翻译论文集锦
有关英汉翻译论文
有关英汉翻译论文范文一:生态学视域下的英汉翻译一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学,其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科学研究。
而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟,社会科学的研究者们发现了生态学与人文社会科学的相容性,认为人文社会领域和自然一样,事物与事物、事物与环境间都发生着联系,没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象,故而认为生态学研究的理论、方法同样适用于社会科学研究。
生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。
20世纪50年代以来,人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关联问题,研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向,人们对文本的认识,已无法将文本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。
对于成功的翻译者来说,他不仅要作为两种语言的专家,还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。
对于英汉翻译的研究者来说,他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。
生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、互相促进。
在英汉翻译领域,一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展,而且内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。
其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断旋螺式发展的,而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。
用生态学视角看待英汉翻译,为的是建立一种整体性思维。
有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性,整体性不是部分的简单累加,也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体,它有着超越部分之和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。
”对翻译及其研究工作来说,把握“整体性”是关键。
翻译活动涵盖原文本和译文本,涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方,包括语言和文化2个层面,同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。
梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活动的要素的动态平衡发展,有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。
毕业论文 翻译材料(中英)
原文Sometimes it becomes apparent that previous approaches to a problem haven’t quite worked the way you anticipated.Perhaps you just need to clear away the smoky residue of the past,take a deep breath,and try again with a new attitude and fresh ideas. In golf,it’s known as a“mulligan”;in schoolyard sports,it’s called a “do-over”;and in the computer industry,we say it’s a“reboot.”A reboot is what Microsoft has initiated with its new approach to the mobile phone market.With its clean look,striking fonts,and new organizational paradigms, Microsoft Windows Phone7not only represents a break with the Windows Mobile past but also differentiates itself from other smartphones currently in the market. Windows Phone7devices will be made by several manufacturers and available with a variety of cell providers.For programmers,Windows Phone7is also exciting,for it supports two popular and modern programming platforms:Silverlight and XNA.Silverlight—a spinoff of the client-based Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)—has already given Web programmers unprecedented power to develop sophisticated user interfaces with a mix of traditional controls,high-quality text, vector graphics,media,animation,and data binding that run on multiple platforms and browsers.Windows Phone7extends Silverlight to mobile devices.XNA—the three letters stand for something like“XNA is Not an Acronym”—is Microsoft’s game platform supporting both2D sprite-based and3D graphics with a traditional game-loop architecture.Although XNA is mostly associated with writing games for the Xbox360console,developers can also use XNA to target the PC itself, as well as Microsoft’s classy audio player,the Zune HD.Either Silverlight or XNA would make good sense as the sole application platform for the Windows Phone7,but programmers have a choice.And this we call“an embarrassment of riches.”Targeting Windows Phone7All programs for Windows Phone7are written managed code.Although the sample programs in this book are written in the C#programming language,it is also possible to write Windows Phone7applications in Visual .The free downloadable Microsoft Visual Studio2010Express for Windows Phone includes XNA Game Studio4.0 and an on-screen phone emulator,and also integrates with Visual Studio2010.You can develop visuals and animations for Silverlight applications using Microsoft Expression Blend.2The Silverlight and XNA platforms for Windows Phone7share some libraries,and you can use some XNA libraries in a Silverlight program and vice versa.But you can’t create a program that mixes visuals from both platforms.Maybe that will be possible in the future,but not now.Before you create a Visual Studio project,you must decide whether your million-dollar idea is a Silverlight program or an XNA program. Generally you’ll choose Silverlight for writing programs you might classify as applications or utilities.These programs are built from a combination of markup and code.The markup is the Extensible Application Markup Language,or XAML andpronounced“zammel.”The XAML mostly defines a layout of user-interface controls and panels.Code-behind files can also perform some initialization and logic,but are generally relegated to handling events from the controls.Silverlight is great for bringing to the Windows Phone the style of Rich Internet Applications(RIA), including media and the Web.Silverlight for Windows Phone is a version of Silverlight3excluding some features not appropriate for the phone,but compensating with some enhancements.XNA is primarily for writing high-performance games.For2D games,you define sprites and backgrounds based around bitmaps;for3D games you define models in3D space. The action of the game,which includes moving graphical objects around the screen and polling for user input,is synchronized by the built-in XNA game loop.The differentiation between Silverlight-based applications and XNA-based games is convenient but not restrictive.You can certainly use Silverlight for writing games and you can even write traditional applications using XNA,although doing so might sometimes be challenging.In particular,Silverlight might be ideal for games that are less graphically oriented,or use vector graphics rather than bitmap graphics,or are paced by user-time rather than clock-time.A Tetris-type program might work quite well in Silverlight.You’ll probably find XNA to be a bit harder to stretch into Silverlight territory,however.Implementing a list box in XNA might be considered“fun”by some programmers but a torture by many others.The first several chapters in this book describe Silverlight and XNA together,and then the book splits into different parts for the two platforms.I suspect that some developers will stick with either Silverlight or XNA exclusively and won’t even bother learning the other environment.I hope that’s not a common attitude.The good news is that Silverlight and XNA are so dissimilar that you can probably bounce back and forth between them without confusion!Microsoft has been positioning Silverlight as the front end or“face”of the cloud, so cloud services and Windows Azure form an important part of Windows Phone7 development.The Windows Phone is“cloud-ready.”Programs are location-aware and have access to maps and other data through Bing and Windows Live.One of the available cloud services is Xbox Live,3which allows XNA-based programs to participate in online multiplayer games,and can also be accessed by Silverlight applications.Programs you write for the Windows Phone7will be sold and deployed through the Windows Phone Marketplace,which provides registration services and certifies that programs meet minimum standards of reliability,efficiency,and good behavior. I’ve characterized Windows Phone7as representing a severe break with the past. If you compare it with past versions of Windows Mobile,that is certainly true.But the support of Silverlight,XNA,and C#are not breaks with the past,but a balance of continuity and innovation.As young as they are,Silverlight and XNA have already proven themselves as powerful and popular platforms.Many skilled programmers are already working with either one framework or the other—probably not so many withboth just yet—and they have expressed their enthusiasm with a wealth of online information and communities.C#has become the favorite language of many programmers (myself included),and developers can use C#to share libraries between their Silverlight and XNA programs as well as programs for environments. The Hardware ChassisDevelopers with experience targeting Windows Mobile devices of the past will find significant changes in Microsoft’s strategy for the Windows Phone7.Microsoft has been extremely proactive in defining the hardware specification,often referred to as a“chassis.”Initial releases of Windows Phone7devices will have one consistent screen size.(A second screen size is expected in the future.)Many other hardware features are guaranteed to exist on each device.The front of the phone consists of a multi-touch display and three hardware buttons generally positioned in a row below the display.From left to right,these buttons are called Back,Start,and Search:•Back Programs can use this button for their own navigation needs,much like the Back button on a Web browser.From the home page of a program,the button causes the program to terminate.•Start This button takes the user to the start screen of the phone;it is otherwise inaccessible to programs running on the phone.4•Search The operating system uses this button to initiate a search feature.The initial releases of Windows Phone7devices have a display size of480×800 pixels.In the future,screens of320×480pixels are also expected.There are no other screen options for Windows Phone7,so obviously these two screen sizes play a very important role in phone development.In theory,it’s usually considered best to write programs that adapt themselves to any screen size,but that’s not always possible,particularly with game development.You will probably find yourself specifically targeting these two screen sizes,even to the extent of having conditional code paths and different XAML files for layout that is size-dependent.I will generally refer to these two sizes as the“large”screen and the “small“screen.The greatest common denominator of the horizontal and vertical dimensions of both screens is160,so you can visualize the two screens as multiples of160-pixel squares:480320480800I’m showing these screens in portrait mode because that’s usually the way smartphones are designed.The screen of the original Zune is240×320pixels;the Zune HD is272×480.Of course,phones can be rotated to put the screen into landscape mode.Some programs might require the phone to be held in a certain orientation;others might be moreadaptable.You have complete control over the extent to which you support orientation.By default,Silverlight applications appear in portrait mode,but you’ll probably want to write your Silverlight applications so they adjust themselves to orientation changes.New events are available specifically for the purpose of detecting orientation change,and some orientation shifts are handled automatically.In contrast,game programmers can usually impose a particular orientation on the user. XNA programs use landscape mode by default,but it’s easy to override that.5In portrait mode,the small screen is half of an old VGA screen(that is,640×480).In landscape mode,the large screen has a dimension sometimes called WVGA (“wide VGA”).In landscape mode,the small screen has an aspect ratio of3:2or 1.5;the large screen has an aspect ratio of5:3or1.66….Neither of these matches the aspect ratio of television,which for standard definition is4:3or1.33…and for high-definition is16:9or1.77….The Zune HD screen has an aspect ratio of 16:9.Like many recent phones and the Zune HD,the Windows Phone7displays will likely use OLED(“organic light emitting diode”)technology,although this isn’t a hardware requirement.OLEDs are different from flat displays of the past in that power consumption is proportional to the light emitted from the display.For example, an OLED display consumes less than half the power of an LCD display of the same size, but only when the screen is mostly black.For an all-white screen,an OLED consumes more than three times the power of an LCD.Because battery life is extremely important on mobile devices,this characteristic of OLED displays implies an aesthetic of mostly black backgrounds with sparse graphics and light-stroked fonts.Regardless,Windows Phone7users can choose between two major color themes:light text on a dark background,or dark text on a light background.Most user input to a Windows Phone7program will come through multi-touch.The screens incorporate capacitance-touch technology,which means that they respond to a human fingertip but not to a stylus or other forms of pressure.Windows Phone7 screens are required to respond to at least four simultaneous touch-points.A hardware keyboard is optional.Keep in mind that phones can be designed in different ways,so when the keyboard is in use,the screen might be in either portrait mode or landscape mode.A Silverlight program that uses keyboard input must respond to orientation changes so that the user can both view the screen and use the keyboard without wondering what idiot designed the program sideways.An on-screen keyboard is also provided,known in Windows circles as the Soft Input Panel or SIP.XNA programs also have access to the hardware keyboard and SIP.译文有时候以前的方法显然无法达到预期效果,这时也许需要告别迷雾茫茫的过去。
英语翻译毕业论文
英语翻译毕业论文English Translation of Graduation Thesis (700 words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This study aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior. Through a literature review and data analysis, the study found that social media has a significant influence on consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. In addition, social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for marketers to understand and utilize social media to enhance consumer engagement and improve business performance.Keywords: social media, consumer behavior, decision-making, product preference, purchasing behaviorIntroduction:Social media has revolutionized the way people interact with the world. It has become an essential tool for communication, entertainment, and information sharing. According to statistics, the number of social media users worldwide has reached billions, making it an important platform for companies to reach their target audience. Understanding the impact of social media on consumer behavior is crucial for businesses to develop effective marketingstrategies.Literature Review:Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of social media on consumer behavior. Some studies have found that social media has a significant impact on consumer decision-making. For example, Lam et al. (2016) found that social media plays an important role in shaping consumer attitudes and perceptions towards a brand. Consumers tend to trust information obtained from social media platforms more than traditional advertising methods. This trust leads to increased brand loyalty and purchase intention.On the other hand, social media has also been found to influence product preference. Consumers often rely on social media recommendations and reviews to make purchase decisions. Lin et al. (2017) found that positive reviews and high ratings on social media platforms significantly increase consumers' willingness to purchase a product. This indicates that companies should actively engage with consumers on social media and encourage positive reviews to enhance product preference.Furthermore, social media has a direct impact on consumers' purchasing behavior. Research by Smith (2018) revealed that social media platforms have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. Consumers often scroll through their social media feeds and come across product advertisements or recommendations. These social media interactions directly influence their purchasing behavior, leading to increased sales for businesses.Methodology:To investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior, this study conducted a survey involving 300 participants. The survey consisted of questions related to consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. The data collected was analyzed using statistical methods to identify correlations and trends.Results and Discussion:The data analysis showed a strong correlation between social media usage and consumer behavior. A majority of the participants indicated that they regularly used social media platforms to gather product information and make purchasing decisions. Additionally, positive reviews and recommendations from social media influencers were found to significantly influence consumer purchasing behavior.Conclusion:This study concludes that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior. Companies should leverage social media platforms to engage with consumers, build brand loyalty, and enhance product preference. Strategies such as influencer marketing and encouraging positive reviews can effectively drive sales and improve business performance.。
毕业论文外文译文
毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。
英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)
英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)英语议论文经典范文3篇(带翻译)有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,小编整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。
英汉翻译论文
英汉翻译论文翻译是两种语言进行交流时的桥梁,起到沟通交流者思想的作用。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!英汉翻译论文篇1浅析隐喻的英汉翻译【摘要】说明在翻译实践这一特殊形式的跨文化交际中如何有效地解读隐喻。
【关键词】隐喻理解;翻译一、引言隐喻翻译是一项以语言为载体的跨文化交际活动,也是将一种语言所承载的信息传递到另一种语言中去的主体性交往行为。
它以“理解”为核心,语言为基础,融社会批判理论、普通语用学、社会进化理论为统一构架。
二、隐喻的解读隐喻是一种语言使用现象,在“词典中找不到隐喻”。
从现代隐喻学观点来看,隐喻现象应在形式上搭配异常,在语义上类属不同,逻辑错位,从而产生了语义冲突,而当听者对冲突产生回应时,便生成了隐喻的意义,即理解了某一隐喻式言语。
对于隐喻的运作机制,有人曾作过这样描述:“隐喻涉及两个不同领域(范畴)的概念,隐喻意义的产生是两个概念之间相互作用的结果。
这一相互作用通过映射的方式进行。
在映射过程中,属于某一领域的相关概念和结构被转移到另一领域,最终形成一种经过合成的新的概念结构,即隐喻意义。
而这一映射和整合过程的基础是两个领域在某些方面的相似性。
”这无疑表明对隐喻的理解需要双重划分。
隐喻的理解过程应由两部分组成:隐喻的辨认和隐喻意义的推断。
事实上这就是一个由一级理解进人二级理解的过程。
举一个人们常提到的例子“The tongue is a fire”来说,从表述层理解(一级理解),"tongue”被美国传统词典这样定义:"the fleshy,movable,muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste,important organ of speech"。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
汉英翻译论文
汉英翻译论文翻译的本质是不同思维形式的转换,思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于汉英翻译论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!汉英翻译论文篇1浅谈汉英旅游文本的翻译1.引言根据Hanvey的观点,跨文化意识是指跨文化交际中参与者对文化因素的敏感性认识,即对异同文化与共同文化的异同的敏感度和在使用外语时根据目标语文化来调整自己的语言理解和语言产出的自觉性。
(Hanvey,1986)。
来自别国的游客常常会持有一些表面文化现象的认识,同时持有与母语文化相反而又被认为缺乏理念的显著文化特征认知。
因而在某种意义上,旅游资料的译者必须通过理性分析取得对文化特征的认知,从异文化持有者的角度感知异文化。
跨文化意识是译者从事旅游资料翻译而进行跨文化交际的最基本的要求。
具体来讲,译者必须以游客为导向,同时牢记读者及游客的需求,尽量保留在目标文本中保留源文本的信息。
2.旅游资料翻译中的跨文化差异2.1 语言表达差异由于文化背景、审美观念和思维方式的不同,中西方在语言表达风格上也不尽相同。
汉语旅游文本大多使用描述性语言,言辞华丽,文笔优美;表达上追求行文工整、声律对仗。
在描述旅游时,英语旅游文体大多风格简约,逻辑严谨;行文简洁,表达直观;整体上重在景点地理环境、服务设施、优势与不足等方面的纯信息传递,并且信息准确、丰富、实用;风光景色的描述性篇幅则着笔不多。
因此,翻译时必须注重译文的实用性和特殊性,注意内外有别。
倘若翻译时一味按汉语的习惯行文用字势必与英语民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯格格不入2.2 文化背景差异旅游资料广泛地反映了旅游客体文化,即与旅游目的地相关的历史文化、建筑文化、园林文化、宗教文化、民俗文化、文学艺术、娱乐文化和人文化的自然景观等。
这与旅游主体(即旅游者)文化相差甚远,在吸引旅游者的同时也会构成了跨文化理解的障碍。
旅游资料中介绍的历史典故、风土人情、价值观念等等无不反映了独特的文化含义,有些甚至在中国尚且鲜有人知,更不用说来自不同文化背景的外国游客。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文(2)
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文(2)英语翻译的论文篇3浅谈职业教育商务英语翻译人才的培养模式0 前言目前对商务英语的培养我们主要是以相关的课程辅导为主,比如说“商务英语翻译”主要阐述的是一些国家的基本的商务模式,以及语言习惯问题,主要是提高人才的商务能力和翻译能力,保障商务英语专业人才能够正确传达客户之间的交流信息,保障双方的利益。
然而由于长期受传统的培养模式的影响,商务英语人才的培养并没有那么容易。
基于这种情况,研究出一套好的商务英语翻译人才培养的方案是很重要的。
1 商务英语人才在培养过程中常见的一些问题以及解决方法就目前而言主要有下列一些问题:人才在培养的过程中教学知识太过于宽泛,缺乏职业的明确性,没有很强的职业观念。
另一类问题就是在教学的过程中太过于书面化缺少实践的锻炼,同时在人才的考核方面也存在很多缺陷,例如考核的标准太过于单一缺少综合性的体现。
这些都是目前所存在的一些问题,针对这些问题我们提出了一些相对应的措施:首先是加强职业观念的培养,要能够做到专业与职业对口,其次就是要加强实践的力度,可以把一些基本的工作任务分配给学生作为教学的主要内容。
最后就是在人才的考核过程中,我们要实现考核的多样化,提高考核的标准,让能力优先者能够有一个好的平台发挥自己的能力。
1.1 人才培养模式的构建人才的培养最终是服务社会的,所以说在人才培养模式的构建过程中我们需要时刻关注社会的动态与走向,以便培养出来的人才能够更好地服务于社会。
人才培养模式的构建需要我们教师通过多年的教学经验和方法的总结才能构建出来的,长时间地比较各种方法,最后留下高效有用的学习方法。
人才培养模式的构建是需要教育者一起来共同努力的。
在培养的过程中我们要以学生为中心,主要是围绕学生展开一系列的教学活动,力求学生能够在短时间内能够学到大量有用的知识。
以职业能力的培养为主导思想,定义专业的能力标准。
教学主要是以实践任务为主,旨在提高人才的职业能力。
毕业论文英汉翻译
毕业论文英汉翻译英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,各有各自的表达方式。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于毕业论文英汉翻译的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业论文英汉翻译篇1英汉翻译中的翻译症摘要:英汉翻译的过程中。
存在着翻译症这一诟病。
文章首先介绍了翻译症。
然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。
总结出翻译症的根源,最后提出了相应的防范措施。
关键词:英汉翻译;翻译症一、什么是翻译症英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的,译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。
所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺,即所谓的通顺。
由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一,行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远,语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。
翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。
著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文,既不许西风压倒东风,变成洋腔洋调的中文,也不许东风压倒西风,变成油腔滑调的中文”。
但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主,矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风,译出来的文字便“不中不西,非驴非马,似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。
尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象,专门造了一个词――translationese。
翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量,而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性,不利于汉语语言的健康发展。
二、探寻翻译症的原因英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作,理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段,任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。
(一)理解阶段理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析(比如词汇、语法结构等)、语境分析(上下文含义、篇章语体结构等),并力求透彻领会文本所承载的文化内涵,了解相关的背景知识,有时需要具备一定的生活常识。
英汉对照互译文章10篇
英汉对照互译文章10篇1. Pronunciation and Status口音与身份An ambassador and a referee were consulting a professor on the caption of a Buddhistic alphabet when a sob bing woman stopped them to sell an antique musical bathtub. Her dirty garment and the handkerchief around her waist were badly in need of sending to a laundry. The ambassador uncomfortably gave her a handful of pence from his wallet and said, “Take this fortune away, troublesome woman.”When her figure fade d away, the brilliant professor said, “You are mistaken and your im proper remark on her should be condemn ed. In terms of this extraordinary woman, you can’t classify her status by her horrible clothes or disgusting nail s. Her clean woolen vest and stocking s, especially her classic pronunciation, all suggested her upper status.” The ambassador gave a whistle in amazement, and advised making her acquaintance. The professor hesitate d for a while, then compromise d.The outcome was that she was an authentic superior police officer. When they were show n in her office and saw her once more, she brought them a teapot of tea and some cookies, laughing and saying, “I rubbed some cream and wax on my garment and pass ed myself off as a shabby woman among thieves and rob bers to investigate a plot. Generally speaking, your overlook ing me and my adaptation are the best help. But my pronunciation seemed to have betray ed me.”一位大使和一位裁判正在就一张佛教符号表的文字说明请教教授,这时,一名哭哭啼啼的女人把他们拦住,要卖给他们一个古董音乐澡盆,她肮脏的衣服和腰间的手帕都急需送到洗衣店清洗。
关于英汉翻译的论文
关于英汉翻译的论文英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言,对比其异同,对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉翻译的论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉翻译的论文篇1英汉语言的异同及其翻译策略在英汉翻译中,两种语言在词汇方面的不同主要体现在词的意义,词的顺序和词的搭配能力三个方面;从句法方面来说,英语和汉语在句子结构,句子顺序和其他一些表达方式上则有各自的特点。
下面笔者就从词汇现象和句法现象两方面来探讨英汉的对应程度如何,以及根据这些对比,在进行翻译实践时,应该运用哪些翻译技巧。
1、英汉语言的对比1.1英汉词汇现象的对比首先,从词的意义方面来看。
词汇作为语言的三要素之一,相比于语音和语法,它的变化最快。
随着社会和科学的不断发展和变化,在语言中一方面增加了新词,一方面旧词增添了新的意义。
人类发明轮船以前,用的是帆船,英语“sail”一词原意为“帆”,短语“setsail”,就有张帆起航之意。
但是随着社会的发展,帆船逐渐被用煤,柴油,甚至是用核动力的轮船所代替。
自从潜艇出现后,“sail”这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的新含义。
这就是词义的发展变化,我们在对比英汉语言时,应该明确它们的对应情况是随着时间的变迁和社会的发展而发展变化着的。
英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度,大致可以归纳为四种情况。
第一,完全对应。
英语中的词所表达的意义,可以在汉语里找到完全对应的词来表达。
如“computationallinguistics”(计算语言学),“TheU.S.StateDepartment”(美国国务院)。
这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词,术语和生活中常见事物名称等。
第二,部分对应。
英语中有些词和汉语中的词汇在词义上只能部分对应,体现在有广义和狭义之分。
如“morning”(上午,早晨),“gun”(枪,炮),一个英语单词相对应有较多的汉语意义.第三,无对应。
英语中有些词或汉语里有些词在对方语言里找不到对应的词来表达。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族,是一位出色的法律改革家,也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者,还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
英汉翻译论文范文
英汉翻译论⽂范⽂ 英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段,只有在正确理解原⽂词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原⽂。
下⽂是店铺为⼤家整理的关于英汉翻译论⽂范⽂的内容,欢迎⼤家阅读参考! 英汉翻译论⽂范⽂篇1 探析英汉翻译陷阱 【摘要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,常常是句⼦或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。
为了避免落⼊英语陷阱,学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表⾯化的理解,也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能望⽂⽣义;对中西⽂化差异也必须有深刻的了解。
只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会,便可避免误⼊⼀些似是⽽⾮的“陷阱”。
【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义 英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,对学习者来说的确是⼀个必须要注意的问题。
在英汉翻译中,初学者往往从语法⾓度对英汉两种语⾔做机械对⽐,有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌,拿来就⽤。
在审查译⽂表达是否准确时,⼜习惯于将⾃⼰的母语思维定势⽤作衡量正误的标准。
这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原⽂真实含义的脱节,甚⾄南辕北辙,落⼊英语“陷阱”。
⼀、短语翻译中的陷阱 例⼦如下: 1、confidence man 误译:值得信赖的⼈ 正译:骗⼦ 2、sleep late 误译:睡觉很晚 正译:起床很晚 3、black tea 误译:⿊茶 正译:红茶 4、gas mask 误译:赌⽓⾯具 正译:防毒⾯具 5、mad-doctor 误译:发疯的医⽣ 正译:精神病医师 6、lightning rod 误译:闪电针 正译:避雷针 7、trouble man 误译:制造⿇烦的⼈ 正译:故障检修员 8、be in control 误译:被控制 正译:掌控……,控制…… 9、flu mask 误译:流感⼝罩 正译:卫⽣器具 10、fire engine 误译:点⽕机器 正译:救⽕车、消防车 11、fire wall 误译:着⽕的墙 正译:防⽕墙 对这些短语均须准确理解,否则便会落⼊陷阱之中。
英语翻译论文范文
英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文
翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没,英语翻译,它既是语言之间的相互转换,同时也是不同文化间的交流。
下文是为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要:不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景,所承载的文化也不尽相同,这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处,文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现,它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现,这无疑增加了翻译的难度。
所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移,更是文化的传播。
关键词:文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一,一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息,对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。
正是由于翻译所起的中介作用,民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。
跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展,为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。
而作为跨文化交际的翻译,也因此而更加受到重视,对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。
翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段,在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。
翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译,正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。
如Banet&ameacroagreatmanoungfriend,2Brightanddiigent,3Doeceedingweintudie,4buttheareratherweainChinee,5evencan’,the’athearenotinteretedinChinee请看张培基先生的译文:Ihavecomeacroagreatmanbrightanddiigentoungfriendwhoha vedoneeceedingweintheirtudie,,theaidthewerenotinteretedintheChineeanguage英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when,where,who,that,的一种表现。
英语翻译论文
英语翻译论文Title: The Influence of Social Media on Relationships Abstract:This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on relationships. With the rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, the way people communicate and connect with each other has significantly changed. This paper will examine both the positive and negative effects of social media on relationships, such as increased accessibility and communication, as well as decreased face-to-face interaction and privacy concerns. The conclusion of this study hopes to provide a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between social media and human relationships.Introduction:In the digital age, social media has become an essential part of our daily lives. It has transformed the way we interact with others, allowing us to connect with friends and family regardless of geographical barriers. However, the increasing reliance on social media has raised concerns about its impact on our relationships, leading to debates regarding its effects on communication, trust, and privacy. This paper seeks to shed light on this topic by examining the positive and negative influences of social media on relationships.Positive Effects of Social Media on Relationships:One of the positive aspects of social media is the increased accessibility to connect with others. Platforms like Facebook and Instagram enable individuals to reach out to friends and familymembers, facilitating a sense of closeness even when physically apart. Social media also allows individuals to maintain and strengthen relationships with acquaintances and colleagues, providing a platform to share updates and stay connected.Furthermore, social media has revolutionized communication, making it more efficient and convenient. Instant messaging and video calling features have revolutionized long-distance relationships, enabling real-time communication that transcends borders. Couples separated by distance can now easily maintain regular contact, reducing feelings of loneliness and increasing emotional bond.Negative Effects of Social Media on Relationships:While social media provides numerous benefits, it also has negative effects on relationships. The excessive use of social media can lead to decreased face-to-face interaction and quality time spent with loved ones. Spending hours scrolling through social media feeds can take away from meaningful interactions and hinder genuine emotional connections.Privacy concerns are another significant issue associated with social media. The proliferation of personal information on social media platforms can compromise privacy and trust within relationships. Individuals may feel uncomfortable sharing personal information and experiences due to the fear of it being misused or exploited.Conclusion:Social media has undeniably transformed the way we communicateand relate to others. It has revolutionized accessibility and communication, allowing individuals to foster relationships regardless of distance. However, it is crucial to be aware of the potential negative impacts of excessive usage, such as decreased face-to-face interaction and privacy concerns. Striking a balance between social media usage and personal relationships is vital for maintaining healthy and meaningful connections. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between social media and human relationships.。
翻译论文集锦
影视标题翻译浅谈影视翻译作为新时代文化交流的重要一环,作用越来越重要。
其本身具有与其他形式翻译迥然不同的特殊性,例如语境的缺失,商业的诉求等等。
本文将分别结合译例,从译法研究以及个案分析等多角度,结合影视标题翻译的特殊性,浅谈影视标题的翻译的现状以及作者的看法。
关键字:影视标题翻译,直译,意译,文化,商业属性1.概说电影自诞生以来,变革不断,历经百余年发展,逐步向世人展现出其独特的艺术魅力。
意大利诗人和电影先驱者乔托·卡努杜称其为建筑、绘画、诗歌、音乐、雕刻及舞蹈之外的“第七艺术”。
时至今日,电影作为一种文化载体,在世界范围内的影响力日益凸显,各国之间的电影交流日益频繁与深入。
在此过程中,翻译作为连接两种语言及文化的桥梁,所起的作用不言而喻。
中国引进国外影片的历史由来已久。
早在1948年,近年间红遍全球的新版《美国队长》系列(Captain America)就曾以《无敌大探长》的译名登陆过中国的大银幕。
而在1994年,大陆则引进新中国成立后的第一部进口电影《亡命天涯》,英文原名为The Fugitive。
在众多的翻译之中,不乏许多大众耳熟能详,并被广泛称赞的典范,比如《魂断蓝桥》(Waterloo Bridge),《人鬼情未了》(Ghost),《这个杀手不太冷》(Leon)等等。
随着中国电影市场化进度的加快以及中国进一步履行WTO各项义务,越来越多的外国电影尤其是美国电影进入中国市场,我们将更有机会接触到各种风格,水平也是良莠不齐的电影标题翻译。
为笔者做这方面的研究提供的充足的资源及例证。
2.译法研究2.1 “意译”的表现形式:影视翻译中的“重译”现象谈及翻译,关于译法的研究是必不可少的,而其中有关“直译”和“意译”的利弊也势必提及。
而在影视标题翻译这个文化负载比较大的领域,“直译”和“意译”的选择更是显得尤其频繁且重要。
一般而论,所谓“直译”(literal translation)就是既保持原文内容,又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
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影视标题翻译浅谈影视翻译作为新时代文化交流的重要一环,作用越来越重要。
