management 事故致因accident causation 不安全行为unsafe acts不安全状态unsafe conditions企业安全文化corporate safety culture安全政策safety policyUnit Two系统安全工程system safety engineering 危险辩识hazard identification/identified危险控制hazard control 安全评价safety evaluation危险分析hazard analysis安全准则safety criteria Unit Three安全人机工程safety ergonomics 工作效率work efficiency工作压力job stressors伤害率injury rate人机过程ergonomics process职业伤残work injuryUnit Four工伤保险injury insurance 人因失误human error风险评估risk assessment人机系统ergonomics system工业事故industrial system事故类型accident types Unit Five职业安全健康occupational health and safety职业安全健康管理体系occupational health and safety management system危险源分析hazard analysis 事故分析accident analysis风险管理risk management职业伤害occupational injury Unit Six工业卫生industrial hygiene 物理危害physical hazards 化学危害chemical hazards非电离辐射non-ionizing radiation生物危害biological hazards职业病occupational diseaseUnit Seven安全文化safety culture企业文化corporate culture 高危行业high-risk industry事故率accident rate应急预案emergency plan安全评审safety review Unit Eight安全激励safety motivation 自我激励self-motivation个人需求individual demand 社会需求social needs安全氛围safety atmosphere 生理需求physiological needs。

安全工程专业英语

一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山，矿井。

v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤coalfield n. 煤田strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向roadway n. 巷道mining district 采区coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面ventilation n. 通风bolt v. 打锚杆；n. 锚杆immediate roof 直接顶；floor 底板；gas，methane 瓦斯outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层fault n. 断层occurrence 赋存coalfield 煤田air shaft风井surrounding rock 围岩Mine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿trap door 通风门moisture content 湿度rank 品级bituminous 烟煤anthracite 无烟煤igneous[地]火成的natural fracture原生裂隙cleat【地质】割理porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的Permeability渗透性free gas游离状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯voidage孔隙度adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放Borehole 钻孔★Accident Causation Models：事故致因模型★System safety：系统安全★Hazard analysis：危害分析★Hazard identification：危险源辨识★Ergonomics process 人机工程过程★Hazard Identification 危险源辨识★safety culture 安全文化★corporate culture 企业文化★Accident Investigation：事故调查★mine fire 矿井火灾二、句型翻译★1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors.Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型，用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。

安全工程文献翻译01中英

The Safety Standards of Scaffolding1. PURPOSEThis procedure provides guidelines for the safe erection, inspection, use, and dismantling of scaffolding at Air Products Facilities worldwide.2. SCOPEThis procedure applies to all personnel who erect, inspect, use, or dismantle scaffolding. Air Products plant personnel must ensure that all contractors engaged in any scaffolding activities shall comply with the provisions in this procedure.3. SUMMARY3.1 Scaffold design and specification shall as a minimum follows the nationally recognized and approved standards of the country in which the scaffold is erected. Where the requirements of this standard are different to the nationally recognized and approved standards, t he most stringent standard will apply.3.2 Scaffolds shall be inspected by competent qualified and certified personnel prior to use, after inclement weather and any occurrence where the structure has been modified. Any individual that erects or disassembles a scaffold must be certified, and all users of scaffolding must receive the appropriate training. Contract personnel must present proof of the appropriate training and qualifications prior to working on any Air Products site.3.3 Scaffolds shall only be erected and disassembled by competent approved and qualified personnel. Proper provisions must be made for the safe lifting ofscaffold fittings, poles and boards. Lifting equipment must be designed to prevent the possibility of scaffold falling to grade in the event that the load snags or knots slip. Throwing and dropping equipment is strictly prohibited.3.4 Erected scaffolds exceeding 38m (125' feet) in height (or the national limits in the country of use) shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, or the local authority where applicable, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design.3.5 The person(s) in charge of the activity, e.g., plant maintenance, construction, etc., shall ensure that any individual that has the authority and responsibility for the erection, inspection, and disassembly of scaffolding is competent to do so. Theindividual will be deemed competent after receiving suitable training by an approved scaffold training company or in-house expert and shall be documented.3.6 Scaffolds shall have guardrails, mid-rails, and toe boards installed on all open sides and ends of platforms.3.6.1 Guardrails shall be installed no less than 970 mm (38" inches) or not more than 1,140 mm (45" inches) high with a mid-rail, or as required by the National Standard. There must not be a gap between guardrails, or between toe boards and guardrails, greater than 470 mm (18" inches).3.6.2 Toe boards shall be a minimum of 102 mm (4" inches) in height and must be secured to prevent movement. Toe boards are to be of wood construction, aluminum, or steel preformed to match the scaffold.3.6.3 In windy conditions and certain situations, netting must be placed between the toe board and mid-rails (and top rails in some cases) to prevent materials, i.e. paper, rags, small tools; various materials from being blown off the scaffold decking and falling onto the ground exposing people below to fall hazards.3.7 Scaffolds must be erected on sound surfaces and base plates must be used at all times. Footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be rigid, and capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick or concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds. 3.8 All poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement. Sufficient ties or raking shores shall be provided to ensure that the scaffold cannot fall away from the object being scaffolded.3.9 Scaffold surfaces shall be kept clean and free from sharp edges, burrs, or other safety hazards.3.10 Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are intended. Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting at least four (4) times the maximum intended load. Scaffolds should have their safe working loads posted or visible to those working who will be performing work on the scaffold.3.11 Scaffold work platforms shall be fully planked with wood, aluminum, or steel scaffold planks or 51 mm X 254 mm (2" x 10" inches) lumber that meets Planking Requirements and is rated to support the intended load.3.12 Scaffolds shall be maintained in a safe condition, and shall only be altered by competent approved and qualified personnel. Scaffolds undergoing modification shall be withdrawn from use until the modification work has been completed, and the scaffold inspected and approved for use by a competent approved and qualified person.3.13 Scaffolds (including mobile access towers) shall not be moved while they are in use or occupied.3.14 Scaffolds damaged or part weakened from any cause shall immediately be replaced and shall not be used until repairs have been completed and the scaffoldre-inspected.3.15 The preferred method of access and egress to a work platform is from a ladder which shall be fitted with an access gate panel. Chain gates can only be used where access gate panels are not safely accessible. Access ladders should not exceed9m (30' feet) in length, and shall extend a min. of 1.1m (3.5' feet) past the working platform.3.16 Access ladder(s) shall be provided with each scaffold built. Access ladders must be of an approved construction, fixed on a suitable foundation, and unpainted. The ladders should be fixed at the top, bottom, and sufficient intermediate points to prevent undue sagging or movement. The recommended gradient is to be 1:4(i.e., about 1 unit out for every 4 units in height). A chain gate shall be used on ladder frames when access gate panels are not safely accessible.3.17 Access or working platforms shall be no more than 9m (30' feet) apart vertically. When a scaffold height exceeds 9 m (30' feet) all additional platforms shall be on the inside of the scaffolding. If the working platforms are spaced more than6.1m (20' feet)) apart, the ladders shall then be equipped either self- retracting lifelines or an OSHA or equivalent National approved cage. The lifeline shall be installed to an acceptable anchorage point capable to withstand 2300Kgs or (5000 Lbs) per individual attached for fall protection. Any ladder over7.3m (24' feet) or 9.1m (30' feet) must have an intermediate platform as a means for resting on the way up.3.18 Use of pulleys, hoist arms, or other devices to hoist material is prohibited, unless the scaffold is guyed or braced to a permanent structure to prevent tipping or has been designed to accommodate these lifting devices.3.19 Use of ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffold to increase its heightor to provide access from above is prohibited.4. PROCEDURE4.1 Safety Considerations4.1.1 Depending on the nature and the area of work, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn by personnel. A competent person must determine the feasibility and safety, or where National Standards may dictate, of providing fall protection during the erection and dismantling of scaffolding.Note: Fall protection must be worn by workers erecting and dismantling scaffolds when exposed to falls greater than 6 feet.4.1.2 Personnel working on a scaffold platform with full handrail, mid rail, toe boards and gated access are not required to tie off when working inside the platform area. Safety harness shall be used during scaffold erection. Tie off is required above 2m (6' feet).4.1.3 Personal protective equipment must be used which has been identified through the Workplace Risk Assessment/Job Safety Analysis.4.1.4 Scaffolds shall be built or dismantled in a manner to prevent passage from under the scaffold. Caution tape should be used to mark a safe zone around the scaffolds. Personnel access through mid rails and cross bracing is not recommended.4.1.5 If a scaffold erection interferes with the permanent access ladder or permanent fall protection device, alternative fall protection and ladder access must be provided.4.1.6 Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold structure including any wire or fiber ropes when using a heat producing process.4.1.7 Falling objects protection must be installed to provide protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects. This can be accomplished by using toe boards, screens or brick guards; guard rails systems, nets, catch platforms, or canopy structure methods. These systems must be capable of containing or deflecting falling objects. Overhead protection shall be provided for individuals working on a scaffold exposed to overhead hazards.4.1.8 Individuals shall not work on scaffolds during a storm or high winds. Every effort should be made to exit the scaffold prior to electrical storms. Scaffolds should only be sheeted in where the scaffold structure (including ties and/or raking shores) has been specifically designed to accommodate the additional wind loads that thisimposes.4.1.9 Individuals shall not work on scaffolding, which is covered with ice or snow, unless all ice or