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在施工现场，水泥和砂子、骨料（小石头，碎石或砾石）和水混 合制成混凝土。 Concrete has a high and its strength depends on the proportion in which cement, and, stones and water are mixed.
普通混凝土的抗冲击强度和抗拉强度是很低的，这可以通过在混 凝土中随机引入乱向分布的纤维来提高。
CONTENT
Timber is one of the oldest known civil engineering materials. In addition to its usefulness as a structural material, timber has also fulfilled a role in temporary structures.
Chapter 3 Structure Materials
Section A Civil Engineering Materials
CONTENT
As an engineer, one must know about the materials used in the construction site.
现在，基于可持续发展，绿色土木工程材料甚至生态土木工程材 料被推荐。
This has the benefits of reducing energy, saving resources and protecting the environment, having minimum harm to human health.
少量的石膏被加入到水泥熟料中然后被粉碎成非常细的粉末称为 水泥。
CONTENT
By changing the chemical composition and by using different raw materials and additives, many types of cements can be manufactured to cater to the need of the construction industry for specific purposes.
混凝土有很高的抗压强度，并且它的强度取决于水泥、石子和水 的混合比例。 It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.
金属具有独特的结构材料性能，如较高的抗拉强度、能被制成钢 板、段、电线以及焊接性能。
CONTENT
Other properties of metals are electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and metallic luster (金属光泽), which are of importance in some circumstances.
引气的水泥通过加入少量的引气剂和普通硅酸盐水泥混合来制备。
By adding this, the properties of concrete can be changed and it also increases the frost resistance of hardened concrete.
土木工程材料有天然的和人造的。它们包含水泥，金属，木材， 混凝土和沥青等。
CONTENT
Now green civil engineering materials and even eco-materials (n.生 态材料)for civil engineering are recommended based on the consideration of sustainable development.
混凝土随着龄期而逐渐硬化，当混凝土已经达到足够的强度后， 水化的过程还会持续一段很长的时间。
CONTENT
Normal concrete has a comparatively low tensile strength and for structural applications it is normal practice either to incorporate steel bars to resist any tensile forces (steel reinforced concrete) or to apply compressive forces to the concrete to counteract these tensile forces (pre-stressed concrete or post-stressed concBiblioteka Baiduete).
这个目的的要求包括工作和完成的难易、好的纹理和外观和在温 度、湿度、内部和外部变化条件下的尺寸稳定性、抗虫害和真菌的 侵蚀等。
CONTENT
Nowadays timber is also playing an important role in falsework carpentry, such as shuttering for in-situ or precast concrete work, supporting formwork for brick or stone arch or shell forms, or jigs for glued-laminated timber beam or shell forms.
在土木工程中，金属材料的应用是越来越广泛，并且种类越来越 多，范围从它们用做主要结构材料到连接件和轴承材料。
The properties of metals which make them unique among constructional materials are high tensile strength, the ability to be formed into plate, sections and wire, and the weld ability.
快硬性水泥被用在初始阶段有高强度需求的工程中。
CONTENT
Portland pozzolana cement (火山灰质硅酸盐水泥)produces less heat of hydration and offers greater resistance to the attack of aggressive water.
通过加入引气剂，混凝土的特性被改变，它能够提高硬化混凝土 的抗冻性。
CONTENT
Cement is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete.
混凝土也被用在大范围的预制混凝土生产当中，包括混凝土砌块、 外挂板和管道。
The impact strength, as well as the, of normal concrete is low and this can be improved by the introduction of randomly orientated fibers into the concrete.
尽管木材是一种可再生资源，但是因为树木的生长相对较慢，因 此森林的消耗速度必须减慢。
CONTENT
The requirements for this purpose include ease of working and finishing, good grain pattern and appearance when clear-finished, dimensional stability in conditions of variability of temperature and humidity, both internal and external, and resistance to infestation and fungal attack etc.
