ANIMAL RIGHTS 动物权利

Animal welfare
• Animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being of animals.It is measured by indicators including behavior, physiology, longevity, and reproduction.
ANIMAL
RIGHTS
-----by group 2(FU ZHEN, LAI NING ,WANG SHENGZHE ,YUAN WEICHEN,ZHONG YUAN)
SPECIESISM
• Speciesism is a term coined by Richard Ryder in 1970. The word refers to the widely held belief that the human species is inherently superior to other species and so has rights or privileges that are denied to other sentient animals. (See Painism). ‘Speciesism’ can also be used to describe the oppressive behaviour, cruelty, prejudice and discrimination that are associated with such a belief. In a more restricted sense, speciesism can refer to such beliefs and behaviours if they are based upon the species-difference alone, as if such a difference is, in itself, a justification.
.Animal testing
• .Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. While supporters believe it is a necessary practice, those opposed to animal testing believe that it involves the torture and Suffering Of Animals.
Actus reus
• Actus reus is a Latin term, which means "the guilty act." Actus reus, by definition, means that there must be an action or physical movement. In other words, it is the overt physical action that makes a person liable for a crime. Actus reus is always required in the United States for the commission of a crime, since a person cannot be found guilty of thinking criminal thoughts, or wishing that a crime would take place.
Mens rea
• .Mens rea is Latin for "guilty mind". In criminal law, it is viewed as one of the necessary elements of a crime. The standard common law test of crimiΒιβλιοθήκη Baidual liability is usually expressed in the Latin phrase, actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, which means "the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty". Thus, in jurisdictions with due process, there must be an actus reus accompanied by some level of mens rea to constitute the crime with which the defendant is charged (see the technical requirement of concurrence). As a general rule, criminal liability does not attach to a person who acted with the absence of mental fault. The exception is strict liability crimes.
Painism
• 2 Painism • Painism is a term coined by Richard Ryder in 1990, being a refinement of his term sentientism. Painism became the principle upon which Ryder bases his ethics. He argues that any individual, human or other, who can experience pain, has moral standing. Such painience can be assumed in most species of animal on Earth and may be a capacity elsewhere in the universe among, for example, intelligent aliens, or even in highly developed robots and other machines.
.Vivisection
• .Vivisection is the practice of animal experimentation. This can include administering drugs, infecting with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, blinding, and other painful and invasive procedures. It can include protocols that cause severe suffering, such as long-term social isolation, full-body restraint, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or repeatedly breeding and separating infants from mothers.
Utilitarianism
Informed consent
• Informed consent refers to the permission given by a person before surgery or other kinds of medical treatments. The patient, or a parent/guardian, must understand the potential risks and benefits of the treatment and legally agree to accept those risks in writing. Furthermore, the risks and possible side effects must be explained in easy-to-understand language that the patient can understand.
Animal rights movement
• The animal rights movement, sometimes called the animal liberation movement, animal personhood, or animal advocacy movement, is a social movement which seeks an end to the rigid moral and legal distinction drawn between human and non-human animals, an end to the status of animals as property, and an end to their use in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries.
Animal rights
• .Animal rights is the idea that some or all nonhuman animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives, and that their most basic interests – such as an interest in not suffering – should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings.
Veganism
• Veganism is a small but growing movement. In many countries the number of vegan restaurants is increasing, and some of the top athletes in certain endurance sportsfor instance, the Ironman triathlon and the ultramarathon—practise veganism, including raw veganism. Well-planned vegan diets have been found to offer protection against many degenerative conditions, including heart disease, and are regarded by the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle.