Preface to the Dictionary of the English Language
英语翻译与写作-Diction
英语翻译与写作-Diction第一篇：英语翻译与写作-DictionDictionλ the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context λ Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping⎫ compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time(夏令时), test-tube baby(试管婴儿),brain-drain(人才外流), picturephone(可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card(信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect(温室效应) ⎫ derivation（派生法）: non-friend(假朋友), antifreeze(抗冻剂), preschooler(学龄前儿童),⎫blending(拼缀法): comsat(communication + satellite,通讯卫星), lunarnaut(lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员), Chinglish(Chinese + English,汉式英语) ⎫ acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC(personal computer, 个人电脑), CALL(computer-aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习), CIA(the Central Intelligence Agency,中央情报局)⎫clipping（截缩法）: ad(advertisement), homo(homosexuality),memo(memorandum), bus(omnibus), flu(influenza)2.According to the references(1)third-person pronounsHe sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.(2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbsHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so muchhappiness as that.(3)references of comparisonI hate blue shirts;white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.3.According to the context and collocation ⎫No context, no translation.e.g.I’ll finish the book next week.Tension is building up.⎫Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.It is quite another story now.Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.What a story!I don’t believe a word of it.The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV.在这种情况下 under such circumstances / such being the case这种情况必须改变。
成人教育《英语语言学》期末考试复习题及参考答案
一、单项选择题1.The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same company.DA、would not workB、will not workC、does not workD、did not work2.Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on.BA、informedB、informed ofC、to be informedD、to be informed of3.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.CA、to goB、goingC、to goingD、of going4.____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.AA、To becomeB、One becomesC、Becoming ofD、Who becomes5.All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week.DA、had fulfilledB、having fulfilledC、were fulfilledD、having been fulfilled6.Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground.AA、did Peter arrive atB、Peter arrived atC、didn’t Peter arrive atD、Peter didn’t arrive at7.I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________.DA、had toB、might have toC、have hadD、should have8.I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it.BA、whomeverB、whoeverC、some oneD、anyone9.The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had something important to do.DA、whichB、for thatC、becauseD、why10.Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves.CA、then we won’tB、but we won’tC、or we willD、and we will11.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night.CA、at lengthB、in fullC、on endD、in time12.I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child.AA、but I used toB、I used toC、but I used to doD、I used to do13.Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____. DA、onlyB、aloneC、loneD、lonely14.I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____.AA、faintB、foggyC、transparentD、misty15. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture.AA、typical ofB、consistent withC、famous forD、subject to16.Jack is very ____ about wines.BA、awareB、knowledgeableC、learnedD、informed17.As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian.AA、fluencyB、clarityC、coherenceD、excellency18.It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country.CA、such nic e a dayB、such nice dayC、so nice a dayD、so nice day19.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.DA、will workB、have been workingC、have workedD、will have been working20.Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years.AA、has been doneB、was doneC、have been doneD、were done21.The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into when reading. CA、look overB、look throughC、look upD、look into22.When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance.AA、give upB、give outC、give inD、give away23.His speech was warmly received. It was several minutes before the applause _______.AA、died downB、died ofC、died outD、died off24.Mr. Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field.CA、thisB、thatC、itD、these25.In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengers at least.。
The Enlightenment Movement and 18th Century Literature
The English Enlightenment and 18th Century England
• 1. 18th Century England
• 2. The Enlightenment Movement
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) Critic and poet Lexicographer,
• 1.Life • 2.Works
• 1)The Preface and comments of individual plays in his edition of Shakespeare(1765) • 2) Lives of Poets(1779-1781) • 3)The Dictionary of the English Language(1755)
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
• The most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century
1. Life 2. Representative works
• • • • • •
Essay on Criticism (1711) The Rape of the Lock (1714) Pope’s Homer Pope’s Shakespeare The Dunciad (1728-1742) Essay on Man (1732-1734)
Appreciation
Letter to Lord Chesterfield
--the writers’ declaration of independence
专四词汇语法练习五及答案
专四词汇语法练习（14）1. All of the plants now farmed on a large scale were developed from plants __A__ wild.A. that once growB. once they growC. they once grewD. once grew1. A)【句意】大规模种植的农作物都繁衍于野生植物。
【难点】that引导限制性定语从句，修饰plants.2. By the time you graduate, we __B__ in Australia for one year.A. will be stayingB. will have stayedC. would have stayedD. have stayed2. B)【句意】到你毕业的时候，我们在澳洲居住就会有一年了。
【难点】将来完成时常和by the time+句子的结构连用。
3. He appreciated _D___the chance to deliver his thesis in the annual symposium on Comparative Literature.A. having givenB. to have been givenC. to have givenD. having been given3. D)【句意】他得到一个在比较文学年度讨论会上宣读论文的机会，他对此表示感激。
【难点】appreciate后面必须接名词或动名词，本句题意要求使用被动语态，故选D)。
4. The government official can hardly find sufficient grounds __A__his arguments in favor of the revision of the tax law.A. on which to baseB. which to be based onC. to base on whichD. on which to be based4. A)【句意】那位政府官员找不到足够的证据去说明他为什么赞成修改税法。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）章节题库（5-8章）【圣才出品】
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）章节题库（5-8章）【圣才出品】第5章意义Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. According to G Leech, _____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. 【答案】connotative 【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。
2. According to G Leech, _____ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
3. According to G. Leech, _____ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
4. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the _____ theory.【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
5. _____ is the technical name for the sameness relation.【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。
全国英语六级考试词汇语法复习笔记
全国英语六级考试词汇语法复习笔记全国英语六级考试词汇语法复习笔记We cannot do great things on this Earth, only small things with great love.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的全国英语六级考试词汇语法复习笔记，希望能给大家带来帮助!Ⅰ. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of UK universities.(2011. 12 阅读 Text3)【翻译】从国家的角度来看，过去十年的政策干预的确帮助转变了英国大学的表现。
【词汇】1. intervention n. 介入，干预例：His intervention annoyed his partner.他的介入惹恼了他的搭档。
2. decade n. 十年例：Several decades has passed since I graduated from university.我大学毕业已经数十年了。
3. transform v. 转变，转换例：He successfully transformed his plan into reality.他成功地将他的计划转变成了现实。
Ⅱ. These same universities are also the institut ions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. (2011. 12 阅读 Text3)【翻译】这些学校也是培养出最多博士毕业生、写出最多科学引文，创造最丰厚专利许可证收入的机构。
Unit-2 高级英语第2册
pupil, but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature,
doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions
Section 3: Detailed Reading
new dictionary had been made for decades
before a group of London booksellers contracted
Johnson in June 1746 to
Section 1: Warm Up
Lead-in
Background Information
Section 2: Global Reading
Main Idea
Structural Analysis
Part II (Paragraphs 4-5) Problems in the English language and the general rules for the Dictionary
than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to
censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced by
miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would
2. Which English dictionary do you use most frequently? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this dictionary?
专升本大学英语4 试题和答案
一、单选题(第1-50题每题2分)1、The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into whenreading、(A) look over(B) look through(C) look up(D) look into[参考答案:C] 分值:22、No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t ______ of w hat the old woman said、(A) work out(B) make sense(C) make sure(D) figure out[参考答案:B] 分值:23、The man loves nature and the soil、That is why he has bought a piece of land in thecountry and __________ to grow his own vegetables、(A) taken the difficulty(B) had the trouble(C) had the difficulty(D) taken the trouble[参考答案:D] 分值:24、____ publishing plete novels, he began to write stories in serial form、(A) Instead of(B) In spite of(C) Instead(D) Beside[参考答案:A] 分值:2５、The classroom was silent _____ the busy scratching of pens on paper、(A) besides(B) apart from(C) except for(D) except[参考答案:C] 分值:26、To her ____ the men in her classes didn’t deliberately try to embarrass her butaccepted her as a fellow student、(A) sorrow and disappointment(B) surprise and pleasure(C) anger and frustration(D) hatred and resentment[参考答案:B] 分值:27、Many television _____ seem to enjoy watching the World Cup、(A) spectators(B) lookers(C) audience(D) viewers[参考答案:D] 分值:28、____ could give an old man greater pleasure than to imagine he was back inchildhood again、(A) Everything(B) Nothing(C) Anything(D) Something[参考答案:B] 分值:2９、Her name was on the waiting list for an emergency liver transplant, but no organ would be ______ for a month or two、(A) reliable(B) acceptable(C) available(D) feasible[参考答案:C] 分值:2１0、Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____、(A) only(B) alone(C) lone(D) lonely[参考答案:D] 分值:211、This pany has the ____right to print Mr Green’s book、、(A) exclusive(B) virtual(C) flexible(D) overall[参考答案:A] 分值:212、I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child、(A) but I used to(B) I used to(C) but I used to do(D) I used to do[参考答案:A] 分值:2１３、Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves、(A) then we won’t(B) but we won’t(C) or we will(D) and we will[参考答案:C] 分值:214、The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had somethingimportant to do、(A) which(B) for that(C) because(D) why[参考答案:D] 分值:2１5、I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it、(A) whomever(B) whoever(C) some one(D) anyone[参考答案:B] 分值:21６、I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________、(A) had to(B) might have to(C) have had(D) should have[参考答案:D] 分值:217、Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground、(A) did Peter arrive at(B) Peter arrived at(C) didn’t Peter arrive at(D) Peter didn’t arrive at[参考答案:A] 分值:218、All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week、(A) had fulfilled(B) having fulfilled(C) were fulfilled(D) having been fulfilled[参考答案:D] 分值:2１9、____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree、(A) To bee(B) One bees(C) Being of(D) Who bees[参考答案:A] 分值:22０、I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia、(A) to go(B) going(C) to going(D) of going[参考答案:C] 分值:221、Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on、(A) informed(B) informed of(C) to be informed(D) to be informed of[参考答案:B] 分值:2２2、Success or failure here would be ___to his prospects、(A) critical(B) crucial(C) critic(D) criticized[参考答案:B] 分值:22３、The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same pany、(A) would not work(B) will not work(C) does not work(D) did not work[参考答案:D] 分值:224、Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years、(A) has been done(B) was done(C) have been done(D) were done[参考答案:A] 分值:22５、By the end of next month I ______ here for five years、(A) will work(B) have been working(C) have worked(D) will have been working[参考答案:D] 分值:226、It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country、(A) such nic e a day(B) such nice day(C) so nice a day(D) so nice day[参考答案:C] 分值:227、As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian、(A) fluency(B) clarity(C) coherence(D) excellency[参考答案:A] 分值:2２8、Jack is very ____ about wines、(A) aware(B) knowledgeable(C) learned(D) informed[参考答案:B] 分值:229、A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture、(A) typical of(B) consistent with(C) famous for(D) subject to[参考答案:A] 分值:230、I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin、They are too____、(A) faint(B) foggy(C) transparent(D) misty[参考答案:A] 分值:23１、The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night、(A) at length(B) in full(C) on end(D) in time[参考答案:C] 分值:232、The girl chose some very pretty ____ paper for the present、(A) covering(B) wrapping(C) packing(D) collecting[参考答案:B] 分值:2３3、The ____of human life is short、(A) stage(B) strech(C) space(D) span[参考答案:D] 分值:234、You’d better add them up、I’m not good at ____、(A) figures(B) characters(C) summaries(D) counters[参考答案:A] 分值:235、She broke her leg, but the ____ healed quickly、(A) fracture(B) injury(C) skeleton(D) cavity[参考答案:A] 分值:236、I’ve got a big coffee ____ on the front of my dress、(A) pore(B) patch(C) stain(D) grease[参考答案:C] 分值:237、The old gardener used to keep all his tools and do it yourself equipment in a ____ inthe garden、(A) barn(B) room(C) hut(D) shed[参考答案:D] 分值:2３8、Where there is an earthquake, energy is ____ in one area along a crack in the earth crust、(A) repelled(B) released(C) run(D) rushed[参考答案:B] 分值:239、Well, that is probably all I can say about sports、Next time I’ll take up the topic ofsome other ____ activities、(A) refreshment(B) entertainment(C) pleasure(D) leisure[参考答案:D] 分值:2４0、The American people’s ____ of being polite is different from that held here in China、(A) mind(B) concept(C) consideration(D) thought[参考答案:B] 分值:241、“This house is more ____than the federal government!” Mac plained to hisparents、“You have rules for everything、”(A) systematic(B) democratic(C) bureaucratic(D) public[参考答案:C] 分值:242、My cat is a fussy eater, but my dog is so ____ that she’ll swallow down anything thatis put in front of her、(A) indiscriminate(B) choosy(C) indefinite(D) picky[参考答案:A] 分值:243、When the Cultural Revolution was launched in China, his father ______ college、(A) attended(B) had been attending(C) was attending(D) has been attending[参考答案:C] 分值:24４、The imbalance between males and females could ______ serious consequences、(A) change into(B) lead to(C) turn to(D) develop into[参考答案:B] 分值:2４５、We can make an exception ____、(A) in any case of John(B) in case of John(C) in case of John’s(D) in the case of John[参考答案:D] 分值:246、Victor took a bus and headed for home, ____ if his wife would have him back、(A) not to know(B) not known(C) not knowing(D) not having known[参考答案:C] 分值:247、In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengersat least、(A) necessary(B) in demand(C) in need(D) pulsory[参考答案:D] 分值:2４8、Mr、Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field、(A) this(B) that(C) it(D) these[参考答案:C] 分值:249、His speech was warmly received、It was several minutes before the applause_______、(A) died down(B) died of(C) died out(D) died off[参考答案:A] 分值:2５０、When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance、(A) give up(B) give out(C) give in(D) give away[参考答案:A] 分值:2。
专四 重点固定短语搭配
专四重点固定短语搭配1.be subjected to 受···的控制，遭受Eg ：Scientists subject spacemen to all kinds of tests before they send them up in rockets 科学家在把宇航员送入太空之前让宇航员们接受各种试验。
2.take steps 采取步骤3.give sb an order for sth向某人订购某物Eg：I gave the restaurant an order for two seats purchase4.count for much 关系重要很有价值Eg：It is true we won the match，but since the opposing team was so obviously inferior to ours，our success does not count for much我们确实赢得了比赛，但对手明显比我们差，所以我们的成功并没有多大价值。
5.seeing that 考虑到6.be critical of对···爱挑剔的Eg：She is always very critical of her so n’s appearance她对儿子的外表总是百般挑剔。
7.be to blame 该受责备，应负责8.acquaint sb with 让某人熟悉，使某人了解9.How is it that为什么，什么原因使得Eg：How is it that your roommate’s request and yours are identical？你的室友的请求为什么和你的完全相同呢？10．traffic density交通量11. find fault with 挑毛病12. strike a match 划燃火柴13.gas leak 煤气泄漏14.embrace an opportunity 把握机会15. know better than to do sth 最好知道做···是不对的Eg：You should know better than to leave your little sister at home by herself你最好知道让你妹妹一个人在家是不对的16.do sb a good turn 做利于某人的事17. be meant to do sth旨在···18. lose track of 失去···的联络，线索19. owing to 归咎于（to是介词，后接名词或动名词）20.take offense at对···生气Eg：Feeling that she was in the right，she took offense at the dirty remark她觉得自己有理，因此，她对这样的肮脏的话语十分恼怒。
《英语国家概况》期末复习题(含答案)
《英语国家概况》期末复习题（含答案）（第I卷客观题共45分）I. 选择题(共30分; 每题1分)U.K.1.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on ____ . DA. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude2.The policies of the Conservative Party in Great Britain are characterized by pragmatism and____ . DA. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism3.Oxford University is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.4.Cabinet members are chosen by ____ in Britain. BA. the monarchB. the Prime MinisterC. the ArchbishopD. the Lord Chancellor5.English belongs to the Germanic group of Indo-European family of languages.6.The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.7.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except ____ . AA. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime8.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” withthe exception of The Observer.9.In 2012, Britain had a population of about 63 million.10.The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain and Ireland.11.British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once said that, “Britain and the United States willstand side by side”.12.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it ____ . AA. set up the National Health ServicesB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development13.Margaret Thatcher’s government introduced the biggest changes in British economic policysince World War II.14.Charles Dickens is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.15.The three principle features of the climate of Britain are the following EXCEPT ____ . CA. the frequent fog in winterB. the large number of rainy daysC. extreme coldness even in summerD. changeability all the year round16.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling inEnglish.17.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of Latin and Greek wordsto English.18.____ was not among the four self-governing dominions in the British Empire. CA. AustraliaB. CanadaC. IndiaD. the Union of South Africa19.Of the following sectors in Britain, service industry has experienced spectacular growth sincethe end of World War II.20.Cambridge has more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in Britain.21.Writers of ____ literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reasonand intellect. CA. RenaissanceB. Neo-ClassicalC. RomanticD. Victorian22.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of ____ . CA. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster23.Tourists from all over the world come to enjoy the beauty of Scottish scenery, to drink Scotchwhisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts.24.The ____ marked the establishment of feudalism in England. CA. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. adoption of common lawmonwealth Day is an annual event celebrated on the second Monday in March each year.26.Such big cities as Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield and Newcastle are famous for the ____ .DA. oil industryB. car industryC. shipping companiesD. coalfields27.During the 15th and 16th centuries an intellectual movement known as ____ swept Europe.____ was the greatest playwright of the world produced in this period in England. DA. Romance, Geoffrey ChaucerB. Christianity, George Bernard ShawC. Italian literary influence, SonnetD. Renaissance, Shakespeare28.Aestheticism is the belief that artists have no obligation other than to strive for beauty---“artfor art’s sake”. The most important representative of Aestheticism is ____ . BA. Thomas HardyB. Oscar WildeC. Virginia WoolfD. William Butler Yeats29.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to divorce his wife.30.____ is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence”. CA. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus UnboundU.S.31.The U.S. lies in central North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, theAtlantic to its east and the Pacific to its west.32.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan before the War ofIndependence.33.The Constitution of the United States tries to give each branch enough power to balance theothers.34.The following except the right to get into people’s house by police are guaranteed in the Billof Rights.35.Of the following persons, the ____ can NOT make legislative proposal in the U.S. AA. Secretary of StateB. PresidentC. RepresentativeD. Senator36.Of the following subjects, politics and business education are NOT offered to elementaryschool students in the U.S.37.Abraham Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation to grant freedom to all the slaves in theU.S.38.The terms for a Senator and a Representative in the U.S. are six and two years respectively.39.The National Day of the United States falls on July 4th.40.Washington Irving is regarded as “the father of American literature”.41.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard University.42.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in Lexington.43.The symbol of the Democratic Party is a/an donkey, and a/an elephant represents theRepublican Party.44.The eastern part of the United States consists of the highlands formed by the AppalachianRange and the western part consists of high plateaus and the Rocky Mountains.45.Alaska is the largest state in the whole United States and Texas is the largest state in the partof the U.S. that is on the mainland.46.In the United States, the Bill of Rights guarantees citizens of the United States specificindividual rights and freedoms.47.The modern American economy progressed from ____ to ____ , and eventually, to ____ . BA. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyC. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy48.The Supreme Court in the United States is composed of nine justices.49.The characteristic of dominant American culture is ____ . BA. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classB. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classD. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-class50.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution” exceptrefrigerator.51.Of the following, ____ is NOT a characteristic of Mark Twain’s works. CA. a realistic viewB. a sense of humorC. an idealistic viewD. colloquial speech52.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown in Virginia.53.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except oil.54. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is ____ , and its theme is about ____ . DA. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfB. Tender is the Night, loveC. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human natureD. The Great Gatsby, the American Dream55.Of the following books, ____ is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway. CA. A Farewell to ArmsB. For Whom the Bell TollsC. The Sound and the FuryD. The Sun Also Rises56.The policy of the United States was ____ at the beginning of the two world wars. CA. appeasementB. full involvementC. neutralityD. partial involvement57.The first people on the American continent came from ____ as early as ____ thousand yearsago. CA. Asia, 2B. Europe, 2C. Asia, 20D. Europe, 2058.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge of ____ . AA. Alexander HamiltonB. Andrew JacksonC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson59.Of the following universities, Massachusetts Institute of Technology has NOT cultivated anyAmerican Presidents yet.60.Of the following writers, ____ is NOT a Nobel Prize winner. AA. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. Eugene O’NeilD. William Faulkner61.The following except ____ are all powers of the U.S. President. BA. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurB. making lawsC. issuing executive ordersD. vetoing any bills passed by Congress62.Since 1959, the United States has been a country of 50 states.63.Chicago is the third largest city in the United States. It serves as the main connection betweenthe eastern coast cities and the West.64.The distribution of the population in the U.S. is rather uneven. The most densely populatedregion is the ____ part of the country. AA. northeasternB. southeasternC. southwesternD. northwestern65.President Roosevelt, in his attempt to tackle the economic depression in the 1930s,introduced his famous ____ . BA. neutrality policyB. new dealC. new monetarist policiesD. “Great Society” policyAustralia66.As an ideal place for investments, Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from Japan and theUnited States.67.January 26th, 1788 is the date celebrated as Australia Day.68.____ is/are mainly responsible for education in Australia. BA. Federal governmentB. State governmentsC. Territory assembliesD. Municipal government69.The first time that Australia developed a foreign policy independent of Britain was ____ . DA. after the establishment of the Commonwealth of AustraliaB. after World War IIC. during the Great Depression of the 1930sD. during the Pacific War in World War II70.Australia’s economy depends largely on ____ . CA. agricultureB. manufacturingC. foreign tradeD. tourism71.The Howard government’s foreign policy was based on relations with four key countries,namely ____ in Australia. BA. the U.S., Japan, Britain, ChinaB. the U.S., Japan, China, IndonesiaC. the U.S., Japan, Britain, IndonesiaD. the U.S., Britain, China, Indonesia72.Australian system of teaching and school discipline put emphasis on the following except____ . CA. learning by discovery and questioningB. self-disciplineC. outward disciplineD. encouraging student’s interest in learning73.Canberra is Australia’s capital.74.In 2013, the population of Australia was about ____ million. AA. 22.9B. 33.9C. 40.9D. 5075.____ is renowned for its unique plant and animal species. It is estimated that there are around20,000 to 25,000 different plants native to the land. AA. AustraliaB. CanadaC. The United KingdomD. The United States76.Most anthropologists believe that the Aborigines in Australia migrated from ____ at least50,000 years ago. CA. east AsiaB. south AsiaC. southeast AsiaD. North Asia77.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____ . DA. 1847B. 1885C. 1900D. 190178.Australia is a leading supplier of ____ to international markets. DA. agricultural productsB. hi-tech productsC. industrial productsD. mineral resourcesCanada79.The Governor General holds the highest position in the Canadian parliamentary system.80.The ____ is the largest political party in Canada. AA. Liberal PartyB. Conservative PartyC. Canadian Labor CongressD. New Democratic PartyCanada is the second largest country in the world.81.Toronto is the largest city in Canada and Ottawa is the capital city.82.____ recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”. AA. The Meech Lake AccordB. The Quebec ActC. The Constitutional ActD. The British North America Act83.The influence of ____ has declined gradually in Parliament in today’s Canada. DA. the Conservative PartyB. the Canadian Labor CongressC. the Cooperative Commonwealth FederationD. the New Democratic Party84.Kim Campbell was Canada’s first woman Prime Minister.85.In Canada, the largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic Church.86.If applicants meet the basic requirements for an immigrant to Canada, they need to do thefollowing except ____ . AA. applying for citizenshipB. taking a medical examC. paying an application feeD. paying a landing fee87.The Great Lakes on the border between Canada and the U.S. are the largest group offreshwater lakes in the world.88.The name “Canada” is said to have derived from the Huron word “Kanata”, meaning “____”.CA. oceanB. northC. villageD. ice89.In 1497, the voyage led by an Italian captain discovered the eastern shores of Canada, whichwas claimed as Newfoundland.90.In the early ____ , both Britain and France founded permanent settlements in Canada. CA. 1400sB. 1500sC. 1600sD. 1700s91.After the famous Seven Years’ War, ____ lost all of its colonies, and the whole Canada cameunder ____ control. BA. Britain, FrenchB. France, BritishC. Spain, IndianD. India, Spanish92.With the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada was recognized as an equalpartner of Britain.II. 读图题(共5分; 每题1分)III. 判断题(共10分; 每题1分)U.K.1.The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. T2.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons. T3.London is one of the three principal financial centers of the world. T4.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. F5.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. T6.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen Elizabeth Iactually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation. T7.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland andWales. T8.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history. F9.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers. F10.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that preventedrapid economic development in Britain. F11.Hamlet depicts the hero’s struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need toavenge his father’s murder. T12.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period. T13.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer’s Iliad. T14.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.T15.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to itsheight in British literature. FU.S.16.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November. F17.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood andDisneyland are located there. F18.Walt Whitman introduced great innovations to American literature, and he devised a poeticstyle, free verse. T19.The United States is the fifth most populous nation in the world, ranking behind China, India,Brazil and South Africa. F20.During Clinton’s term, the economy developed steadily, resulting in a lower rate ofunemployment. T21.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden wereresponsible for the terrorist event on September 11, 2001. F22.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.F23.In the United States, certain presidential appointments must be approved by Congress. T24.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States, and it is also one of thethree principal economic centers in the world. T25.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single,indivisible nation. T26.The U.S. congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of twohouses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. F27.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the U.S. continentalterritory. F28.President Roosevelt’s New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early1930s. F29.Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin are two sources of American literary spirit. T30.The Democratic Party of the U.S. is conservative in terms of its ideology. FAustralia31.The Australian Constitution can be changed either by government’s will or by referendum. F32.Australia Day is on January 26th. T33.Since Australia has a vast cultivable area, it has become the world’s leading exporter ofagricultural products. F34.In World War I, all members of the Australian armed forces who served overseas werevolunteers. T35.For Australian citizens over the age of 16, it is compulsory to vote at election time. F Canada36.Canada is the third largest country in the world in terms of territory. F37.Multilingualism and multiculturalism are characteristics of Canadian culture. Tval University is the largest institution in Canada, while University of Toronto is the oldestone. F39.Quebec separated from Canada and established a French-speaking nation in the 1960s. F40.The Canadian government is responsible to the King or Queen of Britain. F（第II卷主观题共55分）I. 排序题(共6分; 每题1分)（1. D 2. C 3. F 4. E 5. B 6. A ）Group Four:（1. C 2. A 3. B 4. E 5. F 6. D）II. 配对题(共20分; 每题2分)试卷上会出2组，每组5题。
说文解字 (shuō wén jiě zì)—中国历史著述英文版
说文解字(shuōwén jiězì)Explaining and Analyzing CharactersDictionary with a radical innovation According to legend, Cangjie, a very clever scribe to the Yellow Emperor (2717-2599 BC), wasthe creator of Chinese characters.Because Cangjie was known for his extremely good memory, the emperor gave him assignmentssuch as keeping records of food stocks and numbers of livestock and captives seized in battle.At first, Cangjie used methods such as tying different-colored knots in string or using shells torepresent numbers to help him remember things.But as the Yellow Emperor gave him more and more assignments, Cangjie realized that suchmethods were not up to the job and decided to find a better way.One morning, he saw three hunters arguing about animal footprints in the snow. One said theywere the footprints of a deer going south, another insisted they were the footprints of amountain goat going west. The third hunter claimed theywere the footprints of a tiger.Looking at the footprints, Cangjie thought if different footprints could help identify differentanimals, then why not use different symbols to indicate different things?Based on his observations, he used simple lines to draw symbols to represent the sun, moon,river, mountain, house, different animals and many other objects around him.And those symbols gradually evolved into unique pictographs, which eventually became Chinesecharacters.With the constant expansion of the Chinese vocabulary, it became a great challenge for anylexicographer to organize these into a handy dictionary for daily use.It was not until the middle of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD) that the first dictionarythat organized Chinese characters according to their “radicals”or shared componentsappeared.This dictionary was called Shuowen Jiezi (“Explaining and Analyzing Characters”), oftenshortened to Shuowen. It was authored by Xu Shen (circa 58-147 AD), a renowned scholar andphilosopher of Confucianism during the Western HanDynasty.Xu said that the title of the dictionary was intended to cover wenor graphic elements such asthose created by Cangjie and analyze zi, so it was a combination of graphic elements andpronunciation.To compile this unprecedented dictionary, Xu created 540 radicals or section headers torepresent unique graphic elements of all Chinese characters.Then he divided those radicals into 14 categories, hence the14 chapters of a total of 9,353character entries in the dictionary.The dictionary also has a preface and a 15th chapter, containing a postface and an index ofcharacter radicals. While compiling the dictionary, Xu also created a solid theoretical basis for the Chinese languageand preserved important information about the “small seal script,”the original characters ofthe ancient times.Xu completed the dictionary in 100 AD, but it was said that due to unfavorable political attitudesat the imperial court, it was not issued until 21 years later, when officially presented to EmperorAn of the Han Dynasty.Although not the first dictionary of Chinese language in history, Shuowen, as the first dictionarycompiled according to radicals, was certainly a game changer in Chinese philology. It attracted hundreds of Chinese scholars and researchers to make systematic studies of Chinesecharacters.In the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), Shuowen was included as an essential part in the imperial civilexaminations.And during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) alone, more than200 scholars were known to havespecialized in studying Shuowen.Today, Shuowen is still regarded as the key to accessing a treasure trove of ancient Chinese culture and classic Chinese language.。
《英语词汇学》练习测试题集及答案
华中师范大学网络教育学院《词汇学》练习测试题及答案本科I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the correspondingbrackets. （每题一分）( ) 1. “All national character” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words” and “loan words”.( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong toGermanic Family except Norwegian.( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings.( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes.( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts.( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation.( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter.( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages.( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning whichindicates grammatical concepts.( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation” the derived meanings of words are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word graduallyacquires its meanings in the process of development.( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goesthrough extension of meaning.( ) 14. “meat” is an example of narrowing of meaning.( ) 15. “teacher” and “student” are converses.( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared withspelling.( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguisticfactors.( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language.( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words.( ) 21. Idioms are phrases and short sentences the meanings of which are not easy to infer from the constituents in most cases.( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function is the most helpful way.( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words.( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked.( ) 25. V ariations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified.( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms.( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings.( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing.( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme.( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words.( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases.( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns.( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.( ) 35. Associative meaning consists of connotative meaning, stylistic meaning,affective meaning and emotive meaning.( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning.( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening.( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense.( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to beaffected by the action of the verb.( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion” and “gradability”.( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate.( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration.( ) 43. “villain” is an example of degradation.( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs andeven cultural background.( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context.( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature.( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed.( ) 48. The four major foreign contributors to the development of Englishvocabulary are Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian.( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application.( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly r elated to the primary meaning.( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or culturalbackground.( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side byside.( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases.( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated.( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as commonwords.( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylisticfeatures of words and so on.( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive ornegative.( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which aregenerally found in the dictionary.( )71. Idioms are set phrases whose meaning is often difficult or impossible to infer from the constituent words.( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changingmeanings of old words.( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation.( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing—the most important source.( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers theconcept of the latter.( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings.( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see theirorigins as well as sense relatedness.( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language.( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.( ) 84. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical itemin question.( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loanwords.( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning.( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particularmeaning.( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French.( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated.( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants.( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin.( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept.( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( )101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primary meaning.( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness.( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )110. Aliens are words of the native element.( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative.( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words.( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the oneaffected by the action.一、答案1、T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. TII. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）Example: disobey ( prefixation)headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization)expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion )ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending )enthuse (backformation ) deadline (compounding )tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping )kodak (commonization ) exwife (prefixation )elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy )autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping )airline ( compounding ) changeable (affixation/suffixation)postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy )bike (clipping ) smog (blending )donate (backformation ) ampere (proper words )antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation)三、填空答案1．meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion 3. root4. prefixes; suffixes5. synonym; relative6. superordinate; subordinate7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic9. Latin; Scandinavian10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept17．intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换)24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes26. superordinate subordinate 27. stable/fixed functional higher28. intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 29. affix 30. extension/generalization31.. antonyms contrary 32. elevation narrowing/specialization 33. connotativeIII. Fill in the blanks according to the coursebook and write your answers on thecorresponding lines. （每空1分）1. The connection between sound and is arbitrary and .2. The three major means of word-formation are , and .3. The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called .4. generally do not change part of speech whereas do.5. The words which are fully identical in meaning are called absolute and all the others care calledsynonyms.6. In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is and the term which conveys a specificmeaning is .7. falls into two kinds, namely context and context.8. A word is the free form which has a give sound, andfunction.9. The major foreign elements which contribute greatly to English vocabulary are, Greek, French and .10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called .11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and .12. The stylistic features of words form their meaning.13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically .14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing,, degradation and .15. motivation refers to the words whose meanings are suggested by their morphological structure.16. is one of the three kinds of meaning which has nothing to do withlanguage.17. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connecion between them is ______ andconventional.18. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.19. A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.20. Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______do.21. Among pairs of antonyms, the ______ term covers the meaning of the ______ term.22. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.23. The major means of word-formation are ______, ______ and ______.24. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.25. Affixation, also called ______, is the formation of new words by adding ______ to stems.26. Hyponymy deals with the relation of semantic inclusion. The general term is ______ and the specific termsare ______.27. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______. ______ words enjoy a______ frequency in use than content words.28. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connection between them is ______ andconventional.29. A morpheme attached to a stem or root is ______.30. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.31. Words which are opposite in meaning are called ______, among which ______ terms are gradable andallow intermediate members.32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and theopposite process is called ______.33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning.IV选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A10.B 11. B12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. DIV. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above( )2. Functional words are ________________.A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctionsB. adjectives, nouns, articlesC. articles, prepositions, conjunctionsD. verbs, pronouns, prepositions( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock.A. ColloquialismB. All national characterC. StabilityD. Polysemy( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word classwithout the addition of an affix, is called ____________.A. compoundingB. back-formationC. functional shiftD. derivation( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.A. part of speechB. plural forms of nounsC. tensesD. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______.A. phonologicallyB. morphologicallyC. etymologicallyD. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________.A. descriptive and prescriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC . spoken and written D. competence and performance( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?A. polysemyB. language familyC. ambiguityD. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________.A. banana, pear, jamB. pear, apple, bananaC. cucumber, celery, peasD. tree, pine, elm( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________.A. allomorphsB. phonemesC. morphsD. lexis( )14. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into another without the change of form.A. BlendingB. AffixationC. Back-formationD. Conversio( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________.A. 1604B. 1066C. 1406D. 1046( )16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________.A. euphemismB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor( )17. “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.A. rootB. derivativeC. relativeD. complementary( )18. Th e word “water” is _________ motivated.A. phoneticallyB. semanticallyC. morphologicallyD. non-( )19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________.A. sentence idiomB. proverbC. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________.A. change from material nouns to common nounsB. change from common nouns to proper nounsC. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economyD. change from specific meanings to general meanings( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.A. true idiomsB. semi-idiomsC. regular combinationsD. all the above( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________.A. blendB. clipped wordC. initialismD. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.A. HomophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ i n ________.A. connotative meaningB. emotive meaningC. stylistic meaningD. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brain. _________.A. SimileB. metaphorC. MetonymyD. synecdoche( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning?A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English.A. 1,000,000,000B. 1,000,000,000,000C. 1,000,000D. 1,000,000,000,000,000( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. freeC. inflectionalD. root( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms.A. dead / aliveB. parent / childC. single / marriedD. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________.A. German / GermanicB. Celts / CelticC. Italian / ItalicD. Sweden / Swedish ( ) 31. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ , semantic change and __________.A. exchange/lendingB. derivation/borrowingC. creation/borrowingD. affixation/creation( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________.A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speechB. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaningC. deriving words by grammatical meansD. changing words in morphological structure( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymyD. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English._________ of them are still in use today.A. 85%B. 56%C. 72%D. 75%V．Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column. （右栏的词每词1分）(1)narrowing manuscriptdeerextension poisongovernorelevation vulgarbonfiredegradation journallustdiseasealibi(2)narrowing journalgirlextension villainmarshalelevation barnmilldegradation deerknightcriticizeliquor(3)narrowing picturemeatextension girlmarshalelevation cunningbonfiredegradation journalangel连线(3)答案Narrowing: meat, girl, bonfire Extension: picture, journalElevation: marshal, angel Degradation: cunning连线(4)答案Narrowing: wife, deer Extension: holiday, manuscriptElevation: minister, governor Degradation: criticize, villain(4)narrowing holidayvillainextension wifeministerelevation deergovernordegradation manuscriptcriticizeVI. Do the following according to instructions.A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of theitalicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many ofthem still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( )2. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )3.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog inthe street and ate it. ( )4. Most dentists‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio‟s new office is bright, cheerful.( )5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous. He ate two bowls of soup, salad, alarge chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( )6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usuallybrings rain. （）7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry, a marriage system which allows awoman to have more than one husband. ( )8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( )A．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym3. example/exemplification/superordinate4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant details6. antonym/antonymy7. explanation 8. word structureB Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective or objective sense and put your answersin the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing todo with the robbery. ( ) ( )2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood.( )3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see themovie based on it. ( )4.Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children.( )5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( )6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful.( )7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster.( ) ( )8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small.( )9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded verydoubtful.( ) ( )10. What a boring man he is! ( )11. The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class.( ) ( )12. It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( )13. The little match girl was really pitiful. She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.( )14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well withoutpains. ( )B. 答案1. subjective; objective 2. objective3. objective4. objective5. subjective6. objective7. subjective; objective 8. objective9. subjective; objective 10. objective11. subjective, objective 12. subjective13. objective 14. objectiveC. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words,using such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）1.Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing notlong ago. ( )2.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street and ateit. ( )3.The tribal community still practices polygamy, a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at thesame time. ( )4.As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ).5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.C. 答案1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification3. definition/explanation4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant detailsVII. Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）A B( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one‟s nose( ) 4. repetition d. earn one‟s bread( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success.( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in handVII连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）1.break record (adj) ( record-breaking)2、fight with fists (adj) (ist-fighting)3. walk in one‟s sleep (n) (sleepwalking)4. a worm which glows (n) (glowworm)5. draw the bridge (n) (drawbridge)6. down to the earth (adj) (down-to-earth)7. sick for missing home (adj) ( homesick)8. the blood which causes the stain (n) (bloodstain)9. the part which is bitten by frost (n) (frostbite )10. shake hands (n) (handshake )IX. Define the following terms.（每题3分）1.notional words: Notional words are also called content words which denote clear notions. They includenouns, most verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.2.primary meaning: At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaningis the primary meaning .3.context :In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapterand even the entire book in which a word appears. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation including the people, time, place and even the whole cultural background.4、marked terms:Many pairs of antonyms contain specific words and general words. In such a pair, thespecific word is included in meaning within the general word. The specific words are called marked terms.5、transfer :Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else haveexperienced transfer.6、ambiguity: If there is more than one meaning for a word used in a context, ambiguity occurs. Ambiguity is mainly。
CanEnglishbedethroned翻译译文word文本
Can English be dethroned?Roland J.-L. Breton, geolinguist and emeritus professor at the University of Paris VIII.Major languages other than English are spoken by over half the peopleon the planet. What can be done to give them more clout in international bodies?Back in 1919, U.S. President Woodrow W ilson managed t o have the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between Germany and the Allies, written in English as well as French. Since then, English has taken root in diplomacy and graduallyin economic relations and the media. The language now seems set to have a monopolyas the worldwide medium of communication.As the 21st century begins, faster economic globalization is going hand in hand with the growing use of English. More and more people are being encouraged to use or send messages in English rather than in their own language. Many do not mind. They seethis as part of the unavoidable trend towards worldwide uniformity and a meanswhereby a growing number of people can communicate directly with each other.From this point of view, the spread of English may be seen as a positive development which saves resources and makes cultural exchange easier. After all, it might besaid, the advance of English is not aimed at killing off local languages but is simply a means of reaching a wider audience.Perhaps. But accepting that as the last word ignores the deep-rooted ties betweenindividual freedom and political power, between the linguistic, social and economic mechanisms which in every society underpin relations between people and groups and between culture and communities. A person makes a mark through his or her abilityto use the most useful language or languages. And over several generations, the most useful language eliminates the others.Cultural imperialism is much more subtle than economic imperialism, which is itself less tangible and visible than political and military imperialism, whose excessesare obvious and easy to denounce. It would be wrong to say that the world domination of English is something deliberately organized and supported by the Anglo-Saxonpowers, hand in glove with political initiatives or the penetration of the worldeconomy by their transnational firms. The “language war” has very seldom been regarded as a war and has never, anywhere, been declared.The military, diplomatic, political and economic strategies of the major powers can be studied and criticized, but linguistic strategies seem to be inconspicuous andtacit, even innocent or non-existent. The history of the past century has obligedmany powers to take a more modest attitude to language, but has it taught them tostand up to domination by a single language?Many years after the founding in 1945 of the Arab League, whose current 22 memberstates have 250 million people, the countries which share a French linguisticheritage broke new ground by creating a joint policy. In order to promote linguistic, economic and political co-operation, they set up the International Organization of French-Speaking Countries, which (like the Commonwealth) embraces more than 50countries with over 500 million inhabitants.Since 1991, there have been conferences of Dutch-speakers from eight or more communities representing some 40 million people, as well as Ibero-American summits, which every two years bring together more than 20 countries (350 million inhabitants). Turkish-speaking summits have been held biennially since 1992, with delegates from six independent countries (120 million people) of Europe, Central Asia and smallethnic communities elsewhere. Since 1996, the Association of Portuguese-speakingcountries has brought together people from seven countries (200 million people).Pockets of resistanceWill unco-ordinated resistance by the world’s most widely-used languages be enough to cope with the threat of cultural uniformity? Perhaps not, since each languagehas its own geographical sphere in which it is used with varying degrees of competence. If you add up the number of speakers of the world’s dozen most-used languages, you come up with a figure of more than three billion—half of humanity—which easily surpasses the two billion for whom English is more or less the official language(the Commonwealth and the United States). Backed by a concerted strategy, these major languages would surely make headway in international institutions.It is not just the future of the world’s major languages that is at stake. Further down the scale are 100 or so tongues officially recognized by governments or sub-national regions, such as the constitutional languages of India and the languages of the Russian nationalities. These languages have their place and a right to defend it. At the bottom of the scale are thousands of sometimes strugglinglanguages variously called native, minority, communal or ethnic tongues. Most arein danger of disappearing. They are spoken by some 300 million people.Will minor languages die out, as some predict? Yes, because the best way to killoff a language is to teach another one. The monopoly that about 100 national languages have on education makes it inevitable that languages not taught in schools will be confined to the home and to folklore and eventually be pushed out of nurturingcultural environments.Language murder or “linguicide”, whether it is carried out intentionally or not, is one of the basic tools of ethnocide, of the deculturation of peoples which hasalways been perpetrated by colonization and is still the semi-official aim ofgovernments which do not recognize the rights of their native ethnic minorities.As local languages are increasingly excluded from education systems, “linguicide” is speeding up.The language issue in the 21st century raises two questions. How can widely-usedor national languages resist the encroachment of English? And how can minoritylanguages in danger of extinction be saved and gain access to development?可以被废黜英语？罗兰J.-L.布雷顿，geolinguist和名誉巴黎第八大学教授。
英语国家概况谢福之课后答案
英语国家概况（谢福之主编）课后答案一、选择题（答案在下面）I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.3. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff4.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of overmillion.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 165.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. NorthernIreland6.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD.southwestern7.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman8.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek9.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish10.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard formof .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD.pronunciation11.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth12.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic13.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity14.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great15.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law16.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster17.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effortto .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power overthe church18.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians19. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta20.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning ofthe century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th22.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between threeof the following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive23.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude24.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House ofCommons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect25.British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals26.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervisethe Cabinet27.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six28. has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland29.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD.multi-party30.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatismand .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism31.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved publictransportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economicdevelopment32.The British economy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s33.In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish awelfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194834.The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem35.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s socialwelfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefitsperiodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions36.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspectsexcept .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality37.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%38.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIreland39.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in thecountry.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/340.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.privately-owned41.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD.manufacturing industry42.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools wereended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s43.About of British children receive primary and secondary educationthrough the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%44.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receivetheir remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporatecontributions45.Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’suniversities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references46.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educationalqualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National VocationalQualifications47.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the“Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The DailyTelegraph48.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popularamong 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soapopera49. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB50.Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas51.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime52.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet53. is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC.“Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound54.Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations55. is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19thcentury.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy56.Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms ofNeo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.57. is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot58.Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native59.Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.60.Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S.Naipaul61.Waiting for Godot is written by .A. Samuel BeckettB. George OrwellC. William GoldingD. D. H.Lawrence62.The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 3563.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida64.The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico tothe south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west65.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River66.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT arelocated .A. in the SouthB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest67. is located on the U. S. –Canadian border between Lake Erie and LakeOntario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake68.The native Alaskan population includes the following except the .A. IndiansB. EskimosC. AleutsD. Blacks69.The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD.Asians70.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the UnitedStates, particularly from .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. SouthAmerica71.The characteristic of dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class72.The first successful English colony in North America was founded atin .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia73.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecutionin England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD.Christians74.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians75.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies76.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston77.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functionsof a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second ContinentalCongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation78.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights79.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two worldwars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD.appeasement80.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy81.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continuedthroughout the terms of Presidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson82.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 179383.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court84.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights andfreedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution85.The following except are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes86.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President87.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders88.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above89.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two90.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine91.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 yearsoldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators andrepresentatives92.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the followingfields except .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals93.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually,to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy94.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority95.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urgeof .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton96.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD.refrigerator97.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing variousprograms like the following except .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension98.About of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth99.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agriculturalimports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.100. is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A. FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors 101.At present, U. S. exports account for of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%102.Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD.private103.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education 104.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University105.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges106.Of the following, is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll107.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits108.Of the following universities, has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute ofTechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University109. is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it hasa reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News110.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public BroadcastingService (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American BroadcastingSystem (ABS)111.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th112.Of the following writers, are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.A. Benjamin Franklin & Edgar Ellen PoeB. Edgar Ellen Poe & JonathanEdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Ellen Poe & WashingtonIrving113. is regarded as “the father of American literature”.A. James Fennimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving114.Of the following, is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Nature115.Of the following, is considered Herman Melville’s masterpiece.A. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Moby DickD. Daisy Miller116.Of the following, is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s works.A. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view117.Of the following writers, is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. HermanMelville118. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is , and its theme is about .A. The Great Gatsby, the American DreamB. Tender is the Night, loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human nature119.Of the following books, is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.A. The Sun Also RisesB. The Sound and the FuryC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls120.Of the following writers, is Not a Nobel Prize winner.A. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. EugeneO’Neil121. is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A.Ralph EllisonB. Tony MorrisonC. Richard WrightD. JamesBaldwin选择题参考答案：第一章 A B C D B C D A C B第二章 D D B C C A B A C D三 C D B A B C C B D A四 C B A C D C D B A C五 D B B A B C C D D A六 B C B D C A C D B A八 C A B B C C D B A D九 C B C D B B C A C D十 B C B B C C D D D C十一 C C D D D D B B D A十二 C B B B D C B B B B十三 C D D C D D A B A B二、判断题及答案Chapter 11.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.(4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom.5.The longest river of Britain originates in Wales.(6.Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.(7.Though the climate in Britain is generally mild,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below --10C in January.(8.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.()9.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(10.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.()5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.( )6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.( )7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.( )8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. )9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory. )10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,QueenElizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government. )2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.( )3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.( )6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected. )7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.( )8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.( )2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period. )3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.( )5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.( )6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.( )7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.( )8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.( )10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.( )Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.( )3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.( )4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.( )5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.( )6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.( )7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening. )8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper( )9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.( )10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions. ) Chapter 61.The Canterbury Tales is a representative work of the Old English Period.(2.Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics.( )3.Hamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity andthe need to avenge his father's murder.(4.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer's Iliad.( )5.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.( )6.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.( )7.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, such as "Ode to the West Wind".( )8.Jane Austen was a well--known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.(9.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed before World War II.( )10.V.S.Naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the Third World: the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism.( )Chapter 71.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.( )2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.( )3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.( )4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic,but belonged to the Commonwealth of Nations.( )5.To support the government's neutrality in World War II, there was no Irishman participating in the war.( )6.With the help of Britain, Ireland entered the EEC in 1973 without difficulties.( )7.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern countries.( )8.In Ireland, both the House of Representatives and the Senate have the power of making laws.( )9.English is the only official language in Ireland, because the majority of people speak it as their tongue. )10.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith.( Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory. )2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.( )3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known。
蔳冰英语语法
蔳冰英语语法Here is an English essay on the topic of "Cryogenic English Grammar" with a word count of more than 600 words:The intricate dance of language is a captivating tapestry, woven with the threads of grammar, syntax, and semantics. Within this grand symphony, one particular linguistic phenomenon stands out like a beacon in the frigid depths of linguistic evolution: cryogenic English grammar.Cryogenic English grammar, a term that might initially conjure visions of frozen linguistic structures, is in fact a fascinating exploration of the dynamic interplay between the English language and the constraints of extreme environments. Just as cryogenics delves into the realm of preserving and manipulating matter at ultra-low temperatures, cryogenic English grammar investigates the unique challenges and adaptations that occur when the English language is subjected to the relentless grip of Arctic conditions.At the heart of this linguistic phenomenon lies the concept of linguistic cryopreservation. In the same way that cryogenics aims to suspend the natural decay of organic matter, cryogenic Englishgrammar seeks to preserve the essence of the English language in the face of the harsh realities of the frigid tundra. This preservation, however, is not a mere stasis; rather, it is a dynamic process of adaptation and evolution, as the language must confront the unyielding forces of the Arctic climate.One of the most striking features of cryogenic English grammar is the emergence of novel grammatical structures and lexical innovations. As the traditional rules of English grammar are tested by the unforgiving conditions of the Arctic, new patterns and constructions begin to emerge, challenging our preconceived notions of linguistic norms. For instance, the use of specialized suffixes to denote the intensity of the cold, such as "-glacial" or "-permafrost," might become commonplace, allowing speakers to convey the nuances of the extreme environment with greater precision.Moreover, the unique demands of survival in the Arctic often necessitate the development of new vocabulary and idioms. Words and phrases that were once esoteric or even nonexistent in the standard English lexicon might become essential tools for navigating the cryogenic landscape. Imagine the creation of terms like "ice-whisper" to describe the eerie, haunting sounds of frozen expanses or "snowdrift-walker" to refer to those skilled in traversing the treacherous drifts.Alongside these linguistic innovations, cryogenic English grammar also grapples with the challenges of maintaining grammatical coherence and cohesion in the face of the harsh environmental conditions. The freezing temperatures, howling winds, and limited visibility that characterize the Arctic setting can pose significant obstacles to clear communication, requiring speakers to adapt their linguistic strategies accordingly.One such adaptation might be the increased reliance on non-verbal communication, such as hand gestures or visual cues, to supplement the spoken word. In the context of cryogenic English grammar, these non-verbal elements might become integrated into the very fabric of the language, blurring the lines between what is traditionally considered "grammar" and the realm of embodied communication.Furthermore, the unique spatial constraints and logistical challenges of the Arctic environment might also influence the development of cryogenic English grammar. For instance, the need to conserve limited resources, such as fuel or battery power, could lead to the emergence of more concise and efficient linguistic structures, prioritizing brevity and clarity over elaborate syntactic constructions.As we delve deeper into the fascinating realm of cryogenic English grammar, we come to appreciate the resilience and adaptability ofthe human spirit, as manifested through the evolution of language. This linguistic phenomenon reminds us that language is not a static entity, but a living, breathing organism that responds to the demands of the environment in which it thrives.In the end, the study of cryogenic English grammar offers us a unique window into the dynamic and ever-changing nature of language. It challenges us to expand our understanding of linguistic diversity, to embrace the beauty of linguistic innovation, and to recognize the profound ways in which the human experience shapes the very fabric of our communication. As we navigate the uncharted territories of this cryogenic linguistic frontier, we are reminded of the boundless potential of language to adapt, evolve, and ultimately, to connect us with the world around us, even in the most extreme of environments.。
Global Varieties of English
Historical and Cultural Development of the English Language:Historical and Cultural Influences that Led to the Emergence, Recognition and Acceptance of Global Varieties of English.By Phillip J.J. ScheirEnglish is spoken in more countries than any other language on Earth. It is spoken as an official language or has special status in 75 countries around the world according to the British Council.1 With so many people speaking the same language it should be no surprise that there are at least fifteen recognized varieties of English spoken around the world.2 Among the varieties of English spoken, most of the people in the world speak American English.3 Some schools around the world presuppose that teaching American English is better than other varieties of English because they want to keep up with the growing trend of American English being the most popular variety of English used.4 Worldwide though there is an acceptance that all varieties of English are to be valued. This paper will examine what historical and cultural influences led to the emergence, recognition and acceptance of global varieties of English.Varieties of English emerged because of colonization. English came originally from England and was spread to all parts of the globe. At one time British English was thought to hold a special position above other forms of English that had sprung from its beginnings, but today British English is thought more as a sibling to the other variations of English, having its own accent and idiosyncrasies. 5 Changes were a result of English being spread to more and more populations all over the world.."In the years 1500–1900, England had colonized all of North and South America and Australia, most of Africa, and much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of1 Dieu, Barbara (2010) "English Speaking Countries," The English Department, Retrieved online May 16, 2010from <http://the_english_/esc.html>2 Easton, Eva L (April 22, 2010). "English Around the World," Retrieved online May 16, 2010 from</world-eng.html>3 . (2010). "Global English: Your Questions Answered," Retrieved online May 16, 2010 from</globalenglish/questions/varieties/?view=uk>4 Cekic, Ahmet, (2009) "Should We Use American English to Improve Students' Listening Skills?" Novitas Royal:Research on Youth and Language Novitas-ROYAL, 2009, Vol.: 3(2), 110-116, Retrieved online May 16, 2010from /Vol_3_2/cekic.html#_edn1governments."6Before the 17th century English was confined mostly to England, but after the insurgence of colonialism the spread of English followed quickly.7 Certainly colonialism is the main reason why any language gains worldwide usage. Rome spread Latin, Spain spread the use of Spanish to the Americas, and France spread the use of French to North America and Africa. As these languages spread to different areas they were also changed by the native people previously living in those areas. As English was spread to every corner of the globe, every area of the globe also changed and shaped English. Other languages added words, accents and intonations to English. English began to emerge as reflections of the people using it around the world with accents and variations representing the people and their unique origins before having English thrust upon them. English is everywhere, being located in all five continents and spoken as a first or second language by close to 50 percent of the world's population.8Different groups of English populations recognized that the English they used was different from each other because they had communication through political and financial dealings with each other. Etymologists for more than two hundred years have been writing about the differences between the varieties of English spoken among different countries of native English speakers. The first dictionary written to detail differences among English languages spoken was John Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language published in 1808. It examined the difference between English spoken in Scotland and English spoken in England. The next etymological dictionary to denote the difference in English spoken among different countries was John Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms published in 1848. It compared the English that had developed in the USA and the English that was being spoken in England. Perhaps the most comprehensive, if not most weightiest is the multivolume Oxford English Dictionary written from 1884 until 1928 which compared the diversity of the types of English spoken in England, parts of Great Britain, Australasia,6Encyclopedia Britannica "History & Society: colonialism, Western," Retrieved online May 12, 2010 from </EBchecked/topic/126237/colonialism>7The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21).Volume XIV. The Victorian Age, Part Two. "The world-wide expansion of the English language". Retrieved online May 12, 2010 from</224/1501.html>the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and North America.9 Today there are still dictionaries published for