通过改变化学组成以及不同原材料、外加剂的使用，来制备不同 类型的水泥来迎合有特殊目的的工程建设需求。
Rapid hardening cement (快硬性水泥)is used where high strength is required instantly in initial stages.
如今，木材在脚手架木工作业中起的作用越来越重要了，如原位 立模板，预制混凝土工作，为砖、石拱桥或壳的支模，或是胶合叠 层木梁或壳形的夹具等。
CONTENT
The applications of metals in civil engineering are wide and varied, ranging from their use as main structural materials to their use for fastenings and bearing materials.
作为一名工程人员必须知道施工现场所用的建筑材料。
It is necessary for an engineer to be conversant with the properties of such materials.
对于工程人员熟悉这些材料的特性是必须的。
Civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade. They contain cement, metals, timber, concrete, bituminous etc.
普通混凝土有相对较低的抗拉强度，对于结构应用来说，通常的 做法是加入钢筋来抵抗拉力的作用（钢筋混凝土）或者是给混凝土 施加压力的作用来抵消这些拉力（先张法预应力混凝土或后张法预 应力混凝土）。
CONTENT
It is used also for a wide range of precast concrete products which include concrete blocks, cladding panels, and pipes.
火山灰质硅酸盐水泥的水化热很低同时可以很好地抵抗侵蚀性的 水的攻击。
Air-entraining cement (引气水泥)is produced by mixing a small amount of an air-entraining agent with ordinary Portland cement.
木材是最古老的土木工程材料。除了作为结构材料使用外，还能 起到临时搭建物的作用。
Although timber is a kind of sustainable resource, the consumption speed of forests must be slowed down because of the relative slowness of tree growth.
这样带来的好处有降低能耗、节约资源、保护环境和最低限度的 危害人体健康。
CONTENT
Cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials.
水泥是石灰质和粘土质材料的混合物在一个很高的温度下被焙烧 制的。 Calcined product is known as clinker .
焙烧的产品被称为水泥熟料。
A small quantity of gypsum is added to the clinker and is pulverized into very fine powder known as cement.
普通混凝土的抗冲击强度和抗拉强度是很低的，这可以通过在混 凝土中随机引入乱向分布的纤维来提高。
CONTENT
Timber is one of the oldest known civil engineering materials. In addition to its usefulness as a structural material, timber has also fulfilled a role in temporary structures.
Chapter 3 Structure Materials
Section A Civil Engineering Materials
CONTENT
As an engineer, one must know about the materials used in the construction site.
现在，基于可持续发展，绿色土木工程材料甚至生态土木工程材 料被推荐。
This has the benefits of reducing energy, saving resources and protecting the environment, having minimum harm to human health.
少量的石膏被加入到水泥熟料中然后被粉碎成非常细的粉末称为 水泥。
CONTENT
By changing the chemical composition and by using different raw materials and additives, many types of cements can be manufactured to cater to the need of the construction industry for specific purposes.
混凝土有很高的抗压强度，并且它的强度取决于水泥、石子和水 的混合比例。 It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.
金属具有独特的结构材料性能，如较高的抗拉强度、能被制成钢 板、段、电线以及焊接性能。
CONTENT
Other properties of metals are electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and metallic luster (金属光泽), which are of importance in some circumstances.
引气的水泥通过加入少量的引气剂和普通硅酸盐水泥混合来制备。
By adding this, the properties of concrete can be changed and it also increases the frost resistance of hardened concrete.
土木工程材料有天然的和人造的。它们包含水泥，金属，木材， 混凝土和沥青等。
CONTENT
Now green civil engineering materials and even eco-materials (n.生 态材料)for civil engineering are recommended based on the consideration of sustainable development.
混凝土随着龄期而逐渐硬化，当混凝土已经达到足够的强度后， 水化的过程还会持续一段很长的时间。
CONTENT
Normal concrete has a comparatively low tensile strength and for structural applications it is normal practice either to incorporate steel bars to resist any tensile forces (steel reinforced concrete) or to apply compressive forces to the concrete to counteract these tensile forces (pre-stressed concrete or post-stressed concBiblioteka Baiduete).
这个目的的要求包括工作和完成的难易、好的纹理和外观和在温 度、湿度、内部和外部变化条件下的尺寸稳定性、抗虫害和真菌的 侵蚀等。
CONTENT
Nowadays timber is also playing an important role in falsework carpentry, such as shuttering for in-situ or precast concrete work, supporting formwork for brick or stone arch or shell forms, or jigs for glued-laminated timber beam or shell forms.
在土木工程中，金属材料的应用是越来越广泛，并且种类越来越 多，范围从它们用做主要结构材料到连接件和轴承材料。
The properties of metals which make them unique among constructional materials are high tensile strength, the ability to be formed into plate, sections and wire, and the weld ability.
快硬性水泥被用在初始阶段有高强度需求的工程中。
CONTENT
Portland pozzolana cement (火山灰质硅酸盐水泥)produces less heat of hydration and offers greater resistance to the attack of aggressive water.
通过加入引气剂，混凝土的特性被改变，它能够提高硬化混凝土 的抗冻性。
CONTENT
Cement is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete.
混凝土也被用在大范围的预制混凝土生产当中，包括混凝土砌块、 外挂板和管道。
The impact strength, as well as the, of normal concrete is low and this can be improved by the introduction of randomly orientated fibers into the concrete.
尽管木材是一种可再生资源，但是因为树木的生长相对较慢，因 此森林的消耗速度必须减慢。
CONTENT
The requirements for this purpose include ease of working and finishing, good grain pattern and appearance when clear-finished, dimensional stability in conditions of variability of temperature and humidity, both internal and external, and resistance to infestation and fungal attack etc.
通过改变化学组成以及不同原材料、外加剂的使用，来制备不同 类型的水泥来迎合有特殊目的的工程建设需求。
Rapid hardening cement (快硬性水泥)is used where high strength is required instantly in initial stages.
如今，木材在脚手架木工作业中起的作用越来越重要了，如原位 立模板，预制混凝土工作，为砖、石拱桥或壳的支模，或是胶合叠 层木梁或壳形的夹具等。
CONTENT
The applications of metals in civil engineering are wide and varied, ranging from their use as main structural materials to their use for fastenings and bearing materials.
作为一名工程人员必须知道施工现场所用的建筑材料。
It is necessary for an engineer to be conversant with the properties of such materials.
对于工程人员熟悉这些材料的特性是必须的。
Civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade. They contain cement, metals, timber, concrete, bituminous etc.
普通混凝土有相对较低的抗拉强度，对于结构应用来说，通常的 做法是加入钢筋来抵抗拉力的作用（钢筋混凝土）或者是给混凝土 施加压力的作用来抵消这些拉力（先张法预应力混凝土或后张法预 应力混凝土）。
CONTENT
It is used also for a wide range of precast concrete products which include concrete blocks, cladding panels, and pipes.
火山灰质硅酸盐水泥的水化热很低同时可以很好地抵抗侵蚀性的 水的攻击。
Air-entraining cement (引气水泥)is produced by mixing a small amount of an air-entraining agent with ordinary Portland cement.
木材是最古老的土木工程材料。除了作为结构材料使用外，还能 起到临时搭建物的作用。
Although timber is a kind of sustainable resource, the consumption speed of forests must be slowed down because of the relative slowness of tree growth.
这样带来的好处有降低能耗、节约资源、保护环境和最低限度的 危害人体健康。
CONTENT
Cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials.
水泥是石灰质和粘土质材料的混合物在一个很高的温度下被焙烧 制的。 Calcined product is known as clinker .
焙烧的产品被称为水泥熟料。
A small quantity of gypsum is added to the clinker and is pulverized into very fine powder known as cement.