snow is removed and planking is covered with antiskid material to prevent slipping. This is because the deadweight of ice and snow can lead to significant overloading of the scaffold structure.4.1.10 Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate in quantities to cause a hazard.4.1.11 Partly erected/dismantled scaffold must have suitable warning signs posted in prominent locations, be barricaded off, or policed to prevent unauthorized entry. The use of Scaffold tags is strongly recommended.4.1.12 When scaffold material is stored on-site, it is advisable to store the material under dry conditions.4.1.13 Scaffolds are not to be placed closer than 9m (30' feet) to live power lines, or no closer than the minimum clearance specified by the National Electrical Safety guidelines in the country of jurisdiction. In some countries grounding of the scaffold structure is required.4.1.14 Scaffold accessories shall be used and installed in accordance with manufacturer's recommended procedures. Accessories shall not be altered in the field.4.1.15 Personnel who perform work on scaffolding systems must be trained according to the requirements outlined by Air Products or according to national or local regulations. Retraining is required in at least in the following situations:4.1.15.1 Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which any employee has not been previously trained.4.1.15.2 Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained.4.1.15.3 Where inadequacies in an affected employee's work involving scaffolding indicates that the employee has not retained the requisite proficiency.4.1.15.4 Where changes to the procedure have taken place, which an employee has not been previously trained.Note: The Following Environmental Considerations:Metal scaffold platforms should be used during Lead Abatement Activitieswhenever possible, to eliminate contamination and cleanup of wood walk boards.4.2 Scaffold Inspection4.2.1 Scaffolding shall be inspected by a competent, qualified and certified scaffold inspector prior to use, after any modification, or after any occurrence which could affect the integrity of the scaffold structure. This shall either be the contractor responsible for the provision of the scaffold or an Air Products employee trained in the proper erection, inspection and use of scaffolding. The results and periodic frequency of such inspections shall be recorded and Scaffold Tags posted in a prominent location at each access point to show the inspection status of the scaffold and next inspection period.The periodic frequency shall depend on factors such as the type of scaffold, site and weather conditions, intensity of use, age of the equipment, and how often sections or components are added, removed or changed, but should never exceed 1 week (7 days). These kinds of factors will determine how quickly or how slowly safety related faults, loose connections, degradation and other defects could be expected to develop, and consequently indicate whether inspections should be conducted more frequently than every 7 days.4.2.1.1 For routine maintenance activities, all scaffolding shall be inspected daily or before each work shift.4.2.1.2 For Construction and Turnaround Activities, all scaffolding shall be inspected at least once before each work shift or more periodic as determined by the scaffold inspector.Note: "Periodic" means frequently enough so that, in light of these factors and the amount of time expected for detrimental effects to occur, there is a good likelihood that problems will be found before they pose a hazard to working individuals.4.3.2 Upon completion of a scaffold, the scaffold inspector shall inspect the scaffold. When a scaffold is approved by the inspector a green 'SCAFFOLD COMPLETED' - 'READY FOR USE' or a yellow 'No Access' tag will be inserted into the danger tag holder. If it is not approved, the inspector will attach a red tag into the danger tag holder indicating that the scaffold is not suitable for use. The red tag must remain in place until the scaffold is repaired and inspected by a competent person4.3.2.1 The Inspector will date and sign the "GREEN" tag when there are no defects in scaffold construction noting total working load on tag.4.3.2.2 The Inspector will date and sign the "YELLOW" caution tag and fill in any restrictions or cautions associated with the scaffold noting the total working loadon tag.4.3.2.3 The Inspector will date and sign a "RED" tag indicating that the scaffold is not to be used because it is being modified or is not suitable for people to be working on it.4.3.3 No unauthorized modifications will be made to any scaffold. Only approved scaffold builders are permitted to modify a scaffold.4.3.4 Scaffolding that is required to support a load must visibly display the maximum load permitted and all persons using the scaffold must be informed of the restrictions of use for the particular arrangement (load capacity, general access, inspection only, etc.). The sign should be legible and written in the native language to ensure full understanding. In some cases, dual language signs may be necessary.4.3.5 Scaffolds shall be rated for total working load at time of inspection. To determine total working load, multiply length times width to find the square feet of the working area. Multiply working area by allowable load per square foot.Example: 1.5m (5' feet) wide by 2.1m (7 feet) long, 1.5m X 2.1m = 3.15 square meters (5'x7' = 35 square feet). Multiply this number 3.15 (35) times the working load per square meters (square foot) from the load chart found in OSHA's 1926 Subpart "L " or equivalent to find the total working load.Note: The Lumber basis for this is "Douglas Fir".Example: Full thickness undressed lumberWorking load 22.7 Kg-per square meter (50 lb-per square foot)Permissible span 2.4m (8' feet).3.15 meter squared X 22.7 Kg per squared meter = 71.5 Kg -Total working load (35 square feet x 50 p.s.f. = 1,750 pounds Total working load).Example: Nominal thickness lumber (dressed)Working load 11.1Kgs per square meter (25Lbs per square foot)3.15 meters squared X 11.1 kgs per squared meter = 35 Kgs -Total working load (35 square feet x 25 p.s.f. = 875 pounds - Total Working Load)NOTE: FOR PERMISSIBLE SPAN - USE THE NEXT HIGHER NUMBER FORLENGTH OF SPAN.4.3.6 The minimum permitted widths for scaffold are as follows (unless specified by national regulations):GeneralFor men and materialsFor supporting another platformFor the side of a sloping roof4.3.7 Scaffold boards are to be supported as follows (unless national regulations are more stringent):Thickness of boardMaximum Spacing51 mm (2 in) 2590 mm (8 ft)4.3.8 Scaffold planking shall be scaffold grade as recognized by grading rules for the species of wood and stamped on the plank.4.3.9 When a scaffold is built around a line or object, the following guidelines are to be followed:4.3.9.1 Toe-board shall be installed around the object.4.3.9.2 Planking shall be covered with plywood 15.87 mm (5/8" inches) or greater and capable of supporting the intended load.4.3.9.3 Scaffolds shall be planked end-to-end on each side of the object. The planking needs to be supported around the object to ensure the decking or planking will sufficiently hold the intended weight of people and tools and materials.4.3.10 All brackets shall be seated correctly with side brackets parallel to frames and end brackets 90° to the frame. Brackets shall not be bent or twisted from normal positions.4.3.11 Scaffolds shall be visually checked by the user prior to use to ensure that no unauthorized changes have been made and that the status tag is still valid. If the tag is not valid, the scaffold shall be removed from service by removing the scaffold tag until repairs are made and the scaffold has been re-inspected. A red tag should be fixed to the scaffolding indicating no one is to use it.4.3.12 Where gin wheels/pulleys (including ropes) or other accessories are fitted to the scaffold, these are to be included into the scope of all inspections mentioned in this procedure.4.3.13 When it is proposed to use a lightweight mobile scaffold platforms for light duty work, the scaffold shall be subject to the following:4.3.13.1 The scaffold is used with all bracing and outriggers in position and wheels locked.4.3.13.2 All scaffold is used on level firm ground only.4.3.13.3 All points of the scaffold are fully supported by the ground.4.3.13.4 The individuals erecting the scaffold have been properly trained in its use.4.3.13.5 The height of the scaffold shall not exceed the smallest base dimension by a factor greater than 3:1, subject to the manufacturer confirming that the scaffold is suitable for this and that the manufacturer instruction and information are available. If no information exists, assume 2:1 as the maximum ratio. Additionally, the smallest base dimension shall not be less than 1200 mm (4' feet).4.3.13.6 Ladders must not be used to extend the height of the scaffold.脚手架安全标准1.目的本程序为全球AOCI工厂安全安装、检查、使用和拆卸脚手架提供了指导原则。