particular varieties of English such as South African English, American English, New Zealand English, Australian English, Canadian English, to name a few.10 In addition to the publication of dictionaries which point out lexical differences among global varieties of English, there are also famous books that are read around the world and that through their writing display sentence structures from around the world. One of the best authors to successfully capture the accents of different groups of people was Samuel L. Clemens, also known by his pen name, Mark Twain. In the preface to his book "Huckleberry Finn," Clemens writes at length about the various varieties of English all spoken by the various groups of people in Louisiana.11 Those varieties of spoken English Samuel Clemens writes about in Louisiana came about because the ways each group of people spoke English was influenced by their culture and by their language background.Global acceptance of the varieties of English comes because of two main reasons; colonization has made English so widespread that the resulting regional differences colonization has produced have to be expected and accepted; secondly, the political and economic power that most English speaking countries have, has made any and all varieties of English the accepted global means of international communication in the world of business, science and politics. With so many people around the world learning English there has come to be an expectation that people will speak English with an accent painted with a brush from their first language.12 Cultural influences have also been accepted and slang dictionaries online such as "," are made to inform native speakers of new words in the English vernacular, many of which though might only be used among select groups like inner-city jargon.13 Words like "cool," "rad," and "fly" and their idiomatic meanings, have all become accepted words in American English, even though they are not part of other varieties of English spoken around9Ask . (2010). "Global English," Oxform Online Dictionary, Retrieved Online May 15, 2010 from < /globalenglish/worldenglish/?view=uk>10 Ask . (2010). "World English Dictionaries," Oxform Online Dictionary, Retrieved Online May 15,2010 from < /globalenglish/dictionaries/?view=uk>11Clemens L, Samuel (1884) "Preface," Huckleberry Finn." Chatto and Windust12 (2002-2010) "How language and culture affect the meanings of words," Retrieved online May 16,2010 from </items/1005821-how-language-and-culture-affect-the-meanings-of-words>the world.14The same is true of other English varieties like those in the UK where it has been accepted through media that in the UK "wicked" is meant to mean "that is great/ very desirable," and "to fancy" to mean "to want," such as in "Would you fancy having lunch with me tomorrow?"15 In the USA “wicked” is meant to mean “something evil or very bad,” such as in “The villain in the story is very wicked for wanting to hurt the hero,” and the word “fancy” is meant to mean “something extra special,” such as, “My mother bought me a very fancy dress for the party.”Globally people are aware that different varieties of English abound throughout the world. This is accepted to the understanding that when any idea or language is spread so far as to reach different parts of the world, the usage and application is bound to be different among different populations. Having come from the same source, England, perhaps all these varieties of English all share a certain fraternity with each other. They are accepted because when a person from the USA meets a person from South Africa in a country where English is commonly spoken, all differences go out the window as communication is possible with a fellow brother/sister of the same language.14Smith, S.E. (2003-2010). "What is Slang?," Wise . Retrieved online May 16, 2010 from</what-is-slang.htm>Answer the questions with the information provided in the reading.1. How many countries around the word have English spoken as an official language or have it as aspecial status?2. Is “American” English better than varieties of English spoken in other countries? Why or why not?3. From what country did English originate from?4. How did English spread to other countries?5. In what ways did native people around the world change English?6. Approximately what is the percentage of people in the world that speak English?7. What is the purpose of an “Etymological Dictionary”?8. What two reasons are there for a global acceptance of the varieties of English?9. What does the following statement mean? “P eople will speak English with an accent painted with abrush from their first language.”10, What is “slang” in a language?11. How does the word “wicked” have a different meaning in the UK and in the USA?12. How does the word “fancy” have a different meaning in the UK and in the USA?13. From what the author writes, can people from different countries who speak English understandeach other despite language differences?。
难经+英文翻译
PrefaceThis book is a translation of the Huang Di Ba Shi Yi Nan Jing (The Yellow Emperor’s Eighty-one Difficulties Classic) more commonly known simply as the Nan Jing or Classic of Difficulties. This is a collection of eighty-one questions and answers seeking to clarify difficult passages or concepts within the Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic). Chinese medical scholars believe this book was written or compiled some time in the late Han dynasty during the first or second centuries BCE. Traditionally, the authorship of the Nan Jing is attributed to Bian Que, the legendary first acupuncturist of antiquity. However, this is historically impossible and is simply a pious fiction.This book is important to the history and development of Chinese medicine and especially acupuncture for three reasons. First, it presents a relatively coherent system of pulse diagnosis centering on the three positions and various levels of the cun kou or inch mouth found on the radial-iii-artery at the styloid processes of the wrists. While there are a number of references to a number of different systems of pulse examination mentioned in the Nei Jing or Inner Classic, none of these are sufficiently explained to be put into clinical practice with any confidence. It was the Nan Jing which focused Chinese doctors’ attention on the inch mouth pulse and described a coherent system of examination and correspondence which is still used in several Asian and European countries to this day.Secondly, this book presents and clarifies the clinical application of five phase theory. Five phase theory is a further evolution of yin yang theory whereby everything in the phenomenal universe corresponds to one or some combination of five basic phases. Because these five phases reminded early Westerners of the four elements of Western scholastic medicine, they were first erroneously named the five elements. However, these five are not static entities or elements but rather five stages in the evolution of any phenomenally existing thing which also engender-iv-and restrain each other in a constantly changing and dynamic way. Although Chinese Daoists and Confucianists still argue to this day over whether five phase theory and the medicine of systematic correspondences it gave rise to is a Daoist or Confucian creation, it is this system of systematic correspondence which forms the basis of almost all the other theories and practices of Chinese medicine.And third, it is the Nan Jing which codifies the use of the so-called transport points existing between the elbows and fingertips and knees and toes. Sometimes referred to in English as the “antique points” or the “command points,” this is a set of 60 pre-eminently important points in the practice of acupuncture. As the text explains, each of the 12 channels has a set of five points corresponding to the five phases. Since each of the five phases corresponds to one or more of the viscera and bowels, channels and vessels, directions, seasons, colors, flavors, odors, sounds, fluids, tissues, emotions, etc., and since each channel has a point corresponding to each of the five phases, by-v-variously supplementing and draining different combinations of these five phase points, one can re-establish the dynamic balance of these five phases within the human body and between the human body and the macrocosm outside. Therefore, the Nan Jing is a seminally important classic for anyone who A) is interested in Chinese pulse diagnosis, B) anyone interested in the Chinese medicine of systematic correspondences in general and five phase theory in particular, and C) anyone interested in Chinese acupuncture in particular. Although this book does not describe the use of Chinese medicinals, its theory of diagnosis and treatment was applied to internal medicine by the Jin and Yuan dynasties. Hence the Nan Jing has had a far-reaching and long-lasting impact on Chinese medicine in every country to which this medicine has traveled. In particular, the Nan Jing has had a huge impact on so-called Japanese Meridian acupuncture and, through the Japanese connection with Taiwan, on a number of European and American styles of acupuncture. Thus I believe that every practitioner of Chinese-vi-medicine and acupuncture should be familiar with what this seminal classic says.Each of these questions and answers only comprise a paragraph or two. This book is extremely pithy and succinct even by ancient Chinese standards. In old China, this classic was meant to memorized and not just read. The style in which it was written was chosen, in part, to help such memorization. Therefore, I have tried to retain the succinctness of the original text as far as possible. Where I have had to add words other than prepositions and conjunctions not in the original text, I have done so in brackets. When I have deemed that even further explanation is necessary in order to make any sense of a word, sentence, or passage, I have added a footnote as commentary. Many line by line commentaries of the Nan Jing exist in Chinese. A number of these have been included in Paul U. Unschuld’s scholarly translation of this text: Medicine in China: Nan-ching, The Classic of Difficult Issues, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, and I refer readers to that excellent source for-vii-further elaboration of this text.That being said, Dr. Unschuld is not a professional practitioner of Chinese medicine or acupuncture, and many Western practitioners have long complained that his choice of words makes his translation of this important classic clinically hard to use. For instance, Unschuld translates qi as influences and the viscera and bowels as depots and palaces. I also do not think Dr. Unschuld, as a non-native English speaker, has always chosen the most direct or best English translations. His translation is much more verbose than mine. Further, I think Dr. Unschuld has made too many bracketed additions to the text, thus imposing certain interpretations on the text. Classical Chinese is inherently ambiguous, and when we render such texts too particularly, we often lose the multiple layers of meaning the author meant to suggest. If one reads the various commentaries included in Dr. Unschuld’s book, one can see that the meaning and clinical implications of almost every line in this classic have been hotly debated.-viii-As far as possible, I have used Nigel Wiseman’s translational terminology as it appears in English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Science & Technology Press, Changsha, 1995. Where I disagree with one of Dr. Wiseman’s word choices, I have marked and explained my divergence in a footnote. Whenever the text discussed a named acupuncture point, I first give Wiseman’s suggested English translation of the name. This is then followed by the romanized spelling of the name in Pinyin and a channel and number identification, both in parentheses. These channel and number identifications are based on the World Health Organization’s suggested standard acupuncture point nomenclature with the following exceptions: Lu stands for lungs; St stands for stomach; Sp stands for spleen; Ht stands for heart; Bl stands for bladder; Ki stands for kidneys; Per stands for pericardium; TB stands for triple burner; Liv stands for liver, CV stands for conception vessel; and GV stands for governing vessel.The source texts for this translation were-ix-Unschuld’s aforementioned book, which includes the Chinese text in full, the Nan Jing published by the Science & Technology Publishing Co., Beijing, 1996, and Xu Da-chun’s Nan Jing Jing Shi (An Elucidation of the Classic of Difficulties) published by the Jiangsu Science & Technology Publishing Co., 1985.I am especially happy that Blue Poppy Press is bringing this translation out in a true pocketbook size, making it both affordable for students and easily portable for repeated study and reference. The Nan Jing is one of the four basic foundation texts of Chinese medicine, the other three being the Nei Jing, the Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Damage [Due to] Cold), and the Shen Nong Ben Cao (The Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica). Hopefully this edition of this seminal classic will prod more Western acupuncture schools to include its study in their basic, entry-level, core curriculum.Bob FlawsNov. 19, 1998-x-SynopsisDifficulties 1-22 deal with pulse examination. Difficulties 23-29 deal with channels and network vessels.Difficulties 30-47 deal with anatomy and physiology.Difficulties 48-61 deal with disease causes, disease mechanisms, and diagnosis.Difficulties 62-68 deal with the 60 transport points.Difficulties 69-81 deal with supplementing and draining with needles.-xi-OneDifficulty One says: Within the 12 channels, allhave stirring vessels.1 [Yet] one chooses only thecun kou or inch mouth in order to determine thedeath and life, good and evil auspices of the five viscera and six bowels. What does this mean? Answer: The inch mouth is the great meeting ofall the vessels located at the stirring vessel of thehand tai yin. When a person exhales once, [the contents of] the vessels move three inches. One inhalation, the vessels move [another] threeinches. [One] exhalation and [one] inhalation establish [one] respiration [during which] thevessels move six inches. In humans, in one dayand one night, there are 13,500 respirations,[during which the contents of] the vessels move 50 circuits around the body [in the time it takes for] water to drip downward 100 markings [on thewater clock]. The constructive and defensive move1Stirring vessels refer to palpable arterial pulses.-xii--The Nan Jing-[during] the yang 25 circuits, while they move also 25 circuits during the yin. This makes up one cycle. Therefore, [after] 50 circuits [the contents of the vessels] return to meet at the hand tai yin. [Thus,] the inch mouth is the beginning and end of the five viscera and six bowels, and hence the method is to choose the inch mouth.-xiii-。
