暨南大学临床医学综合2019年考博真题试卷
2019年年西医综合真题及参考答案.doc
第1部分必答题( l一150小题，每小题1 . 6分，共240分）一、A型题：l一106小题。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。
1．下列关于体液调节的叙述，错误的是－－ＡA．不受神经系统控制B．通过特殊化学物质实现C．不一定都是全身性的D．反应比神经调节缓慢2．与低常期相对应的动作电位时相是－－ＣA．锋电位升支B．锋电位降支c．正后电位、D．顶后电位3．下列关于电压门控Na＋通道与K＋通道共同点的叙述，错误的是－－ＤA．都有开放状态B．都有关闭状态C．都有激活状态D．都有失活状态4．血凝块回缩的主要原因是－－Ｃ（在生理学第４版Ｐ７６～７７“血小板与凝血”那一小节中，有一句话：“血凝块中留下的血小板有伪足伸入血纤维网中，这些血小板中的收缩蛋白收缩，使血凝块回缩，挤压出其中的血清而成为坚实的止血栓，牢牢地封住了血管缺口。
”）A．红细胞发生叠连而压缩B．白细胞发生变形运动C，血小板发生收缩D．纤维蛋白发生收缩5．心肌通过等长自身调节来调节心脏的泵血功能，其主要原因是－－Ａ（生理学中“细胞的生理功能”一章相关章节有对“心肌收缩能力”的定义：“影响肌肉收缩效果的肌肉内部功能状态”。
它的改变是不依赖以前负荷的。
前负荷不是通过等长收缩调节心博量的，而是通过异长调节。
最适前负荷时，可通过等长收缩调节，但这时横桥的总数目并没有增加，仅是活化的横桥数增加，达到了横桥的最大数量（总数）。
而活化的横桥数增加，使得心肌收缩能力增大。
所以，此题答案应为Ａ。
A．心肌收缩能力增强B．肌节的初长度增加C．横桥联结的数目增多D．心室舒张末期容积增大6．心肌不会产生强直收缩的原因是－－ＢA．它是功能上的合胞体B．有效不应期特别长C．具有自动节律性D．呈“全或无”收缩7．下列选项中，肾上腺素不具有的作用是－－ＤA．使心肌收缩力增强B．使心率加快C．使内脏和皮肤血管收缩D．使骨骼肌血管收缩8．下列关于汗液的叙述，错误的是－－ＢA．主要成分为水分Ｂ．渗透压高于血浆C . Na＋浓度受醛固酮调节D．由汗腺细胞主动分泌9．下列因素中，能引起氧解离曲线右移的是－－ＢA . c02分压降低B . pH值降低C . 2 , 3一DPG降低D．温度降低西医综合试题第l页（共23页）10 . CO：通过呼吸膜的速度比02快的主要原因是－－ＤA．原理为易化扩散B．分压差比02大C．分子量比02大D．在血中溶解度比02大11．下列选项中，不能引起促胃液素分泌的是－－ＡA . HCI灌注刺激幽门部勃膜B．肉汤灌注刺激幽门部勃膜C．扩张刺激幽门部豁膜D．刺激支配幽门部迷走神经12．胆汁中有利胆作用的成分是－－DA．胆色素B .胆固醇C．卵磷脂D．胆盐13．下列关于糖类在小肠内吸收的叙述，错的是－－DA．与Na＋的吸收相祸联B．需要载体蛋白参与C．单糖的吸收是耗能的主动过程D．果糖的吸收速率快于半乳糖14．如果某物质在肾动脉中有一定浓度，而在肾静脉中为零，其血浆清除率－－CA．等于零B．等于肾小球滤过率C．等于每分钟肾血浆流量D．等于每分钟肾血流量．15剧烈运动使尿量减少的主要原因是－－CA，肾小球毛细血管血压增高B．抗利尿激素分泌增多C．肾小动脉收缩，肾血流量减少D．醛固酮分泌增多16．下列因素中，刺激抗利尿激素分泌最强的是－－BA．循环血量减少B．血浆晶体渗透压增高C．血浆胶体渗透压增高D．饮大量清水17．视远物和近物都需要眼进行调节的折光异常是－－BA．近视B．远视C．散光D．老视18.下列关于生长激素功能的叙述，错误的是－－BA．加速蛋白质的合成B．促进脂肪的合成C．促进生长发育D．升高血糖水平19．支配小汗腺的自主神经和其节后纤维末梢释放的递质分别是－－ＡA．交感神经，乙酞胆碱B．副交感神经，乙酞胆碱C．副交感神经，肤类递质D．交感神经，去甲肾上腺素加．20.运动神经元在牵张反射中的作用是－－CA．直接诱发梭外肌收缩B．直接发动牵张反射C．使肌梭感受器处于敏感状态D．引起腿器官兴奋西医综合试题第2页（共23页）21．下列关于糖皮质激素作用的叙述，错误的是－－AA．减弱机体对有害刺激的耐受B．促进蛋白质分解，抑制其合成C．分泌过多时可引起脂肪重新分布D．对保持血管对儿茶酚胺的正常反应有重要作用22．下列关于肇丸生理功能的叙述，正确的是－－DA．储存精子B．促使精子成熟C．输送精子D．分泌雄激素23．蛋白质变性是由于－－AA．蛋白质空间构象的破坏B．氨基酸组成的改变C．肤键的断裂D．蛋白质的水解24．核酸的最大紫外光吸收值一般在哪一波长附近？－－BA . 280 nm B . 260nn c.240 d.22025．核酸变性后，可产生的效应是－－AA．增色效应B.最大吸收波长发生转移C．失去对紫外线的吸收能力D.溶液黏度增加26．下列关于ribozyme的叙述，正确的是－－CA．即核酸酶B.本质是蛋白质C．本质是核糖核酸D.其辅酶是辅酶A27．在糖酵解和糖异生中均起作用的酶是－－BA．丙酮酸梭化酶B．磷酸甘油酸激酶C．果糖二磷酸酶D．丙酮酸激酶28．脂肪酸β氧化，酮体生成及胆固醇合成的共同中间产物是－－Ｃ[下面这篇文章说明了乙酞乙酞辅酶A不是胆固醇合成的中间产物，而是2分子乙酰CoA缩合为乙酰乙酰CoA后与另一个乙酰CoA同为原料。
暨南大学考试试卷.doc
谢谢关注暨南大学考试试卷最佳选择题（将正确答案前面的字母划上“〇”，每题1分,共40分）1.神经调节最基本的方式是A.适应B.反馈C.反射D.兴奋2.内环境不包括：A.细胞内液 B.组织液C.血浆D.淋巴液3.分娩过程属于A.自身调节 B.神经调节C.正反馈调节D.负反馈调节4.组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为A.零B.无限大C.大于正常 D.小于正常5.静息电位的大小接近于A.钠平衡电位B.钾平衡电位C.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之和D.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之差6.衡量组织或细胞兴奋性高低的指标是：A.刺激频率B.刺激时间C.刺激强度D.阈值7.骨骼肌是否出现强直收缩主要取决于A.刺激时间B.刺激环境C.刺激频率D.刺激强度8.可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生A.收缩反应B.分泌活动C.电位变化D.反射活动9.在一次心动周期中，心室内压力升高速度最快的是在：A.快速充盈期 B .等容收缩期 C.快速射血期 D.等容舒张期10.当心室处于快速充盈期时，心内瓣膜的情况是：A.房室瓣开，半月瓣关B.半月瓣开，房室瓣关C.半月瓣与房室瓣均开D.半月瓣与房室瓣均关11.心室肌的前负荷可以用下列哪项指标来间接表示：A.心室收缩末期容积或压力B.心室舒张末期容积或压力C.心房内压力D.大动脉血压12.窦房结是正常心脏节律性活动的起搏点，因为：A.窦房结细胞动作电位没有明显的平台期B.窦房结细胞动作电位0期去极化的速率快C.窦房结细胞动作电位3期复极化的速度快D.窦房结细胞动作电位4期自动去极化的速度快13.静脉滴注去甲肾上腺素，血压升高的主要原因是：A.增强心肌收缩力B.加速血液回心C.增加心率D.收缩血管，增加外周阻力14.在生理情况下，对生成组织液的有效滤过压发生影响的主要因素是：A.毛细血管血压和血浆晶体渗透压B.毛细血管血压和组织液静水压C.血浆晶体渗透压和组织液胶体渗透压D.毛细血管血压和血浆胶体渗透压15.当心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，其主要原因是A.动脉血压升高B.心输出量增加C.血流速度加快D.舒张期室内压降低16.通常所说的血型是指：A.红细胞表面特异凝集素的类型B.血浆中特异凝集原的类型C.血浆中特异凝集素的类型D.红细胞表面特异凝集原的类型17.肺通气的原动力是来自A.肺的舒缩运动B.肺的弹性回缩C.呼吸肌的舒缩D.胸内负压的周期性变化18.基本呼吸节律产生于A.脊髓B.延髓C.脑桥D.间脑19.中枢化学感受器最敏感的直接刺激物是A.脑脊液中的CO2B.血液中的CO2C.脑脊液中的H＋D.血液中的H+20.对消化和吸收概念的叙述，哪一项是错误的?A.消化是食物在消化道内被分解为小分子的过程B.消化可分为机械性消化和化学性消化两种C.小分子物质透过消化道粘膜进入血液和淋巴循环的过程称为吸收D.消化主要在胃中完成，吸收是在小肠完成21.胃液中内因子的作用为A.激活胃蛋白酶原B.参与胃粘膜屏障作用C.促进VitB12的吸收D.促进胃泌素的释放22.下列哪种情况会导致肾小球滤过率减少A.血浆胶体渗透压下降B.血浆胶体渗透压升高C.血浆晶体渗透压升高D.血浆蛋白质浓度降低23.下列哪种情况醛固酮分泌将增多A.血Na+升高、血K＋降低B.血Na+降低、血K＋升高C.血Ca++升高D.血Cl 升高24.下列哪种情况下尿量增多与抗利尿激素无关A.大量饮水B.血浆晶体渗透压降低C.循环血量增加D.静脉输入甘露醇25.体力劳动或运动时，机体主要的产热器官是A．肌肉B．脑C．皮肤D．内脏26. 当外界温度等于或高于体表温度时，机体散热的方式是A.辐射B.传导C.对流D.蒸发27.关于突触后抑制，错误的是：A. 要通过一个抑制性中间神经元的活动来发挥作用B. 其本质是一种去极化的抑制C. 回返性抑制属于一种负反馈抑制D. 传入侧支性抑制也属于突触后抑制28.关于受体的叙述，下列哪项是错误的A.胆碱能受体包括M型和N型B.肾上腺能受体包括α型和β型C.N型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使骨骼肌收缩D.M型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使胃肠活动减弱29.神经纤维传导兴奋的特征之一是A.单向性B.非绝缘性C.完整性D.易疲劳性30.关于突触前抑制的正确描述是A.突触前膜超极化，兴奋性递质释放增多B.突触前膜超极化，抑制性递质释放增多C.突触前膜去极化，兴奋性递质释放减少D.突触前膜去极化，抑制性递质释放减少31.脊休克产生的主要原因是：A.脊髓的血液供应突然中断B.脊髓突然失去了高位中枢对其的控制作用C.脊髓的反射中枢被破坏D.突然切断的损伤刺激所引起的抑制作用32.牵涉痛是指A.内脏疾病引起相邻脏器的疼痛B.某些内脏疾病往往引起体表部位发生疼痛或痛觉过敏C.手术牵拉脏器引起的疼痛D.神经疼痛向体表投射33.关于视网膜视杆系统特点的正确论述是:A.分布在视网膜中央B.单线联系C.含三种感光色素D.负责暗视觉34.视杆细胞静息电位负值较小(-30～-40mV)是由于A.一定量的Na+内流B.一定量的K+内流C.一定量的H+内流D.一定量的Cl-内流35.每一频率的声波刚能引起听觉的最小强度称为A.听域B.痛域C.听阈D.痛阈36.关于耳蜗基底膜行波振动的正确论述是:A.声频愈低,最大振动愈近底部B.声频愈高,最大振动愈近底部C.声强愈大,最大振动愈近顶部D.声强愈小,最大振动愈近顶部37.机体绝大多数激素属于A.含氮类激素B.类固醇激素C.固醇类激素D.脂肪酸衍生物38.下列哪一激素是由腺垂体合成与释放的?A.生长素释放激素B.催产素C.催乳素D.醛固酮39.幼年时期缺乏生长激素将造成A.呆小症B.巨人症C.侏儒症D.肢端肥大症40.关于糖皮质激素生理作用的错误论述是:A.升高血糖B.参与应激反应C.抑制免疫D.促进儿茶酚胺降解二、K型题：（每题1分，共5分。
暨南大学716临床医学综合2017--2020年考研专业课真题