安全工程专业英语

一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山，矿井。

资料：《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

Unit 1 safety man ageme nt system Accide nt causatio n models 事故致因理论Safety man ageme nt 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machi ne guard机械保护装置ingHouse-keep ing 工作场所管理Top man ageme高层管理人员ntHuma n errors 人因失误Accide nt-pro nen ess models 事故倾向模型Mun iti ons factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risk ing tak ing 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss preve nti on 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard con trol 危险控制Inten sive study 广泛研究Organi zati onal performa nee 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Shop-floor 生产区Seni ority资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Abse nteeism rate 缺勤率Power relatio ns 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level man ageme nt 低层管理者Busin ess performa nee 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety prin eiple 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Impleme nt pla n 执行计戈UHazard ide ntificati on 危险辨识Safety performa nee 安全性能译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

安全工程专业英语翻译

Breath of fresh airWith no aspect of underground mine safety more fundamental than proper ventilation, various modern systems are being used to ensure airflow is safe for workersBY BREE FREEMANWhen it comes to underground mine workings, few things are more important than adequate ventilation. Every year enormous efforts are made to maintain and improve airflow to working areas. This is to dilute emissions below statutory limits, render the air harmless, carry away hazardous contaminants and provide necessary levels of oxygen for the miners. As a result, ventilation systems form a crucial pan of the design of any mine, the layout of which is determined by the orebody geology, legislation, available manpower, mining methods and the equipment used.Specific environmental issues such as virgin rock temperatures, spontaneous combustion and dust control further complicate theoretical ventilation systems. Moreover, whatever system is eventually planned will inevitably suffer from imperfect implementation and control because of the day-to-day complexities of the extraction operation.“V entilation in the modem mine is an essential prerequisite, perhaps even more so than in the past.Apart from the obvious biological aspect of preventing depletion of oxygen and the build-up of carbon dioxide in the air, the mine-ventilation system must be able to keep quantities of contaminants below harmful levels,”says Mike Beare, principal mining engineer for consultancy SRK.He explains: “A modern mine has many sources of harmful substances, including fumes from explosives, dust from broken rock and gases present in the rocks themselves. in addition to these, the modem approach to mining (including the use of diesel-engine trucks and loaders) results in large quantities of CO, nitrous fumes and diesel-particulate matter entering the mine airflow. While scrubbers are fitted, they do not remove all the contaminants and the ventilation system has to be designed to be able to dilute these to safe levels.”These issues demonstrate the need for expert design, observes SRK, which also signals the need for ventilation costs to be minimised in the same way as any other cost aspect As a result, various production scenarios need to be addressed at the outset.Central to all of these calculations is the simple fact that airflow is determined by temperature and pressure differences, air flows from high-pressure to low-pressure areas . In a mine, It is caused by pressure differences between the intake and exhaust openings. Airflow follows a square-law relationship between volume and pressure - in order to double the volume of air, four times the pressure must be exerted.CREATING THE PRESSUREThere are two main types of fan:●Axial: these are generally high-volume, low-pressure fans, either directlydriven by the motor shaft (with the motor inside the tube body) or remotely driven using belts (with the motor outside the tube body). These are generally adjustable for volume by setting the pitch of the adjustable blades on the rotor and, in some cases, motor speed can be tailored to adjust volume and pressure.●Centrifugal: these are generally high-pressure, low-volume fans that consist ofa multi-bladed, squirrel-cage wheel in which the leading edge of the fanblades curves toward the direction of rotation. These fans have low space requirements, low tip speeds and are relatively quiet.AUXILIARY VENTILATIONThe ventilation of dead-end workplaces is the most frequent and Important application of auxiliary ventilation. It is used for both development and exploration work, as well as for production headings with only one entrance. A major inconvenience with any method of auxiliary ventilation during development is the necessity of frequent extension. The auxiliary airstream must be delivered as dose to the face as possible so that it can sweep away any impurities that have been generated.The two main methods of ventilating the faces of dead-end workplaces are erecting line-brattice (air entering on one side of the brattice and returning In the other side) and the installation of a fan, coupled with ventilation tubing.The practice of redirecting the main ventilation system with smaller, local fans is used where a line brattice is not adequate. Tubing, often suspended from timbers or roof bolts (if approved), carries the air to, or away from, the working face (tubing is rigid for exhaust systems and collapsible for forcing systems). This auxiliary ventilation system allows continuous miners to operate without being obstructed by brattice constructions.In addition, booster fans can be located in long airways to boost the airflow volume. These fans can be free-standing and used without using bulkheads.CIRCULATION CONTROLSMine-ventilation systems present a unique challenge in that the workfaces are normally moving away from the source of fresh air.This requires continuous changes to the ventilation system. These controls are needed to distribute the air underground, so that each working section Is ventilated with an adequate supply of fresh air.The various devices work collectively to direct the movement of the air through the main Intakes to the working section and move out through the returns without short-circuiting, which occurs when air from the intake goes directly into the return.ELIMINATING DIESEL EMISSIONSAs Mr Bear commented above, reducing harmful diesel emissions is another vital aspect of improving underground working conditions. But, while diesel-engine manufacturers and machine OEMs should be acknowledged for their combined achievements. In reducing pollutants, there would always be a percentage of emissions that must be strictly monitored, diluted and vented to the surface. What isneeded is an alternative to diesel, and some people believe fuel cells could be the key.A 2003 study by the University of Nevada used data obtained from a survey sent to 173 US metal and non-metal underground mines. From a 61% return, the survey included 4,786 diesel units (totalling 478,200kW), collectively consuming about 68MI/y of diesel fuel.As of January 20, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enacted a regulation limiting total DPM (diesel particulate matter) emissions from diesel engines to an Interim 450Ngm of total carbon/cm' of ambient air, and suggested it would be reduced further to 160pgm in January 2008.Extensive use of diesel-powered mobile equipment has resulted in the development of mining methods such as drift and fill stoping, which, in most circumstances, require …dead-end‟auxiliary ventilation rather than 'through-flow' ventilation. Since it can be harder and more expensive to ventilate these stopes, and meet the DPM regulations, most mines will have to modify their operating practices.Mines can exploit increased ventilation to help meet the DPM criteria, but this involves considerable costs since fan power Is proportional to cubic-air quantity, and purchasing and installing fans is very expensive.So, perhaps the use of total emission-free machines in our coal mines Is closer than we think.在矿业安全的方面没有比合适的通风更重要，为了矿工的安全各种各样的先进系统被用于保证风流的通畅。

【优质】安全工程专业外语翻译

电脑芯片的工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快1000倍。
In Britain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952．
英国的第一台辅助燃气发电机于1952年在曼彻斯特开始运转。
物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。
The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.
最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。
If A is equal to D,A plus B equals D plus B.
这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。
The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.
这次实验的结果比前几次的实验结果都好的多。
All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．
（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。）
There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.
（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。）

安全工程专业英语课文翻译

Accident causation models 事故致因理论Safety officer 安全官员Safety management 安全管理Safety committee 安全委员会Physical conditions 物质条件Shop-floor 生产区Machine guarding 机械保护装置Unionized company集团公司House-keeping 工作场所管理Seniority 资历、工龄Top management 高层管理人员Local culture 当地文化Human errors 人因失误Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Power relations 权力关系Munitions factory 军工厂Status review 状态审查Causal factors 起因Lower-level management 低层管理者Risking taking 冒险行为Business performance 组织绩效Corporate culture 企业文化Most senior executive 高级主管Loss prevention 损失预防Supervisory level 监督层Process industry 制造工业Safety principle 安全规则Hazard control 危险控制Wall-board 公告栏Intensive study 广泛研究Implement plan 执行计划Organizational performance 企业绩效Hazard identification 危险辨识Mutual trust 相互信任Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational cultubasic assumptions –invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope wit h its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has wo rked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to thos e problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业外语翻译

安全工程专业英语Unit翻译

安全工程专业英语Unit11. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。

2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field.这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。

3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ.尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。

英语安全工程专业翻译

Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environmentPetersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’soperation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used forimproving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident，this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus onthe functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices，and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented，discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style andproficiency of, an organization’s health and saf ety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include ：organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion，level of risk at the workplace，workers' involvement in safety，and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ，for unionized companies in the USA，seniority is valued very highly，while training or individual’s skills andqualifications do not effect job security，employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create aneffective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people，and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in theindustry’s branch，and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy，management should show commitment to the following subjects ：Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ；A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things；Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy；The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ；The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ，from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ；The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ；Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training，and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following：All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning ofthe safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800，the plan should include ：appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication；procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities; methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well. In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmentalmanagement systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业英语词汇