persoff的英文俚语解释
persoff的英文俚语解释Persoff is a unique and intriguing English slang term that has gained significant popularity in recent years. This word, which is often used in casual conversations and online interactions, has a multifaceted meaning that encompasses various aspects of modern language and culture. In this essay, we will delve into the origins, usage, and nuances of the term persoff to gain a deeper understanding of its significance in the ever-evolving landscape of English slang.At its core, the word persoff is a combination of the prefix "per" and the suffix "off," suggesting a sense of individualism, independence, and a certain degree of detachment from societal norms. The term is often used to describe a person who marches to the beat of their own drum, someone who is unapologetically themselves and refuses to conform to the expectations of others. This defiant attitude can be interpreted as a form of self-empowerment, a rejection of the status quo, and a celebration of personal identity.One of the primary connotations of persoff is the idea of being "off" or different from the mainstream. This can manifest in various ways,from the way a person dresses and carries themselves to their unconventional beliefs, hobbies, or lifestyle choices. Individuals who are described as persoff are often seen as quirky, eccentric, or even eccentric, but this is precisely what makes them unique and appealing to those who value diversity and nonconformity.Another aspect of the persoff slang term is its association with a certain level of confidence and self-assurance. Persoff individuals are often perceived as being comfortable in their own skin, unafraid to express their true selves, and unwilling to compromise their values or principles to fit in with the crowd. This self-assuredness can be both admired and envied by those who struggle with issues of self-identity and social acceptance.Interestingly, the term persoff can also be used as a verb, denoting the act of embracing or embodying this nonconformist attitude. To "persoff" can mean to deliberately and unapologetically go against the grain, to defy societal expectations, or to carve out a unique path for oneself. This active form of the term suggests a sense of agency and empowerment, as individuals take control of their own narratives and refuse to be defined by the limitations imposed by others.Furthermore, the usage of the term persoff can be seen as a cultural marker, a way of signaling one's belonging to a particular social group or subculture. Within certain circles, the use of the term canbe a form of in-group communication, a shared language that reinforces a sense of community and shared values. This can be particularly prevalent among young people, who often use slang as a means of expressing their identity and distinguishing themselves from the mainstream.However, it is important to note that the interpretation and perception of the term persoff can vary widely depending on the context and the individuals involved. While some may view it as a positive and empowering descriptor, others may perceive it as a negative or even derogatory term, suggesting a lack of conformity or social awareness. This ambiguity and the potential for misunderstanding are important considerations when using or encountering the term in various social and professional settings.In conclusion, the English slang term persoff is a multifaceted and complex concept that reflects the evolving nature of language and the ongoing search for self-expression and individuality. Whether it is used to describe a person, an attitude, or a cultural phenomenon, the term persoff encapsulates a sense of nonconformity, self-assurance, and a refusal to be defined by societal expectations. As language continues to evolve, it is likely that the meaning and usage of persoff will continue to adapt and change, reflecting the ever-changing landscape of contemporary culture.。
TEM4
English Major-Band 41.If it isn't too much trouble,I would like a cup of coffee.2.Not until he had completed the task did he find himself seriously ill.3.He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others.4.Do you think there is any chance of him passing the exam?5.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active.6.My cousin Mary is often in a poisonous mood; I suppose it is because she is an only child.7.On January 1st many people make a New Year resolution.8.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours on end last night.9.The invaluable crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.10.I don't think those curtains go well with the wallpaper.11.A thorough check of the accounts has revealed him to be a tax evader12.Even allowing for his age, he still acts very immaturely.13.They would not be feeling so tired if they had not been walking for a whole day.14.It is a shame not to have been able to give them any advice.15.I would sooner you didn't deliver the sofa tomorrow.16.They bought the land with a view to building a new office block.17.Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband do not see eye to eye on New Year's resolutions.18.Fred has a subtle kind of humour that can only be appreciated by those willing to search beneath the surface.19.He promised to return the book the next day without fail.20.The snow seems to have set in for the evening.21.The Great Wall is the place which almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to China.22.If we should accept their terms, we would go bankrupt.23.Paul was lying on the lawn, his hands crossed under the head.24.At an early age she already showed a talent for music.25.As medical workers, it is our duty to rescue the dying and heal the wounded.26.I would prefer him to leave the key under the mat.27.Oh, dear, I don't feel very well. I think I'm fainting.28.It is bad manners to do down other people behind their backs.29.Samuel has curly hair but his twin sister is quite straight.30.My classmates stood there looking uneasily at me, puzzling why I had not got annoyed this time whenI could not get my own way.31.After leaving the art college, she set up as an interior designer.32.Having kissed her son,Eve gave him a dismissive push towards the car.33.Wild ducks always fly in a definite formation.34.While nuclear weapons present grave potential dangers, the predominant crisis of overpopulation is with us today.35.We tried to settle the problem with them as soon as possible, but they seemed to be lacking in sincerity.36.It will rain, for the barometer is falling.37.That being the case,we have to make some changes in our plan.38.I bought a large Chinese paper lampshade to put in my bedroom.39.You may borrow as many books as you like, provided you show them to whoever is at the desk.40.After I heard that I took a deferred pass in botany, I was in a highly emotional state.41.Since i could not see anything through the microscope, for all my careful adjustment , I gave up.42.When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went out of their way to entertain the guests.43.Being somewhat short-sighted, she had the habit of gazing at people.44.Newspapers vary greatly in their bias to the government.45.We know she was always as good as her word, so we trusted her.46.The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessary chemical reactions to proceed in his body.47.Here are some books, you can read whichever one you like.48.If you keep getting wrong numbers ,your phone could be defective.49.Contrary to popular belief that classical music is too complex, it achieves a simplicity that only a genius can create.50.--''Do you like your new job?'' --''Yes, it is very enjoyable work.''51.It is not far to the village if we take the short cut through the jungle.52.Tim, the footballer ,always scores goals at football matches,but he feels frustrated at each examination.53.Noise pollution generally receives less attention than does air pollution.54.There was an accident in this street this morning and since then there has been a severe congestion of traffic.55.Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread if they are to be woven into textile fabrics.1.We did hold a meeting yesterday,but you did not need to attend , so we did not inform you.2.I will not see you off at the airport tomorrow,so I wish you a good journey now.3.In the lecture to follow he will tell us something about modern English usage.4.Given the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding cartoonist.5.What will this policy of the government's lead to?6.It is doubtful whether Sam will come to attend his best friend's funeral as he has taken the town's money and made off with it.7.The narrow, sunless has smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage.8.She is always fashionably dressed and looks conspicuous among the girls in plain clothes.9.They have brought a holiday cottage near the sea,and in due course they plan to move there permanently.TEM41.All of the plants now farmed on a large scale were developed from plants that once grew wild.2.We can make an exception in the case of John.3.The girl chose some very pretty wrapping paper for the present.4.Jack is very knowledgeable about wines.5. With one leg broken in that car accident, he can not even walk, let alone run.6. Disgraced, she led a life of complete seclusion.7. Now that the stress of examinations are over , we can all relax.8. He was below her in intelligence.9. The man sitting opposite me smiled dreamily, as if to remember something pleasant in the past.10. It turned out that the children were not to blame for the accident.11. It pains her to see so many children in that mountainous area can not even afford elementary education.12. Productivity and wage increases have not kept in step.13. Modern appliances liberate us from a good deal of household work. For instance, the dryer frees us from hanging the laundry.14. Communication between a young couple is a delicate business.15. The old lady slipped and fell from the top of the stairs to the bottom.16. You should know better than to leave your little sister at home by herself.17. The boy has admitted to breaking the window while playing football yesterday.18. Betty advised me to label our luggage carefully in case it gets mislaid in transit.19. This house will probably come on the market next month.20. Farmers are allowed to grow small gardens of their own and they sell their vegetables on the black market.21. The electric fan does not work because of the interruption of service.22. Humble as it may be, there's no place like home, wherever he may go.23. Such being the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.24. I beg to be excused from your nephew's wedding.25. The doctor advised him to stay in bed, saying he was much too ill.26. I was to have started study French yesterday, but I changed my mind.27.I called at his house but was refused admittance.28. He did me a good turn by lending me ten pounds.29. Mac's close resemblance to his brother made people mistake them for one another.30.The technical problem of bringing a space ship back from the moon has been solved.31.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and combinations of words.32. '' If we fail to act now,'' said tom ,''We will find ourselves paid back in action later on.''33. The textbook question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the congress is in session again next spring.34. To survive in the intense market competition, we must gear the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.35. We had not expected a power cut so we were astonished when the whole house was plunged into darkness.36. Before the tourists set off, they spent much time setting a limit to the expenses of the trips.37. '' Tina looks especially pretty tonight.'' ''Yes, she always looks her best in dress of that color.38. '' How dark your brother's hair is!'' '' It's no darker than mine when I was at his age.''39. It is not fair that you come home after a bad day at work and take it out on your wife and children.40. You have no business interfering with my affairs.41. The new cut in interest rate is meant to promote domestic investment.42. Advertising media like direct mail, radio, television and newspapers have been used to increase the sales of industrial products.43. Mary will not be able to come to the birthday party as she is laid up with a cold.44. She often says her greatest happiness consists in serving the handicapped children.45. To make this indication clear we shall have to look closely into biology's long history.46. We enjoyed the holiday except for the expense.47. Of course, talking about something which affects them personally is eminently motivating for students.48. Urban congestion would greatly be relieved if the fares charged on public transport were more reasonable.49. They will never reconcile themselves to their defeat.50. The matter is not to be trifled with.51. While doing calculation for the project, the designers stumbled upon a new solution to a geological problem.52. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.53. They have visited the park of late.54. After traveling in the desert for many days, they found a tiny oasis, where there was a well and a patch of green glass.。
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Preface to the Dictionary of the English Language
Samuel Johnson
It is the fate of those who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without applause, and diligence without reward.
Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries, whom mankind have considered, not as the pupil, but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths of Learning and Genius, who press forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the
humble drudge that facilitates their progress. Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, an even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.
Beowulf (in Anglo-Saxon, 6th-8th centuries)
….
Thus made their mourning the men of Greatland,
For their hero’s passing, his hearth-companions
Quoth that of all the kings of earth,
Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,
To his kin the kindest, keenest to praise.。