其本身具有与其他形式翻译迥然不同的特殊性,例如语境的缺失,商业的诉求等等。
本文将分别结合译例,从译法研究以及个案分析等多角度,结合影视标题翻译的特殊性,浅谈影视标题的翻译的现状以及作者的看法。
关键字:影视标题翻译,直译,意译,文化,商业属性1.概说电影自诞生以来,变革不断,历经百余年发展,逐步向世人展现出其独特的艺术魅力。
意大利诗人和电影先驱者乔托·卡努杜称其为建筑、绘画、诗歌、音乐、雕刻及舞蹈之外的“第七艺术”。
时至今日,电影作为一种文化载体,在世界范围内的影响力日益凸显,各国之间的电影交流日益频繁与深入。
在此过程中,翻译作为连接两种语言及文化的桥梁,所起的作用不言而喻。
中国引进国外影片的历史由来已久。
早在1948年,近年间红遍全球的新版《美国队长》系列(Captain America)就曾以《无敌大探长》的译名登陆过中国的大银幕。
而在1994年,大陆则引进新中国成立后的第一部进口电影《亡命天涯》,英文原名为The Fugitive。
在众多的翻译之中,不乏许多大众耳熟能详,并被广泛称赞的典范,比如《魂断蓝桥》(Waterloo Bridge),《人鬼情未了》(Ghost),《这个杀手不太冷》(Leon)等等。
随着中国电影市场化进度的加快以及中国进一步履行WTO各项义务,越来越多的外国电影尤其是美国电影进入中国市场,我们将更有机会接触到各种风格,水平也是良莠不齐的电影标题翻译。
为笔者做这方面的研究提供的充足的资源及例证。
2.译法研究2.1 “意译”的表现形式:影视翻译中的“重译”现象谈及翻译,关于译法的研究是必不可少的,而其中有关“直译”和“意译”的利弊也势必提及。
而在影视标题翻译这个文化负载比较大的领域,“直译”和“意译”的选择更是显得尤其频繁且重要。
一般而论,所谓“直译”(literal translation)就是既保持原文内容,又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
而“意译”(free translation)则更注重原文含义的表达,不苛求于形式的一致。
直译和意译之争由来已久,可以说从东汉起就断断续续地在进行,一直延至今日。
各个时期,各个翻译家都根据自己的体会,提出不同的看法,各抒己见,言之成理。
但始终未能达到一致的、合理的解决。
所以,近来有些翻译家认为直译和意译根本没有明确的界线可分,这个问题谈不出什么结果来,不谈也罢。
但是,直译、意译的问题可以不谈,而翻译界两种不同的倾向却始终是存在着的。
一种是重视形式,要求译文与原文在词语、句法结构及表达方式各方面尽可能趋于一致。
一种是重视内容(意义),要求摆脱一切形式的束缚。
(《中国翻译》, 1989(3):3-6,劳陇《从奈达翻译理论的发展谈直译和意译问题》)而实际上,在影视翻译过程中,由于受众没有任何语境提示,传统意义上的“意译”已经不能适应翻译的需求。
比如2015年国内上映的动画电影Inside Out,描述了一群人脑之中控制人类情绪的小人,显然这个标题的意思大概是“大脑内外”之意,意欲表达的是控制大脑小人以及其宿主的关系。
在翻译这个标题的时候,显然无论如何翻译,在受众没有任何语境的前提之下,都不能传达电影无论在形式上还是内容上的的含义。
这时,译者就会经常将意译更进一步,采取影视翻译中经常采取的方法,那就是“无中生有”,完全撇开原标题,而基于电影内容,重新赋予电影一个适应国内市场以及大众接受程度的译名。
所以,这部电影最后的官方译名定为《头脑特工队》,网络译名还有《脑中小小人》等。
其实本质上讲,这种翻译方法依然属于“意译”的范畴,只不过由于标题翻译(包括书籍标题翻译)的特殊性,而将标题的翻译建立在整个电影的基础之上,而不拘泥于标题本身,这一点在标题翻译时会被经常性地使用到,我们不妨将之称之为“重译”现象。
类似的翻译还有《末日崩塌》(San Andreas),《逃离德黑兰》(Argo),《爆裂鼓手》(Whiplash)等等。
2.2 归化与异化:影视标题翻译中的文化承载翻译时跨文化交际的重要一环,而电影作为文化产品(类似于文学翻译),其标题的翻译则会更多地牵扯到语言的文化承载。
因此,文化因素的归化问题在电影标题翻译的过程中分外明显。
归化法和异化法是文学翻译中常用的两种翻译方法,为了更好地进行交流,译者不仅要熟悉不同文化间的差异,而且应从研究文化差异入手去研究语言差异,才可最大限度地传达语言载体所承载的全部信息和美感,在文学翻译中,对源语的语言形式最好用归化法翻译,而对其文化因素用异化法处理。
(《湖北民族学院学报:哲学社会科学版》, 2004, 20(4):81-84)2005年,美国导演格斯·范·桑特的组品《大象》(Elephant)讲述的是美国一所高中发生的枪击案,电影在艺术电影领域取得巨大成就,然而这部电影片名的翻译着实是一个难题。
显然,电影标题“elephant”源自英语中的俗语“Elephant in the room”,表示虽然很明显很严重但是总是被人为忽视的问题,在该作品里“elephant”代指的是美国的枪支问题。
由于语言的不对等,在汉语环境中根本没有与之相对应的表达,而该电影本身又是侧重于形式与表达的艺术电影,故事情节散杂,难以归纳,前文所涉及的“重译”在这里也无法适用。
最终国内媒体及影迷将该片直译为《大象》,恐怕也是不得已为之的权宜之计,因为在这种情况之下,翻译的归化是做不到的,所以只能选择直译。
当然,在影视标题的翻译中,使用归化翻译的例子也有许多,比如好莱坞著名的动画系列Alvin and the Chipmunks 。
该电影片名直译为《埃尔文与花栗鼠》,若真如此翻译也并非不可以,简单直接,带出了“花栗鼠”这个本片最大的卖点与萌点。
但是本片最后的官方译名则更进一步,进行了文化上的归化,而翻译为《鼠来宝》。
这个翻译通过谐音将电影标题与中国民间传统的喜剧形式联系起来,既贴合电影本身,又营造了相当的喜剧氛围,让观众一看便知是一个喜剧,一个和老鼠有关的喜剧,可谓一举两得,颇接地气。
2.3 翻译的灵活性:影视标题翻译的商业诉求影视翻译和文学翻译在很大程度上是相通的,二者都兼具文艺和商业的双重属性,而在这一点上,电影的商业属性要更明显一些。
那么自然的,影视翻译—尤其是在翻译标题的时候——所要考虑的市场因素要更多些。
而向市场的偏斜,自然会对翻译的方向产生一定影响。
1995年,迪士尼推出了日后让其赚得盘满钵满的动画系列《玩具总动员》,英文原名为Toy Story,即“玩具的故事”。
该片在全世界都获得了巨大的成功,随之而来的除了《玩具总动员》的几部续集,更多的是国内翻译引进动画片时不加节制地使用“总动员”。
例如获得81届奥斯卡最佳动画长片的《机器人总动员》(Wall-E),Wall-E本是电影中主人公一个机器人的名字,电影中绝大部分的场景都是围绕着这个孤独的机器人,展现出浓厚的人文情怀,所以要说“总动员”其实并不切题,也与影片本身稍显厚实的基调不符。
显而易见,在翻译这部电影的时候,为了获得更广的受众,使用《机器人总动员》这个名称是翻译者考虑的重要因素。
与之相似的还有,《美食总动员》(Ratatouille ),《超人总动员》(The Incredibles),《赛车总动员》(Cars),《海底总动员》(Finding Nemo)等等。
基于已经成型的知名品牌,通过相似的形式给予观众一定的心理暗示,从而获取更大的商业利益。
这一点在影视翻译领域非常常见,也是我们必须重视的现象。
因为这不仅出现在影视翻译中,还包括广告文本的翻译,商标的翻译等等等等,任何和商业搭边的翻译都或多或少的受到商业利益这个巨大的吸铁石的影响。
所以,翻译作为一个具有一定弹性的工作,根据目标以及受众做出适当改变,以达到利益最大化是每一个译者必须认真思考的问题。
在长时间浸淫于翻译理论的研究的同时,市场其实也是不得忽视的一环。
毕竟,在各个行业全面开放与发展的时代,没有人可以脱离商业化这个大潮。
2.4 影视标题翻译中的谬误和其他形式的翻译一样,影视标题翻译也发生过不少错误。
2015年上映的好莱坞科幻电影Jupiter Ascending国内上映的时候被翻译为《木星上行》。
这个翻译看上去没有问题,实际上不然。
在影片中,Jupiter是女主人公的名字,电影讲述的是Jupiter夺回自己的王权的故事。
而ascend除了“上升”之意外,还有“上位”的意思,所以本片正确的翻译应该是《朱庇特崛起》。
这个错误的根源是翻译者没有对电影的内容有任何了解,只是根据电影片名这两个词就做出了翻译。
上述的错误但凡看过电影的人都能发现,然而有的翻译错误则很难被发觉。
最好的例子大概是American Beauty,这部电影在大陆一般被翻译成《美国丽人》或是《美国美人》。
关于这个翻译,提出异议的人并不多,因而这个翻译也被大众所接受。
实际上,“American beauty”是一种生长在美国的蔷薇科植物,一年四季都开着大朵的紫红色花,又名月月红,中国称其为月季,曾经在美国十分受欢迎,但现在由于没有太多的商业价值而备受冷落。
联系本片不难看出,片名American Beauty暗指电影中的人物,尤其是男主人公,曾经风光一时,而迈入中年,随之而来的中年危机使之备受煎熬。
影片通过American Beauty这个隐喻,展示了普通美国人的喜怒哀乐,而大陆的中文翻译《美国丽人》则完全不能体现。
好多观众可能嘲笑过台湾对于本片的翻译《美国心,玫瑰情》,殊不知这其实才是更贴切的翻译。
2.5 华语电影对外翻译相较于外国电影标题翻译成汉语,华语电影的对外输出要更难一些,因为我们必须承认的是以好莱坞为主的欧美电影文化乃至整个流行文化在通俗文化领域是占据主导地位的,这就造成了双方对于彼此了解的不对等。
因而在翻译华语电影标题的时候,我们更多的采取的是简单直白的翻译方法,这么做的好处是避开了文化上的障碍,在理解的层面上不会造成困难,而缺点也是显而易见的,那就是文化因素的缺失。
比如张艺谋导演2011年的作品《金陵十三钗》,翻译成英文是The Flowers of War,即“战争之花”。
《金陵十三钗》改编自严歌苓的同名小说,讲述了抗日战争时期一群青楼女子为了保护女中学生而勇敢献身的故事。
“金陵十三钗”源自《红楼梦》的“金陵十二钗”,指薛宝钗、林黛玉、王熙凤、秦可卿等十二名女子,此处的“金陵十三钗”是对小说里的风尘女子的赞誉。
如此具有文化内涵的名称,翻译起来实在有难度。
标题翻译不比文本翻译,有上下文语境可以参考,甚至可以利用注释加以解释。
标题短而简洁,要想用几个词去表述如此众多的含义几乎是不可能的。