安全专业英语1.国外安全成语Safety is a commodity. 安全就是商品!Safety at first 安全第一!To be safe can not depend on wise behind. 安全不能指望事后诸葛! Tolerating danger is to cut one's own throat. 容忍危险等于作法自毙! Second thoughts are best for safety. 为了安全须三思而后行!A stumble may prevent a fall. 小踬可防大跌!2.常见的安全英语名词现代安全管理 (MSM morden safety management)·工艺安全管理 (PSM process safety management)·国际安全评级系统 (ISRS international safety risk system)·HSE状况 (HSE Case)·紧急预案 (ERP emergency responsible progress)·危险源辨识 (HAZID hazardous identify)·危害与可操作性分析 (HAZOP)·工艺危险性分析 (PHA process hazardous analysis)·如果-怎么办分析 (What-if)·故障类型及影响分析 (FMEA)·事件树分析 (Event Tree Analysis)·故障树分析 (Fault Tree Analysis)·定性风险评价 (Qualitative Risk Assessment)·量化风险评价 (QRA)·火灾安全性分析 (Fire Safety Analysis)·安全审核 (Safety Audit) ·项目风险管理 (Project Risk Management)·企业风险管理 (Enterprise Risk Management)3.安全词汇英语翻译MBMining Bureau矿业局Safe allowable floor load 楼板安全允许荷载Safe atmosphere 安全气氛Safe capacity安全承载能力Safe circuit安全电路Safe concentration 安全浓度Safe dust concentration 安全含尘浓度Safe container 安全集装箱Safe criterion 安全准则Safe current carrying capacity安全载流量Safe current安全电流Safe curtain防火幕Safe dispersing area 安全疏散面积Safe escape appliance 安全逃生器具Safe escape/evacuation 安全疏散Safe floor安全层Safe guard安全措施Safe illumination安全照明Safe in operation安全操作Safe limit安全界限Safe load 安全载荷Safe operating pressure安全操作能力Safe practice安全措施Safe refuge避难所Safe reliability安全可靠性Safe temperature 安全温度Safe guard construction 安全结构Safeguard measure保证措施Safeguard practice 保护性措施Safeguard structure 防护结构Safeguarding structure防护构筑物Safelight box安全灯箱Safety explosive安全炸药Safety accessory安全附件Safety accommodation安全住所Safety alarm device安全警报装置Safety alert symbol 安全惊叹号Safety apparatus安全设备Safety approval plate安全合格牌照Safety assembly 安全装置Safety belt 安全带harnessSafety cap lamp 安全帽灯Safety check止回阀/安全检查Safety clothing安全服Safety communications equipment安全通讯设备Safety control circuit安全控制电路Safety control mark安全控制标记Safety cut-off安全开关Safety department矿山安全部门Safety device 保安装置Safety director安全员Safety supervisor 安全监督Safety disc安全片Safety door latch安全门锁Safety earthing 保护接地Safety grounding 安全接地Safety element 安全原件Safety engineering安全工程学Safety equipment cabinet 安全设备箱Safety evacuation travel distance 安全疏散距离Safety exhaust安全排气阀Safety face shield 安全面罩Safety factor 安全系数Safety flask安全瓶颈Safety fuel安全燃料Safety fuse cutout = electric fuse保险丝Safety fuse安全导火线Safety fusible plug 易熔安全塞Safety gap安全隙Safety garment救生衣Safety gear安全机构Safety glass 安全玻璃Safety goggles防护眼镜Safety guard安全防护板Safety harness安全带Safety hat安全帽Safety hatch安全出口Safety head lamp安全头灯Safety head安全盖Safety hook安全钩Safety in Mine Research and Testing Branch 矿山安全研究试验所Safety in Mine Research Board 矿山安全研究委员会Safety in Mines Research Establishment 矿山安全研究院Safety ink 安全油墨Safety inspection 安全检查Safety inspector 安全检查员Safety installation 安全设备Safety instruction安全说明Safety instrumentation安全测试装置Safety interlayer安全夹层Safety interlock安全联锁装置Safety interlocking安全联锁Safety island安全岛Safety ladder安全梯Safety lamp gauze 安全灯网罩Safety lamp 安全灯Safety legislation 安全法律Safety light安全指示灯Safety lighting fitting 安全照明装置Safety lighting 安全照明Safety limit switch 保险总开关Safety load factor 安全荷载系数Safety load安全荷载Safety lock危险品储藏小室Safety margin 安全限度Safety marking 安全标志Safety match安全火柴Safety measure安全措施Safety method安全办法Safety observation station安全观察站Safety of life at sea海上生命安全电气词汇英汉对照表架空Overhead电力线Electric line of force / power line合格证明书Qualification certificate预应力混凝土电杆Prestressed concrete pole避雷线Shield wire / overhead ground wire金具Hardware tool针式绝缘子Needle insulator瓷横担Porcelain cross arm悬式绝缘子Suspension insulator回填Backfill夯实Tamping拉线Stretch / drag the wire / pull wire紧线Stringing / string wire接地Grounding底盘Tray / bed / mainframe卡盘Clamping disk / holding chuck垂直Vertical水平Horizontal偏差Deviation / error深度Depth基础Basis螺栓Bolt避免Avoid倾斜Inclination拉线盘Cable quadrant通讯线Communication link 跨越Crossover送电侧Sending end观察Observe冲击合闸Impulse switch on抱箍Anchor ear弯曲Bend / bending紧密Tightly / closely接触Contact / touch压接Crimp connection线夹(wiring) clip / clamp clip fastener / fastener裂缝Crack / split操作Operation镀锌铁线Galvanized (iron) wire受电侧Receiving end转角杆Turning point pole终端杆Terminal point pole导线Wire 钢芯铝绞线Steel reinforced alumin(i)um wire耐张线夹Strain clamp接续管Connecting pipe导电脂（膏）Conductive pipe电阻Resistance电压Voltage电流current电功率Power / rate of work切割Cut / knifing电源Power supply敷设Laying / installing隐蔽工程Concealed / hidden project Check the circuit’s phase引流线Drainage wire隔离开关Disconnecting switch负荷开关Load-break