2020年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题纸（B卷）********************************************************************** **********************学科、专业名称：临床医学研究方向：临床医学考试科目名称：716临床医学综合********************************************************************** **********************考生注意：一、试卷满分及考试时间：本试卷满分为300分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式：答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题纸上一律不给分！一、选择题：1～30小题，共30分，每小题1分。
在每一题给出的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。
1. 下列哪项一般不用来描述刺激引起兴奋的参数:A. 刺激强度B. 刺激持续时间C. 刺激强度随时间变化的速率D. 刺激的性质2.脊髓前角不包括:A. α-运动神经元B. β-运动神经元C. δ-运动神经元D. γ-运动神经元3.生理情况下心肌不出现强直性收缩的主要原因是：A. 心室肌细胞兴奋性较低B. 心室肌细胞的有效不应期特别短C. 心室肌细胞的有效不应期特别长D. 心室肌细胞兴奋性较高4. 促进胰岛素分泌的最有效刺激物是:A. 血糖水平B. 血脂水平C. 血氧分压水平D. 血中氨基酸水平5. 负载窦房结细胞动作电位去极相的主要离子是:A. Na+B.K+C.Ca2+D. Cl-6. 下列哪种物质与视紫红质的光电转化过程无关？A. G蛋白B. 磷酸二酯酶C. cAMPD. cGMP7. 夹闭家兔的一侧颈总动脉，则发生：A．动脉血压升高B．心率减慢C．窦神经传入冲动增多D．血管运动中枢活动减弱8. 与内耳的结构和功能无关的是：A. 感音换能作用B. 产生位置觉C. 盖膜D. 鼓膜9. 抑制性突触后电位发生的原因主要是：A. 突触后膜主要对Cl－通透性增加B. 突触后膜主要对Na＋通透性增加C. 突触后膜主要对Ca2＋通透性增加D. 突触后膜主要对Mg2＋通透性增加10. CO2浓度增加引起呼吸加快加深，其作用的主要途径是：A. 直接兴奋呼吸中枢B. 刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受器C. 刺激延髓中枢化学感受器D. 刺激颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受器11. 一分子葡萄糖彻底氧化最多可生成多少分子ATP?A. 30/32分子B. 36分子C. 38分子D. 40分子12. ALT（丙氨酸转氨酶）活性最高的组织是A. 心肌B. 脑C. 骨骼肌D. 肝脏13. 有机磷农药作为酶的抑制剂是作用于酶活性中心的：A. 巯基B. 羟基C. 羧基D. 咪唑基14. 在长期饥饿状态下酮体生成增加对哪种组织器官最重要？A. 脑B. 肝脏C. 骨骼肌D. 肾脏15. 合成VLDL的主要部位：A. 肝脏B. 心脏C. 脾脏D. 小肠16．肽链合成的方向是：A．从中间部位向N-端和C-端两个方向同时进行B．从C-端→N-端进行C．从N-端→C-端进行D．没有固定的合成方向17．一碳单位的载体是：A. 叶酸B. 四氢叶酸C. 生物素D. 焦磷酸硫胺素18. 下列密码子中，终止密码子是：A. UUAB. UGAC. UGUD. UAU19. 利用分子筛原理来分离蛋白质的技术是:A. 阴离子交换层析B. 阳离子交换层析C. 凝胶过滤D. 亲和层析20. 临床上对高血氨病人作结肠透析时常用：A. 强酸性透析液B. 弱碱性透析液C. 中性透析液D. 弱酸性透析液21. 鼻咽癌与下列哪种病毒的感染有关A. HIVB. HBVC. EBVD. HPV22. 下列哪项不属于门脉高压症的临床表现：A. 脾肿大B. 胃肠道淤血C. 蜘蛛痣D. 腹水23. 下列属于良性肿瘤的是A. 肾脏神经母细胞瘤B. 肋骨软骨母细胞瘤C. 卵巢无性细胞瘤D. 小脑血管母细胞瘤24. 子宫颈原位癌累及腺体是指A. 子宫颈表面发生的原位癌影响腺体分泌排出B.子宫颈表面和腺体先后发生了原位癌，并侵及腺体周围间质C. 子宫颈原位癌沿基底膜伸入腺体内致腺管上皮为癌细胞所取代，腺体基底膜完整D.子宫颈原位癌突破基底膜侵及腺体25. 下述哪种细胞属永久性细胞?A. 造血细胞B. 心肌细胞C. 肝细胞D. 表皮细胞26. 男，38岁，肛周皮下有一深部脓肿，一端向体表穿破，另一端向直肠穿孔，不断有脓、粪液流出，此管道应称为A. 空洞B. 溃疡C. 窦道D. 瘘管27.人类免疫缺陷病毒在人体内作用的靶细胞是A. CD4+ T淋巴细胞B. CD8+ T淋巴细胞C. NK细胞D. CTL细胞28. 冠状动脉粥样硬化最常累及A.左旋支B. 右后降支C. 左前降支D. 右主干29. 确诊霍奇金淋巴瘤的特征性细胞是A. 幼稚淋巴细胞B. 多核巨细胞C. 免疫母细胞D. R-S细胞30. 支气管纤毛柱状上皮细胞属于A. 干细胞B. 永久性细胞C. 稳定细胞D. 不稳定细胞二、名词解释：共10题，共60分，每小题6分。
暨南大学卫生综合2010--2014,2019年考研真题
17．某医生收集了200例食管癌术后病人的生存时间随访资料，欲分析多个预后因素对生存时间的影响，宜选用（）
A．多元线性回归分析B．logistic回归分析
C．Cox比例风险回归模型D．log-rank检验
18．实验研究和调查研究的根本区别是（）
A．实验研究以动物为对象B．实验研究可以人为设置处理因素
12．Meta分析的发表偏倚结果常采用下列哪种图形表示（）
A．直方图B．直条图C．漏斗图D．森林图
13．队列研究的最大优点在于（）
A．对较多的人群进行较长时间的随访
B．发生选择偏倚的可能性比病例对照研究少
C．较直接地确定病因与疾病的因果关系
D．对混杂因素的作用易于控制
14．7人接种流感疫苗一个月后测定抗体滴度为1：20、1：40、1：40、1：80、1：80、1：160、1：320，求平均滴度应选用的指标是（）
2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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招生专业与代码：流行病与卫生统计学100401、劳动卫生与环境卫生学100402、营养与食品卫生学100403、儿少卫生与妇幼保健学100404、卫生毒理学100405、公共卫生（专业学位）105300
10．在病例对照研究中，匹配过头会造成（）
A．降低研究效率B.提高研究效率
C．高估暴露因素的作用D.低估暴露因素的作用
11．一种筛检乳腺癌的实验，应用于已经病理检查证实的乳腺癌患者400人和未患乳腺癌400人。该筛检实验结果显示患癌组有100例阳性，未患癌组有50例阳性。则该试验的灵敏度度为（）
考研真题：广东暨南大学2019年[生理学]考试真题
![考研真题：广东暨南大学2019年[生理学]考试真题](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1e7d6661e418964bcf84b9d528ea81c758f52e9a.png)
考研真题：暨南大学2019年[生理学]考试真题一、名词解释1.感受器的适应现象2.行波学说3.突触4.牵涉痛5.库欣综合症6.复极电位7.循环系统平均充盈压8.容受性舒张9.胃肠激素10.球-管平衡11.负反馈12.静息膜电位13.肺通气14.氧饱和度15.肺牵张反射二、是非题1.内耳耳蜗除了有听觉功能之外，还有平衡觉功能。
2.视锥细胞外段是光电转化的最重要部位。
3.动作电位首先出现在神经元的轴丘。
4.神经胶质细胞的数量远远大于神经元的数量。
5.帕金森氏病的主要病变部位在中脑黑质，其中的多巴胺能神经元功能亢进。
6.应激反应中以糖皮质激素分泌增多为主。
7.胰岛素样生长因子是在胰岛中分泌的一种调节生长的激素。
8.迷走神经兴奋可引起胰腺分泌大量的水和碳酸氢盐，而酶的含量很少。
9.头期胃液分泌的特点是分泌量大、酸度高、胃蛋白酶原含量尤其高。
10.胆汁对脂肪的消化和吸收有促进作用，主要原因是由于其含有胆红素。
11.由于主动脉管壁富有可扩张性和弹性，其在舒张压的维持中起重要作用。
12.右心衰竭时，发生组织水肿的原因主要是毛细血管通透性增高。
13.心动周期中，心室内压力升高速度最快的是在快速射血期。
14.菊粉的肾清除率能较准确的代表肾小球滤过率。
15.体液调节方式具有速度快，调节准确的特点。
16.细胞膜的静息电位一般是内正外负。
17.原发性主动转运不需要消耗细胞内的ATP。
18.肺通气的根本动力来自于呼吸运动。
19.一定浓度的CO2是维持正常呼吸运动的必要条件。
20.脑脊液中的H+主要来源于外周血中H+,具有加强呼吸运动的作用。
三、问答题1.什么是中枢抑制现象，试分析其类型、各自结构及作用。
2.正常机体血糖水平是如何维持在正常范围的?请分析相关主要激素的调节机理。
3.血浆渗透压的变化对肾脏的泌尿功能有何影响?其机理如何?4.何谓心输出量?影响心输出量的因素有哪些?简述其机制。
5.简述神经元动作电位的定义，产生机制以及其特点。
暨南大学第一临床医学院2019年内招硕士研究生拟录取名单
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吴丽媚 彭康 刘霁月 张雯 许丁昕 曾燕婷 刘涵 方贵锦 岳亚 吴良秀 唐铭 岑蔼莹 米双 夏婷婷 甘思玲 梁荣荣 何泽思 黄健炜 邓翠兰 唐娟 黎晓萱 王洁 乡炜鹏 崔艳杰 汪倩芸 刘应达 谢小萌 颜万胜 戴国林 付慧兰 廖雪 廖海玲
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暨南大学药学综合考研真题试题汇总2017—2019年
A. 吡咯 B. 吡啶 C. 呋喃 D. 噻吩
二、完成如下反应，写出主要产物（14 小题，每空 3 分，共 60 分）
PhH2C 1.
H
H +
CH3
CH2Cl2
Zn (Cu)
乙醚
OH
2. HHO3C
H
CH3
O
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3.
+
O
考试科目：349 药学综合
共6页
第2 页
O
4.
CO2Et
EtONa
HCl
CH3CH2CH2Br
A. Fe, HCl B. NH2NH2, NaOH C. Zn/Hg, HCl D. Zn, NaOH
8. 就碱性而言，下列化合物那个最弱？( )
A.
B.
N
N
H
9. 淀粉水解后产生的双糖是（ ）
A. 蔗糖
B. 麦芽糖
C. N H
C. 乳糖
D.
NH2
D. 纤维二糖
考试科目：349 药学综合
共6页
第1 页
，它属于 ( )
A. 半萜； B. 倍半萜； C. 单萜； D. 二萜 2. 下列化合物中，不符合 Hückel 规则的是 ( ) A. 环戊二烯负离子； B. 环丙稀正离子； C. 吡喃； 3. 下列物质中属于同分异构体的是 ( )
D. 吡啶
①
②
③
④
⑤
A. ① 和 ② B. ④ 和 ⑤ C. ② 和 ⑤ D. ③ 和 ④
10. (CH3)2C=CH2 与氢溴酸加成生成(CH3)2CHCH2Br的反应机理是 ( )
A. 碳正离子重排 B. 碳负离子重排 C. 1,3 迁移
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
2019暨南大学考研临床医学综合考研大纲
2019年暨南大学临床医学综合考研大纲一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷内容结构生理学约90分生物化学约80分病理学约80分临床医学科研设计约50分四、试卷题型结构选择题共30分名词解释题共60分简答题共120分叙述题共90分一、生理学(一)绪论1.体液、细胞内液和细胞外液。
机体的内环境和稳态。
2.生理功能的神经调节、体液调节和自身调节。
3.体内反馈控制系统。
(二)细胞的基本功能1.细胞的跨膜物质转运：单纯扩散、经载体和经通道易化扩散、原发性和继发性主动转运、出胞和入胞。
2.细胞的跨膜信号转导：由G蛋白偶联受体、离子通道受体和酶偶联受体介导的信号转导。
3.神经和骨骼肌细胞的静息电位和动作电位及其简要的产生机制。
4.刺激和阈刺激，可兴奋细胞(或组织)，组织的兴奋，兴奋性及兴奋后兴奋性的变化。
电紧张电位和局部电位。
5.动作电位(或兴奋)的引起和它在同一细胞上的传导。
6.神经-骨骼肌接头处的兴奋传递。
7.横纹肌的收缩机制、兴奋-收缩偶联和影响收缩效能的因素。
(三)血液1.血液的组成、血量和理化特性。
2.血细胞(红细胞、白细胞和血小板)的数量、生理特性和功能。
3.红细胞的生成与破坏。
4.生理性止血，血液凝固与体内抗凝系统、纤维蛋白的溶解。
5.ABO和Rh血型系统及其临床意义。
输血原则。
(四)血液循环1.心肌细胞(主要是心室肌和窦房结细胞)的跨膜电位及其简要的形成机制。
2.心肌的生理特性：兴奋性、自律性、传导性和收缩性。
3.心脏的泵血功能：心动周期，心脏泵血的过程和机制，心音，心脏泵血功能的评定，影响心输出量的因素。
4.动脉血压的正常值，动脉血压的形成和影响因素。
5.静脉血压、中心静脉压及影响静脉回流的因素。
6.微循环、组织液和淋巴液的生成与回流。
7.心交感神经、心迷走神经和交感缩血管神经及其功能。
8.颈动脉突和主动脉弓压力感受性反射、心肺感受器反射和化学感受性反射。
暨南大学349药学综合专业课考研真题(2019年)
考试科目：349 药学综合 共 7 页 第 页12019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A 卷）******************************************************************************************** 学科、专业名称：药事管理学、药学（专业学位）研究方向：考试科目名称：349 药学综合考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
本卷满分300分，由有机化学（150分）和生物化学（150分）两部分组成。
第一部分：有机化学（150分）一、选择题（含多选题）（20小题，每小题3分，共60分）1. 下列化合物中，沸点最高的是 ( )2. 下列化合物中，不符合Hückel 规则的是 ( )A. 环戊二烯负离子；B. 环丙稀正离子；C. 吡喃；D. 吡啶3. 橙花油醇的构造式为，它属于 ( ) A. 半萜 B. 单萜 C. 倍半萜 D. 二萜4. 适宜作呋喃和吡咯的磺化试剂的是 ( )A. 浓硫酸B. 浓硫酸+浓硝酸C. 稀硫酸D. 吡啶三氧化硫加合物5. C 3H 7C C-CH=CH 2经Lindlar 催化剂催化加氢后的产物为 ( )A. C 3H 7CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3B.C.D.6. 萜类化合物在生物体内是下列哪种化合物合成的 ( )A. 异戊二烯B. 乙酸C. 异戊醇D. 异戊烷7. 葡萄糖不能发生的反应是 ( )A. 银镜反应B. 酯化反应C. 水解反应D. 氧化反应8. 某有机物的质谱中显示有[M]+和[M+2]+峰,而且丰度比为1:3,可判断该化合物中含有 ( )A. ClB. SC. ID. Br9. 下列物质中，含有腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤组分的是（ ）A. 蛋白质B. DNAC. RNAD. 糖10. 茉莉花的挥发油中含有芳香性成分cis -jasmone ，请问此结构的不饱和度是多少？ ( )。
暨南大学骨科考博复习题
暨南大学骨科考博复习题暨南大学骨科考博复习题暨南大学骨科考博复习题是骨科专业考博的重要组成部分，它对考生的专业知识、理论水平以及解决问题的能力进行综合考察。
本文将围绕暨南大学骨科考博复习题展开讨论，包括复习方法、重点知识点以及解题技巧等内容。
一、复习方法1.系统性复习：骨科考博涉及的知识点较多，考生需要制定详细的复习计划，并按计划有序地进行复习。
可以将知识点进行分类，分阶段进行复习，以确保全面掌握。
2.多维度学习：除了阅读教材和参考书籍外，考生还应该关注最新的研究成果、学术论文以及相关医学期刊。
这样可以拓宽知识面，了解最新的研究动态。
3.实践结合：骨科是一个实践性很强的学科，考生可以通过实习、临床实践等方式加深对知识点的理解和掌握。
同时，通过实践也可以培养解决问题的能力。
二、重点知识点1.骨科基础知识：包括骨骼系统的解剖学、生理学、病理学等方面的知识。
考生需要了解骨骼系统的结构、功能以及常见疾病的发生机制。
2.骨科手术技术：骨科手术技术是骨科考博的重要内容，考生需要熟悉各种骨科手术的操作要点、手术器械的使用以及手术后的护理等知识。
3.骨科疾病诊断与治疗：考生需要了解骨科常见疾病的临床表现、诊断方法以及治疗原则。
同时，还要掌握各种治疗方法的优劣势，以便在实践中能够选择合适的治疗方案。
三、解题技巧1.理解题意：在解答复习题时，考生首先要仔细阅读题目，理解题意。
可以将题目中的关键词圈出来，并思考与之相关的知识点。
2.分析选项：在选择题中，考生要仔细分析每个选项的含义，排除明显错误的选项，并选择最合适的答案。
在解答主观题时，要全面、准确地回答问题，尽量给出具体的例子或实证。
3.查漏补缺：在复习过程中，考生可能会发现自己有些知识点掌握不够扎实。
此时，可以通过查阅资料、请教老师或同学等方式进行补充学习。
四、总结暨南大学骨科考博复习题是对考生专业知识和能力的全面考察，因此，考生需要制定合理的复习计划，系统地进行复习。
考研真题：广东暨南大学2019年[中医学概论]考试真题
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考研真题：暨南大学2019年[中医学概论]考试真题一、名词解释题1.同病异治2.天癸3.体质4.正治5.阴阳格拒6.盗汗7.郑声8.相兼脉9.主诉10.既往史11.喘脱12.怔忡13.中经络14.不寐15.噎膈二、单项选择题1.中医学理论体系形成于（）A.隋唐时期B.金元时期C.战国至秦汉时期D.春秋战国时期2.金元四大家中，被称为“攻下派”的医家是（）A.刘完素B.李杲C. 朱震亨D.张从正3.按照《素问·金匮真言论》的脏腑阴阳属性划分，以下属于阴中之阴的是（）A.心B.脾C.肝D.肾4.下面既是病理产物，又是致病因素的是（）A.饮食B.瘀血C.六淫D.七情5.内湿的产生与哪一脏的关系最为密切（）A.肾B.肝C.脾D.肺6.下列哪一项是“夺血者无汗”的理论依据（）A.失血伤津B.失血伤气C.失血伤营D.失血伤精7.六腑之中，具有受盛化物、泌别清浊功能的是（）A.胃B.大肠C.小肠D.三焦8.肾在液为（）A.汗B.泪C.唾D.涎9.以下各器官，既属于六腑之一，又属于奇恒之腑的是（）A.胆B.膀胱C.三焦D.脑10.六淫之中，被称为“百病之长”的是指（）A.风邪B.寒邪C.湿邪D.燥邪11.精血同源，是指的哪两个脏之间的关系（）A.心与肾B.肝与脾C.肝与肾D.肺与肾12.手足三阳经在四肢的分布规律是（）A.阳明在前，少阳在中，太阳在后B.阳明在前，太阳在中，少阳在后C.少阳在前，阳明在中，太阳在后D.少阳在前，太阳在中，阳明在后13.思则气（）A.上B.下C.乱D.结14.属于正治的是（）A.热因热用B.热者寒之C.以通治通D.用热远热15. “大实有羸状”的病机应属于（）A.虚中夹实B.真虚假实C.真实假虚D.虚实夹杂16.消谷善饥是因（）A. 脾胃虚弱B.胃阴不足C.肝胆湿热D.胃火炽盛17.肾气不固所导致的小便改变为（）A.小便短赤B.小便频数而短少C.小便浑浊D.小便频数而清18.头发色黄干枯，稀疏易落，多属（）A.精血不足B.血虚受风C.疳积病D.肾虚或血热19.肾阳不足所致腰痛的特点为（）A.隐隐作痛B.冷痛绵绵不休C.重痛活动受限D.痛处游走不定20.舌诊脏腑分部，一般认为舌根属（）A.肾B.肝胆C.脾胃D.三焦21.以下哪种舌象可见于正常的人（）A.舌边齿痕，苔垢B.舌有裂纹C.舌体胖大娇嫩D.舌面光滑无苔22.脉沉细而应指无力为（）A.濡脉B.弱脉C.微脉D.细脉23.四季平脉应是（）A.春弦夏钩秋毛冬石B.春钩夏弦秋毛冬石C.春弦夏毛秋钩冬石D.春弦夏石秋钩冬毛24.下列哪些不属于沉脉类（）A.牢脉B.伏脉C.微脉D.弱脉25.身热初按热盛久按热反转轻者属（）A.热在表B.热在里C.虚阳外越D.真寒假热26.多食易饥，兼见大便溏泄者属（）A.胃火亢盛B.胃阴不足C.脾胃湿热D.胃强脾弱27.表证最主要的症状是（）A.恶寒B.发热C.头身痛D.脉浮数28.阳虚证的典型舌象脉象是（）A.舌红苔黄脉细B.舌淡脉细无力C. 舌淡胖有齿痕脉弱D. 舌红少苔脉细数29.风淫致病的特点是（）A.伤人阳气B.不易速去C.游走不定D.炎热升散30.临床表现为口燥咽干，唇燥而裂，皮肤干枯无泽，小便短少，大便干结，舌红少津，脉细数，辨证是（）A.血虚证B.温燥证C.阴虚证D.津液不足证31.感冒之名首见于下列哪部医籍？（）A.《脉经》B.《仁斋直指方》C.《脉经》D.《伤寒论》32.治疗咳嗽风热犯肺证的最佳方剂是（）A.杏苏散B.桑杏汤C.桑菊饮D.清金化痰汤33.哮证发作时的主要病因病机是（）A.“伏痰”遇感引触B.痰瘀互结，脏腑虚弱C.宿痰内伏于肺D.邪客于肺，气道不利34.患者喘促，每遇情志刺激而诱发，发时突然呼吸短促，息粗气憋，胸闷胸痛，咽中如窒，平素常多忧思抑郁，失眠，心悸，苔薄，脉弦，治疗宜选用（）A.四磨汤B.五磨饮子C.六磨汤D.柴胡疏肝散35.肺痈成痈化脓的主要病理是（）A.血脉瘀滞B.气滞血瘀C.热壅血瘀D.痰热壅盛36.滋阴降火，杀虫治痨是治疗哪种证型的肺痨（）A.肺阴亏虚B.虚火灼肺C.气阴耗伤D.阴阳虚损37.心血不足之心悸的临床特点是（）A.心悸眩晕，胸闷痞满B.心悸易惊，心烦失眠C.心悸气短，面色无华D.心悸而烦，善惊痰多38.心痛气滞心胸的主症，下列哪项是错误的？（）A.心胸满闷，隐痛阵发B.痛无定处C.可因暴怒而加重D.舌质紫暗39.患者不易入睡，多梦易醒，心悸健忘，神疲食少，头晕目眩，腹胀便溏，面色无华，舌淡苔薄，脉细无力。
暨南大学考试试卷
暨南大学考试试卷一.最佳选择题（将正确答案前面的字母划上“〇”，每题分,共分）.神经调节最基本的方式是.适应.反馈.反射.兴奋.内环境不包括：.细胞内液.组织液.血浆.淋巴液.分娩过程属于.自身调节.神经调节.正反馈调节.负反馈调节.组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为.零.无限大.大于正常.小于正常.静息电位的大小接近于.钠平衡电位.钾平衡电位.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之和.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之差.衡量组织或细胞兴奋性高低的指标是：.刺激频率.刺激时间.刺激强度.阈值.骨骼肌是否出现强直收缩主要取决于.刺激时间.刺激环境.刺激频率.刺激强度.可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生.收缩反应.分泌活动.电位变化.反射活动.在一次心动周期中，心室内压力升高速度最快的是在：.快速充盈期.等容收缩期.快速射血期.等容舒张期.当心室处于快速充盈期时，心内瓣膜的情况是：.房室瓣开，半月瓣关 .半月瓣开，房室瓣关.半月瓣与房室瓣均开 .半月瓣与房室瓣均关.心室肌的前负荷可以用下列哪项指标来间接表示：.心室收缩末期容积或压力 .心室舒张末期容积或压力.心房内压力 .大动脉血压.窦房结是正常心脏节律性活动的起搏点，因为：.窦房结细胞动作电位没有明显的平台期.窦房结细胞动作电位期去极化的速率快.窦房结细胞动作电位期复极化的速度快.窦房结细胞动作电位期自动去极化的速度快.静脉滴注去甲肾上腺素，血压升高的主要原因是：.增强心肌收缩力 .加速血液回心.增加心率 .收缩血管，增加外周阻力.在生理情况下，对生成组织液的有效滤过压发生影响的主要因素是：.毛细血管血压和血浆晶体渗透压.毛细血管血压和组织液静水压.血浆晶体渗透压和组织液胶体渗透压.毛细血管血压和血浆胶体渗透压.当心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，其主要原因是.动脉血压升高 .心输出量增加.血流速度加快 .舒张期室内压降低.通常所说的血型是指：.红细胞表面特异凝集素的类型 .血浆中特异凝集原的类型.血浆中特异凝集素的类型 .红细胞表面特异凝集原的类型.肺通气的原动力是来自.肺的舒缩运动 .肺的弹性回缩.呼吸肌的舒缩 .胸内负压的周期性变化.基本呼吸节律产生于.脊髓 .延髓 .脑桥 .间脑.中枢化学感受器最敏感的直接刺激物是.脑脊液中的 .血液中的.脑脊液中的＋ .血液中的.对消化和吸收概念的叙述，哪一项是错误的?.消化是食物在消化道内被分解为小分子的过程.消化可分为机械性消化和化学性消化两种.小分子物质透过消化道粘膜进入血液和淋巴循环的过程称为吸收.消化主要在胃中完成，吸收是在小肠完成.胃液中内因子的作用为.激活胃蛋白酶原 .参与胃粘膜屏障作用.促进的吸收 .促进胃泌素的释放.下列哪种情况会导致肾小球滤过率减少.血浆胶体渗透压下降 .血浆胶体渗透压升高.血浆晶体渗透压升高 .血浆蛋白质浓度降低.下列哪种情况醛固酮分泌将增多.血升高、血＋降低 .血降低、血＋升高.血升高 .血升高.下列哪种情况下尿量增多与抗利尿激素无关.大量饮水.血浆晶体渗透压降低.循环血量增加.静脉输入甘露醇.体力劳动或运动时，机体主要的产热器官是．肌肉．脑．皮肤．内脏. 当外界温度等于或高于体表温度时，机体散热的方式是.辐射.传导.对流.蒸发.关于突触后抑制，错误的是：. 要通过一个抑制性中间神经元的活动来发挥作用. 其本质是一种去极化的抑制. 回返性抑制属于一种负反馈抑制. 传入侧支性抑制也属于突触后抑制.关于受体的叙述，下列哪项是错误的.胆碱能受体包括型和型.肾上腺能受体包括α型和β型型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使骨骼肌收缩型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使胃肠活动减弱.神经纤维传导兴奋的特征之一是.单向性 .非绝缘性 .完整性 .易疲劳性.关于突触前抑制的正确描述是.突触前膜超极化，兴奋性递质释放增多.突触前膜超极化，抑制性递质释放增多.突触前膜去极化，兴奋性递质释放减少.突触前膜去极化，抑制性递质释放减少.脊休克产生的主要原因是：.脊髓的血液供应突然中断.脊髓突然失去了高位中枢对其的控制作用.脊髓的反射中枢被破坏.突然切断的损伤刺激所引起的抑制作用.牵涉痛是指.内脏疾病引起相邻脏器的疼痛.某些内脏疾病往往引起体表部位发生疼痛或痛觉过敏.手术牵拉脏器引起的疼痛.神经疼痛向体表投射.关于视网膜视杆系统特点的正确论述是:.分布在视网膜中央 .单线联系.含三种感光色素 .负责暗视觉.视杆细胞静息电位负值较小(～)是由于.一定量的内流 .一定量的内流.一定量的内流 .一定量的内流.每一频率的声波刚能引起听觉的最小强度称为.听域 .痛域 .听阈 .痛阈.关于耳蜗基底膜行波振动的正确论述是:.声频愈低,最大振动愈近底部.声频愈高,最大振动愈近底部.声强愈大,最大振动愈近顶部.声强愈小,最大振动愈近顶部.机体绝大多数激素属于.含氮类激素 .类固醇激素.固醇类激素.脂肪酸衍生物.下列哪一激素是由腺垂体合成与释放的?.生长素释放激素 .催产素 .催乳素 .醛固酮.幼年时期缺乏生长激素将造成.呆小症 .巨人症 .侏儒症 .肢端肥大症.关于糖皮质激素生理作用的错误论述是:.升高血糖 .参与应激反应 .抑制免疫 .促进儿茶酚胺降解二、型题：（每题分，共分。
2019年暨南大学考研真题725西医基础综合题A卷
C.急性腹痛腹式呼吸增强D.胃肠穿孔所致急性腹膜炎使腹式呼吸消失
30．大量腹水时，检查深部的脏器或肿物常用（）
A．钩指触诊法B．单手触诊法C．浮沉触诊法D．双手触诊法
31．男性，55岁，反复咳嗽、咳痰6天，每年发作至少3个月，偶伴喘息，体检双肺可闻及散在细湿罗音。深吸气末可闻及少许干啰音，该患者最可能的诊断是（）
A.低血糖昏迷B.乳酸性酸中毒
C.高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷D.糖尿病酮症酸中毒
40．男性糖尿病患者，胰岛素治疗10天，血糖、尿糖明显下降，但感视力模糊，其可能原因是（）
A.并发青光眼B.并发白内障C.视网膜出血D.晶体渗透压改变
41．对糖尿病人使用胰岛素治疗时，下列哪项是错误的（）
A.适用于1型糖尿病病人
A.溶血性黄疸B.肝细胞性黄疸
C.肝内胆汁淤积性黄疸D.肝外结石阻塞性黄疸
38．男性，33岁，1型糖尿病史18年，其糖尿病微血管病变的病理特点是（）
A.毛细血管的动脉粥样硬化，管腔狭窄
B.毛细血管的内皮细胞受损
C.毛细血管的微血栓形成，血流速度减慢
D.毛细血管的基底膜增厚，PAS染色阳性
39．男性，59岁，糖尿病，一直服用优降糖治疗，空腹血糖波动在8.6～9.8mmol/L,尿糖++～+++.近3天感尿频,尿痛,昨起神志不清,查血糖24 mmol/L，血钠148mmol/L，血尿素氮7.08 mmol/L，尿糖+++，尿酮+++。应诊断为（）
A.内镜检查B.食管X线钡餐检查
C.食管粘膜脱落细胞检查D.食管滴酸试验
44．男性，44岁，肝区疼痛2个月，肝肋下3cm质地硬，B超发现肝右叶有一占位性病变，下列哪项不是伴癌综合征的表现（）
2019年暨南大学考研真题723基础医学枢密使A
A.编码链B.模板链C.非编码链D.有意义链
42、成熟的真核生物mRNA3’端具有:()
A.多聚A结构B.帽结构C.多聚C结构D.多聚T结构
43、真核细胞中合成mRNA的酶:()
A.RNA polymeraseⅠB. RNA polymeraseⅡ
1）采用静脉注射方法给予家兔静脉注射20%葡萄糖5毫升，家兔尿量、尿糖有何变化？其生理机制如何？（7.5分）
2）采用耳缘静脉给家兔快速注射3%乳酸2毫升后，家兔呼吸有何变化？其生理机制如何？（7.5分）
2.患者陈XX，男，31岁，BMI指数41，腰围123cm，嗜睡，每日进餐次数偏多，喜食汉堡、可乐等高热量食物，行动不便，常年无运动。试根据生理学上的知识，回答以下问题：
A.粗肌丝主要由肌球蛋白构成
B.细肌丝上的肌动蛋白有与粗肌丝横桥的结合位点
C.肌钙蛋白可以调控收缩蛋白之间相互作用
D.原肌球蛋白属于收缩蛋白
考试科目：基础医学综合共7页，第1页
7.下列心脏功能评定指标中,对早期发现心脏泵血功能异常具有重要意义的是：()
A.每搏输出量B.每分输出量C.射血分数D.心指数
51、胆固醇可转变为下列哪种维生素？（）
A．Vit AB. Vit DC. Vit KD. Vit E
52、下列哪种物质是合成酮体和胆固醇的共同中间产物？（）
A．丙二酰CoAB.琥珀酰CoAC.乙酰乙酸D. HMG CoA
53、氰化物中毒是由于：（）
A.阻断电子从NADH向CoQ传递B.阻断电子转递给氧的过程;
A．DNA的生物活性丧失一半时的温度B．260nm处光吸收值降低一半时的温度
C．DNA降解一半时的温度D．双螺旋结构失去一半时的温度
2019年广东暨南大学护理综合考研真题
2019年广东暨南大学护理综合考研真题一、名词解释1、医院感染2、潮式呼吸3、肺血栓栓塞症4、传染性非典型肺炎5、肠外营养6、倾倒综合征7、围绝经期综合征8、生理性贫血二、单项选择题1、隐血试验饮食的患者在试验期3日内，应禁食下列哪些食物()A、奶类食品B、猪肝绿色蔬菜C、黄豆制品D、白萝卜菜花E、西红柿土豆2、下列哪项不是疼痛的特征()A、疼痛是一种不舒适的感觉B、疼痛是一种对身心有危险的警告C、疼痛使个体防御功能增强D、疼痛使人的整体受到侵害E、疼痛是一种主观感受3、下列有关医疗与护理文件的管理描述，符合管理要求的是()A、患者不得复印医嘱单、医生查房记录单B、患者及家属有需要时，可以进入护理站翻阅自己的病例资料C、患者出院后，护理记录单必须随病例送病案室保存2年D、医疗与护理文件按规定放置，用后必须放回原处E、发生医疗事故纠纷时，封存的病历资料不可以是复印件4、患者李某，女，78岁，因“慢性阻塞性肺气肿”住院，给予氧气治疗。
护士对患者行健康教育，关于氧疗的作用解释不妥的有()A、提高动脉血氧分压B、增加动脉血氧含量C、改善缺氧状态D、供给患者能量E、维持机体生命活动5、7岁患儿因“发热待查”入院，测体温40.2℃，不适用于该患儿的降温方法是()A、乙醇拭浴B、温水拭浴C、大血管处放置冰袋D、口服退热剂E、头部冰敷6、当急性中毒患者诊断不明时，给予处理时应选择的洗胃液是()A、牛奶B、1:15000高锰酸钾C、2%～4%碳酸氢钠D、3%过氧化氢E、温开水或生理盐水7、下列最适用于慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者缓解期的措施是()A、口服抗生素控制感染B、应用平喘药C、间断吸氧D、增强体质，进行缩唇腹式呼吸E、使用支气管扩张剂8、患者，男性，60岁，因心前区压榨样疼痛4小时余伴冷汗、恐惧，来院急诊，护士采取的下列措施中哪项不妥()A、拍X线胸片B、抽血送检C、床边心电图D、心电监护E、监测血压9、急性胰腺炎患者，可有暂时性低钙血症，其程度与临床严重程度平行，低于多少时提示预后不良()A、1.2mmol/LB、1.5mmol/LC、2.5mmol/LD、3.0mmol/LE、3.5mmol/L10、肝硬化患者的最严重并发症是()A、消化道出血B、感染C、原发性肝癌D、肝性脑病E、肝肾综合征11、护士对心肌梗死后患者活动的指导中不正确的是()A、发病后12小时内卧床休息B、若运动时心率增加超过10次/分，收缩压降低大于15mmHg，则应退回到前一运动水平C、病情稳定后，逐渐增加活动量，可促进侧支循环的形成D、如患者生命体征平稳，安静时心率低于100次/分，可进行康复训练E、运动原则：有序、有度、有恒12、过敏性紫癜的临床类型中最常见的是()A、关节型B、肾型C、腹型D、单纯型E、混合型13、某急性白血病患者，化疗期间发生尿酸性肾病，护理措施不正确的是()A、记录24小时出入量，观察有无血尿发生B、化疗期间每天饮水3000ml以上C、遵医嘱口服别嘌醇D、注射药液后，嘱患者1小时排尿一次，持续5小时E、一旦发生血尿，通知医生停止用药14、患者，女性，31岁，2周前曾患上呼吸道感染，昨日起下肢及臀部皮肤突然出现大片瘀点瘀斑，对称分布，经检查为过敏性紫癜，下列关于检查结果的描述正确的是()A、血小板减少B、血小板寿命缩短C、束臂试验阳性D、出血时间延长E、凝血时间延长15、糖尿病慢性并发症中，最严重而突出的并发症是()A、糖尿病大血管病变B、糖尿病肾病C、糖尿病视网膜病变D、糖尿病神经病变E、糖尿病足16、下列指导浸润性突眼患者减轻眼部症状的方法中，错误的是()A、0.5%氢化可的松眼液滴眼B、给予高枕卧位C、限制钠盐的摄入D、每天做眼球向上运动，锻炼眼肌E、甲基纤维素滴眼17、糖尿病患者强化治疗出现黎明现象时，应该注意()A、增加睡前胰岛素用量B、减少睡前胰岛素用量C、改变胰岛素剂型D、睡前适量加餐E、睡前适量减餐18、临床上最常见的脑血管疾病是()A、脑栓塞B、脑血栓形成C、脑出血D、短暂性脑缺血发作E、蛛网膜下腔出血19、大面积烧伤患者使用电解质溶液补充血容量，应()A、0.9%氯化钠溶液B、5%碳酸氢钠溶液C、低分子右旋糖酐D、平衡盐溶液E、5%糖盐水20、患者，男性，45岁。
2019全国博士考试病生真题-10页文档资料
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2019年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。