switch高压熔断器High-voltage fuse 支柱绝缘子Pillar insulator接触电阻Contact resistance拉断力Tension fracture允许偏差Deviation allowance兆欧表Megohmmeter张力Tension防震锤Anti-hunting hammer 弹簧销子Spring catch阻尼线Damping wire扭矩Torque相序Phase sequence带负荷运行Load carrying电气间隙Electric clearance原始记录Original record导线对地距离Circuit’s distance to ground接地电阻Earth resistance绝缘电阻Insulation resistance 耐压试验High-voltage holding test测定线路参数Determination of circuit parameter 线路走向Circuit’s routing坐标Coordinate耐张段Strain section镀锌制品Galvanized product线路编号Line’s number线路名称Line’s name线路走向图Circuit’s routing diagram避雷器Lightning arrester / lightning protecter真空断路器Vacuum breaker 变压器Transformer线电压Line voltage电压等级Voltage grade测量Measurent竣工图Completion drawing设计变更通知单Design altering notice标准Standard复测Repetition measurement工程试验报告Engineering testing report电容器Capacitance element合闸Switch on分闸Switch off照明配电箱Lighting distribution box电线Wire电缆Cable 配电盘Distribution board空气断路器Air breaker油位Oil lever自动重合闸Autoclose circuit breaker动触头Moving contact继电器Relay按钮Press-button接触器Contractor 电磁机构Electromagnetic mechanism操动机构Control mechanism压力开关Pressure switch温度开关Temperature switch氧化锌Zinc oxide电缆桥架Cable bridge support 设备线夹Equipment clamp温度继电器Temperature relay报警器Alarm温度计Thermometer 储油柜（油枕）Tank空载电压Floating voltage / no-load voltage蓄电池Battery消弧线圈Arc-extinguishing coil励磁电压Exciting voltage二次接线Second link自动重合闸保护Autoclose circuit breaker protection过电流保护Over-current protection标志牌Mark board距离保护Distance protection泄漏电流Leakage current 直流电阻Direct-current resistance电动机Electric motor转速Rotational speed延时Time relay频率Frequency工频放电电压Power frequency discharge voltage电导电流Conductivity current电压降Voltage drop功率因数补偿Power-factor compensation无功功率Reactive power有功功率Active power视在功率Apparent power持续电流Sustained current持续时间Endurance time过电压保护Over-voltage protection电解液Electrolytic solution初充电Initial charge正极Positive electrode负极Cathode钢管Steel pipe圆钢Round bar搭接长度Lap of splice避雷针Lightning rod阻燃型Flame retardant光纤电缆Fiber cable交叉净距Cross clear distance弯曲半径Curvature radius 固定点Anchor point扁钢Flat steel支架Support frame防腐处理Anticorrosive process 安全净距Safety clear distance接线端子Terminal post便携式Portable type引下线Down lead闪络Flashover联锁Interlock爆炸危险区域Explosive dangerous zone应急照明Emergency lighting穿越Through安全电压Safevoltage手持式电动工具Hand power tool限位开关Limit switch局部照明Local illumination / spot light接地母线Earth bus保护零线Protection zero line截面积Area of section载流量Current capacity线间距离Line-line distance相间距离Phase-phase distance埋地Ground / buried漏电开关Leakage switch工艺常用英语词汇探伤仪flaw detector探伤flaw detection/crack detection不合格not up to the (required) standard/below the mark合格 qualified/up to standard合格证certificate of inspection/certificate of quality一级片class Ⅰ type film二级片class Ⅱ type film三级片class Ⅲ typefilm试压流体test fluid试验证书test certificate试压工作队testing spread硬度试验 test of hardness testing试压准备test preparation试验压力test pressure试压泵test pump试焊口test weld强度试压strength test严密性试压proof test通径试验drift test吹扫purging压力表manometer/pressure gauge压力表式温度计pressure-spring thermometer压力开关pressure switch压力阀 pressure valve精度系数quality coefficient精度等级accuracy class/precision class精度检查accuracy checking/alignment test精度控制accuracy control精度要求required precision稳压试验standup pressure test对管工stabber施工工作队spread盲板blank临时盲板temporary blank临时措施temporary水压试验test of water pressure返工remade返修rework截面section管沟pipe trench管沟截面尺寸section dimension of pipe trench 管沟开挖质量quality of pipe trench开挖机械excavation machinery开挖深度cutting depth/excavating depth回填backfill回填夯实backfill consolidation夯实tamping打夯机tamper恢复原状（地貌）reconversion of landforms放线setting-out测量工具measuring tool清理cleaning up施工带清理cleaning of construction area修理临时施工道路build access road运输工具（车）carrier vehicle布管stringing运管卡车carrier truck/carrier lorry起下管子pipe trip吊管架pipe hanger/jacket吊管机sideboom tractor吊车crane单机试运转single machine test run防腐常用词汇阳极接地anodic earthing阳极腐蚀（侵蚀） anodic attack /anodic corrosion 烘烤型醇酸树脂漆baking alkyd酚醛环氧树脂bakelite epoxy resin烘干漆烤漆baking finish烘干漆烤漆baking lacquer烘烤型底漆 baking primer清烘烤漆baking varnish平衡电位balance potential球磨光试验ball burnishing test球磨机ball mill钢球（布氏）硬ball hardness球阀ball valve层状腐蚀banded corrosion抛光膏bar compound分批装料batch loading间歇法；分批操作法batch method返工do poorly done work over again 预制prefabricate喷砂sandblast打磨burnish砂纸sand paper铁红Bengalen裂口crack mouth缩孔龟裂crawling银纹craze缝隙腐蚀crevice attack交联剂cross-linking agent橘皮crocodile skin细纱布crocus cloth探伤仪defectoscope稀释剂dilution agent熔融环氧树脂涂层FBE瓷漆enamel paint环氧瓷漆epoxy enamel环氧酯涂料epoxy ester pait环氧异氰酸酯涂料epoxy isocyanate paint检漏仪leaky detector漏点leakage point流平剂levelling solution流平level out磁性测厚仪magnetic thickness tester 机械除锈mechanical derusting机械喷砂mechanical blasting机械搅拌器mechanical stirrer机械除锈的mechanical rust removable 漏涂miss不潮的moisture-free防潮moisture proofnesspaint bath涂料施工paint application涂料施工法paint application method涂料应用规范paint application specification 涂料起泡paint blistering涂料杯paint cup漆膜漏点检测仪paint film holiday detector漆膜破坏paint film destruction涂料配方paint formular涂料损耗paint loss涂料面层paint topcoat涂料使用寿命paint service life修补、补伤patch厚漆paste paint无针孔pinhole-free聚氨酯涂料polyurethane paint粉末喷涂法powder coating technique予处理pre-conditionpre-construction primer(pre-coat)预清理pre-cleaning牺牲阳极sacrificial anode喷砂的表面sand blasted surface喷砂机sander ,sanding machine喷砂（处理）sanding喷砂处理的sanded氧化皮层scale layer表面处理surface treatment表面加工surfacing表面粗糙度surface roughness焊接常用词汇焊接welding咬边undercut焊工welder焊瘤overlap手工焊manual welding烧穿burn throughwelding current白点fish eye/flake电弧电压arc voltage塌陷excessive penetration焊接速度welding speed未焊透incomplete penetration焊炬/割把torch未熔合incomplete fusion3焊条rod/electrode未焊满 incompletely filled groove 焊芯core wire飞溅物spatter极性polarity焊机welder/welding machine母材parent material阴极cathode填充金属filled met阳极anodewelding assembly焊缝weld坡口groove焊道weld bead/weld pass钝边root face坡口面bevel余高reinforcement根部间隙 root opening/root space焊接缺陷welding defects熔合区fusion zone气孔gas pocket氧化皮scale夹渣slag inclusion熔渣slag裂纹crack角焊缝fillet weld施工班组常用词句电缆沟 cable pit/trench开挖电缆沟 ditch /dig the cable trench/pit 搬动某物到某地move sth. to somewhere拿某物给某人take/fetch sth. to sb.拿某物给我bring/fetch sth. for me回填沟（坑）backfill the pit/trench盖电缆瓦 cover cable tile拿起电缆take up/hold the cable拉电缆 drag/stretch the cable拉线机wire stretcher放下电缆 put the cable in the pit/trench打开一个箱子open a box听令一起干let us work together after my words听懂了请点头 If you get it (understand), please nod.监理，您好 Hello, Supervisor.您认为我的工作怎么样?Could you tell me how I get along with my work? 扳手spanner螺丝起子screwdriver十字起plus driver/Phillips driver钢丝绳wire rope吊绳lifting rope铁横担irony cross arm瓷瓶porcelain insulator干的很好Well done/Good job.有电危险Mind the electricity.当心触电Mind the electricity.给这段钢管除锈Please remove the rust from the pipe.我需要10人去干这项工作.Ten persons are needed for this job.你必须在X分钟内完成. You’d better finish the work within x minutes. 把管子抬到那里去Please lift the pipe there.完成这项工作你需要多少时间How long will you take to finish the job?请保护好你自己Be careful.请戴好安全帽Please wear your safety helmet.请问某地怎么走Could you tell me how to get to..?小心轻放Handle with care.是下班的时间了It is time for us to go off work.是休息的时间了It is time for us to have a rest.探伤常用词汇（中英文对照）Nondestructive testing无损检测UT (ultrasonic testing)超声波探伤RT (radiation testing)射线探伤MT (magnetic particle testing)磁粉探伤Qualified合格Unqualified不合格（超标）Wagon track/side wall undercut咬边Misalignment错边Blowhole/bubble/gas pocket气孔Slag inclusion夹渣Incomplete penetration/lack of penetration未焊透Incomplete fusion/lack of fusion未熔合Surface defect表面缺陷Crack裂纹Porosity密集气孔Individual pore单个气孔Scattered porosity分散气孔Cluster porosity簇状气孔Destructive test破坏性试验Pressure test耐压试验Hydraulic test水压试验Pneumatic test气压试验Leak test密封性试验Air tight test气密性试验Depth深度Width宽度Length长度Film/cartridge胶片Backing film/negative底片Focus/focal point焦点Focal distance/focal length 焦距Fixation/photographic fixing定影Identification mark识别标记Qualification评定Standard标准Blackness黑度Sensibility/sensitivity灵敏度Diaphaneity透明度Magnet磁铁Switch开关Wire导线Report list报告单Grade级别仪表控制及安全系统常用缩写语COP中心操作设备CPF中心处理设备DCS集散系统DMR双模冗余ESD紧急关闭FPF油田处理设施HV高压LV低压MCC马达控制中心MMI人工操作界面MOS过载开关维护OIS操作界面工作站OGM集油总管PAA公告PID比例性整体性派生性PLC程序逻辑控制PSD关闭处理RTU远程终端设备SCADA监控和数据采集系统SER事件记录结果SDV阀门关闭TMR三模冗余VDU显示装置。

安全工程专业外语翻译

The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。

）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。

）The purpose of a driller is to holes.（译为“钻孔”）A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.（译为“车”）The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。

）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。

）The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.（译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。

）An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.（译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”）Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。

安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译

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